Two sequestrate cortinarioid fungi from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

Two sequestrate cortinarioid fungi from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway) Bougher & Castellano and Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar, two sequestrate fungi of the Cortinariaceae are reported from Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The distribution and taxonomy of both taxa are briefly discussed, and descriptions, line drawings, and photos are presented. Setchelliogaster tenuipes is reported for the first time in Rio Grande do Sul State, and the occurrence of D. albellus is confirmed. RESUMO -(Dois fungos gasteróides no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway) Bougher & Castellano e Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar, ambos representantes gasteróides da família Cortinariaceae, são registrados para a micobiota sul-rio-grandense. São apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e fotos, bem como uma breve discussão sobre a taxonomia e distribuição geográfica das espécies mencionadas. Setchelliogaster tenuipes é registrada pela primeira vez na micobiota sul-rio-grandense, enquanto a ocorrência de D. albellus é confirmada.

Full text

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Hoehnea 35(4): 513-518, 10 g., 2008
Two sequestrate cortinarioid fungi from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Vagner G. Cortez1,3, Iuri G. Baseia1, Rosa T. Guerrero1 and Rosa Mara B. da Silveira1
Received: 10.04.2008; accepted: 09.10.2008
ABSTRACT - (Two sequestrate cortinarioid fungi from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway)
Bougher & Castellano and Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar, two sequestrate fungi of the Cortinariaceae are reported
from Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The distribution and taxonomy of both taxa are briey discussed, and
descriptions, line drawings, and photos are presented. Setchelliogaster tenuipes is reported for the rst time in Rio Grande
do Sul State, and the occurrence of D. albellus is conrmed.
Key words: Agaricales, Cortinariales, ectomycorrhizal fungi, Eucalyptus, gasteromycetes
RESUMO - (Dois fungos gasteróides no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway) Bougher
& Castellano e Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar, ambos representantes gasteróides da família Cortinariaceae, são
registrados para a micobiota sul-rio-grandense. São apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e fotos, bem como uma breve
discussão sobre a taxonomia e distribuição geográca das espécies mencionadas. Setchelliogaster tenuipes é registrada pela
primeira vez na micobiota sul-rio-grandense, enquanto a ocorrência de D. albellus é conrmada.
Palavras-chave: Agaricales, Cortinariales, Eucalyptus, fungos ectomicorrízicos, gasteromicetos
1. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
3. Corresponding author: cortezvg@yahoo.com.br
Introduction
For many years, the family Cortinariaceae Heim
ex Pouzar comprised several agaric genera such as
Cortinarius Fr., Galerina Earle, Gymnopilus (Fr.)
Murrill, and Inocybe Fr., among others, following
traditional classications (Pegler 1983, Singer 1986).
Morphological and molecular evidence led to the
inclusion of several sequestrate (gasteroid and secotioid)
genera into the family, for example, Descomyces
Bougher & Castellano, Hymenogaster Vittad.,
Setchelliogaster Pouzar, and Thaxterogaster Singer.
These relationships have been discussed in previous
studies (Smith 1973, Thiers 1984, Peintner et al. 2001,
Francis & Bougher 2002, Castellano et al. 2004), and
the proposal of a segregated order, Cortinariales Jülich
(Jülich 1981), from the Agaricales Underw. has been
accepted by several authors (Beaton et al. 1985a, Pegler
et al. 1993, Martín & Moreno 2001). Currently, studies
of molecular systematics have provided some insights
towards the phylogenetic relationships of this large
group (Moncalvo et al. 2002, Matheny et al. 2006),
however, the available results have not been conclusive
because of its enormous variability.
In southern Brazil, in spite of numerous mycological
surveys, there is little information about the occurrence
of sequestrate members of Cortinariaceae. Rick (1934,
1961) reported only Hymenogaster vulgaris Tul. & C.
Tul. from Rio Grande do Sul, whose specimens were
not available for revision. More recently, Giachini et al.
(2000) reported four species of cortinarioid sequestrate
fungi associated with Eucalyptus in the state of Santa
Catarina: Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway)
Bougher & Castellano, D. albus (Klotzsch) Bougher
& Castellano, D. giachinii Trappe, V.L. Oliveira,
Castellano & Claridge, and Setchelliogaster tenuipes
(Setch.) Pouzar.
With the aim to revise the gasteroid mycobiota
of Rio Grande do Sul, the authors have collected and
studied specimens in the region. As partial results of
this survey, we report the occurrence of two interesting
sequestrate species of Cortinariaceae associated to
Eucalyptus.
Material and methods
The specimens were collected in Eucalyptus
plantations during mycological surveys in Rio Grande
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514 Hoehnea 35(4): 513-518, 10 g., 2008
do Sul, in southern Brazil. The studied material is
preserved in the ICN herbarium (Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências).
Macroscopic and microscopic analyses followed
standard methods for the study of gasteroid mushrooms
(Miller Junior & Miller 1988, Castellano et al. 2004).
Basidiospore measurements include the complex
perisporium. Color codes are those of Kornerup &
Wanscher (1978). Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) studies were performed at the Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Norte with a Phillips
scanning electron microscope. For preparation of the
samples, the following procedure was adopted: small
portions of the gleba were removed, then transferred
to aluminum stubs previously covered with a double-
face carbon tape. Later, the stubs were sputter coated
with gold for up to ve minutes before examination
under the SEM, under 20 Kv and magnication of
5,000-6,000 ×.
Results and Discussion
Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway) Bougher
& Castellano, Mycologia 85: 282. 1993 ≡
Hymenogaster albellus Massee & Rodway in
Massee, Bull. Misc. Inf. 138: 126. 1898.
Figures 1, 3, 5-7
Basidiomes gastroid, partially hypogeous,
subglobose to globose in shape, 8-11 mm diam., 6-7
mm high. Peridium white (KW 1A1) or light yellow
(KW 1A4) to dark yellow (KW 4C8), up to 1 mm
thick, smooth and dry or slightly moist when fresh,
opening by irregular dehiscence at the top of the
basidiomes, rhizomorphs absent or poorly developed.
Stipe absent. Columella usually absent or reduced to a
basal disc. Gleba loculate, composed by anastomosed
lamellae, initially brownish grey (KW 5C2) and
then yellowish brown (KW 5E7-5F8) at maturity.
Basidiospores (14.2-)17-18.5(-19.5) × (10-)11.5-
13.5(-14.5) µm, ovoid to limoniform in frontal view,
ovoid to fusiform in prole, color rusty under KOH,
walls very thick and ornamented by sub-reticulate to
verrucose perisporium; under SEM the basidiospore
surface has a sub-smooth wall with slight reticulation.
Basidia (17-)25-34(-38) × (6-)8.5-11(-12.5) µm,
clavate, mainly bisporic, some tetrasporic. Basidioles
24.5-34.5(-47) × 8.5-12 µm, variable in shape,
lageniform, subfusoid, ampullaceous, some with a
capitate apex, walls hyaline and thin, basal clamp
present. Peridium two layered: the external layer
formed by non-gelatinized, ascendant to prostrate
hyphae, 5-12 µm diam., with thickened, golden yellow
walls; the internal layer is composed by lamentous,
thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, 6-8.5 µm diam. Clamp
connections present in most septa.
Material examined: BRAZIL. ri o Grande d o Su l :
Santa Maria, Boca do Monte, Estação Experimental
de Silvicultura (FEPAGRO), 3-VI-2006, V.G. Cortez
51/06 (ICN); idem, in Eucalyptus plantation, 12-V-
2007, V.G. Cortez 90/07 (ICN).
Distribution: widespread in Eucalyptus plantations
throughout the world (Lago & Castro 2004). In
South America, it is known from Argentina (Wright
& Albertó 2006), Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay (Dodge
& Zeller 1934).
The genus Descomyces was segregated from
Hymenogaster because its members present rusty
colored basidiospores with a distinct verrucose to
subreticulate perisporium and a non-gelatinized
peridium that is trichodermial to epithelial (Bougher
& Castellano 1993). Five species are currently
recognized in the genus, four of which are associated
with Eucalyptus (Francis & Bougher 2004, Lago
& Castro 2004). The rst report of Descomyces in
Brazil was from Santa Catarina by Giachini et al.
(2000), who reported D. albellus, D. albus (Klotzsch)
Bougher & Castellano, and D. giachinii Trappe,
Castellano, Oliveira & Claridge. All of these species
are associated with exotic species of Eucalyptus.
Descomyces albellus is closely related to D. albus.
The most signicant difference between these species
is the peridium structure, which is trichodermial in D.
albellus and epithelial in D. albus (Francis & Bougher
2004, Lago & Castro 2004). Dodge & Zeller (1934)
reported a collection of Hymenogaster albellus by
Rick from Brazil, without any indication of locality.
Since Rick collected over many years in Rio Grande
do Sul, it is probable that the material was gathered
in this state. In contrast, the specimens studied here
conrm the presence of this species in Rio Grande
do Sul.
Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar, Ceská
Mykol. 12: 34, 1958 ≡ Secotium tenuipes Setch., J.
Mycol. 13: 239. 1907 ≡ Descolea tenuipes (Setch.)
Neville & Poumarat, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 120:
68. 2004.
Figures 2, 4, 8-10
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V.G. Cortez et al.: Sequestrate fungi from Rio Grande do Sul 515
Figures 1-2. Basidiomes of Descomyces and Setchelliogaster. 1. Fresh basidiomes of D. albellus. 2. Dried basidiomes of S. tenuipes.
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516 Hoehnea 35(4): 513-518, 10 g., 2008
Basidiomes secotioid, stipitate and with a globose
and enclosed pileus, 22-33 mm high. Pileus 13-17
mm diam., 9-14 mm high, subglobose to globose-
depressed. Peridium reddish brown (KW 9E8) to dark
brown (KW 9F6), up to 1 mm thick, surface dry and
rugulose to rugose, dehiscence not observed. Stipe 11-
19 × 1.5-3 mm, sinuous or in some cases subcylindrical
and erect, with a conspicuous bulbous base, attached to
soil and roots by whitish and thin rhizomorphs, color
reddish brown (KW 9E8). Columella continuous with
the stipe, crossing the entire extension of the gleba.
Gleba light brown (KW 6D7), loculate, formed by
anastomosed lamellae. Basidiospores (12-)13.5-16(-
17.2) × (8-)9.2-11(-12.2) µm, ovoid to ellipsoid in both
face and side view, rusty under KOH, with a punctuate
and thickened wall, apiculus prominent; under SEM,
the perisporium has a perforate to subreticulate pattern.
Basidia 23.5-26 × 6-7.5 µm, clavate, hyaline and thin-
walled, mainly producing two (less commonly four)
basidiospores. Cystidia rare; when present, 17.5-28.5
× (10-)11.5-13.5(-14.5) µm, hyaline and thin-walled,
lecythiform to lageniform, with a distinct capitate,
globose apex. Peridium pseudoparenchymatic,
composed by subglobose hyphae, 12-24 µm diam.,
with thin to slightly thickened, yellowish brown walls,
over a lamentous layer of yellowish hyphae. Clamp
connections present.
Material examined: BRAZIL. ri o Grande d o
Su l : Guaíba, Estação da CEEE, in Eucalyptus
plantation, III-1987, R.T Guerrero s.n. (ICN56595);
Viamão, Estação Agronômica UFRGS, in Eucalyptus
plantation, 27-VI-1987, E. Esposito (ICN56556).
Distribution: widespread in Eucalyptus plantations
throughout the world (Lago & Castro 2004). It has
been reported in South America from Argentina and
Uruguay by Wright (1980) and from Chile by Lazo
(1972).
The genus Setchelliogaster is currently accepted
as comprising ve species, two of which are known to
be associated with Eucalyptus (Lago & Castro 2004).
The only known report of the genus in Brazil was of S.
tenuipes from the neighboring state of Santa Catarina
(Giachini et al. 2000). The main features of S. tenuipes
are the reddish brown basidiomes, the presence of a
well-developed stipe, and the lecythiform cystidia
(Lago & Castro 2004). The latter structures are scarce
and some authors consider them to be absent (Martín &
Moreno 2001), but as shown and discussed in detail by
Lago et al. (2001) they are present only in the partially
exposed margin of anastomosed gills. The systematic
position of Setchelliogaster is controversial; some
authors (Kirk et al. 2001, Moreno et al. 1997) place
it within the Bolbitiaceae Singer (due to the epithelial
peridium and the Conocybe-like cystidia) whereas
others include it in the Cortinariaceae (Beaton et
al. 1985b, Castellano et al. 2004). The relationships
of Setchelliogaster with Descomyces and Descolea
have been discussed by several authors due to the
nature of the peridium/pileipellis, shape of cystidia,
basidiospore type, and the mycorrhizal status of their
species (Bougher & Castellano 1993, Lago et al. 2001,
Lago & Castro 2004). The material studied here was
collected more than twenty years ago, but the report
was never published. At that time, part of this material
was sent to Dr. Rolf Singer, who identied (in litt.)
the specimens as S. tenuipes.
Figures 3-4. Basidiospores under SEM. 3. Descomyces albellus.
4. Setchelliogaster tenuipes.
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V.G. Cortez et al.: Sequestrate fungi from Rio Grande do Sul 517
Figures 5-10. Details of Descomyces albellus and Setchelliogaster tenuipes. 5-7. D. albellus. 5. Basidia. 6. External hyphae of the peridium.
7. Basidiospores. 8-10. S. tenuipes. 8. Basidia. 9. Basidiospores. 10. Cystidia.
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518 Hoehnea 35(4): 513-518, 10 g., 2008
Acknowledgements
The authors thank CNPq for nancial support.
Dr. Nathan Smith and Dr. Maria Alice Neves are
acknowledged for English improvements to the nal
version of the text.
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