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Hyponectria buxi with notes on the Hyponectriaceae
Abstract
K.D. (1999). Hyponectria buxi with notes on the Hyponectriaceae. Fungal Diversity 3: 159-172. Hyponectria buxi, the type species of Hyponectria, and the type genus of the family Hyponectriaceae is described and illustrated in this paper. The main characteristics of the family are discussed and notes are provided on other genera included in this family. Introduction Hyponectria buxi (DC. ex Desm.) Sacc., was originally described by Saccardo (1878, 1883). Petrak (1923) recognized that this species should be separated from the Hypocreaceae and introduced the Hyponectriaceae to accommodate both Hyponectria and Anisostomula. The Physosporelleen (Hohnel, 1919) is the earlier, but invalid name for the family. Arx and Mtiller (1954) included both Hyponectria and Anisostomula in the Polystigmataceae, but later Muller and Arx (1962) arranged them in the Amphisphaeriaceae, as did Dennis (1968) and Mtiller and Arx (1973). Barr (1976) recognized two families, the Physosporellaceae (an invalid name) and the Melogrammataceae, and united Anisostomula and Hyponectria. Barr (1990) provided a description of the family, while the Dictionary of the Fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1995) refer 17 genera to the Hyponectriaceae. Many genera have recently been disposed of in the family, but as Hyde et al. (1998a) state, until a good description of the type species is provided, the characters that make up the family are confusing. This paper therefore examines authentic material of Hyponectria buxi and provides a detailed description of the species. With the understanding of Hyponectria buxi, the family characters are outlined and genera included in the family are discussed.
... Petrak (1923) introduced the family Hyponectriaceae to accommodate two genera Hyponectria and Anisostomula. After several subsequent additions and exclusions, Hyponectriaceae currently comprises 17 genera (Hyde et al. 1998a, b, Rossman et al. 1999, Wang & Hyde 1999, Sivanesan & Shivas 2002. Asexual morphs for this family are not well known (Barr 1990, Wang & Hyde 1999. ...
... After several subsequent additions and exclusions, Hyponectriaceae currently comprises 17 genera (Hyde et al. 1998a, b, Rossman et al. 1999, Wang & Hyde 1999, Sivanesan & Shivas 2002. Asexual morphs for this family are not well known (Barr 1990, Wang & Hyde 1999. However Barr (1990) aknowledged Pseudomassaria carolinensis and Beltraniella as hyphomycetous fungi that can be related to Hyponectriaceae (Hodges & Barr 1971). ...
A Truncatella-like coelomycete fungus was isolated from dead branches of Cytisus and Helichrysum species from Arezzo Province, Italy. DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU, ITS and SSU dataset indicated a close phylogenetic affinity of our isolate to Hyponectria buxi (Hyponectriaceae). Herein we describe it as a new genus with Pseudotruncatella arezzoensis sp. nov. However it cannot be referred to an appropriate familial position and therefore we refer it to Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis. Pseudotruncatella is characterized by holoblastic, annellidic, conidiogenous cells; 3-septate, fusiform to clavate conidia with 3 apical appendages, dark brown median cells and hyaline apical and basal cells. Neotruncatella is relegated to synonymy of Monochaetinula.
... based on the presence of an amyloid apical apparatus in asci, morphology of longfusiform, apiculate ascospores and paraphyses. Therefore, Wang & Hyde (1999) suggested the placement of Lasiobertia in the Clypeosphaeriaceae until further data are available. Kirk et al. (2001) placed the genus in Apiosporaceae. ...
The type specimens of Frondisphaeria, Immersisphaeria and Pulmosphaeria were re-examined in order to determine their familial placements according to modern taxonomic concepts. Type specimens of Lasiobertia and Yuea were redrawn from the original descriptions. Based on morphological evidences, Frondisphaeria palmicola is placed in Diatrypaceae. Immersisphaeria eichleriana, Lasiobertia africana and Pulmosphaeria archontophoenicis are placed in Xylariales incertae sedis as they are not typical of any existing families of Xylariales. A possible relationship with Xylariaceae is suggested for Yuea chusqueicola based on the previously described morphological characters. Recollection of fresh materials, epitypification and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses are essential for all type species of these genera to clarify their familial status.
Over the past three decades, a wealth of studies has shown that palm trees (Arecaceae) are a diverse habitat with intense fungal colonisation, making them an important substratum to explore fungal diversity. Palm trees are perennial, monocotyledonous plants mainly restricted to the tropics that include economically important crops and highly valued ornamental plants worldwide. The extensive research conducted in Southeast Asia and Australasia indicates that palm fungi are undoubtedly a taxonomically diverse assemblage from which a remarkable number of new species is continuously being reported. Despite this wealth of data, no recent comprehensive review on palm fungi exists to date. In this regard, we present here a historical account and discussion of the research on the palm fungi to reflect on their importance as a diverse and understudied assemblage. The taxonomic structure of palm fungi is also outlined, along with comments on the need for further studies to place them within modern DNA sequence-based classifications. Palm trees can be considered model plants for studying fungal biodiversity and, therefore, the key role of palm fungi in biodiversity surveys is discussed. The close association and intrinsic relationship between palm hosts and palm fungi, coupled with a high fungal diversity, suggest that the diversity of palm fungi is still far from being fully understood. The figures suggested in the literature for the diversity of palm fungi have been revisited and updated here. As a result, it is estimated that there are about 76,000 species of palm fungi worldwide, of which more than 2500 are currently known. This review emphasises that research on palm fungi may provide answers to a number of current fungal biodiversity challenges.
In this paper we introduce the new species Leptosporella arengae and L. cocois, Linocarpon arengae and L. cocois, and Neolinocarpon arengae and N. rachidis from palms in Thailand, based on morphology and combined analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data. The phylogenetic positions all these new taxa are well-supported within the order Chaetosphaeriales (subclass Sordariomycetidae), but in distinct lineages. Therefore, a new family, Leptosporellaceae is introduced to accommodate species of Leptosporella, while Linocarpaceae, which constitutes a well-supported monophyletic clade is also introduced to accommodate Linocarpon and Neolinocarpon species. Both families are characterised by specific traits, such as the shape of ascomata and filiform, hyaline ascospores, which may be pale brown-yellowish in mass, that demarcate it from other families.
The Sordariales is a taxonomically diverse group that has contained from seven to 14 families in recent years. The largest family is the Lasiosphaer-iaceae, which has contained between 33 and 53 genera, depending on the chosen classification. To determine the affinities and taxonomic placement of the Lasiosphaeriaceae and other families in the Sordariales, taxa representing every family in the Sordariales and most of the genera in the Lasiosphaeriaceae were targeted for phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of the large-subunit (LSU) nrDNA. Based on molecular data, only genera within the families Chaetomiaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae and Sordariaceae are retained within the redefined Sordariales. The order is a coherent group with morphologies that vary along well-defined lines, including large ascomata with large-celled membraneous or coriaceous walls and ascospores that show variation on a distinctive developmental theme, often with appendages or sheaths. The paraphyletic chaetomiaceous complex and the strongly supported Sordariaceae are nested among taxa traditionally placed in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. Analyses also indicate that 11 genera belong in the paraphyletic lasiosphaeriaceous complex. These taxa share a similar developmental pattern in their ascospore morphology that extends to the Sordariales as a whole. Based on these similarities in morphology, 13 additional genera are retained within the lasiosphaeriaceous complex and more than 35 genera have relationships in the order overall. Based on LSU data, 17 genera that have been assigned to the Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato are transferred to other families outside the Sordariales and 22 additional genera with differing morphologies subsequently are transferred out of the order. Two new orders, Coniochaetales and Chaetosphaeriales, are recognized for the families Coniochaetaceae and Chaetosphaeriaceae respectively. The Boliniaceae is accepted in the Boliniales, and the Nitschkiaceae is accepted in the Coronophorales. Annulatascaceae and Cephalothecaceae are placed in Sordariomycetidae inc. sed., and Batistiaceae is placed in the Euascomycetes inc. sed.
Oxydothis species are associated with monocotyledons including Arecaceae (palms), Pandanaceae, Poaceae (Bamboo) and Liliaceae and have been recorded as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Species of Oxydothis form singly or in clusters, as darkened, raised regions or dots on the surface of host. This paper clarifies the placement of Oxydothis and related species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using recent collections from Thailand. Oxydothis species are characterized by cylindrical asci, with a J+ (rarely J-) subapical ring and filiform to fusiform, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores, tapering from the center to spine-like, pointed or rounded ends. Phylogenetic analyses generated from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of
combined ITS, LSU and SSU sequence data indicate that Oxydothis species form a distinct lineage related to Vialaeaceae and Iodosphaeriaceae. We introduce a new family Oxydothidaceae in Xylariales with six new species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. We provided notes on the lifestyle of this genus which may throw light on the nature of many saprobic microfungi.
Nigramammilla calami, Arecomyces calami, A. licualae and Pseudohalonectria palmae are four new ascomycete species described from palms. Nigramammilla cannot be accommodated in any other genus and is introduced here as a new genus. Each new species is described and illustrated and compared with related taxa.
Three new species of ascomycetes each occurring on leaves of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Lomandra respectively in Queensland, Australia are described and illustrated as Hyponectria acaciae sp. nov., Physalospora lomandrae sp. nov. and Trichosphaeria eucalypticola sp. nov.
Gaeumannomyces amomi sp. nov. (Magnaporthaceae inc. sed.) was isolated from healthy leaves and pseudostems of Alpinia malaccensis and Amomum siamense, while Leiosphaerella amomi sp. nov. (Hyponectriaceae) was isolated from leaves, pseudostems, and rhizomes of these plants. All plants were collected in Doi Suthep Pui National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Both taxa were isolated following a standard triple sterilization treatment for endophytes. The new taxa are described, illustrated and compared with species of Curvatispora, Gaeumannomyces, Lanceispora and Leiosphaerella. This is the first time that species of Gaeumannomyces and Leiosphaerella have been found as endophytic fungi in the Zingiberaceae.
Uleoporthe orbiculata which is the only species of the genus Uleoporthe (Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales) is redescribed from recently dead leaves of Cybianthus fulvopulvenilentus (Myrsinaceae) from savanna vegetation in upland western Guyana. Its placement in the Melanconidaceae is discussed, and contrasted with other leaf-inhabiting members of the family. Holotype material of U. orbiculata has been lost, so the species name is lectotypified from a duplicate collection.
A new species, Pseudomassaria carolinensis Barr & Hodges, found in circular necrotic spots formed around perithecia of Phyllachora perseaHodges on living leaves of Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng, in South Carolina, is described. Its associated conidial state is Beltraniella portoricensis (F. L. Stevens) Pirozynski & Patil. This is the first report of a conidial state for any species of Pseudomassaria.
Arecomyces gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate Physalospora-like species on palms with unicellular, hyaline, ovoid, ellipsoidal, or ellipsoid-fusiform ascospores which are surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath; broad cylindrical asci with a refractive apical ring; and ascomata which are immersed under a clypeus or pseudostroma. Arecomyces frondicola is designated the generic type and six other new species are described. The taxa are illustrated with interference light photomicrographs and compared with other related genera.
Ascomycetes with unitunicate asci and apiospores have been described in several genera, and in this paper those occurring on palms are brought together, keyed out, and discussed. Important taxa on palms treated in this paper are: Apiosporaceae fam. nov.: Apiospora: A. montagnei, A. sinensis sp. nov.; Appendicospora. Clypeosphaeriaceae: Apioclypea: A. apiosporoides comb, nov., A. indica comb. nov., A. livistonae, A. nypicola sp. nov., A. phoenicicola sp. nov.; Brunneiapiospora: B. aequatoriensis sp. nov., B. australiensis sp. nov., B. daemonoropis sp. nov., B. deightoniella comb. nov., B. javensis sp. nov., B. jesseniae sp. nov. Hyponectriaceae: Palmomyces gen. nov.: P. montaneus sp. nov.; Pseudomassaria: P. huwerae sp. nov., P. mauritiae sp. nov., P. megalospora sp. nov. Xylariaceae: Anthostomella: A. frondicola sp. nov., A. oraniopsis sp. nov., A. phoenicis comb. nov., A. rattanicola sp. nov. The families Boliniaceae (Apiocamarops, Endoxyla), Phyllachoraceae (Apiosphaeria, Stigmochora), and Valsaceae are briefly discussed. Type material of the type species of the following genera was examined (nonpalmicolous species): Apiosporaceae; Apiospora (A. montagnei); Clypeosphaeriaceae: Apiorhynchostoma (A. apiculatum), Clypeosphaeria (C. mamillana), Stereosphaeria (St. perfidiosa, St. americana comb. nov.); Hyponectriaceae: Pseudomassaria (P. chondrospora); Phyllachoraceae: Apiosphaeria (A. guaranitica).