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International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 1(5) pp. 098-104 September, 2009
Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijbc
©2009 Academic Journals
Review
Forestry extension: Implications for forest protection
O. M. Agbogidi
1
and A. U. Ofuoku
2
1
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus,
Delta State, Nigeria.
Accepted 18 May, 2009
The 21
st
century is faced with the challenges of environmental conservation, population explosion,
desertification, soil erosion, pollution, other environmental threats and increased use of science and
technology. It would therefore, be vital to strengthen research and education in forest and
environmental protection to equip the public and the rural inhabitants adequately for survival. This
review up established that forestry extension has great implications for forest protection and
conservation as the importance of the environment and forest ecosystem to human survival can never
be underestimated. It is emphasized that existing and emerging scientific information about biodiversity
need to be communicated and new concepts and technologies in conservation need to be conveyed if
sustainable forest management and development is achievable and if the present heightened loss of
genetic diversity must be curtailed. The challenges of forest extension workers as identified by this
paper include lack of professional and managerial capacity, serious financial crisis due to
overdependence on federal government, lack of public understanding and support and non inclusion of
the women folk as most extension services are directed to men who are the heads of households. The
paper concluded that the ways forward among other things are reinforcement of forestry extension
services, restructuring of existing forestry professional levels and strengthening of missing linkages
across institutions needed for forestry extension among others.
Key words: Forest depletion, forestry extension, implications, forest protection, environmental conservation.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of the environment and forest ecosystem
to human survival can never be over stressed. Humans
depend on the relationship with the environment for
safety, health and survival (Foskett and Foskett, 2004).
The present situation, where the environment is
recklessly assaulted and degraded by individuals and
corporate bodies, portrays serious danger to all life forms
and it unveils man’s ignorance in terms of environmental
education and consciousness (Pickering and Owen,
1994; Welford, 1996).
Forests play an important role in the water cycle,
carbon sequestering, as a genetic bank and source of
food; they stimulate rainfall, protect soils from erosion
and regulate the flow of water (Agbogidi and Eshegbeyi,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: omagbogidi@yahoo.com. Tel:
07038679939.
2008). Tropical forests are disappearing fast while the
number of people depending on them grows steadily. It is
worthy of note that as environmental services are
degraded and users become affected, people become
more environ-mentally conscious and will want to protect
the environment (Pepper, 1996). Agbamu (2006) posited
that knowledge and skills have always played an
important role in economic growth. With education, labour
productivity is greatly enhanced, resulting in increased
physical capital and it is universally acknowledged that
technology is produced at a cost by investment in
research and development. In order to do this effectively,
there is the need for a substantial investment in
education and research by governmental, policy makers,
non governmental bodies as well as the private sector
participation including extension for forest conservation
and protection. This review is an attempt to provide
information on the roles of forestry extension in forest
protection and conservation.
Forestry extension: What it entails
Extension is the dissemination of relevant information
and advice to farmers and a mechanism for delivering
information and advice as an input in modern farming.
According to Onumadu et al. (2001), extension education
is regarded as one of such wide educational inputs
designed for farmers to help themselves. Williams et al.
(1984) as cited by Onumadu et al. (2001) maintained that
extension education is a voluntary out-of-school
educational programme for adults comprising relevant
content derived from researches in the physical,
biological and social sciences and synthesized into a
body of concepts, principles and procedures. Forestry
extension programmes are designed to meet the needs
of small- scale farmers through agro-forestry technology,
conservation of small-size log and wood processing
technology, scientific information about biodiversity and
new concepts in conservation. This can only be achieved
with aggressive forestry extension.
Improved information, analysis and research are
required to enable forest managers to meet the current
challenge. This is because; there are inadequate forest
data as well as the incompatibility of definitions and
measurements employed by those agencies involved in
forest data gathering and analysis. Even official forest
data are suspected by those knowledgeable about the
field and the manner in which data are collected or
submitted is debatable (Salim and Ullsten, 1999;
Agbogidi and Ofuoku, 2005).For example, the forestry
department of the ministry of environment gave unreliable
data to the students of forestry who were doning a survey
study. This happens in a situation where the number of
trees harvested can not be accounted for as a result of
illegal felling by forest raiders. The implications of forestry
research and extension include to; foster clear
awareness of and concern about economic, social,
political and ecological interdependence in urban and
rural areas. It also provides every person with oppor-
tunities to acquire the knowledge, values attitudes,
commitment and skills needed to protect and improve the
environment and create new patterns of behaviour in
individuals, groups and society as a whole towards the
environment.
Improved research and training are necessary to
support the process towards sustainability. To this end,
there should be establishment by existing institutions and
programme of an international network within which,
research for sustainable forest management can be
enhanced and training can be accelerated. Support has
to be given by corporations of such a network as a
means of enabling them to satisfy sustainable forest
management requirements, standards and certification
systems. Currently, research into forest management is
scattered across many disciplines, with little systemic
attempt to combine data and integrate analysis (Agbogidi
and Ofuoku, 2005). More so, there is still much uncer-
Agbogidi and Ofuoku 099
tainty about the functioning of the forest ecosystems, as
well as the understanding of forest and climate change
relationships is in its infancy (Salim and Ullsten, 1999).
Forestry extension programme involve training activities
for communities through short–term courses, field visits
and practical demonstration in specific areas and
disciplines including tree tending techniques, mainte-
nance of hand tools, sustainable harvesting practices,
interrelationships of the forest components etc (Roger,
1971; Oladele, 1996; FAO, 1997; Eke, 2001). All groups
of forestry personnel need one form of training or another
to enable them face the challenges for sustainability of
the resources they manage and keep abreast of
developmental approaches in the new millennium. They
require training in extension practices, data gathering and
storage techniques and sustainable forest management
practices (Ogunwale et al., 2006). Apart from the earth
summit, which took place in Rio de Janero in June, 1992,
other bodies including?
(a) Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the
Nigerian environment study (Action) team (NEST),
Nigerian conservation foundation for environmental
development and education in Nigeria (FEDEN),
(b) Governmental agencies such as federal environ-
mental protection agency (FEPA) now a full fledge
ministry of environment are actively involved in forest
conservation and protection.
In-service training for professionals and managerial
staff are necessary to keep pace with technical and
methodological developments. Refresher training is also
advocated because of its inherent benefits. In the area of
technical and vocational education, existing facilities in
forestry schools, forestry institutes etc, need to be
improved to keep up with developmental and techno-
logical changes. The acceptance of information by
farmers to a larger extent depends on the use of
appropriate links for messages relevant to their needs.
There is a growing need for more social science research
into the interactions between demands from society,
policy development and implementation and forest
functions and management. Education in forestry has to
shift from forests in isolation to the relationship between
forests and society, with attention to other land users and
diverse user groups as obtainable in the Netherlands
(Bartelink et al., 1996). Training could be regarded as an
extension tip, which could be greatly explored as a
communication method where agricultural development
project (ADP) collaborates with other institutes to
organise such training. The role of an extension agent is
very crucial to the farmers. They serve as link between
research and farmers bringing information of new
improved technologies from researchers (Oladele, 1991).
Research and extension efforts should be devoted to be
complex, diverse and risk proved areas where many of
the poor live. Effective and detailed forestry research and
extension are required for technical communications for
forest technology.
100 Int. J. Biodvers. Conserv.
Role of forestry extension in forest protection
Our forests cannot be protected and conserved unless
extensionists can demonstrate to the local people that
they can make a reasonable livelihood from the forests
on a sustainable basis. The best way to protect the forest
and its vast diversity is to create awareness among local
inhabitants of their value and involve the people in
protective measures through extension aggressive fores-
try extension is a must if sustainable forest management
(SFM), which has always been the goal of foresters, is
achievable (Agbogidi et al., 2005). Agbogidi et al. (2005)
further maintained that now that forestry as a profession
has many more concerns including biodiversity conser-
vation, community participation etc and the need for
forestry extension at all levels cannot be over
emphasized. In the same vein, given the changing nature
of the challenges facing SFM in the tropics including
Nigeria, forestry education at all levels is recommended.
Forestry extension will enable the populace to know
that forests will be better enjoyed by sharing their benefits
if sustainably managed (Ogunwale et al., 2006). Loss of
genetic diversity and tropical deforestation according to
Kola-Olusanya (2000) and Agbogidi and Dolor (2002) can
better be solved through aggressive environmental
extension. Kola-Olusanya (2000) posited that earth
habitat destruction and poaching have become major
threats to the continued existence of many plant and
animal species. Climatic changes are fall outs by our
environmental mismanagement by man (Onumadu et al.,
2001). Onumadu et al. (2001) and Adeodun et al. (2005)
stressed that environmental forestry coupled with an
aggressive extension education stands out as the best
option for combating environmental degradation. This is
because, loss of genetic diversity is a problem not just
because once extinct, a species is lost forever, but
because of the cumulative consequences these losses
have for our ability to develop new sources of food and
pharmaceuticals and to understand the world we live in
(Agbogidi and Dolor, 2002). Forestry extension is
necessary for forest protection as it will enable the public,
especially the rural dwellers, to understand that the wide
spread harvesting of trees for fuel burning and the
clearing of land for agriculture and cattle raising has
resulted in the destruction of our tropical rainforests.
About 60% of the earth’s remaining forest is found in the
developing world where the rate of deforestation is
alarming in that 0.2 million trees are felled daily in Delta
state, but replacement is not done (Agbogidi and Dolor,
2002; Agbogidi and Ofuoku, 2007). Deforestation has
also been reported as a contributing factor to the high
rate of loss of genetic diversity (Agbogidi et al., 2005).
The emphasis on sustainable development is not only on
production without lowering the environmental quality and
the productive capacity of the ecosystem, but also on
maintaining and improving the well-being of people, as
well as enhancing their capacity to utilise available
resources effectively and efficiently to meet the needs of
present and future generations. Sustainable agriculture
and forestry are founded on ecological principles and
which are more harmonious for people, our societies and
culture (Taylor, 2002).
Madumere (2003) noted that effective utilisation of
information and communication technology such as
television, giggles, radio, internet, etc could help in the
teaching of environmental education. With environmental
education, people are influenced towards a better
interaction and sustainable use of natural and man-made
resources. Field foresters need to be equipped with new
tools of rapid rural appraisal and techniques for conflict
resolution as well as market research. These skills will
make them better able to support the range of activities
involved in developing all forest resources including the
non - wood products. To this end, field foresters need to
understand disciplines that earlier generations of
foresters may not have emphasized including forest
ecology, anthropology, forest economics, forest patholo-
gy, etc. This can only be achieved by forest extensionists
who will also help to improve the relationship between
forest services and rural communities. Owolabi and
Dansu (2005) noted that capacity building in the sciences
including forestry is imperative if forestry must remain a
recognized profession, forestry extension and research
must be given a priority. If we are concerned with
education for development, then we must consider the
specific ways in which educational programme and
institutions and systems contribute to the goal of
environmental integrity and sustainability (Taylor, 2002).
This is because, without environmental education there
will be no biodiversity conservation, a goal of sustainable
development (Agbogidi and Ofuoku, 2007).
Conservation education programme aims at increasing
public awareness of biological diversity issues and stimu-
late pride in and enjoyment of Nigeria’s unique biota.
Extension can assist farmers by increasing their aware-
ness of improved forestry technology and by improving
their decision making skills with respect to their
consciousness about environmental issues. Forestry
extension improves forestry by enhancing the knowledge,
attitudes and skills of the forest population. It will aid rural
development by the application of technological innova-
tions to the agricultural production process (Rogers,
1971) because forestry extension helps to communicate
the results of experimental research to farmers. By so
doing, forestry extension contributes to social
development, home making and youth develop-ment and
subsequently, poverty reduction (Ekpere and Durant,
1999; Eke, 2001; Reid et al., 2006). Agbogidi and Ofuoku
(2005) maintained that forestry research is a veritable
instrument for food security and environmental protection
and conservation because, according to them, invest-
ment in forestry research has a multiplier effect and can
improve the lives of the people by providing job
opportunities and other services. With forestry extension,
the public could be made to know that planting and
conservation of natural trees provide valuable crops and
timber, soil conservation, crop shade, wind breaks, and
wildlife habitats. In the same way, forests extension will
enable the rural populace to recognise that the economic
viability of the forest sector is a prerequisite to safe-
guarding the environmental, social and cultural functions
of the resources. Over exploitation impacts negatively on
biodiversity and sustainable use of tropical rainforest
ecosystems. With forestry extension, rural communities
could learn that forest resources should be used
sustainably by using and re-using the forests as against
the current unsustainable practice indulged in by most
rural inhabitants.
Challenges of forest extension workers
One of the main reasons for poor management of forest
resources is the lack of professional and managerial
capacity, which could be updated with relevant curricula.
The numbers of forestry extensionists are grossly
inadequate when compared with the large number of the
people who require their services. Even the few trained
personnel are not given enough incentives to boost
capacity building in Nigeria. In 1998, the international
institute of rural reconstruction (IIRR) noted that many
extension workers are without a clear idea of their role
hence it is not possible to impact what they do not have.
Currently, Nigerian education and research sectors are
facing serious financial crisis. As a result important
developmental and expansion plans have been curtailed
and the quality of work impaired. There is over depen-
dence on the federal government for financial assistance
which releases inadequate funds irregularly and
epileptically. In addition, the instability of governments
and their policies affect fund release. Hundreds of
thousands of extension workers are without salaries,
incentives and support (IIRR, 1998). Forestry extension
programme needs adequate funding to ensure successful
extension service delivery. Extension programme are
expensive considering the recurrent budget (Adegeye
and Azeez, 2006). Due to inadequate foreign exchange
earning and poor gross domestic product of developing
countries, they are unable to adequately provide the funds
needed to operate efficient extension systems (Agbamu,
2005). Poor financing of extension programme has been a
long standing problem facing the services as echoed by
Adams (1984) and Williams (1989) as cited by Agbamu
(2005). This problem of inadequate funding still persists
today. Funds are required to purchase audio - visual aids
and other communication facilitates for training the forest
orientated populace; office equipment and secretarial
materials; to provide transport facilities for field staff and
to pay salaries and allowances of staff in the extension
service. There is also the challenge posed by poor
logistic support for field staff. This is very much related to
the problem of planning and organization required exe-
Agbogidi and Ofuoku 101
cuting large and difficult operation in extension service. It
also concerns the skill of moving personnel and supplying
them with work materials. The main problem as far as
logistics are concerned is mobility of extension agents to
the various locations where they have to render their
services to the forest communities on a daily basis.
Transportation of field staff is very important in operating
an efficient forestry extension service. In many
developing countries, and in Nigeria in particular,
extension workers in the block, district, or cell / village
levels who have the responsibility of training and visiting
farmers in various communities lack dependable official
means of transportation to fulfill their weekly itinerary as
suggested by Agbamu (2005). Where vehicles and motor
cycles are available, they are few and as a result, leave a
large number of extension practitioners without means of
transport. The poor arrangement of public financed
extension system in the provision of transport for field
staff has exacerbated their inability to achieve some of
the goals of extension programme. This is also known to
affect proper supervision of the field level staff because
extension supervisors are not adequately encouraged
with vehicles for their mobility through the areas of
operation to over see the work of the field officers at
intervals.
Disproportionate extension agent to forest family ratio
is another factor is a very critical problem facing forestry
extension in Nigeria. The number of forestry extension
workers that provide service to the enormous population
of forest related population is insufficient. The population
of extension workers in relation to the number of farm
families has been a perennial problem in Nigeria and
other developing countries. According to Agbamu (2005),
in 1995, Nigerian agricultural development programmes
(ADPs) were able to cover 7,809,500 farm families, and
operated at the rate of 1:1,189 farm families, in April
1997, Nigeria had 6,563 extension agents with an
extension agent, farm family ratio of 1:1,615. On the
other hand, Agbamu (2005) further posited that the ratios
for Indonesia, Mexico and Tanzania are 1:1,200; 1:800
and 1:1000 respectively. These are in sharp contrast to
1:252 and 1:500 found in Japan and South Korea
respectively (Agbamu, 1998). In 2003, the ratio of
agricultural extension agents to farm families in Nigeria is
about 1:1,722. This meant over stretching the workforce
and calls for the need, to recruit more extension agents in
Nigeria so that they can cope with the population of
farmers who also happen to constitute the forest
communities.The disproportionate ratio of extension
agent to forest / farm family that is prevalent in the
developing countries had led to a situation in which many
rural dwellers or farmers do not benefit from the available
services. Davidson et al. (2001) reported that 3 out of 4
Asian farmers have no contact with extension agents or
services. Agricultural extension services are often direc-
ted to the heads of households with the assumption that
once the information reaches the head; it will
automatically be shared with the rest of the household.
102 Int. J. Biodvers. Conserv.
This is however, not always true and women often have
little technical information necessary to improve their
forestry activities (Eke, 2001; Larinde, 2003).
The forestry sector is administered at the federal, state
and local government levels according to the Nigerian
constitution. However, there is a lack of clarity in the
mandates of the 3 levels. As such, forest production has
fallen, creating an imbalance between supply and
demand. From its previous status as a significant
exporter of forest products, Nigeria has become a net
importer. Besides, the wood- processing industry is
characterised by outdated technology, poor recovery and
inefficiency. In addition, data are generally weak and the
federal government cannot confirm the accuracy of the
data presented herein. For example, out of inefficiency,
our foresters do not know the population of each tree
species in our forests (Eke, 2001)
Forestry extension will not succeed without strong
public understanding and support. These in turn, can only
be fostered by communicating information about values,
status and conservation of biological diversity in Nigeria
in the public school curriculum, in professional training
and development and in various public fora (including
museums, zoos, national parks, information and visitors
centers as well as mass media).
Democratic short–sightedness: What a particular
government administration may consider important may
not be included in the programme of another government.
In addition, various governments are more driven by
immediate economic projects compared to long time
ones. In another development, each regime had its own
development scheme with various extension programme
tied to the different development schemes. The led to the
occurrence of policy instabilities such that extension
personnel had to adjust to the various policy shifts,
modifications and reversal in extension policy thrust. With
changes in policy, there come changes in extension
programme and strategies. The frequent changes in
policy and institutional arrangements in extension in
Nigeria led to extension programme instabilities. The lack
of clientele participation in programme development is
also a challenge to forestry extension. The management
of agricultural extension systems in developing countries
is such that agricultural programme for clientele are
planned by experts in an extension agency and decisions
are taken by senior staff at the headquarters: who are not
in touch with local problems facing the rural populace.
Those changes with the responsibility of programme
development hardly identify with beneficiaries and the
beneficiaries anxieties and fears. A good extension
programme planning and implementation will use village
or forest level approach and it would concern itself with
the understanding of what the forest users consider as an
optimal farming system and how this varies with
individual forest users circumstances; the constraint
facing the farming or occupational system from the forest
beneficiaries perspective; ways of reducing the cons-
traints and inducing desirable changes in forest
communities behaviour and implications of various
communication approaches for infusing new techniques
into the forest community. The lack of involvement of
stakeholders in the planning and implementation of
extension programme has been responsible for
programme failures.
There is an over-emphasis on commercial products
and under emphasis on sustainable production systems.
Forestry research tends to focus almost only on increas-
ing production while other important uses including best
management of forest resources for multiple uses are
neglected. Forests have not had the extensive research
and management bestowed on other cultivated tree crops
such as rubber, coffee and citrus. The long generation
times of most trees (5 - 20 years) when compared to
herbaceous crop plants can well explain the lack of
comprehension of their life cycles.
The way forward
Forestry extension services need to be reinforced or
strengthened to obtain maximum co-operation from rural
communities towards sustainable forest management.
Such services should be aimed at helping rural commu-
nities to articulate their needs, environmental problems
and their perceptions of possible solutions to identified
problems. The system of extension and information
dissemination including materials and methods relating to
conservation and sustainable development, cultivation
and management, harvesting and processing of forest
products need to be strengthened. Research agenda
should not skew research away from sustainable systems
for local subsistence and local markets. Research should
not be duplicated and research finings through linkages
between institutions should be adequately utilised.
Because Africa and Nigeria in particular has a propor-
tionately larger rural population than other regions,
relying more on subsistence uses of the non-wood forest
products (NWFPs) than on marketing the products,
research studies should recognise this in assigning
priority. For example, research and extension efforts can
show greater impact if they consider the effect of gender
on activities related to NWFPs (Welford, 1996). For
example, women often notice pest and insect damage
earlier than men, who are sometimes, involved only in
harvesting and planting. In the same way, a programme,
which aims to improve monitoring of plant health would
show best results if it identifies women as a target group
(Ogbodu, 1992; FAO, 1995).
Forest valuation studies should be carried out and the
development of mechanisms that will allow the values of
forest to be appropriated in a manner that will support
both the conservation of the forest ecosystem and
sustainable forest based development should be given a
top priority (Sene, 1995).
There is the need for the restructuring of existing
forestry programme at both technical and professional
levels such as including community/social forestry,
environmental education and assessment and rural
development using forestry principles (FAO, 1997).
Similarly, there is the need to review and upgrade the
schemes, curricula and syllabi to correspond with modern
techniques of resource management and sustainability.
Local language abstracts and manuals are essential to
reach rural audiences (FAO, 1995). For research findings
to be more applicable, they need to be available to the
communities that need them. Missing linkages across
institutions needed for forestry extension need to be
strengthened (Onumadu et al., 2001) as there is a
missing link between research-extension-forest commu-
nity linkage. The formation of strong independent
farmers’ multi- purpose organisations to represent their
interests and to have some influence on extension
activities is needed. Forestry extension should not be a
government service alone but should be privatised. In this
way, the government can then help in the provision of
agricultural adversary services. Position future scenarios
require significant investments in environmentally protec-
tive technologies, public goods (particularly education
and health) and poverty reduction. Research and
extension efforts should be devoted to the complex,
diverse and risk prone areas where many of the poor live.
In the same way, research and extension should tilt
towards non-commercial tree species grown by the poor
farmers and adapting relevant technologies.
Regarding funding, governments need to demonstrate
the political will to perceive forestry extension service as
a priority area in their development agenda and commit
reliable flow of funds to it (Agbamu, 2006). The
government need to ensure a more sustainable funding
arrangement that is not dependant on temporary
assistance from donors. To solve the problem of logistic
support, incentives should be given and should be such
that staff that is good in field work should be encouraged
to remain in the field, in rural areas by providing them
accommodation, permanent vehicles and rural allowance.
Such logistic support will be a source of encouragement
to field staff in rural communities who are cut from basic
social facilities, to help extension organisations to
achieve the broad goal of forest protection and conserva-
tion or development. Beynon et al. (1998) argued that
adequate material provision and better service back-up in
the field will depend on improvement in management of
forestry extension organisations and incentives for field
staff.
To take care of the problem of planning and imple-
mentation of extension programmes, administrators must
ensure that at all stages of planning and implementation,
the forest community for whom the programme is
designed should be given opportunity to participate in its
planning and implementation process. More time and
energy need to be devoted to environmental education at
Agbogidi and Ofuoku 103
all levels. A national strategy for environmental education
should be developed by the extension agencies and an
advisory group of scientists, educators and conserva-
tionists be appointed to provide guidance and advise in
the design of curricula involving biological diversity and
its conservation, development of teacher training
programmes, organisation of extension services to
disseminate information about biological diversity to new
landholder and to communicate landholder concerns
back to the scientists and policy makers.
The proposal for a global forest information service
(GFIS) which was agreed upon at an international
meeting in Austria in September, 1998 could be a useful
start to addressing this problem. For activities in which
women are the key actors, information is a must if they
are to participate (Agbogidi and Okonta, 2003). The
extension system should also acknowledge the impor-
tance of local knowledge. Agro tourism and agricultural
diversity should as well as ecotourism be integrated or
partnerships between stake holder (including farmers,
extension workers, researchers, farmers’ co-operatives
unions, political administrations, exporters and foreign
buyers) at every state of the research process should be
advocated.
Conclusion
The extension services have a vital role to play in
increasing forest protection and conservation through
their linkage role between researchers and end users.
Without extension, most research endeavours will be
futile. The protection of forests depends on how effective
extension services are. For the forestry extension service
to be effective, the challenges facing the service must be
seriously considered and the way forward fathomed.
Researchers should not be skewed away from sus-
tainable systems of local subsistence way of life of the
local communities. Research and extension should
increase focus on women who are often more connected
to forests than the men. Forest valuation should be
carried out and mechanisms that will support conser-
vation of the forest ecosystems and sustainable forest
based development given a top priority. The missing
linkages between research and extension organisatons
need to be retraced and strengthened; the institutional
frame work and infrastructure for expanded, relevant and
up to date training need to be given urgent attention.
There is also the need to invest in environmental
protection technologies, public education and poverty
reduction. Funding of forestry extension programme
should be such that has political will to perceive forestry
extension as a priority area; better materials and service
back up should be provided for extension agents;
adequate participation of clientele should be given top
priority and consistent extension policy should be
enacted. More resources should be devoted to environ-
104 Int. J. Biodvers. Conserv.
mental education at all levels and women who are the
major end users of forest products must be reached by
extension services in any of the forest protection/
development programme. Governmental and non–
governmental bodies participation is highly required as
the adage goes that ‘a finger can not remove lice from
the head, it requires the assistance of other fingers.’
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