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Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts
Abstract
Accurate marketing research depends on accurate user judgments regarding their needs. However, for very novel products or in product categories characterized by rapid change—such as “high technology” products—most potential users will not have the real-world experience needed to problem solve and provide accurate data to inquiring market researchers. In this paper I explore the problem and propose a solution: Marketing research analyses which focus on what I term the “lead users” of a product or process.
Lead users are users whose present strong needs will become general in a marketplace months or years in the future. Since lead users are familiar with conditions which lie in the future for most others, they can serve as a need-forecasting laboratory for marketing research. Moreover, since lead users often attempt to fill the need they experience, they can provide new product concept and design data as well.
In this paper I explore how lead users can be systematically identified, and how lead user perceptions and preferences can be incorporated into industrial and consumer marketing research analyses of emerging needs for new products, processes and services.
... On the other hand, the demandinduced theory holds that, like other economic activities, innovative activities are essential for profit and are affected and constrained by market demand [3][4][5]. Demand may steer technological progress through various mechanisms, including market size, heterogeneity of consumer demand, understanding of local needs, and feedback from customers and critical users [6][7][8][9][10]. Although the mechanism of demand-induced innovation has been discussed in some literature, only a few scholars have noticed that consumers' risk perception is a demand-side influencing factor. ...
... They pointed out that firms should have a deep understanding of the needs and characteristics of the local market in order to better position products and develop innovative solutions that meet the market needs [8]. Research by Hippel (1986) and Chatterji and Fabrizio (2012) highlight the importance of user participation in the innovation process [9,10]. They point out that feedback from customers and key users can help companies improve existing products, develop new ones, and better understand market needs. ...
... They pointed out that firms should have a deep understanding of the needs and characteristics of the local market in order to better position products and develop innovative solutions that meet the market needs [8]. Research by Hippel (1986) and Chatterji and Fabrizio (2012) highlight the importance of user participation in the innovation process [9,10]. They point out that feedback from customers and key users can help companies improve existing products, develop new ones, and better understand market needs. ...
Major product safety incidents often cause widespread concern among consumers, and these product safety incidents will stimulate consumers’ psychology, change their risk perception, and affect the demand for products and services of risk consumers. The change in consumer demand will eventually lead to a change in firm innovation decisions. Using Chinese firm-level data, this paper employs the news reporting of the Bawang event as a quasi-natural experiment to study the impact of risk perception changes on innovation. The empirical results of this study show that increasing consumers’ risk perception caused by the negative news coverage of defective products motivates firms to increase their innovation. The effects are heterogeneous, where firms with private ownership and in developed regions are more likely to increase innovation activities. This study suggests that the relationship between consumers’ risk perception and firm innovation is primarily driven by market demand. Moreover, the positive effects of risk perception on innovation are more prominent for downstream firms and those having a smaller technological distance.
... This understanding of MECEI as collective user innovation is theoretically based not only on user innovation studies [73,74], but also grassroots innovations [7,39,48,75]. Diverse literature written by von Hippel [76][77][78], particularly the book entitled Democratizing Innovation [79], are the most mentioned by the papers. ...
... Practitioner reflections, participant feedback, and ethnographic studies can zoom into the intricacies of hands-on energy innovation practices, while interview studies and historical narrative can zoom out to the contexts, organization and evolution of MECEI initiatives. However, thirdly, it is notable that half of the reviewed studies, especially from engineering and education disciplines, prioritize empirical data and barely link to further academic discussions while the other half engages with community energy literature [9,88], user innovation studies [74,79], and grassroots innovation literature [7,39,75]. Although differences between disciplines are acknowledged, empirical evidence alone is not enough to build the knowledge base about how and why RE innovations are realized and its potential values and challenges. ...
Collective and citizen-driven activities for energy transition have been thriving globally in recent decades. Community energy innovation (CEI) developed through hands-on engagement with materials has garnered increasing attention from the interdisciplinary energy research community. The recent scholarly discussion has highlighted the role of materiality and its relation to collective agency, inclusion, and approaches to participation. Accordingly, paying attention to materiality in CEI can clarify sociotechnical aspects of energy innovation which have been commonly understood through either solely a social or technical view. Furthermore, fostering citizens' take-up of renewable energy in more democratic ways is a prerequisite for accelerating the energy transition and is arguably best done via material, hands-on engagement. However, the focus on materiality, particularly hands-on material engagement, in research on community energy appears to be fragmented. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review to better understand how researchers understand and approach materiality and material engagement in CEI. The results of analyzing 36 papers highlight that mate-riality in CEI has been studied in interdisciplinary fields through diverse methods, and we identify four types of networks in which such innovation emerges. We also identify geographically dispersed and Do-It-Yourself enthusiast-led energy innovations which go beyond the existing understanding of CEI. More importantly, a network may change over time and place because of the configurational material nature of decentralized small-scale renewable energy technologies. However, studying materially-engaged CEI needs further efforts to integrate empirical data more centrally with the existing knowledge base and concretely define how materiality plays out in collective energy innovation.
... Von Hippel (1986) and Moore (2007) point out that part of the customer base is heavily involved in defining new terms for product innovations. Rahmouni and Yildizoglu (2011) point out that market demand determines the life cycles of a product and drives innovation. ...
... The dynamics of product innovations within the companies studied is strongly oriented by the performance of R&D activities both internally and externally, as well as the recruitment of permanent staff and the development of partnerships with customers, as Von Hippel (1986) and Moore (2007) points out. A part of the clientele participates strongly in defining the new modalities for product innovations. ...
Research background
The commitment of manufacturers in research and development activities (R&D) and the realization of technological innovations have become effective means of stimulating economic growth.
Purpose
The objective of this research is to diagnose R&D activities and innovations within agri-food companies in Morocco that are engaged in the processing of food products by studying the determinants of technological innovations related to product and process within these companies.
Research methodology
A statistical survey was conducted on a sample of 50 agri-food companies, employing a generalized linear model (GLM) with a probit model belonging to the quasi-binomial family.
Results
The econometric analysis of the collected data revealed the presence of complementarity between product innovation and process innovation, as well as differences in the determinants of these two categories of innovations within the studied companies. The determinants are related to the business environment, R&D activity and partnerships, human resource management in teams, technological infrastructure, and market demand.
Novelty
This research enriches the literature by examining the determinants of technological innovations (both in terms of products and processes) in the agri-food sector in Morocco. Industry professionals can benefit from the results of this research, which will enable them to better understand the levers of innovation in this field. This information can be used to guide their innovation strategies, identify new opportunities and improve their overall performance.
... Veloutsou and Delgado-Ballester (2019) agree with the heterogeneity antecedent, stating that various internal and external stakeholders must constantly be integrated, and their changing needs must be iteratively incorporated into the branding process. Several study participants recommended following the lead user approach by Hippel (1986), which describes a lead user as a pioneering consumer whose current vital needs represent the masses' demand in the future. Hippel (1986) recommends the lead user approach, especially for products and services influenced by rapid change and a highly technological environment. ...
... Several study participants recommended following the lead user approach by Hippel (1986), which describes a lead user as a pioneering consumer whose current vital needs represent the masses' demand in the future. Hippel (1986) recommends the lead user approach, especially for products and services influenced by rapid change and a highly technological environment. Therefore, this approach could not be more relevant for our time. ...
Traditional branding approaches take too long to react to today's dynamic environment. Agile branding offers a promising approach and might be the contemporary answer to the demands of our digitalized world. While scientists state that an agile approach to branding is essential nowadays, there is a lack of knowledge on how agile branding can be conceptualized and applied in practice. This article aims to provide a better understanding of agile branding by identifying its dimensions and antecedents. This study pursued a multi-method approach: a systematic literature review was conducted, followed by qualitative semi-structured interviews with eleven experts and a group discussion with five participants. Applying the dynamic capabilities perspective, the authors identify five dimensions, including 20 antecedents of agile branding: (a) leadership style and culture, (b) employee skills and competencies, (c) technology and methods, (d) stakeholder and feedback integration, and (e) ambidexterity. The critical challenge of agile branding is to balance brand continuity and adaptation. The study is the first to conceptualize agile branding, offering scientists and practitioners values and principles on how brands can be managed and further evolved in a constantly changing world to stay relevant in the market and ahead of the competition.
... Von Hippel (1986) pioneers this approach by suggesting that many new solutions are created and conceptualised by innovative users, not designers or researchers. By identifying these individuals, researchers can benefit from their insights. ...
... In other words, they are constrained by their lived experiences and frames of reference and will usually find it difficult to generate novel product concepts that cause friction with the familiar. They will also simplify complex systems they are already familiar with (Lüthje & Herstatt 2004:554;Von Hippel 1986;1988). This is called "functional fixedness" (Franke et al 2006:302). ...
This thesis explores the landscape of human-centered design as found in South African healthcare. It then applies this framework in the context of radiology departments and environments in public hospitals in South Africa. Various design approaches as well as design processes are investigated, critiqued, and compared. By doing so a design framework purpose-built for use in a South African healthcare environment is created, and a case study is conducted. The end result being recommendations for improvements in radiology environments to address the specific themes that emerged from research.
... Scientifc research also investigated the role of opinion leaders among classmates in schools. Some papers discuss diferences between lead users (innovators) and opinion leaders [20][21][22][23], but there seems to be a consensus about the major role of opinion leaders in the difusion of innovations and prevention programs [4,24,25]. ...
... Making the interpretation of the results easier, similarly to the returning frequency of the opinion leaders, we separated the classes into two groups: in the frst group, we have observation data for 4 waves; in the second group, we have observation data for 5 waves. First, we calculated the sequence instability only for the opinion leaders with equation (20), setting k � 1 and the d rank distance measure to the d J Jaccad-distance. Using the d J metric, we could properly handle the ties appearing in the frst rank position. ...
Central actors or opinion leaders are in the right structural position to spread relevant information or convince others about adopting an innovation or behaviour change. Who is a central actor or opinion leader might be conceptualised in various ways. Widely accepted centrality measures do not take into account that those in central positions in the social network may change over time. A longitudinal comparison of the set and importance of opinion leaders is problematic with these measures and therefore needs a novel approach. In this study, we investigate ways to compare the stability of the set of central actors over time. Using longitudinal survey data from primary schools (where the members of the social networks do not change much over time) on advice-seeking and friendship networks, we find a relatively poor stability of who is in the central positions anyhow we define centrality. We propose the application of combined indices in order to achieve more efficient targeting results. Our results suggest that because opinion leaders may change over time, researchers should be careful about relying on simple centrality indices from cross-sectional data to gain and interpret information (for example, in the design of prevention programs, network-based interventions or infection control) and must rely on more diverse structural information instead.
... En las últimas décadas, los procesos de diseño se han acercado al usuario mediante el uso de diferentes herramientas. El concepto de innovación del usuario ganó un creciente interés, particularmente, en el campo de la gestión de la innovación (von Hippel, 1986). En la actualidad, se ha demostrado que los usuarios tienen un papel activo en lugar de un papel pasivo en la innovación (Flowers et al., 2010). ...
La agricultura familiar es el principal modo de producción agrícola del planeta. En el mundo existen unos 1.500 millones de campesinos, minifundistas y pequeños productores. Sin embargo, ocupan sólo el 20 por ciento de las tierras disponibles. A pesar de habitar el territorio en pocas hectáreas, producen el 56 por ciento de los alimentos que se consumen en el planeta. La agricultura convencional y el agronegocio, como vías de innovación dominante, presentan desafíos e incompatibilidades con el contexto de los agricultores familiares: tienen gran impacto en el entorno natural, provocan degradación ambiental, concentra la producción y desplaza a las poblaciones rurales. Muchas innovaciones han eliminado a los agricultores del proceso creativo al desarrollar artefactos que supuestamente acomodan su actividad, ignorando en gran medida sus aportes y deseos empíricos. Algunos, abandonaron sus modelos tradicionales y adoptaron tecnología exógena pero han sufrido grandes cambios y fracasos en sus esquemas productivos. La innovación convencional no ha logrado desarrollar soluciones consistentes específicas para la agricultura familiar. En vista de estos problemas, ¿qué sucede cuando se aplican modelos abiertos y participativos en el diseño de tecnologías, máquinas y artefactos? La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar de qué manera se implementa el diseño abierto y qué beneficios presenta. El propósito del estudio es analizar cómo se produce el proceso de apertura en proyectos participativos de desarrollo e implementación de tecnologías abiertas en el ámbito de la agricultura familiar a nivel nacional. Para ello, luego de realizar un mapeo de casos existentes de desarrollo tecnológico participativo de artefactos internacional, se analizan cuatro proyectos de desarrollo tecnológico en el ámbito nacional donde participan diseñadores, fabricantes, investigadores y familias productoras. ¿De qué modo se generan e implementan las tecnologías abiertas?, ¿cómo es la participación en el proceso?, ¿qué aprendizajes, conocimientos y desafíos se producen al implementar los modelos abiertos?, ¿qué potencialidades y limitaciones tiene este modelo de desarrollo? El análisis permitió formular y describir modalidades de diseño abierto y participativo que respondan a experiencias implementadas en la actualidad contribuyendo a identificar estrategias de apertura y participación adecuadas. La investigación presenta como idea rectora que los procesos de desarrollo tecnológico abiertos reportan beneficios en la resolución de problemáticas debido a que solucionan problemas complejos con pocos recursos y bajo costo, utilizan la inteligencia colectiva de involucrados, aceleran el ciclo de innovación en relación a los modelos de innovación convencionales y brindan la posibilidad de generar diseños adaptables a diversos contextos. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas potencialidades, también existen dificultades, impedimentos y limitaciones. ¿Cuáles son?, ¿cómo lidian los participantes con ellas? El análisis generado permite pensar a las tecnologías abiertas y los procesos participativos como un modelo alternativo de innovación en vista de los desafíos de la agricultura, donde la disciplina del diseño tiene un rol estratégico y esencial en este tipo de procesos.
... The digital health literature emphasizes that designing eHealth solutions for supported self-management of chronic conditions is complex, requiring insights into patients' symptoms, perceived challenges, needs, stakeholders, care processes, and behaviours facilitating recovery 22,28,40,41,51 . Stakeholder and userparticipatory co-design is considered crucial for designing eHealth solutions 75 ; these methods are described as the gold standard for ensuring that eHealth solutions accommodate the domains of importance to all involved stakeholders 3,35,77 . Nevertheless, diverging from these recommended standards, recent evidence concerning e-health for pain conditions highlights a noticeable deficiency in both end-user engagement and contextual integration 33 . ...
Introduction: Digital transformation and integration of eHealth solutions into chronic pain management faces significant challenges that have not yet been met. To realize the potential of eHealth solutions there is a need to understand the challenges, needs and care processes of eHealth into specific contexts and specific purposes. The objective of this study was to explore challenges, barriers, support needs, and visions experienced by patients and general practitioners (GPs) in the context of an eHealth solution designed for chronic pain management in general practice.
Methods: The study used action-research as a methodological framework. We conducted two future workshops involving eight patients living with chronic pain and seven GPs with clinical experience in managing chronic pain. Through case vignettes and inspiration cards, these workshops stimulated discussions and shared knowledge construction. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, separated by the groups, and were synthesized via a matrix analysis.
Results: The analysis revealed five content summary themes: Theme 1 - patients' experience of challenges in life with pain; Theme 2 - challenges in treating patients with chronic pain; Theme 3 - patients' suggestions for the structure of the eHealth solution; Theme 4 - GPs suggestions for the structure of the eHealth solution; and Theme 5 - differences and similarities: Visions for an eHealth solution. The analysis generated several touchpoints and tension within the patient-physician encounter.
Conclusions: In conclusion, these themes provide distinct narratives, offering valuable insights into the design objectives. Our study represents a significant advancement in developing personalized and innovative eHealth solutions for general practice, addressing key clinical challenges.
Perspective: Realizing the potential of eHealth solutions, these findings highlight both contrasting and shared viewpoints on design objectives, providing crucial insight into end-user perspectives for effective pain management. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of supported self-management and clinical communication in understanding each patient's overall presentation within the healthcare system.
... Cui & Wu, 2016 or, in general, (lead) user innovation (cf. Von Hippel, 1986). Scientific and practical evidence of the sustainability claims are supported by the specific purpose of SOIs as they are supposed to create and realize value for the triple bottom line of sustainability (Adams et al., 2016;Hansen & Große-Dunker, 2013). ...
The pressing need for a transition towards a more sustainable economy has given rise to sustainability-oriented innovations (SOIs). The development of SOIs involves a wide range of emerging technologies, some of which are highly uncertain and may have the potential to transform an existing industry. Thus, the identification and assessment of emerging technologies is pivotal for established companies to evaluate business opportunities as well as for researchers and policy makers to support the transition to a more sustainable economy. Therefore, we aim to contribute by offering a new approach that seeks to assess such emerging technologies that contribute to sustainability transition (i.e., sustainability-oriented technologies (SOTs)) by means of spectral cluster analysis based on the semantic similarities of scientific research articles in the field of precision agriculture (PA); a case example where multiple SOIs occur. Our analyses reveal that spectral cluster analysis is a suitable approach for assessing emerging SOTs. In addition, multi-perspective assessments based on, inter alia, related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Web of Science subject categories, strategic diagrams, and business models allows to render a holistic assessment of a scientific research area (in this case PA) and its emerging SOTs as well as their evolution into commercial SOIs.
... This class of users is composed not only of expert, senior professional advisors, but also amateur devotees, passionate insiders, customers and end-users, who are simply aiming to find solutions for their own needs. They are experiencebased experts with strong unsatisfied needs (von Hippel, 1986;Urban & von Hippel, 1988). ...
... Customers have long been considered a great source of innovation (Han and Geum, 2022). Von Hippel (1986) introduced the lead user approach that actively incorporates the customers' ideas into the new product development process. Since lead users may exert significant effects in assisting enterprises in developing new products, more and more practitioners and researchers have explored the lead user recognition methods in recent years. ...
Purpose-Lead users are essential participants in crowdsourcing innovation events; their continuance intention significantly affects the success of the crowdsourcing innovation community (CIC). Although researchers have acknowledged the influences of network externalities on users' sustained participation in general information systems, limited work has been conducted to probe these relationships in the CIC context; particularly, the predictors of lead users' continued usage intention in such context are still unclear. Hence, this paper aims to explore the precursors of lead users' continuance intention from a network externalities perspective in CIC. Design/methodology/approach-This work ranked users' leading-edge status to recognize lead users in the CIC. And then, the authors proposed a research model based on the network externalities theory, which was examined utilizing the partial least squares (PLS) technique. The research data were collected from an online survey of lead users (n 5 229) of a CIC hosted by a China handset manufacturer. Findings-Results revealed that the number of peers, perceived complementarity and perceived compatibility significantly influence lead users' continuance intention through identification and perceived usefulness. Originality/value-This work contributes to the crowdsourcing innovation research and provides views regarding how lead users' sustained participation can be developed in the CICs. This work also offers an alternative theoretical framework for further research on users' continued intention in open innovation activities.
... Ils représentent les personnes interrogées dans la phase du recueil de l'expression des clients. Comme un petit nombre de clients (de 12 à 20) est rencontré (6) (15), il convient de les choisir avec discernement afin de recueillir des propos potentiellement riches en idées innovantes appelés « voix des clients ».A la différence de Von Hippel(16), dans le cadre de la CEM, les « lead users » ne sont pas uniquement les utilisateurs du produit (clients) mais toute personne pouvant amener une information riche et innovante en regard à son expertise et / ou expérience. Cette définition élargit la sélection des interviewers aux prescripteurs ou tout autre acteur du marché reconnus pour leur expertise.Encadré 3 : Exemple des lead users interrogés pour l'étude sécurité dans l'intérieur véhicule La sélection positive : L'objectif de la sélection positive est de réduire la masse de données en un nombre plus limité. ...
... (1) Many studies have shown that lead customers are an important source of innovation. Lead customers are individuals with high lead users who "face needs that will be general in a market place-but face them months or years before the bulk of that marketplace encounters them and are positioned to benefit significantly by obtaining a solution to those needs" [19]. Lead customers have stronger motivation to participate in new product development (NPD) [20]. ...
Although there are many methods that can be used to obtain customer preferences for new energy vehicles, most studies generally overlook the fact that customer preferences are private information. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transmission mechanism of customer preferences by taking into account situations in which customers lie. Through a signaling game model, this study analyzed the transmission mechanism of customer preference information for the center control touch screen of new energy vehicles based on separation equilibrium. The results show that when inequality (1) remains, such an equilibrium forms: the customers send the real preference signal, the manufacturer then adopts a new sample consistent with the received signal and prices the product accordingly, and, finally, the customers pay for the new NEV. When inequality (2) remains, the following equilibrium forms: customers signal the opposite of their private preference, the manufacturer then adopts a new sample opposite to the received signal, and, finally, customers pay for the new NEV.
... As we discuss in Section 4, many of these interviewees serve key functions in their organization for evaluating IPH decarbonization and provide a mediating role for the firm overall. Given that at the time of writing the United States lacks any national targets for non-fossil fuel IPH [51], these firms could be considered lead users [71] based on their anticipation of needing to reduce onsite combustion emissions and thus may provide valuable information for IPH decarbonization. Statements from several interviewees indicated that they were indeed anticipating the need to reduce or eliminate emissions from IPH operations (i.e., Scope 1 emissions [72]) and have already adopted and implemented IPH decarbonization technologies. ...
Eliminating greenhouse gas emissions from industrial process heat (IPH) is considered a key element of decarbonizing the overall industrial sector. However, industrial users and the processes by which they may adopt and implement technologies for decarbonization have largely been overlooked in the United States by an emphasis on developing and commercializing new technologies. While recent deployment and demonstration programs are an indication that decarbonization policy is beginning to acknowledge industrial users, little research has been conducted to understand how users mediate technical and nontechnical requirements to decarbonize IPH. Our exploratory analysis uses interviews with industry representatives and document analysis to begin developing a user-centric perspective. We find that successful adoption and implementation of decarbonized IPH technologies may require adaptation to diverse and potentially unique combinations of user requirements and local contexts. Instead of pursuing "crosscutting" IPH technologies, a more effective and expeditious approach may be to develop crosscutting decision-making that spans multiple technologies. This approach may offer unexplored opportunities to improve demonstration and deployment programs, but more user-centric research is needed.
... We included GPs based on an open call. Thus, we anticipate that GPs who signed up for the workshop have a higher interest in CMP compared to other GPs [35], leading to more novel and relevant insights. Future workshops utilize participants' experiences and co-construction of knowledge as a driver for extracting future visions, which makes the workshop process vulnerable to say-do and social desirability bias [36]. ...
Objectives
Management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) remains a challenge in general practice. The general practitioner (GP) often experiences diagnostic uncertainty despite frequently referring patients with CMP to specialized departments. Therefore, it remains imperative to gain insights on how to optimize and reframe the current setup for the management of patients with CMP. The objective was to explore GP's perspectives on the challenges, needs, and visions for improving the management of patients with CMP.
Methods
A qualitative study with co-design using the future workshop approach. Eight GPs participated in the future workshop (five females). Insights and visions emerged from the GP's discussions and sharing of their experiences in managing patients with CMP. The audio-recorded data were subjected to thematic text analysis.
Results
The thematic analysis revealed four main themes, including (1) challenges with current pain management, (2) barriers to pain management, (3) the need for a biopsychosocial perspective, and (4) solutions and visions. All challenges are related to the complexity and diagnostic uncertainty for this patient population. GPs experienced that the patients' biomedical understanding of their pain was a barrier for management and underlined the need for a biopsychosocial approach when managing the patients. The GPs described taking on the role of coordinators for their patients with CMP but could feel ill-equipped to handle diagnostic uncertainty. An interdisciplinary unit was recommended as a possible solution to introduce a biopsychosocial approach for the examination, diagnosis, and management of the patient's CMP.
Conclusions
The complexity and diagnostic uncertainty of patients with CMP warrants a revision of the current setup. Establishing an interdisciplinary unit using a biopsychosocial approach was recommended as an option to improve the current management for patients with CMP.
... According to Knutsson and Thomasson (2014, 245), this refers to the ability of contracting authorities to enlarge the market for a certain type of product or service or to change the market structure by making it attractive for new entrances. Finally, acting as a 'lead user ' (von Hippel 1986) can be desirable in the cases in which the large purchasing power of the public sector can contribute to the creation of a new market (what was referred to by Dalpé et al. (1992) as a first user of innovations), with the use of direct PPI advertised with functional specifications (Edquist and Zabala-Iturriagagoitia 2021). 2 These multiple scenarios are however particularly demanding for the contracting authority, which tends to adopt by default a market-type of governance for the procurement process. The appropriate type of governance for more complex transactions should be a non-market trust-based one (Rokkan and Haugland 2022), with a certain continuity aimed at fostering 'contract memory' and 'bargaining power of the public party' (Saussier and Tirole 2015, 11). ...
Employing the theory of the ‘Cameleon Employees,’ this research examines the complex interconnection between employee engagement and the development of ideation by the employees in organisations. In an environment where the society places so much emphasis on the need to be innovative, it becomes very important to know the forces that propel innovation from within the corporation. By using The survey method combined with qualitative analysis, we analysis the level of engagement and the correlation between the employee and the environment that foster innovation. Thus, based on the data analyzed, we have established that engaging the employees can boost the organization’s ability to support and encourage innovation throughout the company. By using data and other available literature, we determine effective ways of promoting high levels of employee engagement, including communication systems, leadership patterns, as well as reward structures. Moreover, we expand upon the processes whereby employees contribute to the support and implementation of innovations on their own. It enlightens readers on the positive link between EE and innovation and also examine possible obstacles which can hinder an organisation on how to harmonise this relationship. Findings from this study therefore have implications for practices in human resource management and organisational leadership that will assist in positive organisational change and foster constructive staff involvement in the development and management of innovation management systems. Therefore, this research serves to advance the theoretical understanding of employee engagement and innovation, and provides practical recommendations for practitioner to unlock the full potential of the people in organizations.
Polyculture is a relevant practice for improving the sustainability of aquaculture, which raises interest in implementing it in a variety of production systems. However, polyculture is a complex approach that can result not only in complementarity among species but also competition among them and animal welfare issues. Potential polyculture benefits can be expected provided that compatibility and complementarity occur among the combined species. This places a premium on identifying the best species combinations for a given aquaculture system. Here, we developed a conceptual integrative workflow to standardise and plan the development of new fish polycultures. This workflow is designed to screen all possible combinations in a set of species based on three successive steps of assessment. Overall, these steps consider the compatibility and complementarity of co‐farmed species as well as stakeholder demands, sustainability and fish welfare. Step 1 consists of selecting the most promising compatible species combinations (i.e., ‘prospective combinations’) as a function of stakeholder opinion and expectations using databases and surveys. Step 2 validates the effectiveness of prospective combinations based on bioassays by considering species complementarity and animal welfare. Step 3 implements the best species combination(s) in aquaculture production, during which prototyping allows the sustainability of the resulting commercial production system to be studied. In conclusion, the workflow aims at being a valuable tool to innovate in aquaculture by exploiting the opportunities and the strengths of polyculture.
This study aims to identify the antecedents and consequences of relationship motivation in the reward-based crowdfunding context. The findings from analyzing transaction data and survey responses from 302 contributors suggest the significant effects of the engagement and interactivity of a campaign on the formation of relationship motivation. This study also finds that relationship motivation is related to higher funding amounts and that the association is stronger during the campaign’s earlier stages. This study contributes to the literature by examining the drivers and roles of relationship motivation in a crowd-driven platform context. It also provides practical implications to guide the relationship-building strategies of creators.
In several regions of the United States, waste and “tag” wool are readily available, inexpensive, and considered low-quality because of weed seed contamination and stains from defecation. Because of an overabundance of waste and tag wool, some are landfilled. Previous research has indicated that wool or hair incorporated in potted plants can improve the water-holding capacity of the soil and act as a slow-release fertilizer. Furthermore, compost trials have demonstrated that wool produces a high-quality compost product. This study aimed to evaluate the market potential of wool-based compost to determine its commercial viability. To address this, we conducted in-depth interviews with lead user gardeners ( n = 10) who used 1 yard of wool-based compost in their gardens over the course of 10 weeks and distributed a quantitative survey instrument to both lead users and general gardeners recruited from garden centers, nurseries, and horticulture classes ( n = 256). Lead users responded positively to the wool-based compost and reported they would be willing to pay $6 to $7 per ft ³ . General gardeners who were less familiar with the product reported they were willing to pay at least a similar amount as that for typical market composts, but they suggested that they would pay more if characteristics such as “increases drought tolerance” were used in advertising. Our analysis indicated that the target audience for the wool-based compost is male gardeners older than 25 years who are concerned about the environment.
The Indian marketing ecosystem began preparing for a new future in 2020 after months of numerous statewide lockdowns and isolation. A first trend is that products and therefore the needs that they're addressing are increasingly complex and so harder to quantify. The increased complexity of products and services typically necessitate increasingly complex consumer input. However, a second trend is that it's increasingly hard to collect rich information from consumers through surveys and questionnaires. A third important trend is that buyers interact with other consumers and express themselves using more channels today than ever before, which many of those interactions and expressions are recorded. For instance, the content of debate boards, blogs, forums, review sites, newsgroups, and social networks is commonly public and freely accessible to marketers. This generation of young people is more educated, informed and connected to the world than previous generations. They concentrated on developing better online consumer experiences as we all awaited our physical return to our regular lives. Marketing is one the functions involved in innovation and in bringing new products to promote. Marketing enjoyed a good amount of respect among innovation practitioners and academics throughout the mid-1990s.
The phenomenon of users or consumers actively taking part in the value creation process of products is referred to as prosuming in sociology. In recent years prosuming in its various forms has been gaining widespread attention due in part to its association with different aspirations and expectations regarding, i.e., economic and sustainability effects. However, prosuming is a very broad topic and its impacts have not yet been conclusively examined. This article thus first provides an overview of the different sub-forms and existing definitions of prosuming. Using this as a basis, the possible effects on people and the environment are presented and analysed, including the question of the extent to which these effects can be considered sustainability effects.
We examine how exogenous demand shocks overcome ecosystem bottlenecks in the commercialization of an emergent technology. We argue that demand shocks that spur new technology adoption by niche users pull “hub” firms into country technology markets, despite ecosystem bottlenecks, thereby serving to “jumpstart” the process of ecosystem development and technology commercialization. By analyzing global electric vehicle markets over the period 2008–2017, we find that extreme weather events such as abnormal heat-related events spur adoption of electric vehicles by end users, thereby propelling automotive or hub firms’ entry into country technology markets, and the subsequent shift of their electric vehicle product portfolios toward the more radical version of the technology. Notably, such demand shocks propel firms’ commercialization strategy, despite ecosystem bottlenecks such as the lack of regulatory and economic inducements for adoption, relative absence of complements, and product market differences. After entry, entrant firms’ electric vehicle product portfolios transition from hybrids toward radical technology products and investments in complements, albeit contingent on their competitive market position in the legacy technology. We discuss the implications of these findings concerning the uptake of demand shocks, and their robustness to modeling choices, technological generations across extended timeframes, potential mediating forces, and boundary conditions owing to firm and country-market heterogeneity.
Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0075 .
This chapter offers the key theoretical concepts that provide the basis of this book. I start by providing the conceptualization of legitimacy and organizational legitimacy and offering an excursus of the theoretical contributions of recent decades. I then link legitimacy with organizational sustainability and organizational change. Subsequently, I explain the concept of organizational learning and illustrate the transition from organizational learning to learning organizations. The chapter then focuses on value co-creation theory and its evolution in the academic debate, and introduces some models of value co-creation processes as well as the emerging “circular co-creation processes”. In each paragraph, I advance the main research gaps emerging from the extant literature, while in the last paragraph, I specifically highlight those gaps addressed in this book.
This paper provides a brief overview of the concepts of collective invention, user innovation, and open innovation. All three terms describe variants of distributed innovation processes and can be linked to further ideas of socioeconomic decentralization. First, the conceptual differences between collective invention, user innovation, and open innovation are elaborated. Second, exemplary case studies from the past decades are presented before more recent forms of distributed innovation in the development of information technologies are discussed. In this context, it becomes evident that distributed innovation processes and internal research and development activities in public and private sector organizations are not in competition with each other but rather in a complementary relationship.
Purpose
Generation Z will be the leading consumer group in the future. Using convenience stores, the study provides an in-depth analysis on Gen Z’s current experience and future expectations from retail stores. The study further highlights the differences between Gen Z’s perception of convenience stores across three different regions – the USA, South Korea and Japan.
Design/methodology/approach
This study conducted a series of in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 36 Gen Z participants from the USA (12), South Korea (11) and Japan (13). All interviews were first coded based on a preselected list of themes and were further coded with new themes that emerged from exploratory coding.
Findings
Each regional cohort varied in terms of how they experienced and what they expected from convenience stores. US participants showed negative or utilitarian attitudes toward convenience stores, whereas South Korean participants had a positive, personal attachment to them. In comparison, Japanese participants had a relatively neutral attitude. However, all three groups showed a common preference for smart technology and health concerns surrounding convenience store foods.
Practical implications
Convenience store chains should consider the cultural nuances when designing future services. The chains should further strive to remove the health concerns about the foods provided at the stores and design smart technologies that enhance user experience.
Originality/value
The present study broadens the knowledge in this budding consumer segment where current research is limited. It further sheds light on the variance among Gen Zers across different cultural contexts.
User engagement is widely recognised as beneficial for the innovation efforts of firms scarce with internal resources but our knowledge about the relevance of user types and engagement strategies is scarce and mostly limited to the front-end phases of the innovation process. To fill this gap, we use data from over 10,000 companies operating in four emerging innovation ecosystems in Central Europe and examine the contribution of users to product development, distribution, market positioning and the commercialisation of innovations. The results show that user engagement through customisation and co-creation promotes the success of the innovation process, with the impact of co-creation being much stronger. Consumers, intermediary users (businesses) and public sector users play different roles at different stages of innovation. These findings provide important insights for firms seeking to optimise their user engagement strategies in product innovation management.
This study delves into the evolving role of generative Large Language Models (LLMs). We develop a data-driven approach to collect and analyse tasks that users are asking to generative LLMs. Thanks to the focus on tasks this paper contributes to give a quantitative and granular understanding of the potential influence of LLMs in different business areas. Utilizing a dataset comprising over 3.8 million tweets, we identify and cluster 31,747 unique tasks, with a specific case study on ChatGPT. To reach this goal, the proposed method combines two Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques, Named Entity Recognition (NER) and BERTopic. The combination makes it possible to collect granular tasks of LLMs (NER) and clusters them in business areas (BERTopic). Our findings reveal a wide spectrum of applications, from programming assistance to creative content generation, highlighting LLM's versatility. The analysis highlighted six emerging areas of application for ChatGPT: human resources, programming, social media, office automation, search engines, education. The study also examines the implications of these findings for innovation management, proposing a research agenda to explore the intersection of the identified areas, with four stages of the innovation process: idea generation, screening/idea selection, development, and diffusion/sales/marketing.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the conflicting views in supply chain and strategic management literature regarding cooperative supply chain relationships (CSCR) and firm performance. Supply chain literature suggests a universally positive impact of CSCR on performance, irrespective of a firm’s strategy. In contrast, strategic management literature contends that the effectiveness of CSCR depends on their alignment with the firm’s competitive strategy. The research aims to clarify this disparity, offering insights into the strategic use of CSCR for enhancing firm performance.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper theorizes the integration of perspectives for the impact of CSCR on firm performance by examining the relationships considering the alignment of cost leadership and product differentiation strategies with supplier and customer relationships. Plant-level survey data is analyzed using regression techniques to test four hypotheses.
Findings
All four main relationships (cost leadership, product differentiation, supplier relationship and customer relationship) on firm performance are statistically significant. However, cost leadership firms are better aligned to their chosen strategy when they have strong relationships with suppliers, whereas similar relationships with customers create misalignment, negatively influencing firm performance. In contrast, product differentiators benefit by investing in relationships with customers rather than with suppliers.
Practical implications
A firm’s performance does not solely depend on its CSCR efforts but on aligning them with the firm’s overall strategy. Therefore, managers need to be cognizant of the firm’s competitive strategy when investing in CSCR. Failing to do so could negatively impact firm performance and, eventually, its ability to compete in the marketplace.
Originality/value
Scholars have advocated for the importance of examining competing perspectives of phenomena, both within and across various bodies of literature, as cross-disciplinary analysis often brings enhanced focus and depth, leading to improved understanding. This research is one of the initial efforts to empirically analyze the varying perspectives on CSCR in supply chain and strategic management literature. This cross-disciplinary approach can yield a more integrated perspective.
In industrial product development with customers, it is well‐known that lead userness is associated with novel and commercially attractive products. We take a next step by analyzing if lead userness is related to product development that potentially affects industry‐level practices. Our main hypothesis is that lead userness results in the pursuit of Schumpeterian product opportunities: disequilibrating, radical, rare, and based on new knowledge and creative activities. In contrast, at low lead userness, more Kirznerian product opportunities are expected—which maintain industry standards. The hypothesis is supported by data from 139 high‐tech small firms. Next, we anticipate that factors related to the selection of lead users, and the effective processing of their inputs, moderate the connection between lead userness and Schumpeterian opportunity. As for selection, we find a stronger connection when firms collaborate with “new” customers. Conversely, when involved customers have been business partners already for a long time, the pursuit of Schumpeterian opportunities is mitigated. Also, tentative evidence is found that the connection between lead userness and Schumpeterian opportunity amplifies when involved customers are less dominant market players. Finally, when it comes to processing lead users' input, we report tentative evidence that firms' R&D intensity should be higher (indicating ability to process lead users' inputs and make continued development efforts). Our findings help to explain why lead users have been associated with industry dynamics, and provide guidance to identify “relevant” lead users when firms seek product opportunities that potentially disequilibrate their industry.
In the face of rapidly evolving technology and heightened global competition, fostering an innovation culture is paramount for organizations. Given the significance and intricacy of innovation management implementation, many researchers have proposed structured management approaches. This article offers a quantitative bibliometric analysis of these approaches using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. It examines the distribution of publications, key sources, interactions among sources, predominant approaches, and emerging research topics. The findings reveal that open innovation is the most prevalent approach. Furthermore, sustainability and information technology aspects like artificial intelligence, big data, industry 4.0, and digital transformation are notable in recent innovation management studies.
Based on a three-year inductive field study of first-time founders, we reveal the dynamic identity relationships that tie founders to their ventures: what such relationships comprise, how they evolve over time, and with what strategic implications for the development of new businesses. Specifically, we found that such relationships comprise both identification and construals, which capture the degree to which founders saw their ventures as self-defining and founder-venture psychological distance. Construals, and shifts in construals over time, were critical in explaining how entrepreneurs handled venture-related challenges, as well as how they strategically (re)focused their ventures in terms of scope, whether by diversifying or specializing. By explaining these dynamics, we contribute to research on entrepreneurial identity as well as to construal level theory. In addition, as we distinguish construals from identification, we highlight the importance of construals for understanding identity relationships beyond entrepreneurship.
Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15271 .
Innover avec les utilisateurs offre de nombreuses opportunités pour les entreprises qui souhaitent rester compétitives sur le marché. Plusieurs études comparatives se sont penchées sur la recherche des profils de consommateurs capables de développer les idées et concepts les plus attractifs mais les conclusions divergent. La présente recherche propose de se joindre au débat et de l’étendre en posant la question suivante : Avec quel type de consommateurs faut-il co-innover pour améliorer l’attractivité commerciale des prototypes lors des phases de prototypage ? Pour y répondre, nous comparons les prototypes de jeux vidéo issus de quatre populations de consommateurs : les lead-users , les emergent-nature consumers , les individus cumulant les deux caractéristiques et les consommateurs ordinaires. Nous montrons, à travers une étude quantitative en deux étapes que les consommateurs qui ont des caractéristiques de lead-users développent des prototypes de jeux vidéo plus attractifs que ceux des autres profils de consommateurs. CODES JEL : O30, M12, D11, D12, L25
In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement, the intersection of emerging technologies and entrepreneurial ventures has become a focal point of inquiry for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike. This qualitative research seeks to explore the multifaceted impact of emerging technologies on entrepreneurial endeavors, shedding light on the motivations, challenges, strategies, and outcomes associated with technology-driven entrepreneurship. Through in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs operating in diverse industries and geographical regions, this study elucidates the complex dynamics shaping the relationship between emerging technologies and entrepreneurial ventures. The findings reveal a diverse array of motivations driving entrepreneurs to adopt and integrate emerging technologies into their ventures, including economic incentives, social impact objectives, and environmental sustainability goals. However, the integration of emerging technologies is not without its challenges, as entrepreneurs encounter regulatory uncertainties, organizational resistance, and resource constraints in their quest to innovate. Despite these challenges, entrepreneurs employ various strategies, such as forming strategic partnerships, fostering innovation culture, and embracing customer-centric approaches, to successfully integrate emerging technologies into their ventures and drive innovation. The implications of these findings extend to both theory and practice in technology-driven entrepreneurship, highlighting the need for policymakers, investors, and practitioners to create an enabling environment that supports innovation and entrepreneurship. By understanding the drivers, barriers, and strategies associated with technology adoption in entrepreneurial ventures, stakeholders can better support and capitalize on the transformative potential of emerging technologies to drive economic growth and societal progress. In summary, this research contributes to our understanding of the complex interplay between emerging technologies and entrepreneurial ventures, offering insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of technology-driven entrepreneurship.
La participation du consommateur aux différentes phases du processus de production d’un produit ou service se développe aujourd’hui sous des formes variées, des plus ordinaires aux plus créatives. Dans ce contexte, cet article tente de clarifier la définition de la participation du consommateur, puis propose une classification des pratiques de participation fondée sur deux dimensions : les ressources à mobiliser et la motivation à participer. Cette matrice offre aux managers une grille d’analyse de leurs dispositifs de participation, ainsi que ceux de leurs concurrents, au travers du prisme du rôle attribué au client. Des pistes de réflexion sont ensuite adressées aux enseignes souhaitant développer la dimension participative de leurs dispositifs de gestion de la relation client.
L’émission d’idées de nouveaux produits est la première phase de leur développement. La recherche en marketing propose des méthodes éprouvées. Cet article rapproche ces méthodes des sources de l’invention au Paléolithique et Néolithique. Le marketing a-t-il inventé des façons d’inventer ?
This paper proposes a brand choice model to aid in the prelaunch management of a new consumer durable entry in an existing category. The model contributes to theory by integrating the critical phenomena of multiattribute preference, risk, and dynamics in an individual level expected utility framework. The integration is based on established theoretical constructs in utility, Bayesian decision analysis, and discrete choice theory. Measurement and estimation procedures are presented, an application is described, and the managerial relevance of this work as a planning and forecasting tool is examined.
Multiattribute research in marketing seeks an understanding of the structure of customer decisions with respect to the market offerings of a firm and its competitors. Through such understanding the firm trys to evaluate and/or design its offerings for greater customer satisfaction and profitability. Recent applications of such research to new product evaluation and to concept generation are reviewed and critiqued, relevant methodologies are contrasted, and the import of this research thrust for management is assessed.
Traducción de: Communication of Innovations. A Cross-Cultural Approach
Several problems, all solvable by one somewhat complex procedure, are presented in succession. If afterwards a similar task is given which can be solved by a more direct and simple method, will the individual be blinded to this direct possibility (
Einstellung)? If a blinding effect does result, will it be of characteristically different strength in groups that differ in educational level, age, etc.? Moreover, if we introduce means to save the subjects or to rescue them from such blindness, will these means readily work? Will they operate differently in various groups? And what may be the real cause for the blinding effect? How are we to understand this phenomenon? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
It has been empirically observed that, in some industries product users are the most frequent sources of product innovations while, in other industries, product manufacturers are. I hypothesize that such differences are caused by differences in the ability of these two “functional” categories of innovators to appropriate innovation benefit. I explore this hypothesis by examining the real-world effectiveness of mechanisms (such as patents and lead time) used for the appropriation of innovation benefit and the dependence of this effectiveness on the functional relationship between innovator and innovation.
A sample of one hundred and eleven scientific instrument innovations was studied to determine the roles of instrument users and instrument manufacturers in the innovation processes which culminated in the successful commercialization of those instruments. Our key finding was that approximately 80% of the innovations judged by users to offer them a significant increment in functional utility were in fact invented, prototyped and first field-tested by users of the instrument rather than by an instrument manufacturer. The role of the first commercial manufacturer of the innovative instrument in all such cases was restricted, we found, to the performance of product engineering work on the user prototype (work which improved the prototype's reliability, ‘manufacturability’, and convenience of operation, while leaving its principles of operation intact) and to the manufacture and sale of the resulting innovative product. Thus, this research provides the interesting picture of an industry widely regarded as innovative in which the firms comprising the industry are not in themselves necessarily innovative, but rather — in 80% of the innovations sampled — only provide the product engineering and manufacturing function for innovative instrument users.We term the innovation pattern observed in scientific instruments a ‘user dominated’ one and suggest that such a pattern may play a major role in numerous industries.
484 p., fig., 1 disquette souple The methodology used in technological forecasting is made crystal clear in this essential reference for engineers, managers, government strategic planners, and students. Providing a careful balance of theory and practical applications, the book shows technological forecasting at work in business, industry, and government―with well-chosen examples that illustrate both the strengths and limitations of each technique. Demonstrating the key point that technological change can be anticipated, forecast, and managed effectively, the book contains such special features as: The rationale behind each important method in current use-and why it works! Vital applications in business, government, and R&D planning Highly useful data tables that provide historical examples and case studies Complete listings of applicable computer programs, with 3.5" and 5.25" computer disks included New sections on probabilistic methods, never before available in book form Numerous historical examples and hands-on exercises And much more! For practicing engineers, the book offers the nuts and bolts of preparing technological forecasts, including their mathematical derivations; for managers, it offers a full understanding of how the forecasts can best be applied and what problems may arise. For all readers, it is an indispensable decision-making tool that will greatly enhance their on-the-job effectiveness.
The effect of prior experience on success in solving discrete problems was studied by comparing the behavior of eight laboratories in two R and D proposal competitions. The findings show that prior experience does not, by itself, influence the likelihood of achieving a correct solution. If the prior experience is limited to a technique which is appropriate to the present problem, successful solution is almost certain. But prior experience with a technique which is not appropriate usually results in an unsuccessful solution. In the latter case, if more than one alternative approach is considered the probability of achieving a successful solution is increased from 0 to 0.5.
3 of Duncker's experiments on functional fixedness were repeated by giving the experimental Ss each problem (the "box", "gimlet," and "paperclip") after first having used the solution objects for that problem in a function dissimilar to that demanded for solution. Control Ss were presented the problems without such pre-utilization. "Functional fixedness was shown to result from the pre-utilization of solution objects. Duncker's results were confirmed in a study using a larger n and having more carefully specified experimental conditions."
The concept of functional fixedness, that is, owing to previous use of an object with a function dissimilar to that demanded by the present problem, S is inhibited in discerning the new use, was studied in one experiment as a function of the time elapsing between the original use and the new problem. It was found that functional fixedness decreased as a function of this time interval. In a second experiment concerned with functional fixedness and set, it was found that susceptibility to functional fixedness is related to inability to overcome a set when it is established, but that it is not related to the susceptibility to set.
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of specific experience with objects in unrelated situations upon their utilizability as problem-solving instruments." Three groups of Ss (N = 6, 10, 9) were asked to solve a two-cord (Maier) problem, after a period of differential experience with the 2 weights in a pretesting situation. "The results revealed that specific prior experience limited the perception of object properties and made the experienced materials less available as problem-solving tools.
Eric von Hippel, The Dominant Role of Users in the Electronic Subassembly Process Innova tion
- Tific
tific Instrument (23) Eric von Hippel, The Dominant Role of Users in the Electronic Subassembly Process Innova tion, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management EM-24:2 (May 1977), 60-71
Pre-Test-Market Evaluation of New Packaged Goods: A Model and Measurement MethodologyMultiattribute Approaches for Product Concept Evaluation and Generation: A Critical Review
- Alvin J Silk
- Glen L Urban Also
- Allan D Shocker
- V Srinivasan
(8)
Alvin J. Silk and Glen L. Urban, "Pre-Test-Market Evaluation of New Packaged
Goods: A Model and Measurement Methodology," Journal of Marketing
Research 15 (May 1978), 189; Also, Allan D. Shocker and V. Srinivasan,
"Multiattribute Approaches for Product Concept Evaluation and Generation: A
Critical Review," Journal of Marketing Research 16 (May 1979), 159-80.
Eric von HippelThe Dominant Role of Users in the Semiconductor and Electronic Subassembly Process Innova tion
(23) Eric von Hippel, "The Dominant Role of Users in the
Semiconductor and
Electronic Subassembly Process Innova tion," IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management EM-24:2
(May 1977), 60-71.
A Study of the Innovative Process in the Plastics Additives Industry
- Julian W Boyden
Julian W. Boyden, "A Study of the Innovative Process in the Plastics Additives
Industry" (S.M. thesis, MIT Sloan School of Management, 1976).
Sources of Innovation Within the Pultrusion Industry
- G William
- Jr Lionetta
(21) William G. Lionetta, Jr., "Sources of Innovation Within the
Pultrusion Industry"
(S.M. thesis, MIT Sloan School of Management, 1977).