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Abstract
Many countries around the world are considering using solar energy technologies in their future energy planning. The intermittency and unpredictability nature of solar power generation, which can influence the power quality and reliability of the power grid especially at large-scale solar energy systems, constitute a drawback for use of solar technology. Precise research and investigations are needed to overcome this weakness helping solar power be used in power network in large scale. The variation in sun radiation may lead to over-production of electricity from solar PV generators at one time, and lack of production to satisfy the energy demand at another time. As a result, solar PV systems demonstrate a low-level of reliability in power systems. However, an energy storage technology would play a significant role in increasing the reliability of solar power generation systems. The objectives of this study are: firstly to review the issues in relation to grid-integration of solar PV systems, secondly, to review a range of storage devices that could technically and economically be used in association with solar PV energy in order to increase the solar energy penetration level with appropriate reliability in weak electric systems, and finally to present a model for solar PV system combined with battery and super-capacitor.
... Researchers have dedicated a lot of work to studying different techniques for use of these energies in the most efficient ways. Despite its variability, solar energy is an abundant source of renewable energy available all over the world [4]. Thus it is considered a very effective source of electricity production through photovoltaic (PV) Modules [5]. ...
... Therefore, the exported weather data refer to two normal days in the north of France, one in summer and the other in winter. The weather input parameters used for the simulations are global irradiance 4 and ambient temperature, shown in Fig. 6. ...
... While renewable energy sources are often touted as the future of energy production, current technological limitations, particularly in regard to energy storage, necessitate the use of supplementary, emission-free sources of power [116][117][118][119]. Nuclear energy, as a proven and efficient energy source, may serve as a viable option to support and backup electricity generated by renewables. ...
... Solar energy storage possibilities[117][118][119]. ...
This scientific paper discusses the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change. The proposed strategy is to reach net-zero emissions by transitioning to electric systems powered by low-carbon sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric power, and nuclear energy. However, the paper also highlights the challenges of this transition, including high costs and lack of infrastructure. The paper emphasizes the need for continued research and investment in renewable energy technology and infrastructure to overcome these challenges and achieve a sustainable energy system. Additionally, the use of nuclear energy raises concerns, such as nuclear waste and proliferation, and should be considered with its benefits and drawbacks. The study assesses the feasibility of nuclear energy development in Latvia, a country in Northern Europe, and finds that Latvia is a suitable location for nuclear power facilities due to potential energy independence, low-carbon energy production, reliability, and economic benefits. The study also discusses methods of calculating electricity generation and consumption, such as measuring MWh produced by power plants, and balancing supply and demand within the country. Furthermore, the study assesses the safety of nuclear reactors, generated waste, and options for nuclear waste recycling. The transition to a carbon-free energy system is ongoing and complex, requiring multiple strategies to accelerate the transition. While the paper proposes that nuclear energy could be a practical means of supporting and backing up electricity generated by renewables, it should be noted that there are still challenges to be addressed. Some of the results presented in the paper are still based on studies, and the post-treatment of waste needs to be further clarified.
... This procedure can trigger other voltage problems when there is the presence of distributed photovoltaic generators connected to the feeder [19] since, in this scenario, not only the substation transformer would supply electrical energy to the loads connected to the feeder but also the PV generators. Thus, if a rupture in the voltage levels occurs beyond the normative standards determined in design by the utilities, it is again projected the need to perform "another" adjustment in the TAP of the voltage regulator of this section [19][20][21][22]. For the most part, voltage regulator equipment does not have automatic TAP adjustment in local Brazilian utilities due to the high costs of structural modification of the electrical grid. ...
... However, conventional electrical distribution grids do not have a communication infrastructure, which, in this case, is extremely important for the operational functioning of the grid. Thus, more localized solutions are adopted, as a resource, using energy storage systems and in the control and variation of the dispatched power [21,[23][24][25]. ...
The objective of this paper was to analyze the impacts caused by the operation of voltage regulators in electrical distribution networks and to evidence the number of operations in the face of short-duration voltage variation caused by the high intermittency of the connected PV generators. A real LV and MV feeder was used, modeled in OpenDSS software, based on normative standards, adjustments, and technical maneuvers strategically used by the local utility. The analyses considered the temporal variations for the photovoltaic generators and different load demand profiles connected to the feeder. The feeder was submitted to the demand curves varying the load percentage, framing it in high and conventional (nominal) load according to the profiles of consumers and prosumers connected. The simulations made it possible to observe the exacerbated elevation in the number of maneuvers performed by the voltage regulators of the network. The single-phase voltage regulators stood out by the elevation of control operations, causing premature wear of the PV generation equipment connected to the most loaded phase. It was observed that discrepancies in the power flow in the lines and the voltage levels at the busbars. The creation of strategies and decisions to correct these impacts caused to transformers and regulators is possible.
... A. Zahedi (2010) concluded that energy storage technology would play a significant role in increasing the reliability of solar power generation systems. He reviewed the issues in relation to grid integration of solar PV systems and a range of storage devices that could theoretically and economically be used in link with solar PV energy in order to increase the solar energy penetration level. ...
... He reviewed the issues in relation to grid integration of solar PV systems and a range of storage devices that could theoretically and economically be used in link with solar PV energy in order to increase the solar energy penetration level. Finally, he presented a model for a solar PV system joined with a battery and super-capacitor [5]. Solomon et al. (2012) studied the available storage technologies, and defining the appropriate storage size to match large PV energy to the grid, and examined the definition of Usefulness Index. ...
The dramatic increase in renewable sources employment and the new trend to eliminate carbon emissions are the main reasons for using energy storage to overcome the fluctuation of Photovoltaic (PV) output. This paper aims to study the ability of PV solar system, to provide a significant fraction of utility systems energy demand in Jordan. MATLAB software was used to simulate algorithms in order to estimate the storage properties of Energy Capacity (EC), Power Capacity (PC), and Capacity Ratio (CR). These properties are mainly affected by the size of the PV system and the flexibility (ff) of the grid. The hourly generation data from the National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) were investigated to determine the most efficient way to feed PV-generated power into the grid. It was found that for flexibilities (ff) values of 0.7, 0.8, and 1, the No-Dump (ND) PV system, which is the largest PV system that could deliver all its annual production to the grid without any need of spillage of the PV system size were 566.3MW, 998.4MW and 1.6 GW respectively. Also, the relation between Energy Capacity of storage (EC) and Power Capacity (PC) was investigated, it was found that if storage installed with EC and PC equal to 24 GWh (almost 45% of average daily demand) and 3 GW (which is less than the peak hour demand) at ff=0.8, the penetration of PV energy will increase by 42% of annual demand compared with almost 10% without storage. Furthermore, if ff is increased to 1 in parallel to installing storage with energy capacity and power capacity equal to 52.7 GWh and 4.7GW, respectively, the PV penetration will increase to reach 68% of the annual demand compared to 16% without storage.
... The production of RER is highly dependent on local weather and climatic conditions. Non-dispatchable renewable energy's intermittent and stochastic supplies might cause power system instabilities (Denholm and Margolis, 2007;Zahedi, 2011;Khalid and Savkin, 2013;Mahmud and Zahedi, 2016). The RER is a non-controllable and stochastic system and, therefore, requires a BESS, which allows one to store surplus energy during periods when the RER output exceeds the power requirement. ...
Hybrid microgrids, integrating local energy resources, present a promising but challenging solution, especially in areas with limited or no access to the national grid. Reliable operation of off-grid energy systems necessitates sustainable energy sources, given the intermittent nature of renewables. While fossil fuel diesel generators mitigate risks, they increase carbon emissions. This study assesses the viability of integrating a very small modular renewable energy reactor into a microgrid for replacing conventional diesel generators, substantially curbing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive analysis, including design and economic evaluation, was conducted for an off-grid community microgrid with an annual generation and load of 8.5 GWh and 7.8 GWh, respectively. The proposed microgrid configurations incorporate very small modular reactors, alongside solar, wind, and battery storage systems. MATLAB modeling and simulation across eight cases, accounting for seasonal variations, demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of case 7. This configuration, integrating modular reactors, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and battery storage, satisfactorily meets load demands. Notably, it boasts a high internal rate of return up to ∼31% and a shorter payback period of around 4 years compared to alternative scenarios.
... 5,6 Therefore, a safe and stable energy storage device is needed to ensure efficient and stable output of renewable energy. [7][8][9][10] Vanadium redox battery (VRB) is an excellent new clean energy storage device, which has the characteristics of high energy efficiency (EE), long cycle life, low selfdischarge, safety, and environmental protection. Moreover, power and energy are independent, making them widely studied in the field of large-scale, long-term energy storage. ...
Vanadium electrolyte is one of the most critical materials for vanadium redox batteries (VRB). Reducing the cost of vanadium electrolyte and improving its performance are ongoing research priorities for VRB. Currently, the control of the cost of vanadium electrolyte mainly relies on the development of new processes and optimization of traditional processes. Improving the performance of electrolytes mainly involves two aspects: mass transfer and charge transfer, such as introducing additives, optimizing supporting electrolytes, and developing new electrode catalysts. This article reviews the progress in improving the performance of VRB in the past 10 years. It focuses on three main aspects: the preparation of electrolytes, the influence of mass transfer on battery performance, and the influence of charge transfer on battery performance. It also further discusses the impact of different factors on the improvement of VRB performance. Finally, it summarizes the challenges faced by VRB in performance improvement and commercial applications, and made suggestions for future research and development of VRB.
... Consequently, the split power values were calculated according to (7). ...
Beyond solar and wind energy, wave energy is gaining great interest due to its very high theoretical potential, although its stochastic nature causes intermittent and fluctuating power production. Energy storage system (ESS) integration to wave energy converter (WEC) plants represents a promising solution to mitigate this issue. To overcome the technological limits of the single storage devices, the hybridization of complementary ESSs represents an effective solution, extending the operating range over different timeframes. This paper analyzes the benefits of Li-ion battery–supercapacitor hybrid ESS integration into a grid-connected WEC, aiming at smoothing the produced power oscillations. The hybridization concept involves coupling a power-intensive technology, such as a supercapacitor devoted to managing fluctuations at higher frequency, with a battery technology exploited to manage power variations over longer timeframes to mitigate degradation issues. In this study, a multi-objective data-driven power management strategy, based on the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm, is implemented to minimize power fluctuations in terms of power ramp (representing the power variation between two consecutive values with a 1 s time step), both at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and the Li-ion battery terminals, thanks to the supercapacitor peak-shaving function. The SPSA management strategy, together with a suitable sizing procedure, allows a reduction of more than 70% in the power oscillations at the PCC with respect to those at the WEC terminals, while decreasing battery stress by more than 25% if compared to a non-hybrid ESS consisting of a Li-ion battery. This shows how supercapacitor features can extend battery lifespan when integrated in a hybrid ESS.
... Solar energy is the most promising candidate to power the future due to its abundance and environmental friendliness [16][17][18]. Given its disadvantages of intermittency and undispatchability, however, one promising way for solar energy to achieve a continuous and reliable energy supply is the use of energy storage technologies [19], ranging from thermal storage [17] to batteries [20], to the production of solar fuels [16,21], etc. Another promising way is to integrate solar energy with other energy sources, especially stable low-carbon fuels in a hybrid energy system [22]. ...
For the efficient use of solar and fuels and to improve the supply-demand matching performance in combined heat and power (CHP) systems, this paper proposes a hybrid solar/methanol energy system integrating solar/exhaust thermochemical and thermal energy storage. The proposed system includes parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC), a thermochemical reactor, an internal combustion engine (ICE), and hybrid storage of thermal and chemical energy, which uses solar energy and methanol fuel as input and outputs power and heat. With methanol thermochemical decomposition reaction, mid-and-low temperature solar heat and exhaust heat are upgraded to chemical energy for efficient power generation. The thermal energy storage (TES) stores surplus thermal energy, acting as a backup source to produce heat without emitting CO2. Due to the energy storage, time-varying solar energy can be used steadily and efficiently; considerable supply-demand mismatches can be avoided, and the operational flexibility is improved. Under the design condition, the overall energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and net solar-to-electric efficiency achieve 72.09%, 37.65%, and 24.63%, respectively. The fuel saving rate (FSR) and the CO2 emission reduction (ERCO2) achieve 32.97% and 25.33%, respectively. The research findings provide a promising approach for the efficient and flexible use of solar energy and fuels for combined heat and power.
... Increasing efficiency of an energy conversion system is of great importance in our society as we tackle the ongoing climate crisis and aim to reduce the use of fossil fuel resources [1]. About 72% of the global energy consumption is wasted after the conversion processes [2]. ...
Thermoelectric (TE) waste heat recovery has attracted significant attention over the past decades, owing to its direct heat-to-electricity conversion capability and reliable operation. However, methods for application-specific, system-level TE design have not been thoroughly investigated. This work provides detailed design optimization strategies and exergy analysis for TE waste heat recovery systems. To this end, we propose the use of TE system equipped on the exhaust of a gas turbine power plant for exhaust waste heat recovery and use it as a case study. A numerical tool has been developed to solve the coupled charge and heat current equations with temperature-dependent material properties and convective heat transfer at the interfaces with the exhaust gases at the hot side and with the ambient air at the heat sink side. Our calculations show that at the optimum design with 50% fill factor and 6 mm leg thickness made of state-of-the-art Bi2Te3 alloys, the proposed system can reach power output of 10.5 kW for the TE system attached on a 2 m-long, 0.5 × 0.5 m2-area exhaust duct with system efficiency of 5% and material cost per power of 0.23 $/W. Our extensive exergy analysis reveals that only 1% of the exergy content of the exhaust gas is exploited in this heat recovery process and the exergy efficiency of the TE system can reach 8% with improvement potential of 85%.
... Solar energy systems are expensive because of the complexity of photovoltaic panels and have low relative storage efficiency. Moreover, the electric energy generated by these sources depends on seasonality [20]. Wind power can affect local fauna and flora [21][22][23]. ...
This research investigated the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) process to recover part of the thermal and chemical energy left in the exhaust boiler stream. A theoretical energy conversion and use analysis was performed based on a small boiler. Several measurements and analyses of the operation reports provided the boundary conditions and relevant information for modelling the processes. The methodology considered the radiation from exhaust gases, thermodynamics balances, and financial engineering calculations for the energy recovery analysis. Financial results indicate that the exhaust gas recirculation process implementation, regarding 20% of the EGR ratio, presented 69% and 1.45 years of internal returning rate and payback, respectively. However, the regenerative process presented an internal returning rate and payback values of 112% and 0.9 years. Indeed, both processes might be applied in order to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.
... Moreover, the phenomenon of solar curtailment exhibits a progressively significant impact as the penetration of solar power gradually increases (as discussed in Table S11). To overcome these challenges, the government should explore various solutions, such as energy storage technologies that evenly distribute solar energy usage (Zahedi, 2011) and demand response projects that encourage customers to reduce their electricity consumption during peak hours (Albadi and El-Saadany, 2007). ...
... Thirdly, photovoltaic technology can be employed to reduce the energy consumption caused by illumination. With the adoption of photovoltaic technology, solar energy can be stored in the form of electrical energy to provide illumination for microalgae growth at night (Zahedi, 2011). Thus, the energy consumption and cost of microalgae production can be reduced. ...
As an agricultural waste, crop straw enriched with a variety of nutrients is regarded as an important fertilizer resource. In the past, crop straw return-to-field played a key role in the sustainability of agricultural environment, but some problems, such as ammonia loss in ammoniation, low rate of straw decomposition, and high carbon footprint, attracted researchers’ attentions. In this paper, we propose three technical routes, including cyanobacteria-based ammonia assimilation, microorganisms-based crop straw pretreatment, and microalgae-based carbon capture, to address the aforementioned problems. Besides, challenges which may hinder the practical application of these technical routes as well as the potential solutions are discussed in detail. It is expected that this paper could provide new ideas to the practical application of crop straw return-to-field.
... For intermittency, it is possible to associate several generators with complementary productions: this would allow to have a production almost all the time without big interruption [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Another solution to intermittency is energy storage, but on a large scale, this is expensive from production to operation and recycling [11][12][13][14]. We can also think of international exchanges when the different countries are interconnected [15][16][17] or even the management of consumption by encouraging users to consume during periods of high production. ...
The need to integrate renewable energy sources into the energy mix is felt because of the many advantages they offer over fossil fuels, notably in terms of environmental protection and more uniformly distributed availability. The intermittent and stochastic ones, such as wind power, present many problems to network operators due to the volatile nature of their output power. This work presents a new technique for optimally forecasting the power output of a wind turbine installed at any geographic point located within a very large area. Once the study area is defined, it is gridded and optimally sampled in order to have a truly representative number of geographical points. The study area is then divided into sub-areas by grouping the samples by similarity of variation of meteorological parameters (wind speed and direction). For each sub-area, the optimal production periods are then identified and used for forecasting the power output. The forecasting technique used combines the LSTM model for forecasting meteorological parameters and the linear model for approximating the power curves of wind turbines. The technique was applied to the Beninese territory on which 90 sub-zones were formed. A 12 h forecasting of wind speed, wind direction and wind power were presented for one of the sub-areas. The clustering results gave a Silhouette score of at least 0.99. The wind speed and direction forecasting gave (0.34 m/s, 7.8 rad) and (93%, 70%) for RMSE and R ² , respectively.
... Además, aseguran que no existe ninguna tecnología de almacenamiento que tenga todo lo necesario para un funcionamiento óptimo. Por otro lado, Zahedi [191] analizó las tecnologías de almacenamiento energético en torno a la generación de energía solar y expuso un sistema solar en combinación con batería y supercondensador. Sin embargo, Akram et al. [192] estudiaron con detalle aquellas tecnologías de almacenamiento energético de respuesta rápida (excluyendo la tecnología PHES): baterías, supercondensadores, volantes de inercia y almacenamiento magnético superconductor. ...
In order to achieve the minimum targets for the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the development of energy storage set by the different organisations, this thesis provides two contributions: a methodological proposal for the evaluation of the potential for pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and a dynamic operation model for PHES systems. In "Contribution 1", the objective is to propose a universal, modularised methodology for simple replication that serves as a tool for the evaluation of the viable potential of PHES in a given territory, through the use of a package of predesigned constraints. An optimisation algorithm is included. Furthermore, the results are classified in basins or interbasins of ravines and demonstrate that the high potential assumed a priori is considerably reduced, showing how important it is that the restrictions applied are adapted to the territory in question. The methodology is applied to the island of Gran Canaria, because of its large number of large dams and the fact that it does not have any large scale hydroelectric power plants at present. In "Contribution 2", the main objective is to create a dynamic operation model that studies the contribution of a PHES system to a given electricity market in a scenario of increased RES penetration. The model is applied to the case of the Salto de Chira power plant on the island of Gran Canaria. The results demonstrate the optimisation of the plant's operation strategy and the need to: take advantage of other PHES plants; use other storage technologies; and continue using conventional energy sources (CES) until the RES can cover the electricity demand on their own. The model is validated by providing reliable results within the margins established in the power plant project and also because they are within the range of the different forecasts made so far.
... The total reactive needed from the grid rises as the system load ratio decreases, with no contributions from the Photovoltaic system. Whenever the load's reactive power improves, the Photovoltaic system begins to collect more power flow [35]. Photovoltaic modules settings and the DC/DC conversion restrict the reactive energy fed into the grid. ...
Photovoltaic power is most important cause of energy subsequently it is simultaneously clean and limitless. PV power conversion devices must be maintained at MPP there to maximize the energy production of Solar array. To get the most energy out of the Solar array, MPPT monitoring is necessary. In recent times, a slew of strategies for controlling the voltage was presented. Power electronic devices developments for the combination of wind and solar power generation are discussed. Based on the dependability and development of each technology, conversations concerning developments and trends in sustainable source systems are provided. The consumption of electricity generated is increasing exponentially, and as a result, the incorporation of photovoltaic panels into distribution companies is increasing rapidly as well, even though it has a substantial impact on the show’s voltage stability. The purpose of this report is to look at how solar PV integration affects distribution transmission energy reliability. The analysis is carried out using RSCAD software, with one of the radial distribution networks with the lowest voltage profile accessible during the maximum of linked loads. Furthermore, the influence of current and voltage on the transmission or distribution system is compared by analyzing distribution system configuration with various solar PV system penetration rates. The simulated findings show that as the penetrating capability of the PV system increases, large harmonic distortion levels are injected, indicating that the solar photo system should only integrate corresponding to the highest capability the connection can sustain. When a PV technology is connected further than this maximum penetration of renewable energy sources, it produces considerable harmonic components, which harms the system that improves. Total voltage output frequency and current consumption distortion are determined to be 4.98 percent and 14.99 percent, correspondingly, at the maximum diffusion way that enables the permissible harmonic distortion limitation. Thus, the research presents the uses of Grid Integration to estimate the performance and the quality of the solar PV model.
... When solar energy falls over the active surfaces of the PV panel, it starts absorbing heat energy and further resulting in the recombination of electrons and holes. Solar technology is one of the most useful and popular technology because of no additional sources such as water, fuel, transportation is required as well as it is not consisting of any rotating parts [4][5][6]. ...
In India, solar energy meets consumer energy demand and majority of the plants are grid connected. Solar power is mainly depending on two factors, which are sun ray’s incident angle and change of environment conditions. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) module is necessary to maximize the extraction of PV power under partial shading conditions. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the design and implementation of 5MW solar plant with different power tracking techniques. In addition, the detailed explanation of various materials used to design the PV module is illustrated. This paper also describes the two types of solar rating panels that are used to get high power conversion efficiency as well as continuous power supply along with that the plant cost, monthly and yearly power production and corresponding efficiency is calculated.
... Consequently, these systems provide on-site load flow control, allowing for power storage during low-demand times to be utilized during peak hours [12]. As a result, South Africans can lower rates associated with electricity consumption while also enhancing the quality of the power grid [13]. ...
Despite the significant slowdown of economic activity in South Africa by virtue of the COVID-19 outbreak, load shedding or scheduled power outages remained at a high level. The trend of rising load-shedding hours has persisted throughout most of the year 2022. Operational issues within the South African power utility inflamed the unpredictable nature of generation capacity, resulting in unscheduled outages at several generating units, mostly due to multiple breakdowns. To forestall substantial spikes in energy costs, an increasing number of enterprises and homeowners have started to gradually adopt renewable energy technologies to sustain their operational demand. Therefore, there is an increase in the exploration and investment of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to exploit South Africa’s high solar photovoltaic (PV) energy and help alleviate production losses related to load-shedding-induced downtime. As a result, the current work presents a comprehensive and consequential review conducted on the BESS specifically for solar PV application and in the South African context. The research investigations carried out on BESS for PV application are crucially examined, drawing attention to their capacities, shortcomings, constraints, and prospects for advancement. This investigation probed several areas of interest where the BESS-PV scheme is adopted, viz., choice of battery technology, mitigating miscellaneous power quality problems, optimal power system control, peak load shaving, South African BESS market and status of some Real BESS-PV projects. The techno-economic case scenario has been proposed in the current research and results yield that lithium-ion batteries are more viable than Lead–acid batteries.
... Another adjustment in the sun's level would affect the power generation calculation of the solar system. PV and wind power input problems can be limited to low voltage systems as the voltage is continuously precisely regulated by a medium voltage system [15]. ...
With the critical change of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Energy System (RSPES) between the two different Renewable Energy Systems, the real problems, impacts and a few working qualities of the housetop sunlight based PVs with Low Power Utility Network Distribution System (DS) are currently to be examined and explored throught out the worldwide. The most vital target of review looks into about the load flow in LV Networks and searches a way for implementing high penetration PV network. The study papers discuss the implementation of the Smart Inverter-coordinated secondary distribution system with the proximity of distribution generation (DG) units. This paper reviews based on the methods which are utilized to tackle the issues and improvement of performance in the rooftop solar photovoltaic energy system in the period between 2014 to 2017.
... The Indian government is aware of the importance of energy storage and the key role of the battery (Padilla, 2015), since the increase of energy storage capacity is essential for the exploitation of renewable energy sources, such as solar power (Hill, Such, Chen, Gonzalez, & Grady, 2012;Zahedi, 2011 India-to-Africa as the public and private cooperation between the two zones was recently re-launched in a credible manner. ...
Business Model Innovation (BMI) is a way for companies to develop its competitive advantage. The upstream-supply of technologies and products, in parallel to the development of key infrastructures are indispensable for a company to build the value network of a new business model. However, the development of innovation ecosystems is dependent to the factors external to the company and to the managers.Companies face varying constraints to achieve BMI when the development of relevant innovation ecosystem remains uncertain. The thesis focuses on the pre-stage of a BMI: the phase when the technology or the product required to achieve a BMI is not yet available. How do managers deal with this pre-stage situation?The research uses a case-study analysis of a start-up based in Bangalore that was the first company in India to use Electric Vehicles (EVs) to provide Corporate Employee Transport (CET) services. The company aims to scale-up its service line-up beyond CET service before other potential market players in order to build a first-mover’s advantage. However, appropriate EV models required for service diversification are not yet available since the innovation ecosystem of EV remains under development. The thesis suggests that a clear recognition of the pre-stage of BMI is critical to better understand the BMI process, especially because the organizational capabilities required during the pre-stage differ from those of post-pre-stage such as Dynamic Capabilities: capabilities to execute a BMI.
... These factors affect reliability, power quality and stability. The ESSs by eliminating the aforementioned difficulties enhance the penetration level of these resources [29][30][31]. This realizes by renewable energy resources adaption to consumption, output fluctuation smoothing, and supportive resources procurement beside renewable energy resources [32,33]. ...
Today, energy storage systems (ESSs) have become attractive elements in power systems due to their unique technical properties. The ESSs can have a significant impact on the growth of the presence of renewable energy sources. Growing the penetration of ESSs, in addition to creating different capabilities in the power system, will also lead to challenges. Therefore, the development of the ESSs and their operation requires accurate studies. The focus of this chapter is on modeling the ESSs in the power system studies. For this purpose, different storage technologies are studied at the first section. In this section, by investigating the characteristics of the different ESS technologies, the characteristics of each of them that should be considered in modeling are assessed. Studies show that similar modeling for all ESS technologies will affect the accuracy of the results. After that, the modeling methodologies of the ESSs will be presented. For this purpose, the proposed models are presented for ESS expansion planning and operation planning. In the expansion planning studies, the capacities and location of the ESSs are usually determined. The storage capacities include the power and energy capacities of the ESSs. In the operation planning studies, the status and amount of charge and discharge of the ESSs are determined at any time. The needful formulations for modeling the behavior of ESSs in each of the expansion and operation planning studies will be studied in this section. For this purpose, in addition to reviewing the proposed methods in the previous studies, the necessary suggestions will be provided.
... These factors affect reliability, power quality and stability. The ESSs by eliminating the aforementioned difficulties enhance the penetration level of these resources [29][30][31]. This realizes by renewable energy resources adaption to consumption, output fluctuation smoothing, and supportive resources procurement beside renewable energy resources [32,33]. ...
Today, energy storage systems (ESSs) have become attractive elements in power systems due to their unique technical properties. The ESSs can have a significant impact on the growth of the presence of renewable energy sources. Growing the penetration of ESSs, in addition to creating different capabilities in the power system, will also lead to challenges. Therefore, the development of the ESSs and their operation requires accurate studies. The focus of this chapter is on modeling the ESSs in the power system studies. For this purpose, different storage technologies are studied at the first section. In this section, by investigating the characteristics of the different ESS technologies, the characteristics of each of them that should be considered in modeling are assessed. Studies show that similar modeling for all ESS technologies will affect the accuracy of the results. After that, the modeling methodologies of the ESSs will be presented. For this purpose, the proposed models are presented for ESS expansion planning and operation planning. In the expansion planning studies, the capacities and location of the ESSs are usually determined. The storage capacities include the power and energy capacities of the ESSs. In the operation planning studies, the status and amount of charge and discharge of the ESSs are determined at any time. The needful formulations for modeling the behavior of ESSs in each of the expansion and operation planning studies will be studied in this section. For this purpose, in addition to reviewing the proposed methods in the previous studies, the necessary suggestions will be provided.
... Integration of energy storage technologies such as DC battery coupled with PV system can significantly improve the energy utilization and support the smooth operation of PV system [22]. Akeyo et al. [23] presented a detailed design and analysis of a DC battery system configuration with large scale solar PV farm, where he captures the surplus solar energy by using a single DC-DC converter which simultaneously operates a charge controller and MPPT. ...
Energy harvesting from renewable sources can play a vital role to decarbonize the environment, limit global warming and mitigate the growing energy demand. The objective of this work consists of decarbonizing a University Campus and neighboring communities by producing electricity from solar photovoltaic systems integrated with an energy storage system and local grid station. A new mathematical model is developed to maximize the system power generation and balance the load demand. The simulation and optimization software System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to develop and test model results. The software is used to analyze and optimize the solar energy generation, the energy demand, and the economic performance: capital cost, overall investment, net present value, and the Levelized Cost of Energy of the project. A novel approach decentralized load centers is adopted to share power with adjacent communities. At the aim of improving the system flexibility, reliability, and climate resilience, the established model is grid-connected. The CO2 emissions reduction is also determined to evaluate the environmental impact of the interventions.
The main objective of present investigation is to evaluate and optimize the operational availability of the solar photovoltaic systems. As the solar energy is a prominent source of renewal energy and contribute a lot in global development having less environmental impacts but the safety and reliability issues of these systems also observed during the operational phase. Availability is an effective tool that is used to discourse the safety and performance issues of renewal energy sources especially solar photovoltaic systems. Here, a stochastic model is developed for solar photovoltaic system having solar photovoltaic plates, solar charger, solar battery, and inverter. The Markov birth-death process is applied for development of the mathematical model of the proposed system. The chapman-Kolmogorov differential difference equations of the proposed solar photovoltaic system used to predict the steady state availability of system. On the basis of literature, the failure and repair rates of all components of solar photovoltaic system are considered as exponentially distributed. In addition, an effort is also made to predict the optimum availability of solar photovoltaic system using well-known optimization technique cuckoo search algorithm. It is revealed that, the predicted availability of the solar photovoltaic system is 0.9988799 at population size 60 after 700 iterations. The estimated parametric values of the failure and repair rates also derived. To highlight the importance of the study the numerical and graphical results are presented and shared with the system designers and maintenance engineers.
This paper presents a thorough review and analysis of solar photovoltaic (PV) home systems in Malaysia, offering a comprehensive exploration of their implementation, challenges, benefits, and future potential. As a nation striving to embrace sustainable and renewable energy solutions, Malaysia's adoption of solar PV systems at the residential level is of paramount importance. The study delves into the current state of solar PV deployment, government initiatives, and policy frameworks that influence adoption trends. It examines the economic, environmental, and societal advantages of solar PV home systems, outlining their contribution to reducing electricity costs, carbon emissions, and energy dependence. Addressing barriers to wider acceptance, the paper scrutinizes challenges encompassing cost, awareness, intermittency, and regulatory constraints. Furthermore, the study evaluates the socioeconomic implications of solar PV home systems, including potential job creation and energy independence. Technological advancements, such as enhanced efficiency and smart grid integration, are also explored for their role in surmounting obstacles. Drawing insights from practical case studies, the paper underscores successful installations and the lessons they offer. In examining policy and regulatory frameworks, it analyzes existing incentives while suggesting improvements to accelerate adoption. Finally, the paper offers a visionary perspective on the future trajectory of solar PV home systems in Malaysia, envisioning increased affordability, advanced energy storage solutions, and seamless integration with emerging technologies. This holistic analysis contributes valuable insights to propel Malaysia's sustainable energy transition and inform strategic decision making for stakeholders across sectors.
Background: Wave energy represents one of the most promising renewable energies due to its great theoretical potential. Nevertheless, the electrical compliance of grid-connected systems is a great issue nowadays, due to the highly stochastic nature of wave energy.
Methods: In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) consisting of a Li-ion battery and a flywheel is coupled to a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) that operates in grid connected mode. The study is performed using real yearly wave power profiles relating to three different sites located along the European coasts. The Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) principle is implemented as real-time power management strategy for HESS in wave energy conversion systems.
Results: Obtained results demonstrate how the proposed HESS and the implementation of the SPSA power management coupled to a WEC allow a reduction of more than 80% of power oscillations at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), while proving the robustness of the developed management strategy over the investigated sites. Moreover, the average energy penalty due to the HESS integration results slightly higher than 5% and battery solicitation is reduced by more than 64% with respect to the flywheel solicitation, contributing to extend its lifetime.
Conclusions: HESS integration in renewable generation systems maximizes the WEC production while smoothing the power at the PCC. Specifically, flywheel-battery HESS together with the implemented power management strategy could provide a great flexibility in the view of increasing power production from waves, strongly mitigating the variability of this source while enhancing grid safety and stability.
O Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA) publica ensaios, artigos de revisão, artigos teóricos e empíricos, resenhas e vídeos relacionados às temáticas de políticas públicas. O periódico tem como escopo a publicação de trabalhos inéditos e originais, nacionais ou internacionais que versem sobre Políticas Públicas, resultantes de pesquisas científicas e reflexões teóricas e empíricas. Esta revista oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento.
Durian with high nutritional value is cultivated mainly in tropical countries especially in Southeast Asia. The high annual durian production volume of approximately 350,000 MT in Malaysia has led to the abundance of durian biomass waste. Biochar derived from durian biomass waste has huge potential for sustainable applications in various fields. In this paper, durian biomass waste generation and management system in Malaysia are first discussed. The estimated potential energy available in Malaysia from durian biomass waste is then presented followed by the discussion on the conversion of durian biomass waste into biochar through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization. Applications of durian biochar as catalysts, bio-sorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, biocomposite, fertilizers, supercapacitor electrode material, and briquettes have also been reviewed. Moreover, this paper highlights the potential applications of durian biochar-derived biodegradable mulch film and supercapacitor electrode material in Malaysia to tackle both plastic waste and energy storage issues. Besides biochar, production and applications of bio-oil, biogas and other valuable compounds from durian biomass waste are also discussed. Furthermore, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) on the durian industry in Malaysia which includes Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data and autonomous systems, sustainability assessment tools as well as the challenges are discussed. Based on the work presented, despite Malaysia has great potential in upcycling the durian biomass waste for several applications, more in-depth researches are necessary to further solidify the promising application in the specific field and improve production planning of durian fruit while valorizing durian biomass waste which makes up about 19% of total durian biomass waste from major durian producers from Southeast Asia.
This paper proposes a multi-size Split-diesel generator (Split-DG) model with three different sizes of DGs and more switching configurations compared to the existing split-DG models. The proposed multi-size Split-DG system is examined for optimal sizing of remote microgrids with and without renewable-battery system. As a novel concept, multi-size Split-DG is used to reduce contamination, cost, and dumped power by using multiple small DGs to replace the single-size large DG. As another contribution of this study, a practical model is developed by considering the capacity degradation of components, spinning reserve, as well as DG’s and fuel tank’s constraints. The optimization problem is solved using a variable weighting particle swarm optimization (VW-PSO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed Split-DG systems, optimized by the developed VW-PSO, is verified by comparing the results with conventional single-size DG system and the system optimized by conventional PSO. While the formulated optimization problem is general and can be used for any remote microgrids, an aboriginal community in South Australia is examined in this study. For this purpose, realistic data of load and weather, as well as technical and economic data of components, are used. It is found that the Split-DG-PV-WT-BES system has the lowest electricity cost compared to the systems without BES, or without PV and WT.
As an effective carrier for integrating distributed photovoltaic (PV) power, the microgrid system is one of the most effective ways to realize the on-site consumption and utilization of distributed photovoltaics. In order to ensure the reliability of the power supply of the microgrid system and maximize the utilization and economic of the photovoltaic, it is necessary to appropriately configure energy storage for the rural microgrid system. This paper studies the photovoltaic and energy storage optimization configuration model based on the second-generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), by comprehensively considering the load characteristics, local environmental factors and various economic factors such as pollutant reduction benefits in a rural area. The analysis case presented in this paper is based on the operation data of a microgrid in a rural area in Guangdong province, China. The results show that the optimized photovoltaic and energy storage system can effectively improve the photovoltaic utilization rate and economic of the microgrid system. The model can provide an effective method for the design of photovoltaic and energy storage configuration schemes for microgrids in rural areas.
In a developing country such as Malaysia, studies of determinants which influence residential consumers of the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) are limited. This paucity of studies was the catalyst for this study and its aim to investigate the factors affecting acceptance by Malaysian residential consumers of BESS as it relates to the Technology Acceptance Model Theory. A sample of 331 residential consumers indicated that consumer attitudes, social norms and self-efficacy, or the perception of behavioral control, had a positive and significant relationship with the intention to use BESS. Additionally, trust was a factor that had a significant effect on the consumers’ perceptions of cost, benefits and anticipated effects. All these variables significantly affect consumer attitudes. These findings provide important insights into BESS and facilitate the development of policies and practices relating to BESS in developing countries such as Malaysia.
Despite the growth of the solar energy sector, its utilization for energy provision has remained largely limited to hours of daylight. Previous studies have considered the integration of energy storage (ES) with solar farms to charge up using solar energy during daytime and to discharge in other hours. Alternatively, recent advancement in space technology enabling the deployment of orbiting solar reflectors (OSRs) opens a new vista of possibilities for delivery of clean energy services in an environmentally friendly manner. OSRs can provide additional illumination from space to identified large-scale solar farms on the Earth at critical hours of the day thereby enhancing energy generation and extending production hours of the solar farms. This paper investigates enhancing the solar farm output using OSRs as an alternative to energy arbitrage using ES and examines the short-term (annual) profitability and long-term (lifetime) economic viability of investment in either OSR or ES as integration option for the solar PV farm. Studies investigate different cases regarding both technologies as integration options for the solar farm under different market conditions regarding hourly electricity price variation. The obtained results demonstrate that irrespective of the market conditions, the solar farm receives better economic value when integrated with OSR.
Background: Wave energy represents one of the most promising renewable energies due to its great theoretical potential. Nevertheless, the electrical compliance of grid-connected systems is a great issue nowadays, due to the highly stochastic nature of wave energy.
Methods: In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) consisting of a Li-ion battery and a flywheel is coupled to a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) that operates in grid connected mode. The study is performed using real yearly wave power profiles relating to three different sites located along the European coasts. The Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) principle is implemented as real-time power management strategy for HESS in wave energy conversion systems.
Results: Obtained results demonstrate how the proposed HESS and the implementation of the SPSA power management coupled to a WEC allow a reduction of more than 80% of power oscillations at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), while proving the robustness of the developed management strategy over the investigated sites. Moreover, the average energy penalty due to the HESS integration results slightly higher than 5% and battery solicitation is reduced by more than 64% with respect to the flywheel solicitation, contributing to extend its lifetime.
Conclusions: HESS integration in renewable generation systems maximizes the WEC production while smoothing the power at the PCC. Specifically, flywheel-battery HESS together with the implemented power management strategy could provide a great flexibility in the view of increasing power production from waves, strongly mitigating the variability of this source while enhancing grid safety and stability.
As fundamental storage technologies improve in terms of performance and cost, their use in electricity networks will become increasingly attractive. It is likely that the business cases that emerge will continue to be sensitive to the ability to capture value streams from delivering more than one service. Successful service delivery will be dependent on the availability of appropriate and effective planning and operating schemes. Validation of these schemes through demonstration projects is an essential step in building the experience and knowledge required to widely deploy energy storage in electricity networks. The chapter covers a range of the work that has been undertaken by researchers, working with the electricity industry, to advance the understanding of energy storage. The importance of policy and markets in creating an acceptable commercial environment is described. Methods used for network planning of energy storage installations are outlined. Operational strategies for individual storage units, multiple units, and in combination with other technologies are provided. Examples of demonstration projects and their outcomes illustrate postal progress in deploying energy storage live networks. Finally, advanced methods for integrated storage modeling are explained, with examples of the findings that can be made. Under current regulatory and electricity market conditions, conventional solutions, such as fossil fuel–based peaking plants for covering peak electricity demand, are seen as cheaper technologies when compared with energy storage systems (ESS). However, this does not necessarily represent the true cost and value of ESS. This circumstance is expected to change as ESS technologies continue to advance, capital costs reduce, deployment experience increases, and there is the opportunity to reconcile multiple value streams. To enable grid-connected energy storage to flourish, effort is required in a number of areas: (1) Energy policy decisions must be reviewed and ESS policies must be aligned with those for renewable energy systems (RES) so that the ability of ESS to add RES capacity to the system is rewarded. (2) Regulatory rules need to be examined; a new asset class and associated regulation specifically for ESS is advisable; and standardized evaluation methods for determining the value of storage in power systems would reduce investor uncertainty. (3) Updated ancillary services markets to provide adequate compensation for technologies that can respond quickly and with high accuracy. (4) Operation schemes should be investigated; the capture of multiple value streams is dependent on the ability to control storage in a way that can balance competing requirements appropriately. (5) Roadmap for ESS deployment on the grid; if ESS is considered as a potential solution, it is important that plans, targets, and goals for the use of ESS are established. (6) Development of sophisticated modeling tools; the properties of storage media; and demands placed by grid control requirements are complex and at times contradictory. Integrated modeling of these will allow the development of schemes that are able to be more cost effective. (7) Deployment of projects; an increasing number of storage installations are in operation, but the multifaceted nature of storage means that further novel applications still need to be deployed. Addressing these seven areas will mean that the potential of energy storage for supporting electricity networks can be practically realized.
As the global energy mix transit towards renewables, it inherently leads to fluctuations in smooth energy supply. Natural constraints with unpredictable climatic fluctuations further exacerbate the issue. The challenge to a constant energy supply can be coped using energy storage methods. There are number of ways energy can be stored, i.e., electrical mechanical, chemical and thermal. Mechanical energy storage method has geographical constraints such as in the case of Compressed Air Energy Storage systems, whereas electrical and chemical are prone to high losses in large scale systems. Thermal energy storage, although has higher thermodynamic costs, however, it out performs other technologies in terms of cost benefits, further, not only it is a zero-emission technology but has excellent grid integrity, and dispatchability characteristics, as per demand, making it widely known as the “future of renewable energy”. Thermal energy storage systems usually utilize latent heat storage material i.e., phase-change materials or sensible heat storage material i.e., solid medium or molten salts. This chapter will only focus on thermal energy storage using the molten salts. The molten salt is stored either in the form of Two-tank storage system or the direct single tank (thermocline) methods as “sensible heat”. The two-tank system involves a simple mechanism whereas the single tank system reduces the cost by about 35%. The amount of energy stored is dependent upon the temperature gradient and the heat flow from higher temperature (hot) to lower temperature (cold) using the mathematical expressions Q = m C ΔT, where Q denotes the sensible heat, m represents the mass of the salt, C denotes the specific heat of the salt, whereas ΔT represents the difference in temperature. Later, the stored molten salt is utilized to heat the water/steam and run the turbines and the thermal to electricity conversion usually proceeds through different power cycles such as the Brayton and Rankine cycles. Whereas, the cold salt is sent for storage to heat it up and continue the cycle.
Exergoeconomic analysis, a simultaneous investigation of exergetic and monetary performance has attained significant attention to analyze and improve the performance of energy conversion systems. This combined analysis allows an individual audit of all the components in the system. The research is particularly useful for multi-component systems to get a better understanding of how effectively each component consumes energy and economic capital. This chapter aims to present a comprehensive theoretical framework for exergoeconomic study of thermal systems. For this purpose, the framework is initially developed for standalone heat exchangers and then extended to commercial-scale thermal desalination systems consisting of preheaters, pumps, evaporators, and compressors, etc. The exergetic and economic values of each stream in the system were evaluated using the developed framework. The sensitivity and parametric analysis of different thermodynamic and economic parameters on the system performance was conducted to study the performance variations. The presented model can be generalized for performance analysis of other systems.
Every year many oil and gas wells in the oilfields get depleted and abandoned all over the world. Notwithstanding the costs and risks of the petroleum wells depletion, they contain sufficient amounts of geothermal energy that can be used for different purposes. Utilizing the geothermal heat of the abandoned oil and gas wells, besides saving drilling costs and managing the residual oil pollution, can relieve the energy problems. This chapter will focus on the plausibility of geothermal heat extraction from the abandoned wells, their associated advantages and challenges, the methods of heat extraction, and the utilized energy systems. Finally, a new approach in the application of energy systems in the abandoned wells will be analyzed and optimized.
Decreasing petroleum sources and growing requests for emission attributes of fossil fuel combustion and energy lead to researches on clean, accessible, and inexpensive energy resources. On the other hand, environmental burden that is imposed on nature through biodiesel production and its combustion has also been considered in recent years. Previous studies also focused on the production process and sometimes the exhaust emissions. However, in order to adopt the right policies, a comprehensive analysis requires a review of the entire process from farm-to-combustion. Besides, environmental studies without considering the energy consumption cannot indicate the efficiency of the produced biodiesel. Therefore, the cumulative exergy demand (CExD) method, as a new approach in determining the amount of useful energy consumed in systems, has been used for several years and the lack of this approach can be seen in the study of biofuel production. Accordingly, in this chapter, all stages of biodiesel production from cradle-to-grave including agricultural phase, oil extraction, biodiesel production, combustion and finally power generation are studied from life cycle assessment (LCA) and CExD point of view. Moreover, all these steps along with how to interpret the results are explained with examples.
Electricity generated from renewable sources, which has shown remarkable growth worldwide, can rarely provide immediate response to demand as these sources do not deliver a regular supply easily adjustable to consumption needs. Thus, the growth of this decentralized production means greater network load stability problems and requires energy storage, generally using lead batteries, as a potential solution. However, lead batteries cannot withstand high cycling rates, nor can they store large amounts of energy in a small volume. That is why other types of storage technologies are being developed and implemented. This has led to the emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management of energy from renewable sources, allowing energy to be released into the grid during peak hours when it is more valuable.The work described in this paper highlights the need to store energy in order to strengthen power networks and maintain load levels. There are various types of storage methods, some of which are already in use, while others are still in development. We have taken a look at the main characteristics of the different electricity storage techniques and their field of application (permanent or portable, long- or short-term storage, maximum power required, etc.). These characteristics will serve to make comparisons in order to determine the most appropriate technique for each type of application.
Advantages of grid-connected
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Why solar energy is important?..................................................................................... 867 6. Advantages of grid-connected PV.................................................................................... 867
Intermittency issues of solar energy Role of energy storage technology
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Technical issues associate with grid-connected PV systems............................................................... 868 8. Intermittency issues of solar energy.................................................................................. 868 9. Role of energy storage technology................................................................................... 869 10. Electricity storage systems......................................................................................... 869 11. Characteristics of energy storage techniques........................................................................... 869