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On the wind energy in Turkey
Abstract
Increase in negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment has forced many countries, including Turkey, to use renewable energy sources. Today, clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. As wind energy is an alternative clean energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the atmosphere, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Turkey is an energy importing country, more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Turkey's domestic fossil fuel resources are extremely limited. In addition, Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of wind power. In this context, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Since wind energy will be used more and more in the future, its current potential, usage, and assessment in Turkey is the focus of the present study. The paper not only presents a review of the potential and utilization of the wind power in Turkey but also provides some guidelines for policy makers.
... Electricity generation from renewables contributes to a large extent in total electricity generation in the country today, which is a good sign for sustainable practices (Kaygusuz, 2009). The geographical location of Turkey affords opportunities for production of wind energy (Erdogdu, 2009). Turkey is also richly Business practices and challenges in Asia endowed with hydropower, wind and geothermal resources and multifaceted approaches seek to use these for in-house energy production (Keles and Bilgen, 2012). ...
... Barriers for wind energy production in Turkey include lack of coordination among agencies and stakeholders, lack of information about such projects, technological risks and lack of public support. (Erdogdu, 2009). The barriers for implementation of GSCM in Turkey are legislative liabilities and system inadequacies (Erol et al., 2010). ...
... The emerging countries start investing huge in sustainable business practices considering its importance. China's proposal of Smart Energy Cities, Thailand's agro-fuel production, Uzbekistan's on-grid photovoltaic power park, India's small hydro power and Turkey's Erdogdu (2009) Business practices and challenges in Asia focus on energy generation from renewable sources have been identified to be the positive initiatives on sustainable practices in energy generation (Wang et al., 2017;Khan, 2015;Nabiyeva, 2015;Keles and Bilgen, 2012;Daniel et al., 2009). GSCM, a prominent sustainable practice in supply chain management is being implemented in all the countries selected for the study. ...
Purpose
This study aims to review and analyze sustainable business practices prevailing in different emerging countries in Asia. It also identifies the challenges faced by these countries in the implementation of sustainable practices.
Design/methodology/approach
To achieve the objectives of the study and answer the key research questions, systematic literature review method was chosen. A total of 75 papers were chosen and reviewed for this study.
Findings
Organizations in many emerging Asian countries are concerned about environmental aspects and have started investing in sustainable business practices. Yet they face many challenges during the implementation, which vary across countries.
Research limitations/implications
This study helps in understanding the sustainable practices that are currently being used in Asia and this understanding would help organizations and policy makers formulate new practices or improve upon existing ones for better outcomes. As the study was limited to a few representative countries in Asia, and a limited number of sectors, future research may build upon it by including more countries and sectors and perform empirical tests for comprehensive understanding of the topic under discussion.
Practical implications
With an idea of what works in various Asian countries, as garnered from this paper, organizations can adopt sustainable practices suited to them, while also training employees and all stakeholders on the implementation of these practices.
Social implications
A knowledge of the challenges in each country to sustainable practice implementation, identified from this paper, can help policymakers frame and implement policies that can overcome the shortcomings of the existing systems.
Originality/value
This paper is a pioneer in the area of sustainable business practices in Asia and is a one-stop source to understand current trends and challenges in the Asian context.
... Knowing the environmental effects of fossil fuels has increased the need for clean and renewable energy sources. Wind energy is a renewable energy source with higher growth in recent years and can be considered as a hope for a clean and sustainable energy-based future (Ozgener, 2011;Erdogdu, 2009). When the advantages of wind energy are examined; It is seen that features such as cleanliness, abundance and low cost come to the fore. ...
... Based on this, further research is suggested to test their suitability for renewable energy purposes at selected wind turbine sites. 9. Today, our country provides attractive investment opportunities for domestic and foreign investors, especially in investments in wind and solar energy. ...
The purpose of the study, was to determine probable sites for wind turbines in
Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Site selection of wind turbine is a very complex spatial
decision problem for decision makers. Multi criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is often
used for the different site selection. In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
and MCDA were used together in the approach to identify the potential sites for the
wind turbine. Seven physical criteria (Distance from Residential areas, Distance from
Faults, Distance from Roads, Distance from Transmission Lines, Rainfall, Slope and
Capacity Factor) that affect the wind turbine sites are used for this purpose. The
importance of each criterion was revealed by the decisions of the experts. Each
criterion was rated after the relevant literature search. The pairwise comparison
method was used to evaluate The consistency ratio between the experts’ decisions.
Then for each criterion, a final weight was computed. A land suitability index map for
wind turbine siting was generated using the Weighted Sum analysis within a GIS
environment. It was obtained that 26.05% of the study area is suitable, 42.15% is
moderate suitable and 31.80% is not suitable for wind turbines. In conclusion, if the
locations specified in this study are used for wind turbines, it is thought that this
research can contribute to the increase of existing renewable energy resources in
Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
... The development of wind energy technology has increased extremely rapidly (Milborrow, 2002;Leung and Yang, 2012). In recent year, wind energy is an alternative to conventional energy systems (Erdogdu, 2009). Blanco (2009) indicated that "wind energy is a capital-intensive technology, with the fixed assets (wind turbine, grid connection and civil Renewable electricity generation by energy K works) accounting for as much as 80% of the total cost." ...
... Exell and Fook (1986) evaluated wind energy potentials in Malaysia in detail and found that the station at Mersing has the greatest potential. In addition, wind energy potentials are also evaluated for Nigeria (Fagbenle et al., 2011;Adekoya and Adewale, 1992), Kütahya province in Turkey (Köse, 2004), Jordan (Bataineh and Dalalah, 2013), Iran (Bagheri Moghaddam et al., 2011), India (Sharma et al., 2012), Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2010;Erdogdu, 2009;Alboyaci and Dursun, 2008), Algeria (Himri et al., 2009), Malaysia (Islam et al., 2011), China (Liu and Kokko, 2010;Dong and Shi, 2019), Uzbekistan (Bahrami et al., 2019) and Egypt (Ahmed, 2010). Cameron and Zwaan (2015) provided a literature review on employment opportunities associated with the deployment of renewable energy technology K and demonstrated the existence of a large spread in reported employment factors, for manufacturing, installation and O&M activities. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the wind energy technologies using the social network analysis based on patent information. Analysis of patent documents with social network analysis is used to identify the most influential and connected technologies in the field of wind energy.
Design/methodology/approach
In the literature, patent data are often used to evaluate technologies. Patents related to wind energy technologies are obtained from the United States Patent and Trademark Office database and the relationships among sub-technologies based on Corporate Patent Classification (CPC) codes are analyzed in this study. The results of two-phase algorithm for mining high average-utility itemsets algorithm, which is one of the utility mining algorithm in data mining, is used to find associations among wind energy technologies for social network analysis.
Findings
The results of this study show that it is very important to focus on wind motors and technologies related to energy conversion or management systems reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this study imply that Y02E, F03D and F05B CPC codes are the most influential CPC codes based on social network analysis.
Originality/value
Analysis of patent documents with social network analysis for technology evaluation is extremely limited in the literature. There is no research related to the analysis of patent documents with social network analysis, in particular CPC codes, for wind energy technology. This paper fills this gap in the literature. This study explores technologies related to wind energy technologies and identifies the most influential wind energy technologies in practice. This study also extracts useful information and knowledge to identify core corporate patent class (es) in the field of wind energy technology.
... The studies conducted on wind energy in Turkey can be classified into two groups [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The first group overviews wind energy developments in Turkey [19,20,14,21,17]. ...
... The studies conducted on wind energy in Turkey can be classified into two groups [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The first group overviews wind energy developments in Turkey [19,20,14,21,17]. Based on the data by the Turkish National Committee of the World Energy Council, the findings reveal that annual average wind speed in Turkey varies from the lowest value of 2.1 (m/s) with a wind power density of 13.19 (W/m 2 ) in East Anatolia region, to the highest value of 3.3 (m/s) with a wind power density of 52 (W/m 2 ) in Marmara region [22]. ...
Wind energy is the leading form of non-hydro renewable energy source in terms of installed capacity in Turkey. It is among the most promising option for Turkey to decrease the energy dependence of external primary energy resources such as national gas and oil that diversifies the domestic share of energy sources in the national energy mix. However, offshore wind energy deployment has not gained satisfactory attention even though the country is surrounded by seas on three of its sides. Exploring Turkey's offshore wind power potential becomes an important task to serve this energy policy. This study presents a methodological framework for finding the most suitable offshore wind farm locations, meeting various multi-layer site selection criteria. The offshore wind energy resource is first assessed using the wind energy potential for 55 coastal regions where the nearshore meteorological stations are available in Turkey. Following on this analysis, a multi-criteria site selection work is carried out to identify the most suitable areas for offshore wind development. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) is then used to conduct statistical analysis to identify the most promising offshore wind farm locations. According to the pre-processing step of the framework, Bozcaada, Bandirma, Gokceada, Inebolu, and Samandag coastlines are found to be the most suitable locations for offshore wind farm development. Finally, the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey is estimated by using the micro-sitting configuration of wind turbines, considering sea depth, main wind direction, and distance to shore for the most feasible project locations. It is found that total estimated offshore wind power capacity at the specified sites is 1,629 MW.
... The total rated capacity of the generators installed in the newly installed PV stations. [21,22] Generating capacity The total amount of energy produced by solar PV power station [21,22] ...
... The total rated capacity of the generators installed in the newly installed PV stations. [21,22] Generating capacity The total amount of energy produced by solar PV power station [21,22] ...
The photovoltaic (PV) industry is an important developmental direction of the global new energy industry, and it is also a strategic emerging industry of China with an international competitive advantage. China’s PV industry has developed rapidly in recent years, and the new installed capacity of PV power generation has been ranked first in the world for 5 years. This achievement is inseparable from the support of national policy, especially the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) policy of solar PV power generation, which is a primary policy of the PV industry. This paper is a study of preference elicitation, whose goal was to identify the driving factors behind historical PV policy in China, according to the opinion of a panel of experts. On this basis, this paper proposes an integrated ANP-Entropy model to evaluate the FIT policy of China in three dimensions: environmental, energy, and economic (3E). Research results show that the environmental goal is still the most significant to the development of the PV industry in China, followed by the energy and economic goals, which account for 0.405, 0.358, and 0.237, respectively. Compared with the conventional studies on energy policy evaluations, this paper integrates subjective (Analytic Network Process) and objective (Entropy Weight Method) evaluations, which makes the evaluation results more reasonable and reliable. Additionally, the 3E evaluation index system and the ANP-Entropy model proposed in this paper are also applicable to the evaluation of other renewable energy policies.
... Identification of potential RES sites is an important first step towards the decarbonisation of the electricity sector. The intermittent nature of RES further complicates their integration into national grids, and gaps in grid infrastructure are a barrier to greater RES adoption in the EMME region (Erdogdu, 2009;Mokri et al., 2013;Okonkwo et al., 2021;Mahdavi et al., 2022). High temporal resolution datasets are useful for developing insights into grid operators and allow for long-term planning and strategic development and deployment of ancillary grid services to accommodate RES in the electricity mix. ...
... The detailed load profile of Engineering faculty, equipment characteristics, technical data and meteorological data are carried out in pre-HO-MER phase. Research investigations show that potential of wind energy in Karabuk region is low with 2.4 m/s annual average wind speed and 21.3 W/m 2 annual average wind density [23][24][25][26]. Therefore, modelling of the MG with a wind turbine for Karabuk is not rational and we did not join wind conversion system to KBU MG. ...
... Rüzgâr gücünün enerjiye çevrilerek elektrik üretilmesi Danimarka'da ilk olarak 1891 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Rüzgar teknolojisi, bu yıllardan itibaren adım adım gelişme sürecine girmiştir (Erdoğdu, 2009(Erdoğdu, : 1364. 19. ...
Türkiye, Avrupa’nın yenilenebilir enerji potansiyeli yüksek devletleri arasında yer almasına ve enerji rezervleri açısından zengin olmasına rağmen, bu rezervleri tam kapasite ile kullanmayı sağlayacak bir teknoloji seviyesine ulaşamamıştır. Bu durum, sadece Türkiye açısından değil, dünya devletleri açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Dünyada özellikle de gelişmiş devletlerde temel bir enerji kaynağı olarak yenilenebilir enerji türleri üzerinde önemli çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu gelişmiş devletlerden biri, rüzgâr enerjisi konusunda bilgi birikimine ve ileri teknolojiye sahip ülke olarak bilinen Danimarka’dır. Bu ülke, elektrik enerjisinin %48’ini 2020 yılı itibariyle rüzgâr enerjisinden elde etmektedir. 2050 yılında ise enerjisinin tamamını yenilenebilir enerjiden elde etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin de rüzgâr enerjisi potansiyelinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, Danimarka ile iş birliği çerçevesinde kurulacak rüzgâr enerjisi santralleriyle elektrik tüketiminin önemli bir kısmını rüzgâr kaynağından karşılayan bir ülke olacağı öngörülebilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin mevcut yenilenebilir enerji potansiyelinin önemine vurgu yapılarak, Danimarka’da rüzgâr enerjisi ile ilgili düzenlemelerin Türkiye’de de uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, yenilenebilir enerji sektöründe rüzgâr enerjisine ilişkin kuramsal bilgi birikiminin somutlaştırılması ve Danimarka örneğinin incelenmesi sonucu elde edilen verilerle Türkiye’de mevcut ve potansiyel durumlar için öngörüler oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir.
... Consequently, the integration of various DGs into the current distribution networks of power system with reducing the negative sideimpacts on the operation and control of distribution system has become a challenge. MG can be operated as [8,9,10]: ...
... Birbirlerine göre daha soğuk ve daha sıcak olan Avrupa ve Asya Afrika sistemleri arasındaki konumu da çok çeşitli sıcaklık ve iklim farklılıklarına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye Rüzgâr Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası'nın incelenmesine dayanarak Ege, Marmara ve Doğu-Akdeniz bölgelerinin yüksek rüzgâr enerjisi potansiyeline sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır [11]. ...
Abstract: Renewable energy sources have started to be an alternative for electricity generation in Turkey as well as all over the world, due to the prediction that fossil fuels will be depleted in the near future and their harm to the environment, and studies on this subject have gained momentum. Wind energy, which stands out among renewable energy sources because it allows large amounts of energy production, has become preferred over other energy sources. With the development of wind energy technologies, countries with suitable geographical conditions have started to invest mainly in wind energy. The geographical structure of Turkey makes the number of wind-formed regions quite rich. Our country, which wants to minimize its dependence on foreign energy, has focused its investments on wind energy in the last ten years for this purpose. This study focuses on Turkey's current situation and future in wind energy. For this purpose, firstly, studies on the current situation and future of wind energy in the world were examined. Afterward, Turkey's general electrical energy production, current situation, and future of wind energy are detailed.
... Günümüzde, temiz, yerel ve yenilenebilir enerji yalnızca Türkiye'de değil bütün dünya da gelecek yaĢamın ortak anahtarı olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye coğrafi pozisyonu gereği soğuk Avrupa rüzgarları ve sıcak Asya ve Afrika sistemlerinin etkisinde olup aynı zamanda çok geniĢ bir sıcaklık ve iklim farklılığına sahiptir [1]. Türkiye rüzgar kaynaklarının dağılımını belirten Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası (REPA) [2] bilgilerine göre; yıllık ortalamalarda Türkiye'nin en iyi rüzgar kaynağı alanları Ege ve Marmara sahilleri olarak görülmektedir. ...
In this study, it was analized the performance of the wind trubunes has the 2,5 MW around the region of Izmir-Menemen depends on the wind cracteristics. For this purpose, the datas of Menemen meteorology station for the year of 2008 were used. The datas that got in the shape of serial of the time per hour on the height of 10 meters been carried/moved to the 80-100 height by using Hellman correlation. Later, with the datas of the wind that were rated as on the basis of monthly & annual average datas been examined by using Rayleigh prospect dispersal function with comparisons and the wind characteristic of the region Menemen been came out. It was calculated the different capacity factors and total annual production of energy for the different tribune classes according to the standart of IEC 64100-1. In the power of 2,5 MW on the height of 80 m-100 m and in six different classes wind tribunes been analized with comparing each other .As such way, it was searched the accordance of the tribune classes with tribune performance. Keywords-Wind Turbine, Capacity Factor, IEC 64100-1, Menemen I. GIRIġ osil yakıtların çevre üzerindeki negatif etkilerinin artması Türkiye'nin de içinde olduğu pek çok ülkeyi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yöneltmiĢtir. Günümüzde, temiz, yerel ve yenilenebilir enerji yalnızca Türkiye'de değil bütün dünya da gelecek yaĢamın ortak anahtarı olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye coğrafi pozisyonu gereği soğuk Avrupa rüzgarları ve sıcak Asya ve Afrika sistemlerinin etkisinde olup aynı zamanda çok geniĢ bir sıcaklık ve iklim farklılığına sahiptir[1]. Türkiye rüzgar kaynaklarının dağılımını belirten Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası (REPA) [2] bilgilerine göre; yıllık ortalamalarda Türkiye'nin en iyi rüzgar kaynağı alanları Ege ve Marmara sahilleri olarak görülmektedir. Özellikle Ege Denizi'nin kuzeydoğusunda Ģiddetli rüzgarlar bulunmaktadır. Rüzgar hızları açısından Türkiye'nin coğrafi bölgelerine bakıldığında 10m yükseklikte yapılan yıllık ortalama rüzgar hızları Ģu Ģekildedir; Marmara 3.3m/s, Güney Doğu Anadolu 2.7m/s, Ege 2.6m/s, Akdeniz 2.5m/s, Karadeniz 2.4 m/s, Ġç Anadolu 2.5m/s, Doğu Anadolu 2.1m/s, Türkiye ortalaması 2.5m/s [3]. Zengin bir rüzgar potansiyeline sahip olan Ege Bölgesi'nde bazı noktalarda yapılan ölçümlerde yıllık ortalama Ģu rüzgar hızlarına rastlanmıĢtır; Akhisar 5.88m/s, Bababurnu 5.96m/s, Belen 6.97m/s, Datça 5.63m/s, Foça 5.73m/s, Gelendost 5.05m/s, Gelibolu 6.85m/s, Gökçeada 7.23m/s, Söke 4.10m/s [4]. Ege bölgesi içinde, Ġzmir ili 11.815 MW teorik kapasitesi ile rüzgar enerjisi açısından oldukça zengin olup, bu potansiyel ile üretilecek toplam enerji miktarı, kapasite faktörü %30 alındığında, 31 Milyar kWh/yıl olduğu hesaplanmıĢtır[5]. Yapılan literatür taramasında Türkiye'de Rüzgar enerjisi üzerine yapılan araĢtırma ve bilimsel yayınların özellikle 2000'li yıllardan sonra hızı kazandığı görülmektedir. Türkiye'nin rüzgar potansiyeli ve genel enerji durumu[6], Türkiye'nin Kütahya[7], Gökçeada[8], Ġzmir[9], Antakya[10], Maden-Elazığ[11], Uludağ[12], gibi değiĢik bölgelerinde rüzgar enerjisi potansiyeli ve değerlendirilmesi araĢtırmaları ve rüzgar enerjisinin teknoekonomik analizi üzerine araĢtırmalar yapılmıĢtır[13]. Bununla birlikte Rayleigh, Weibull olasılık yoğunluk fonksiyonlarını kullanarak rüzgar karakteristiği ve istatistiği ile ilgili yapılan çalıĢmaların yanında [14], Rüzgar Türbinleri ile rüzgar karakteristikleri arasındaki iliĢkiyi inceleyen yayınlar da bulunmaktadır [15]. Bu çalıĢmada Ege Bölgesinin kıyı Ģeridinde yer alan Menemen-Ġzmir bölgesi rüzgar karakteristiği incelenmiĢtir. ÇalıĢmada, Menemen Meteoroloji Ġstasyonunun (Enlem:38° 36' K Boylam:27° 4' D) 10m yükseklikte yaptığı 2008 yılı saatlik rüzgar verileri kullanılmıĢtır. Menemen rüzgar karakteristiğine bağlı olarak incelenmek üzere dünyanın önde gelen rüzgar türbini üreticisi; Furhlander[16] ve Wind to Energy[17] firmalarına ait 2.5 MW gücünde yüksek güçlü türbinler seçilmiĢtir. Seçilen rüzgar türbinleri IEC 64100-1 [18] standardı ile belirlenen I,II,II sınıflarına göre kategorize edilmiĢtir. Türbin sınıflarının kapasite faktörüne ve yıllık enerji üretimlerine etkisi karĢılaĢtırılarak türbin sınıfı ve türbin performansları arasındaki iliĢki incelenmiĢtir. II. RÜZGAR KARAKTERISTIĞI Rüzgar hızları zemine yakın yerlerde yükseklikle değiĢmektedir. Herhangi bir yükseklikte ölçülen rüzgar hızı ile baĢka bir yükseklikteki rüzgar hızı tahmin edilebilmektedir. Bunun için en yaygın olarak kullanılan bağıntı Hellmann bağıntısıdır [19].
... By comparison, renewable energies would clearly appear to have a positive environmental impact, resulting from the elimination of carbon dioxide and sulfur releases. Thus, the most important gain of renewable energy utilization is the environmental benefit of displacing fossil fuel usage and the consequent reduction of the adverse environmental impacts caused by fossil fuel consumption (Erdoğdu, 2009(Erdoğdu, , pp. 1367. ...
Meeting the energy requirements with imported fuels leads to economic and political problems in the countries. Therefore, renewable energy investments continue to grow globally as a sustainable and increasingly economically viable alternative to conventional sources of energy. This study aims to reduce the share of imported fuels in Turkey's electricity generation and to estimate the employment gain to be provided by renewable energy investments to be established instead. Approximately 900,000 jobs are created during the production, construction, operational, and maintenance phases of additional 49,448 MW capacity renewable power plants to be installed. While analyzing, the decision on how much to invest in which renewable resource is determined with respect to multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model.
... Amongst these, solar energy being environmentally amiable, harnessed through sun using photovoltaics has been considered a smart choice [17,18]. Although single crystalline, multi-crystalline and amorphous inorganic systems have obtained reliable e ciency levels of the order of 25% yet these have various shortcomings including uneconomical fabrication, resource scarcity of the required material, less thermal stability and brittleness [16,18,19]. After their serendipitous discovery, organic photovoltaics have been extensively investigated owing to remarkable features like solution processability, structural diversity, exibility, low weight, transparency, cost effectiveness and easy control of energy levels in contradiction to inorganic photovoltaics [20][21][22][23]. ...
A recently synthesized photoactive donor named fluorinated thienyl substituted benzodithiophene ( DRTB-FT ), modified with four novel end capped acceptor molecules, have been investigated through different electrical, quantum and spectrochemical techniques for their enhanced electro-optical and photovoltaic properties. DRTB-FT was connected to 2-methylenemalononitrile ( D-1) , 2-methylene-3-oxobutanenitrile ( D-2) , 2-(2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene) malonitrile ( D-3) and 3-methyl-5methylene-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one ( D-4 ) as terminal acceptor moieties. The architectural D-1 and D-3 molecules owe reduced optical band gap of 2.45 and 2.28 eV benefited from A-D-A configuration and have broaden maximum absorption band (λ max ) at 617 and 602 nm in polar organic solvent (chloroform). Reduced optical band gap set the ease for enhanced absorption. Reorganization energy of electron (λ e ) of D-3 molecule (0.00397 eV) was smaller amongst all which disclosed its greater mobility of conducting electrons (ICT). Larger values of dipole moment ( µ ) of D-1 (5.939 Debye) and D-3 (3.661 Debye) molecules in comparison to R indicated greater solubilities of the targeted molecules. Among the tailored molecules, D-3 showed lowest binding energy of 0.25 eV in solvent phase and 0.08 eV in gaseous phase. The voltaic strength of designed molecules was examined with respect to fullerene derivative (PC 61 BM) which exposed that D-1 is the best choice for achieving higher PCE. TDM (transition density matrix), DOS (density of states) analysis and binding energies all were estimated at MPW1PW91/6-31G (d, p) level of DFT (density functional theory).
... By comparison, renewable energies would clearly appear to have a positive environmental impact, resulting from the elimination of carbon dioxide and sulfur releases. Thus, the most important gain of renewable energy utilization is the environmental benefit of displacing fossil fuel usage and the consequent reduction of the adverse environmental impacts caused by fossil fuel consumption (Erdoğdu, 2009(Erdoğdu, , pp. 1367. ...
Meeting the energy requirements with imported fuels leads to economic and political problems in the countries. Therefore, renewable energy investments continue to grow globally as a sustainable and increasingly economically viable alternative to conventional sources of energy. This study aims to reduce the share of imported fuels in Turkey's electricity generation and to estimate the employment gain to be provided by renewable energy investments to be established instead. Approximately 900,000 jobs are created during the production, construction, operational, and maintenance phases of additional 49,448 MW capacity renewable power plants to be installed. While analyzing, the decision on how much to invest in which renewable resource is determined with respect to multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model.
... Many publications concern the analysis and development of the renewable energy sector, in particular wind energy in a region of the world or for individual countries. Noteworthy are the works on the analysis of the development of the renewable wind energy sector in individual countries-e.g., Turkey [33][34][35][36][37], Romania [38,39], Malta [40], the Czech Republic [41], Spain [42,43], Poland [44], Lithuania [45], Italy [46]-as well as for the whole region: e.g., the Balkans [47], EU countries [48], and globally [49]. ...
In this paper, the development of the wind energy sector in 28 European Union countries in 2017 is described. By means of taxonomic methods—i.e., Ward’s method and the Wroclaw taxonomic methods—clusters of countries similar in terms of their potential and level of development of the wind energy sector in the EU are distinguished. The main purpose of the paper is to separate and cluster EU countries due to the current development potential of the wind energy sector and determinants stimulating the development of this sector. By means of the ranking methods of linear ordering (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution—TOPSIS method), a ranking of EU countries that defines their position in the development of this very important wind energy sector was determined. The results show that the research hypothesis of a great diversity of EU countries considering the development potential of the wind energy sector is justified. The countries of the former European Union, which have focused for a long time on the development of wind energy in their energy policy and have had favorable climate and natural conditions, as well as a large social acceptance of programs supporting the acquisition of energy from renewable sources, have primacy in the development ranking of the energy sector. Additionally, new members of the union, in spite of some delays associated with the development of “green” energy, are trying to increase their energy potential in this area. The research may be extended to include further analyses regarding other renewable energy sources and take into account other European and world countries.
... The study concluded that Turkey's average annual wind density is 24 W m −2 . 7 Ucar and Balo identified the wind potential of the Manisa province of Turkey using meteorological data, and they computed the wind power density to be 660 W m −2 at height of 70 m. 8 9 Ilkilic and Turkbay assessed the wind potential according to the data of the Ministry of Energy of Turkey and discussed the development of wind energy installations until 2010 for the appropriate zones considering the terrain conditions. ...
Offshore wind power plants (OWPPs), which are not yet installed in Turkey, are becoming a popular method of energy production around the world because of their environmentally friendly nature. Thus, the installation of OWPPs should be an important agenda item in terms of Turkey's renewable energy policies as a contribution to the global greenhouse gas emission targets. This study proposes a model for installing OWPPs in a suitable part of the Black Sea region of Turkey and simulates the results. The suitable locations for OWPP installation were evaluated according to the technical and geographical conditions of this region and site criteria. Meteorological data from these locations were analyzed in the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) to determine the best location. In this study, an OWPP model with a 204.6 MW installed power capacity was proposed for the identified location, which has a wind speed of 8.77 m s⁻¹ and a wind power density of 348 W m⁻². Then, an OWPP model and regional energy transmission system was modeled using DigSilent software. The load flow analysis was performed using this model, and the results show that 7616 tons of toxic gas and 1.527 million tons of greenhouse gas could be reduced in the region in a year if the proposed OWPP were put into operation. Thus, with the installation of OWPP, this study shows that annual CO2 emissions can be reduced by 7.63% for the entire Black Sea region. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... In previous years, the importance of renewable and sustainable energy sources has increased due to the rapid increase in the disadvantages of fossil fuels [6]. The combined effects of the rapid loss of fossil fuels and its damage to the environment has presented the urgency to the use of traditional and renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, geothermal and bioenergy sources [7,8]. Wind turbines become more and more popular worldwide recently as any other renewable energy sources, therefore evaluation of specific turbine efficiency is a significant scientific and technical scope [9]. ...
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology, commonly known as the method of Additive Manufacturing, which is widely used in recent years, is estimated to be the technology used by nearly 70% of 3D printing technologies in the world. FDM is a system based on the fact that the thermoplastic materials in the fiber are melted and bonded to the previous layer by suddenly melting the formed layer. In this study, stress analysis of FDM-3B printed PLA materials was investigated with Finite Element Method (FEA). Material properties are defined in the ANSYS-FEA software. Besides, PLA is compared to an isotropic model of a material simulating specimens. FEA stress analysis was performed with FDM-3D printed parts. The results were discussed in the literature by comparing the isotropic material and FDM-3D printed parts Additive manufacturing technology promises to combine materials for parts with complex geometry and to manufacture within limitless geometric freedom. The method depends on directly to the layer thickness such components as the printing speed, the geometric of the part, the surface quality. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), one of the additive manufacturing technologies, is a very popular and widely used method for manufacturing the plastic parts. FDM is a system based on the formation of a new layer on top of the layer formed by melting the thermoplastic material in the fiber. 3D CAD model drawn with the FDM method is directly transformed into a product. In this study, traditional horizontal and original vertical wind turbine design was performed. Then, wind turbines were manufactured with 3D printing technology. In the scope of the study, vertical and horizontal axis wind turbine efficiency comparisons were made.Conclusions are drawn as to the viability and practicality of 3D printed wind turbines and opportunities for future work are identified.
... Turkey has important wind potential due to the climate traits it has (Erdoğdu, 2009). In addition to this, the wind power potential in Turkey varies between the regions depending on wind speed and continuity of the wind. ...
... Bu artışı destekleyen hem hükümet politikaları hem de özel sektör yatırımları olmuştur. Türkiye'nin konumu yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları açısından büyük bir avantaj yaratmaktadır (Yılmaz, 2012;Erdoğdu, 2009 Temiz enerji kaynaklarının yaygınlaştırılması, bu kültürün altyapısı ve onu besleyecek tutum ve davranışların yerleştirilmesine ilişkin üretilecek çözümler gün geçtikçe zorunlu hale gelmektedir (Kılıç vd., 2017). Küresel ısınma ile mücadelede fosil yakıtların vermiş olduğu zararları önlemek ve bunların yerine yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanmak için bu enerji kaynaklarına ilişkin tutum ve algıların incelenmesi gerekmektedir. ...
The industrialization, which started with the industrial revolution, caused some negative consequences as well as positive
consequences. Unfortunately, the first of the negative consequences is the damage to the environment. Renewable energy sources,
especially in developed countries, have become the main solution to meet energy demand. Due to the fact that renewable energy
sources are both abundant in nature and environmentally friendly, serious investments are being made in this field. This shows that
renewable energy resources and attitudes towards these resources are important. The aim of this study is to test the validity and
reliability of the wind energy scale used to measure attitudes related to wind energy, which is one of the renewable energy sources.
For this purpose, after the pre-test, explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on a sample consisting of N=264
units. The model fit indices were as follows: X²/df = 2.963; GFI = 0.94; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.086 and SRMR = 0.049. As a result of
these fit index values, it is observed that the model has an acceptable fit and the Turkish form of the wind energy scale is a valid and
reliable measurement tool.
... Bu artışı destekleyen hem hükümet politikaları hem de özel sektör yatırımları olmuştur. Türkiye'nin konumu yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları açısından büyük bir avantaj yaratmaktadır (Yılmaz, 2012;Erdoğdu, 2009 Temiz enerji kaynaklarının yaygınlaştırılması, bu kültürün altyapısı ve onu besleyecek tutum ve davranışların yerleştirilmesine ilişkin üretilecek çözümler gün geçtikçe zorunlu hale gelmektedir (Kılıç vd., 2017). Küresel ısınma ile mücadelede fosil yakıtların vermiş olduğu zararları önlemek ve bunların yerine yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanmak için bu enerji kaynaklarına ilişkin tutum ve algıların incelenmesi gerekmektedir. ...
Sanayi devrimi ile başlayan sanayileşme süreci pozitif getirilerle birlikte birtakım olumsuz sonuçlara yol açmıştır. Bu olumsuz sonuçların başında ne yazık ki çevreye verilen zarar gelmektedir. Başta gelişmiş ülkelerde olmak üzere yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, enerji talebini karşılamak için ana çözüm haline gelmiştir. Şüphesiz yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının hem doğada bol miktarda bulunması, hem de çevre dostu olmasından dolayı gün geçtikçe bu alanda ciddi yatırımlar yapılmaktadır. Bu da yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının ve bu kaynaklara ilişkin tutumların önemli olduğu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biri olan rüzgar enerjisine ilişkin tutumları ölçmek için kullanılan rüzgar enerjisi ölçeğinin geçerliliğini ve güvenilirliğini sınamaktır. Ayrıca rüzgar enerjisi ölçeğini Türkçe’ye kazandırmaktır. Bu amaçla ön test uygulamasından sonra N=264 birimden oluşan bir örneklem ile açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucu modelin uyum indeksleri X2/df=2.963; GFI=0.94; CFI=0.95; RMSEA=0.086 ve SRMR=0.049 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu indeks değerleri neticesinde modelin kabul edilebilir bir uyuma sahip olduğu gözlenmiş ve rüzgar enerjisi ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
... Coal has disadvantages compared to renewable energy as it produces much larger amounts of pollutants per unit of energy produced. Erdo gdu [3] expressed that the emission amounts of CO 2 , NOx and SO 2 per kWh energy produced are 838, 0.696 and 0.351 g/kWh, respectively. ...
In this study, variability of wind speed and its effects on power generation for the 1980–2013 period over Turkey was studied. Hourly wind speed data of 335 stations was obtained from Turkish State Meteorological Service and subjected to quality control. 77 station data was found reliable and used in this work. For the 1980–2013 period, highest hourly average wind speed values equal or larger than 3.80 m/s were found in Gökçeada, Çanakkale and Mardin stations located at Aegean, Marmara and Southeastern regions of Turkey. Monthly average wind speed is observed to be the highest in July with a value of 2.22 m/s. As an Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS), highest average wind speed for the 2007–2013 period was found in Çatalca-Radar, İstanbul with a value of 7.08 m/s. Wind power was analyzed by Weibull distribution and seasonal power density analysis of Çanakkale reveals spring, summer and autumn seasonal average power densities as 49.11 W/m², 51.12 W/m² and 50.16 W/m², together with a winter maximum of 81.68 W/m². According to results, Çatalca was found as the largest wind energy potential in Turkey, not just having the largest wind speed but also having large rural districts for possible wind farm installment.
... In previous years, the importance of renewable and sustainable energy sources has increased due to the rapid increase in the disadvantages of fossil fuels Yaniktepe, Savrun, and Koroglu (2013). The combined effects of the rapid loss of fossil fuels and its damage to the environment has presented the urgency to the use of traditional and renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, geothermal and bioenergy sources Erdogdu (2009). Increasing problems related toenvironmental pollution have increased the importance of renewable energy Agalar and Kaplan (2018). ...
In recent years, analyzing the data gathered during production process of the energy has become an important issue in the wind energy sector in order to increase the efficiency of the produced energy. This study estimated the produced energy value by using machine learning algorithms depending on the temperature, wind speed and direction values gathered from the wind turbine in 2015. A mathematical equation which correctly estimates the energy production value by 90% has been obtained. A computer program was developed for other users to see the results of this mathematical equation.
... Wind energy is an attractive alternative source of energy. With the use of this resource high rate for growth and development in this field at the last years, is related to no harm to nature and human health, renewable and economic power source [1][2][3] . The estimation of wind energy capacity is expected to be installed in the European Union (EU) in 2020 between 20 GW and 40 GW. ...
The temperature effect on the wind power extracted as a renewable energy for electricity production in Nassiriyah district-south of Iraq-has been investigated for three years (2011-2013) by theoretical calculations. The study shows that the air temperature in this district affects extract power from the wind, this effect is dependent on the altitude and the value of temperature. The percentage of annual mean power loss decreases with the increasing of altitude. The annual mean power loss values vary between 6.1%Watt at 40 m altitude to 2.6% Watt at 300m altitude for the study time interval.
... The rapid development in wind energy technology has made it an alternative to conventional energy systems in recent years and wind power as a potential energy has grown at an impressive rate.The potential benefits of wind power is a clean (does not causes acid rain or atmospheric heating, no CO2 emission, no harm to nature and human health, no radioactive effect), renewable, and economic energy source. This reduction in wind energy cost is the result of improved aerodynamic designs, advanced materials, improved power electronics, advanced control strategies and rigorous component testing [1][2][3][4][5][6].Wind turbines have continued to evolve over the last years and the overall cost of energy required to produce electricity from wind is now competitive with traditional fossil fuel energy sources [3,4].However, for power grid operators, the advancement of wind energy holds many challenges. Wind power is unsteady, unpredictable, and harnessed in relatively small quantities at points spread over a large area.If it is not properly controlled, wind farms cannot be tied directly to the power grid without devices to help regulate and control their output. ...
In this paper, wind speed in Nassiriya district (south of Iraq) has been measured for four years period (2010-2013) at 10 m altitudeand then, simulated mathematically to study and predict the important wind energy dynamic parametersas a necessary step to utilize the windenergy for electricity production job.The study concludes that the wind speed is feasible for power production at minimumaltitude equal to 44m for , 3. 0 and 32m for 4. 0 As best knowledge no previous study investigated thewind energyas a renewable source in Nassiriyah district.
... Historical development, current potential and future possible role of renewable energy sources in Turkish energy system has been extensively discussed in the literature for both regional (e.g., Türksoy, 1995;Tolun, et al. , 1995;Öztopal, et al., 2000;Durak and Şen, 2002;Karsli, and Gecit, 2003;Gökçek, et al., 2007;Balo, 2009a, 2009b;Yaniktepe, et al., 2013a;Ilkiliç and Aydin, 2015) and national (e.g., Ediger and Kentel, 1999;Aras, 2003;Oğulata, 2003;Hepbasli and Ozgener, 2004;Akpinar, 2006;Erdogdu, 2009;Ilkılıç, et al., 2011;Ilkılıç, 2012;Benli, 2013;Yaniktepe, et al., 2013b;Kaplan, 2015;Melikoglu, 2016;Ozcan, 2018) level. Almost all of these studies are suggesting that modern renewables, particularly wind, would play an important role in creating a more sustainable energy system in Turkey. ...
... Türkiye 784.347 km 2 yüzölçümü ile geniş alanı olan bir ülkedir ve sahip olduğu iklim özelikleri nedeniyle önemli bir rüzgar potansiyeli barındırmaktadır (Erdoğdu, 2009 (Güler, 2009). Bu çalışmada yerden 30 m, 50 m,70 m ve 100 m yükseklikteki rüzgarhızlarının gösterildiği haritalar hazırlanmıştır. ...
zet: Dünyada enerji kaynaklarına olan ihtiyaç her geçen gün artarak devam etmektedir. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde nüfus artışı, sanayileşme, insanların refah seviyesinin yükselmesi ve teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak önümüzdeki yıllarda enerji talebi daha da yoğun olacaktır. Fosil enerji kaynaklarının dünyada ciddi çevre sorunlarına yol açması, rezervlerinin yakın gelecekte tükenecek olması, kaynak ülkelere bağımlılığın çeşitli siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlara yol açması ve fiyat istikrarsızlıkları gibi nedenlerden dolayı yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan ilgi artmıştır. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları olan hidrolik, rüzgar, jeotermal, güneş, biyoküte, dalga, hidrojen vb. enerji kaynaklarından başta elektrik üretimi olmak üzere çeşitli yollarla yaralanılmaktadır. Tüm bu gelişmelere rağmen fosil enerji kaynaklarının dünya birincil enerji kaynakları tüketimindeki üstünlüğü tartışmasız bir şekilde devam etmektedir ve kısa vadede bu üstünlüğünü korumaya devam edecektir. Gelişmekte olan bir ülke olan Türkiye'nin de artan nüfus ve büyüyen ekonomisine paralel olarak enerji kaynakları tüketimi yükselerek devam etmektedir. Mevcut enerji yapısı % 72 oranında dışa bağımlı olan Türkiye, bu oranı azaltabilmek için bir yandan sınırları içinde fosil enerji kaynakları hammaddesi arama çalışmaları yürütürken, diğer yandan da yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının potansiyelinin belirlenmesi ve kullanımı konusunda çalışmalar yapmaktadır. Bu şekilde ithal enerji kaynaklarına olan bağımlılık azalırken, enerji kaynakları da çeşitlendirilecektir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin mevcut enerji potansiyeli ortaya konmuş ve bu enerji kaynaklarının elektrik enerjisi üretimi içindeki payları ve gelişimi verilmiştir. Özellikle yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları potansiyelin önümüzdeki yıllarda yeterli olup olmayacağı tartışmalarına cevap aranmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Enerji potansiyeli, elektrik enerjisi, yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, fosil kaynaklar, kurulu güç. Abstract: The need for energy sources in the world is gradually increasing day by day. Demand for energy will be much more in the future, parallel to population growth especially in developing countries, industrialization, increased welfare and technological developments. Renewable energy sources have aroused interest due to reasons such as serious environmental issues caused by fossil energy sources, potentially decreasing reserves, various political and economic problems caused by dependency on source providing countries and price instability. In developed countries particularly, renewable energy sources such as wind, geothermal, solar and biomass energy, wave and hydrogen have been utilized in different forms, especially in electricity production. Despite all developments, fossil energy sources have been overwhelmingly used all around the world in primary energy sources consumption and they will outnumber other energy sources in the short term. Parallel to growing population and economy in Turkey, a developing country, energy sources consumption is increasingly continuing. On one hand, Turkey, which is currently 70% dependent on energy providing countries, has been heavily conducting fossil energy sources raw material quest within its own borders in order to lower the percentage. On the other hand, there have been studies to explore potential of renewable energy sources and utilization. This case will lead to both a decrease in foreign energy dependency and a variety of energy sources. This research shows the current energy potential of Turkey and presents historical development of these energy sources and their share in electricity production. The research also seeks for answers to arguments that whether the potential will be sufficient in the future.
... Turkey's energy policy have been shaped from experiences over the past decade. The Renewable Energy Law (No. 5346) was introduced in 2005 and revised several times to encourage and regulate wind power development [26]. Currently, the FiT of 7.3 cent/kWh is adopted for wind energy projects. ...
The wind energy market is rapidly growing in Turkey which made it one of the top three countries in Europe, and the seventh in the world, in terms of wind power capacity addition in 2016. Turkey has high onshore and offshore wind power potential which is widely distributed across the country. However, there has been no offshore wind farm (OWF) in operation in Turkey. This paper performs a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of OWF projects in three of the most promising wind locations (namely, Bozcaada, Gokceada, and Bandirma). The optimal OWF sites are selected by applying a multi-criteria site selection method to Turkey's coastal regions. Technical analysis consists of annual energy production estimation using the Virtual Wind Farm model and development of various electrical system design topologies for the proposed OWF projects. A detailed economic feasibility analysis is then conducted using a discounted cash flow economic model that considers current Turkish renewable energy support schemes under various discount rates. Taking the OWF investor's perspective, this study accounts for the key economic indicators which are used in the decision-making processes. The results of various model runs are compared to determine the best options for the proposed OWF investments to be profitable. It is shown that the proposed OWF projects are economically feasible only in the case of meeting certain techno-economic conditions. The radial electrical design is proved to be the most cost-effective option. Among the proposed projects, the Bozcaada OWF appears to be the best investment option with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $81.85–109.55 per MWh while the Bandirma OWF is the least economically viable with an LCOE of $100.73–135.97 per MWh. The findings are extrapolated to suggest feasible recommendations for the investors and policy makers which will help to shape the offshore wind energy outlook of Turkey.
... Türkiye coğrafi pozisyonu gereği soğuk Avrupa rüzgârları ve sıcak Asya ve Afrika sistemlerinin etkisinde olup aynı zamanda çok geniş bir sıcaklık iklim farklılığına sahiptir [4]. Rüzgâr hızları açısından Türkiye'nin coğrafi bölgelerine bakıldığında 10 m yükseklikte yapılan yıllık ortalama rüzgâr hızları şu şekildedir: Marmara 3,3 m/s, Güney Doğu Anadolu 2,7 m/s, Ege 2,6 m/s, Akdeniz 2,5 m/s, Karadeniz 2,4 m/s, İç Anadolu 2,5 m/s, Doğu Anadolu 2,1 m/s, Türkiye ortalaması ise 2,5 m/s dir [5]. ...
Gelişen ve büyüyen ülkemizin enerji ihtiyacı katlanarak
artmaktadır. Ülkemiz, enerji pazarında bağımlılıklardan
kurtulmak için yenilenebilir enerji payını artırmak
istemektedir. Bu alanda rüzgâr enerjisi ciddi potansiyele
sahiptir. Yatırım için rüzgâr ölçümlerinin alınması ve
rüzgâr türbinini etkileyecek faktörlerin tespit edilmesi
gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, Karabük iline bağlı Kâhyalar Köyü’nde, rüzgâr
ölçüm istasyonu tarafından 10’ar dakikalık periyotlarla elde
edilen verilerle, bölgenin rüzgâr enerjisi potansiyeli ve hakim
rüzgâr yönü belirlenmiştir. Rüzgâr hız ve güç yoğunluklarının
istatistiksel analizi yapılmıştır. Farklı firmalara ait 8 farklı
model türbin için kapasite faktörleri hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan
araştırma sonucunda bölgenin rüzgâr enerji potansiyelinin
elektrik enerjisi üretimi bakımından uygun olup olmadığı
değerlendirilmiştir.
... The 2013 data of the Ministry of Energy indicates that Turkey's total energy demand is increasing by 6% per year [2]. The total wind energy capacity of Turkey (83,000 MW) [3] is highly significant. The first modern wind power plant in Turkey was constructed in İzmir in 1984 with a power supply of 55 kW [4]. ...
The present study aims to examine several as- pects of the interaction between wind farms and birds in Turkey. Between 2010 and 2014, we con- ducted surveys at three wind farms in three Turkish provinces with the highest wind speed capacity. The total installed power capacity at the farms was 78 MW on 30 turbines. We assessed carcass persistence rates, bird fatality rates (FA), and bird fatalities around turbines. The carcass detection surveys yielded 27 bird fatalities, comprising 12 non-passer- ines and 15 passerines. There were 20,154 flights recorded within 0–500 m of all turbines. We used fa- tality estimation methods to derive an FA of 1.32 birds/turbine/year for all study areas. Moreover, the FA for small, medium, and large birds was 0.62, 0.52, and 0.16 birds/turbine/year, respectively. The results revealed that there was a negative relationship (rs = - 0.444, p = 0.034) between the flight frequency of birds within 0–500 m of the wind turbines and bird mortality. The number of individuals, flight fre- quency, and abundance of species were not among the direct causes of bird fatalities within the study areas.
... The wind power potential around the world is mentioned in several studies (Erdoğdu, 2009) (Golaita et al., 2009). The new trends in wind power such as offshore technologies encourage many researchers to develop new strategies for optimal design and operation of wind energy systems (Henriksen, 2010). ...
... Günümüzde, temiz, yerel ve yenilenebilir enerji yalnızca Türkiye'de değil bütün dünya da gelecek yaĢamın ortak anahtarı olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye coğrafi pozisyonu gereği soğuk Avrupa rüzgarları ve sıcak Asya ve Afrika sistemlerinin etkisinde olup aynı zamanda çok geniĢ bir sıcaklık ve iklim farklılığına sahiptir [1]. Türkiye rüzgar kaynaklarının dağılımını belirten Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası (REPA) [2] bilgilerine göre; yıllık ortalamalarda Türkiye'nin en iyi rüzgar kaynağı alanları Ege ve Marmara sahilleri olarak görülmektedir. ...
... Currently, installed wind capacity is 7.3% of the total potential, but none of this is from offshore projects [43]. Compared to European counties, Turkey has the highest technical wind potential for the wind class over 3 with 83 GW and 166 TWh annually [32,44]. The average wind speed in Turkey is 2.58 m/s with a power density of 25.82 W/m 2 [45]. ...
Offshore wind power technology holds the potential for tackling major problems associated with energy and climate change as well as triggering economic growth and providing employment opportunities. Offshore wind power has the potential to play a key role for Turkey in achieving stated 2023 energy targets due to the country's favourable geographic location and coastline. However, there are currently no offshore wind farm projects in Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of an offshore wind farm in the Turkish seas. Prior to that, offshore wind market in the EU is reviewed, and the current status regarding the wind power market and supporting mechanisms are reviewed regarding the situation in Turkey. A location is proposed in the Aegean Sea, based on consideration of wind speeds and other factors. Technical analysis is conducted with the use of windPro software, and potential annual energy production of the proposed project is calculated. Combined with the economic analysis, feasibility of such an offshore wind farm is discussed. Issues with the current supporting mechanism are identified, and solutions are proposed for the future development of offshore wind farms in Turkey.
... They also evaluated the wind climate conditions by Weibull distribution of wind data. Erdogdu [4] presented an assessment on wind energy in Turkey and gave guidelines for policy makers. Also Ilkilic [5] investigated the wind energy potential in various regions of Turkey. ...
The wind farm development is very slow in the developing countries particularly in the Middle East. This is attributed to many factors including economy of these countries which is mainly rely on fossil fuels and hence yields to low cost of energy, political and technological barriers, lack of wind potential studies or lack of high wind regions and more. This paper attempts to address these issues and foresees opportunities for developing household or small communities wind farms which can be rely on individual or small communities’ funds as well as creating job opportunities for them. As the case study, the province of Sistan-Baluchestan in Iran is considered to study how the economy of local communities or households can be strengthen by exploring small wind turbine developments for them. An economic and statistical analysis is conducted based on wind data for cities of Chabahar, Dehak, and Dalgan in the province. Wind energy characteristics and patterns are extensively explored for these cities from 473,040 wind data samples. This is resulted in the average annual wind power density of 181 , 158 , and 146 for Chabahar, Dalgan, and Dehak, respectively at the height of 40 m. By considering five different commercial wind turbines, from 1.6 to 30 kW capacities, the total annual electrical power production, profits and payback time for each wind turbine is presented. It is concluded that nearly 90,000 households can benefit from profit of annual energy production of 225 GWh.
... By comparison, wind power would clearly appear to have a positive environmental impact, resulting from the elimination of carbon dioxide and sulfur releases. Thus, the most important gain of wind power utilization is the environmental benefit of displacing fossil fuel usage and the consequent reduction of the adverse environmental impacts caused by fossil fuel consumption (Erdoğdu, 2009(Erdoğdu, : 1367. It is important to recognize that investments in wind energy capacity in a given year will continue to avoid fuel cost and carbon cost throughout the 20 to 25 year lifetime of the wind turbines. ...
Climate change is now widely recognized as the major environmental problem facing the globe. In large part this is due to emissions of so-called "greenhouse gases," which mainly result from the production of energy using fossil fuels. In addition to environmental problems, some countries with limited fossil fuel reserves also suffer from energy-dependency. Turkey, for instance, now imports over 90 percent of its oil and natural gas at an annual cost of approximately US$35 billion. Turkey's dependence on imported energy portends negative effects on both national security and the economy. More investment in renewable energy has thus become vital. In this context, wind energy appears not only to be the most cost-efficient, medium term solution for energy dependency, but also for global climate change mitigation. Wind energy has the potential to reduce environmental impacts because it does not generate either atmospheric contaminants or thermal pollution. It also makes economic sense because while the costs of most forms of energy are rising, the costs of wind energy are decreasing. This chapter explores the way in which a strong domestic wind turbine manufacturing industry can be nurtured in Turkey. For this purpose, the chapter focuses particularly on some key measures such as investment subsidies, tax exemptions, corporate financing schemes, and information dissemination.
... A proper prior impact assessment should identify appropriate position of wind plants in order to contribute to the reduction of birds' mortality [106]. The local communities concerns can be addressed through proper site selection of the project, public education, and the use of improved technologies [48]. ...
Turkey's rapid economic growth followed by increasing gap between domestic energy production and consumption signifies the large-scale integration of low-carbon and renewable resources into energy system. Turkey's energy demand is increasing and supplying fossil energies such as oil and gas is becoming more challenging due to the lack of domestic hydrocarbon resources. The country is facing two main issues; first, maintaining energy balance and second, handling environmental issues. Nevertheless, Turkey has substantial renewable and low-carbon energy resources with co-benefits for the country's fast growing economy and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to present a comprehensive update on Turkey's renewable and low-carbon energy sector. It reviews not only the current status of the technology, policy and economy, but also provides an insight into the social aspects as well. From a policy point of view, the paper critically discusses Turkey's energy strategy and perspectives and from the social point of view, the paper argues that there is a research gap in recent literature regarding public awareness and social acceptance of low-carbon energy technologies. Also, the future challenges for promoting low-carbon society in Turkey are discussed in terms of sustainable development and socio-environmental conditions.
One of the most significant factors determining the development level of the world’s countries in the economic domain is energy. As the technology makes progress, the need of the countries for energy continuously increases in parallel with that. Meeting such increasing energy demand with fossil fuels for many years has damaged the living standards of all living beings. Both of these two circumstances have caused an increase in demand for Renewable Energy Resources (RER), with wind power being one of them. In the present study, monthly wind speed, temperature, and pressure measurement data obtained from the Wind Power Plant (WPP) located in the Gonen District of the Balikesir Province was averaged out. Using this data and the output data of electricity amounts from different turbine types, an electric power production estimation model was formed through the artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) methods. It was intended to determine the electric power required to be generated by the model formed through ANN and FL. When the estimations obtained by the ANN and FL were compared, it was observed that the results were correct and coherent.
This research shows an economic assessment for decision-makers of high voltage direct current utilization in wind energy systems applied to a case study in Turkey. The increasing energy demand in Turkey can be supplied effectively by this transmission in long distances and leading the use of renewable energy sources. Thereby, wind energy systems are being one of the main developed renewable sources, but the economic feasibility of its feature has been demonstrated only in some cases. The transmission of wind energy is possible both inside a country and between the countries, depending on the deployments about the utilization of high voltage direct current technology, operating with renewable energy systems. Thus, life-cycle cost scenarios are proposed by recommending a 1,000 km length high voltage direct current overhead transmission line in optimum economic conditions between Canakkale and Samsun-Bafra to transport energy from wind farms. The economic feasibility of these systems can be proven by showing the comparison between investment cost and profit from the 25 years life-time of the project. A novel cumulative cash flow analysis is applied for this comparison employing the net present value. A voltage source converter and a current commuted converter are considered in the scenarios. The findings show that voltage source converter can be chosen for both overhead and cable transmission for wind energy systems with the need of government subsidies in the investment. Moreover, the possibility of the investment is discussed through economic terms, i.e., the positive externality, the opportunity cost and the economies of scale. Therefore, this study can be taken as a pre-model for both the other regions of Turkey and for the developing countries.
In this study, Türkiye’s energy projection has been evaluated based on four different scenarios for 2050. Firstly, Türkiye's electricity production amount in 2050 has been predicted by using an artificial neural network model in MATLAB. According to the prediction, it has been revealed that to what extent which scenario can meet this production value. While doing this, it has been considered whether Türkiye could meet its energy needs independently by using only its own resources. Then, it has been determined how much production increase should be required for each domestic resource by 2050 to meet 100% of the need in each scenario. Also, these scenarios have been evaluated and it has been decided which one is more important for energy independence and which one is more important for emission decrease. This is the first study that makes both an energy prediction for 2050 and reveals whether Türkiye could achieve its energy targets and what needs to do to achieve it. This study aims to be a guide for determining Türkiye's energy policies.
Tries to improve out of plane strength using jute & yarn fiber
Assessment of the ideal location for power plants is an important issue followed by urban planners and energy investors in order to identify appropriate conditions depending on sustainability principles and different dynamics. Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing power sources in the world due to many advantages. The study aims to select an optimum location for new wind farms installation in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey, which has unutilized great wind power potential, considering the hesitations/concerns inherent such decisions. For this purpose, we conduct a methodology based on an integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) under a hesitant fuzzy environment for the assessment of the multi-criteria renewable power plant site selection problem to make optimal/the best use of available resources. In this study, we investigate five alternative locations, four main criteria, and thirteen sub-criteria considering the judgments of three experts from the energy market. Firstly, AHP methodology was applied to obtain criteria weights, and then, hesitant fuzzy TOPSIS technique was implemented to identify ideal areas for a wind farm. The results showed that Aksaray is the most important location among alternatives, while Yozgat is the least favored priority. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand whether the developed model behavior is consistent and applicable. We discuss the obtained results for the progress of long-term wind energy strategies that will help development of the region in a sustainable and green energy framework. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
İnsan çevresiyle ilk üretim ilişkisine başladığından bu yana, sürekli doğal kaynakları ve çevreyi kullanmış, kendisi için yaşanabilecek bir çevre oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Tarihte uzun süre doğal kaynakların kendini sürekli olarak yenilemekte olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Ancak doğal çevre, belli bir sınıra kadar kendini yenileyebilme özelliğine sahiptir. Bu sınırın üzerine çıkıldığında ise günümüzde yaşandığı türde çevre ve kentleşme sorunları baş göstermektedir.
Üretim ve tüketim düzeni bu mantık ile ve doğanın yasalarına uymayan bir yıkıcılıkla sürüp gittikçe çevre ve kentleşme sorunlarının çözümünde başarı sağlamak mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle hem insanı hem de ihtiyaçları gözeten, tüketimin amaç değil araç olduğunu kavrayan, üretime karşı olmayan ancak bunu çevre ve ekonomi dengesiyle birlikte başaran bir sistemin gerekliliği kendini açık biçimde göstermektedir.
Bu gereklilikten yola çıkılarak hazırlanan bu kitap, yazarın Marmara Üniversitesi Maliye ABD’da Prof. Dr. M. Mustafa Erdoğdu danışmanlığında hazırlamış olduğu tezden yararlanılarak yeniden yazılmış, veriler 2019 yılı esas alınarak güncellenmiş ve ayrıca üniversitelerde bu kapsamda okutulan derslerin müfredatında kentleşme sorunlarının da yer aldığı düşünülerek bu konu kitaba ayrı bir bölüm olarak eklenmiştir.
Kitapta cevap aramaya çalıştığımız temel sorun kalkınmanın çevreye ve kentleşmeye zarar vermeden nasıl sürdürülebileceğidir.
Kitabın okuyuculara yararlı olmasını temenni ediyorum.
Amaç – Türkiye’nin gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak sürekli artan enerji talebi karşısında klasik enerji
kaynakları yetersiz kalacağı apaçık ortadadır. Klasik enerji kaynakları olan fosil kaynakların gelecek
haricinde mevcut durumda da var olan yetersizliği yadsınamaz bir durum olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Türkiye mevcut durum ve geleceğe dair beklentiler karşısında kaynak arama
faaliyetlerini artırırken, yenilenebilir ve sürdürülebilir enerji kaynaklarının devreye alınması,
verimliliğinin üst düzeylere çıkarılması ve içinde bulunulan coğrafyanın avantajlarından
faydalanılarak mümkün olan potansiyellerini harekete geçirmek için yoğun bir arayış içinde
olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı bu potansiyel çerçevesinde yenilenebilir enerji üreten
işletmelerin muhasebe standartları açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Yöntem – Çalışmada, rüzgâr enerji santrali işleten işletmeler için teşvik ve destek mekanizmaları
hakkında değerlendirmeler yapılmış, söz konusu teşvik ve destek mekanizmalarına ilişkin yasal
mevzuatlar incelenmiş, rüzgâr enerjisi üreten işletmelerin muhasebe yapıları ulusal ve uluslararası
mevzuatlar açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular – Yapılan çalışma sonucu ortaya çıkan değerlendirmede, geliştirme giderlerinin dâhil
edilmesi gerektiği, lisans belgesi ile yürütülecek tüm faaliyetlerin muhasebeleştirilmesinin,
kurulacak santralin özellikli bir varlık olarak değerlendirilmesi gibi hususların önemli kriterler
olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
Tartışma – Türkiye fosil yakıtlardaki sıkıntısını enerji sektöründe enerji koridoru yaratıp bir enerji
kapısı olarak telafi etmeye çalışırken yerli ve yenilenebilir enerjiye yapacağı yatırımlarla da enerji
piyasasında adından söz ettiren kilit bir oyuncu konumuna gelmek istemektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji
kaynaklarında özellikle de rüzgâr enerjisinde değerlendirilmesi gereken imkânlar doğru ve sağlam
bir teknik ve finansal analiz doğrultunda yapılacak çalışmalar ile daha da anlam kazanacaktır.
Rüzgâr enerjisi ile ilgilenen yatırımcılar için en büyük problemler yasal düzenlemelerin öncesinde
doğru ve güvenilir şekilde yapılacak enerji tahminleri ile yapılacak yatırım sonrası elde edilecek
getirinin doğru belirlenmesi ve söz konusu getirilerin standartlar çerçevesinde kayıt altına alınmasıdır.
Purpose – The lack of fossil fuel reserves which are supposed to meet the increasing energy demand
of Turkey as a developing country is obviously clear. On the one hand, Turkey intensifies searches
for domestic energy sources; on the other hand it seeks ways to activate other possible potentials
such as consideration of renewable energy resources, increase of energy efficiency, making use of
the country’s geographic location. The main purpose of this study is to examine the accounting
standards of renewable energy producing enterprises within the framework of this potential.
Design/methodology/approach – Study is examined assessments are made about the
encouragement and support mechanisms, legal regulations are examined about that encouragement
and support mechanisms, accounting structures of enterprises generating wind energy are
evaluated in terms of nations and international legislation.
Findings: In the evaluation resulting from the study, it was revealed that development costs should
be included, accounting of all activities to be carried out with license certificate and evaluation of
the power plant to be established as a special asset are important criteria.
Discussion – Turkey wants to become a power door as compensation to trying to domestic and
made a name in the energy market with investments in renewable energy is a key player in creating
an energy corridor in the energy sector, the shortage in fossil fuels. The opportunities to be used in
renewable energy sources, especially in wind energy, will gain more meaning with the studies to be
carried out in accordance with accurate and sound technical and financial analysis. For investors
interested in wind energy, the biggest problems are correct and reliable energy estimations before
the legal regulations and the determination of the return to be obtained after the investment and the
recording of these returns within the framework of standards.
ÖZET
Günümüzde kalkınmasını tamamlamak isteyen bölgelerin ulusal gelirden daha fazla pay almak için birbirleriyle mücadele içinde olduğu görülmektedir. Bu süreçte kaynakları rasyonel biçimde tahsis edemeyen bölgeler; ekonomik ve sosyal bazı sorunlarla karşılaşmakta, bölge nüfusuna yeterli istihdam olanakları sağlayamamaktadır.
Bu çalışma Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde elektrik üretiminde yenilenebilir enerji payının artırılması halinde yenilenebilir enerji sektörüne yapılacak ilave yatırımların istihdamda sağlayacağı artışı tahmin etmektedir. Ancak bu artışın tahmin edilebilmesi için öncelikle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde hangi yenilenebilir enerji kaynağının daha fazla potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmelidir. Eğer bu belirlenebilirse Bölge kaynaklarının optimal olmayan yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarına gitmesi önlenmiş olacaktır. Bu kapsamda belirlenen yenilenebilir enerji yatırım büyüklüklerinin ülkedeki istihdama yapacağı katkı ise Amerika Ulusal Enerji Laboratuvarı (NREL) tarafından geliştirilen İstihdam ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Modeline (JEDI) göre tahmin edilmiştir.
Yapılan hesaplamalar neticesinde güneş enerjisi kurulu güç miktarının 914 MW olacağı ve bu büyüklükteki yatırımın sağlayacağı istihdam miktarının ise Bölgeye toplamda 64.631 kişi istihdam imkânı sağlayacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Bu istihdamın 63.332’si güneş santrallerinde kullanılacak malzemelerin üretimi, inşası ve kurulumu sürecinde çalışırken 1.299’u santrallerin işletim ve bakım-onarım sürecinde gerçekleşmektedir
Anahtar kelimeler: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Yatırım, İstihdam
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ADDITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, it is seen that the regions that want to complete their development are struggling with each other to get more shares from national income. Regions that cannot rationally allocate resources in this process; It faces some economic and social problems and does not provide adequate employment opportunities for the population of the region.
This study predicts the increase in employment of additional investments in the renewable energy sector if the share of renewable energy in electricity generation in the Southeast Anatolia Region is increased. However, in order to predict this increase, first of all the renewable energy source in Southeastern Anatolia Region has to be determined. If this can be determined, the region's resources will be prevented from investing in non-optimal renewable energy investments. The contribution of renewable energy investment sizes to employment in the country is estimated according to the Employment and Economic Development Model (JEDI) developed by the National Energy Laboratory (NREL).
As a result of the calculations, it is estimated that the installed amount of solar energy will be 914 MW and the employment amount of this size investment will provide 64.631 people employment in total. While 63,332 of this employment is working in the production, construction and installation of the materials to be used in solar power plants, 1,299 are in operation and maintenance-repair process of the power plants.
Key words: Southeastern Anatolia Region, Renewable Energy, Investment, Employment
ÖZET
Ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesi için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak olan enerji, yanlış kullanıldığında çevresel ve ekonomik problemlere neden olmakta ve halkın yaşam kalitesine zarar vermektedir. Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan enerji kaynağı petrol, doğalgaz ve kömür gibi tükenebilir nitelikteki fosil yakıtlardır. Ancak bu kaynakların kullanımıyla birlikte açığa çıkan zehirli gazlar büyük ölçekli hava kirliliğine neden olmakta; küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği ve asit yağmurları gibi küresel çevre felaketlerine yol açmaktadır.
Ülkelerin fosil yakıt bağımlılığı, çevreye verdiği zararlara ilave olarak, ekonomik anlamda da ülkelere önemli maliyetler yüklemektedir. Fosil yakıt bağımlılığının ekonomi üzerinde üç temel etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bunlar enerji ithalinin neden olduğu ödemeler dengesi açıkları, kaçırılan istihdam fırsatları ve çevresel zararların neden olduğu zararları onarım maliyetleridir.
Bu denli olumsuzluklarına rağmen ülkelerde fosil yakıtlar yaygın olarak tüm sektörlerde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile fosil yakıtların zararlarının ortaya konulmakta ve Türkiye’de fosil yakıt bağımlılığının azaltılabilmesi için alternatif çözüm önerilerinin getirilmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Fosil yakıt bağımlılığı, fosil yakıtların ekonomik ve çevresel maliyetleri, fosil yakıtlara alternatif enerji kaynakları
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF THE FOSSIL ENERGY DEPENDENCE IN TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Energy, which is an indispensable resource for the economic growth of countries, causes environmental and economic problems when used incorrectly and damages the quality of life of the people. Today, the most widely used energy source is consumable fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal. However, toxic gases released by the use of these sources cause large-scale air pollution; global warming, climate change and acid rain.
In addition to the damages to the environment, fossil fuel dependence of countries imposes significant economic costs on countries. Fossil fuel dependence has three main effects on the economy. These are balance of payments deficits caused by energy imports, missed employment opportunities and costs of repairing damages caused by environmental damages.
Despite such disadvantages, fossil fuels are widely used in all sectors in countries. This study of the fossil fuels lays down the losses and the introduction of alternative solutions in order to reduce fossil fuel dependency in Turkey.
Key words: Fossil fuel dependence, economic and environmental costs of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources to fossil fuels
Öz Enerji kaynakları ile ilgili çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak enerji teknolojileri ve politikaları ile ilgili olurken, son yıllarda enerji ve toplum ilişkisi ile ilgili çalışmalarda da bir artış olmuştur. Bu çalışmalar, çoğunlukla enerji yatırımlarının, özellikle de nükleer enerjinin sosyal kabulü ve toplumsal algısı ile ilişkilidir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımlar temiz enerji kaynağı olarak görülüp desteklenmekle birlikte, bu yatırımlara yönelik toplumsal tepkiler de söz konusudur. Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları ile ilgili sosyal kabulün sosyo-politik, yerel ve piyasa kabulü olarak üç yönü vardır. Bu çalışma, literatür taraması kapsamında sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasında; kalkınmanın sosyal boyutunu, sosyal kabulün boyutlarını ve yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının artırılmasında toplumsal kabulün önemini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Böylece, mevcut yatırım paradigmalarının toplumsal kabulün de göz önüne alınarak değiştirilmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkartılmaktadır. Bu ise ancak, bilinçli ve katılımcı bireylerin uygun programlarla sürece dâhil olması ile mümkündür. Abstract The studies about the energy sources are mainly related to energy technologies and policies and also in recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies related to energy and society. These studies are mostly associated with social perception and social acceptance of energy investments, especially nuclear energy. Supported investments made in renewable energy sources are regarded as a clean energy source.On the other hand, societal responses to these investments have been observed. This study aims to review the social dimension of sustainability development, dimensions of social acceptance and the importance of social acceptance of increasing on renewable energy investments. Thus, it"s revealed the current paradigm of the investment must be changed in consideration of the social acceptance. This is only possible if the conscious and motivated individuals are involve in process of the appropriate programs.
Uğurlu, E. (2018). Demand of Turkish energy market. In B. Kristic (Ed.), Strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises and national economies (pp. 55–75). Niš: University of
Nis, Faculty of Economics.
Uğurlu, E. (2018). Demand of Turkish energy market. B. Kristic (Ed.), Strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises and national economies içinde (s. 55–75). Niš: University of Nis, Faculty of Economics.
All economic sectors are associated with energy use; therefore, government organizations aim to supply sustainable energy for human needs and economic growth. In particular, increased environmental concerns of the public in Turkey have impacted policymaking for renewable energy (RE) management in Turkey. The primary objective for RE sources of the Turkish Ministry of Energy is to ensure that 30% of the share of electricity production is from RE resources in 2023. In this paper, the integrated multi-objective, multi-period linear programming model is presented to determine effective allocation of RE supply for seven different geographical regions in Turkey for the period of 2017 to 2024. The integrated model consists of two different stages. The first stage involves qualitative evaluations of RE sources for seven geographical regions. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to determine criteria priorities and overall ratings of geographical regions across determined criteria for RE sources are computed. The second stage of the integrated model consists of a multi-objective, multi-period linear programming model. The proposed multi-objective linear programming model is coded in MPL (Mathematical Programming Language) and solved using the GUROBI 5.1.0 solver. The output of the integrated model presents the total supply amount of RE sources for geographical regions in planning period. The ε-constraints method is applied to compute the total supply amount of RE from geographical regions for the period of 2017 to 2024. In this study, a systematic decision-making model is generated to allocate renewable energy sources to the geographical regions. The presented model integrates qualitative evaluations and quantitative parameters of different geographical regions to determine the optimal supply amount of RE. The obtained results are consistent with the potential quantities of RE alternatives in geographical regions, regional specifications, and social requirements.
Determination of wind potential in a place or in a local area is performed by analyzing of long term wind data recorded and accumulated. In areas where constructions of large wind turbines, the realizing of the wind analyses is essential because of the high costs of them. In small wind turbines, it is not necessary the analyses due to the low costs of them. In this paper, design and implementation of a wind analysis system for determining wind potential of Cankiri Karatekin University Uluyazı Campus have been carried out within the framework IEC 61400–12–1 standardized by International Electrotechnical Commission, the system is also going to be used for an energy analysis system having a capability fulfilling the power performance and the energy efficiency analysis of small wind turbines manufactured by the small wind turbine manufacturers. By means of the carried-out system, the wind speed, direction, air pressure and temperature at Uluyazi Campus have been registered and monitored.
There is increasing consensus in both the scientific and political communities that significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are necessary to limit the magnitude and extent of climate change. Renewable energy systems already reduce GHG emissions from the energy sector, although on a modest scale. Most long-term energy projections show that renewable energy will play a major role in the global energy supply in the second half of the century, with capacity increasing gradually in the first three decades. On the other hand, Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources (oil, gas and coal) that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the fossil fuels and the renewable energy sources in the world and in Turkey.
In the early 2000s, the Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in the most important segments of her energy market; namely, electricity, natural gas, petroleum and liquefied petroleum gas industries, which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical restructuring of these industries. However, there is no consensus that the measures introduced are optimal. The present dissertation attempts to answer, first, whether or not recently introduced energy market reforms in Turkey are optimal from an economic perspective to ensure a fully functioning energy market; and second, what still needs to be done to improve them. The dissertation not only provides an economic analysis of these reforms but also lists some policy suggestions with crucial importance. Since the rapid electricity demand growth is the most contentious reason behind the recent reforms; the dissertation specifically focuses on the issue by both providing an electricity demand estimation and forecast, and comparing the results with official projections. The study concludes that despite relatively good legislative framework, in practice, the reforms in Turkey are far from ideal as they are mainly in the form of “textbook reforms”; and therefore a significant amount of work still lies ahead of Turkey to set up a fully-fledged energy market.
This article presents Turkey-Europe relations starting with the 19th century up to the present day with a view to understanding the developments that shaped current EU policies toward Turkey. It also pays special attention to the Turkey-EU Customs Union Decision. After making an overall assessment, the author makes some suggestions concerning Turkey's future relations with the EU. The article concludes that despite strong Turkish desire to join the EU, potentially Turkey is the last country in Europe to expect membership in the EU due to economic, political and, especially, cultural reasons.
In this study, energy utilization and its major environmental impacts are discussed from the standpoint
of sustainable development, including anticipated patterns of future energy use and subsequent environmental issues in Turkey. Several aspects relating to energy utilization, renewable energy, energy efficiency, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives. Turkey is an energy importing country, more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oil and lignite reserves are limited, and the lignites are characterised by high ash, sulfur and moisture content. Because of increasing energy consumption, environmental pollution is becoming a serious problem in the future for the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Turkey�s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Especially hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind energy should be considered and seriously supported by governments and private sectors.
The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. In this regard, the objective of this paper is to present a review of the energy situation, technical and economical potential and utilization of renewables, including hydraulic energy, biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy, in Turkey and then concerned with greenhouse gas emissions status, especially in air pollution, and environmental impacts of renewable energy sources. The renewable energy potential of the country, their present utilization, and greenhouse gas emissions status are evaluated based on the available data. The present paper shows that there is an important potential for renewables in Turkey and making use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources to provide energy services to the electricity consumers can provide significant environmental benefits for Turkey.
Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilization. For centuries and in many ways, biomass has been used for heating and cooking. Many centuries ago mankind was already utilizing the clearly visible power of water for mechanical drive purposes, as was also the case with wind. On the other hand, Turkey, with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing power markets of the world for the last two decades. It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will be 300 billion kWh by the year 2010 and 580 billion kWh by the year 2020. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.
The development of a world wind power for the last decade is reviewed. Leading positions are taken by Germany, Spain and USA. The rates of growth of this branch of power engineering exceed 39% annually. It seems that the wind power is esteemed in these countries as the most perspective branch of electric power industry. The great success achieved by Germany and Spain in last years in developing wind power industry served as an example for all countries that have wind energy potentials. Information describing growth of powers, single wind power turbines, dynamics of increments of power of WPT on separate countries are submitted. During the last 10 years, the cost of WPT construction decreased more than twice, and it seems that specific investment costs reached a stable point for about 10 years. Furthermore, it can be concluded from wind farm investment costs that the cost of a WPT is about 1.3 times the cost of wind turbine. The information on the sizes of large WPT are adduced.
Various agricultural residues such as grain dust, crop residues and fruit tree residues are available in Turkey as the sources of biomass energy. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21% and the techniques for converting it to useful energy are not necessarily sophisticated. Selection of a particular biomass for energy requirements is influenced by its availability, source and transportation cost, competing uses and prevalent fossil fuel prices. Utilization of biomass is a very attractive energy resource, particularly for developing countries since biomass uses local feedstocks and labor. Like many developing countries, Turkey relies on biomass to provide much of its energy requirement. More efficient use of biomass in producing energy, both electrical and thermal, may allow Turkey to reduce petroleum imports, thus affecting its balance of payments dramatically. Turkey has always been one of the major agricultural countries in the world. The importance of agriculture is increasing due to biomass energy being one of the major resources in Turkey. Biomass waste materials can be used in Turkey to provide centralized, medium- and large-scale production of process heat for electricity production. Turkey's first biomass power project is under development in Adana province, at an installed capacity of 45 MW. Two others, at a total capacity of 30 MW, are at the feasibility study stage in Mersin and Tarsus provinces. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the nearest future in Turkey.
With a young and growing population, low per capita electricity consumption and rapid urbanization, Turkey for nearly two decades has been one of the fastest growing power markets in the world. The main objective of the present study is to review many aspects of the Turkish electricity sector, including its historical development, energy related emissions, and energy and exergy utilization efficiencies.With the foundation of the Republic in 1923, Turkey's electricity sector has grown rapidly from 32.8 MW to 26.1 GW at the beginning of 2000. During this period, different governments implemented various strategies and policies for the Turkish electricity industry. In the 1980s, a new era for the industry and regulations started, allowing the installation of electricity power plants. Regulations allowed different investment models and the decision was taken highly to attract foreign investors.Restructuring of the electricity sector in Turkey has started with the establishment of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) upon law No. 4628 which came into force on 3 March 2001. The Energy Market Regulatory Board, which runs the EMRA, was commissioned on November 19, 2001. In May 2002, the EMRA issued drafts of the Energy Market Licensing Regulation and the Electricity Market Tariffs Regulation, and these regulations went into effect in August 2002. The Electricity Market Implementation Manual was issued by the EMRA in April 2003. At present, not only the electricity sector, but also the whole Turkish energy sector is in a dynamic change.
In this paper, we present an Analytical Network Process (ANP) model to determine the best fuel mix for electricity generation in Turkey from a sustainable development perspective. The proposed model is implemented in two alternative scenarios. These scenarios are structured along the lines of classification between weak and strong sustainability, and therefore reflect two basic dimensions of sustainability of energy production—environmental protection and sustainable supply of energy resources. The results of the study indicate the gap between goals of sustainable development and energy policies of Turkey in terms of energy security and environmental degradation. Under all alternative scenarios of our model, the highest value alternative is hydropower—domestic, renewable source—while the Turkish electricity sector mainly relies on imported natural gas. The share of nuclear energy is in the range of 8.12–10.21% in our model results, although nuclear energy is not available yet. The calculated percentages of renewable fuels (biomass, geothermal, wind, solar) are 35.7% and 28.9% for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively, while the total percentage of these fuels is 0.18% of the installed capacity of Turkey. The results of our model suggest that the share of renewable fuels in installed capacity should be increased to achieve sustainable development.
Main electrical energy sources of Turkey are thermal (lignite, natural gas, coal, fuel oil, etc.) and hydraulic. Most of the thermal sources are derived from natural gas. Turkey imports natural gas; therefore, decreasing usage of natural gas is very important for both economical and environmental aspects. Because of disadvantages of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are getting importance for sustainable energy development and environmental protection. Among the renewable sources, Turkey has very high wind energy potential. However the installed wind power capacity is only 0.22% of total economical wind potential. In this study, Turkey's installed electric power capacity, electric energy production is investigated and also Turkey current wind energy status is examined.
Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilisation. For centuries, and in many ways, biomass has been used for heating, and cooking. Many centuries ago, mankind was already utilizing the clearly visible power of water for mechanical drive purposes, as was also the case with wind. Today, water mills are still used in our villages, although their numbers are going to diminish. On the other hand, Turkey is an energy importing country with more than half of the energy requirement being supplied by imports, and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This article presents a review of recent studies on the renewable energy sources, their potential and present use in Turkey.
Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. All nations, regardless of their degree of development, are trying to develop and apply technologies that will enable them to use renewable energy sources in the most efficient ways. Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for the country. Turkey’s renewable energy source potential and their present use are here evaluated based on the available data.
For many decades, like many developed countries, Turkey has controlled her electricity sector as a state-owned monopoly. However, faced with rapid electricity demand growth, Turkey started to consider nuclear option. The present paper aims at evaluating both the present status of nuclear power in general and its implications for Turkish energy market in particular. After examining existing nuclear power technology and providing a brief overview of nuclear power economics; it focuses on the repercussions of nuclear power for Turkish energy market. The paper concludes that, in the short run, it may be considered to keep nuclear power within Turkish energy mix because it is an important carbon-free source of power that can potentially make a significant contribution to both Turkey's future electricity supply and efforts to strengthen Turkey's security of supply. However, in the long term, nuclear power should be retained in Turkey only if it has a lower cost than competing technologies.
Achieving solution to environmental problems that we face today requires long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions. Although, Turkey has substantial reserves of renewable energy resources, actual utilization of these resources are quite low.The aim of this study is to investigate the renewable energy policies and the political organizations that shape these policies. In these concept, The renewable energy potential of Turkey, the effective utilization of this potential, the energy politics, the political organizations, incentive, pricing and buying mechanisms, research and development studies, barriers for development of renewable energy are investigated in this paper. In conclusion, proposals and recommendations are given to overcome the problems.
In the early 2000s, the Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in her electricity market, which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical restructuring. The most controversial reason behind, or justification for, recent reforms has been the rapid electricity demand growth; that is to say, the whole reform process has been a part of the endeavors to avoid the so-called “energy crisis”. Using cointegration analysis and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling, the present article focuses on this issue by both providing an electricity demand estimation and forecast, and comparing the results with official projections. The study concludes, first, that consumers’ respond to price and income changes is quite limited and therefore there is a need for economic regulation in Turkish electricity market; and second, that the current official electricity demand projections highly overestimate the electricity demand, which may endanger the development of both a coherent energy policy in general and a healthy electricity market in particular.
The increase in negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment has forced many countries, especially the developed ones, to use renewable energy sources. Currently the fastest developing energy source technology is wind energy. Because wind energy is renewable and environment friendly, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Wind energy is an alternative clear energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the lower layer of atmosphere. Because wind energy will be used more and more in the future, its current potential, usage, and assessment in Turkey is the focus of this study.
Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources (oil, gas and coal) that place a big burden on the economy. Air pollution is also becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's renewable sources are the second largest source for energy production after coal. About two-thirds of the renewable energy produced is obtained from bioenergy, which is used to meet a variety of energy needs, including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. The amount of usable bioenergy potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. This article not only presents a review of the potential and utilization of the bioenergy in Turkey but also provides some guidelines for policy makers.
The Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in the most important segments of her energy market; which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical restructuring of these industries. However, there is no consensus that the measures introduced are optimal. The present article attempts, first, to evaluate the regulatory framework created by the laws of 2001 in terms of economic efficiency considerations; and second, to determine what still needs to be done to improve the current situation. The paper not only provides an analysis of these reforms but also lists some policy suggestions. The study concludes that despite relatively good legislative framework, in practice, the reforms in Turkey are far from ideal as they are mainly in the form of “textbook reforms”; and therefore a significant amount of work still lies ahead of Turkey to set up a fully fledged energy market.
Turkey, with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing power markets of the world for the last two decades. It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will be 300 billion kWh by the year 2010 and 580 billion kWh by the year 2020. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.
Achieving sustainable development is a target that is now widely seen as important to worldwide public opinion. In this regard, the utilization of renewable energy resources, such as solar, geothermal, and wind energy, appears to be one of the most efficient and effective ways in achieving this target. Recently, wind power as a potential energy has grown at an impressive rate in Turkey.This paper reviews the development of wind energy in the country as of the end of October 2003, including its history, studies conducted on wind energy, restructuring of the Turkish electricity market and wind energy applications.Turkey’s total theoretically available potential for wind power may be around 88,000 MW annually, with particularly attractive areas for wind located along Turkey’s west coast and in southeastern Anatolia. Electricity generation through wind energy for general use was first realized in Izmir, Turkey in 1986 with a 55 kW nominal wind energy capacity. However, the utilization of wind energy in Turkey has increased since 1998 when the first wind power plant with a total capacity of 1.5 MW was installed. Up to date, three wind power plants were installed with a total capacity of 18.9 MW, while a wind power plant with a total capacity of 1.2 MW will be commissioned in November 2003.Present applications have shown that wind energy in Turkey is a promising alternative and the strong development of wind energy is expected to continue in the coming years following restructuring of the Turkish electricity market.
To meet Turkey’s growing energy demand, the installed electric power capacity of 27.8 GW in 2001 has to be doubled by 2010 and increased fourfold by 2020. The difference between Turkey’s total primary energy supply (TPES) of from its own sources and total final consumption (TFC) is projected grow from 1 quad (1.06–2.06) in 1999 to 5.71 quads (2.79–8.5) in 2020 (1 quad=293.071 TWh). Turkey’s limited amount of fossil fuels has a present average ratio of proved reserves of 97.38 quads to production rate of 3.2 quads yr−1 of about 30 years. Turkey’s reliance on fossil fuel-based energy systems to meet the growing demand is most likely to exacerbate the issues of energy insecurity, national environmental degradation, and global climate change in increasing proportions. Economically-feasible renewable energy potential in Turkey is estimated at a total of ca. 1.69 quads yr−1 (495.4 TWh yr−1) with the potential for 0.67 quads yr−1 (196.7 TWh yr−1) of biomass energy, 0.42 quads yr−1 (124 TWh yr−1) of hydropower, 0.35 quads yr−1 (102.3 TWh yr−1) of solar energy, 0.17 quads yr−1 (50 TWh yr−1) of wind energy, and 0.08 quads yr−1 (22.4 TWh yr−1) of geothermal energy. Pursuit and implementation of sustainability-based energy policy could provide about 90 and 35% of Turkey’s total energy supply and consumption projected in 2010, respectively. Utilization of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation would necessitate about 23.2 Mha (29.8%) of Turkey’s land resources.
1367 5.1. Benefits of wind energy use
- .................................................................................................................................................................... Evaluation
Evaluation of wind energy use..................................................................................... 1367 5.1. Benefits of wind energy use.................................................................................. 1367
1362 3. Current status of wind energy
- .................................................................................................................................................... Key
Key indicators of Turkish economy and energy sector.................................................................. 1362 3. Current status of wind energy..................................................................................... 1363
1369 6. Guidelines for policy makers
- .................................................................................................................................................................. Environmental
Environmental impacts.............................................................................. 1369 6. Guidelines for policy makers....................................................................................... 1369
The World Factbook Accessed from http://www.cia.gov on 26
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2007. The World Factbook. Accessed
from http://www.cia.gov on 26.12.2007 at 15:56.