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Energy situation and renewables in Turkey and environmental effects of energy use
Abstract
The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. In this regard, the objective of this paper is to present a review of the energy situation, technical and economical potential and utilization of renewables, including hydraulic energy, biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy, in Turkey and then concerned with greenhouse gas emissions status, especially in air pollution, and environmental impacts of renewable energy sources. The renewable energy potential of the country, their present utilization, and greenhouse gas emissions status are evaluated based on the available data. The present paper shows that there is an important potential for renewables in Turkey and making use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources to provide energy services to the electricity consumers can provide significant environmental benefits for Turkey.
... It is commonly accepted that energy is necessary in order to improve the quality of life by providing basic needs such as heat, light, and power for entertainment devices and labor-saving appliances (Akpinar et al., 2008). In 2000, the main energy consumption on the earth was fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal with their 86% ...
... Renewable energy is becoming more popular around the world, because it minimizes the effect of fossil fuels, which cause greenhouse gas emissions (Ozgur, 2008). In addition, since fossil fuel sources are limited, human being will be forced to find ways of utilizing RES in the future (Akpinar et al., 2008). ...
... Turkey is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of geothermal potential. It is in the first place among the European countries, and seventh in the world (Akpinar et al., 2008). Over the past two decades, among the RES, Turkey has allocated the highest level of funding to geothermal energy (IEA, 2006). ...
Many countries around the world integrated Renewable Energy Systems (RES) in their
future energy plans in order to reduce negative impacts of fossil fuel consumption on
the environment. However, RES may as well cause various environmental problems
which are mostly related with the geographic locations of these facilities. The aim of this
thesis is to create a Geographic Information System-based methodology for evaluating
alternative locations for wind, solar and hybrid power plants by using fuzzy multi-criteria
decision making. Environmental objectives and economical feasibility criteria for wind
and solar systems are identified through Turkish legislations, previous studies, and
interviews with General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development. Individual satisfaction degrees for each alternative location with respect
to the identified environmental objectives and economical feasibility criteria are
calculated using fuzzy set theory tools. Then these individual satisfaction degrees are
aggregated into overall performance indexes which are used to determine priority maps
for wind and solar energy generation facilities. Finally, maps of priority sites for wind
and solar energy systems are overlaid to identify suitable locations for hybrid wind-solar
energy systems. The proposed methodology is applied on a case study area composed
of Uşak, Aydın, Denizli, Muğla, and Burdur provinces.
... Global warming and climate change poses an unprecedented threat to all human beings. Also, there are many studies in literature on negative effects of fossil fuels for our environment [3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... In addition, Yuksel [14] supported that delivering sustainability demands that this access and security of supply should be provided, while avoiding environmental impacts, which would compromise future social and economic development. Akpinar et al. [15] noted that clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life. Dincer [5] outlined that renewable energy is a sustainable and clean source of energy derived from nature. ...
... Kuperman et al. [19] wrote that photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the best ways to harvest the solar energy, since PV panels are strong and simple in design, require very little maintenance, and capable of giving outputs from microwatts to megawatts. There is a common consensus for solar energy which is the best way to generate electricity according to the many studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. As known, solar energy has lots of advantages such as environment friendly, cost effective, clean, free, and nondepleting source. ...
This paper presents a review study on the effects of sun tracking and cooling systems. So far, many studies (and case studies too) have been analyzed and evaluated in the literature. Existing studies show that sun tracking system is significantly affecting energy generation capacity of photovoltaic panel. Other effecting parameter is the cooling system which has small effect on PV panel power generation but this totally depends on the location of installation system. Crown Copyright
... While 67.43% of these enterprises make animal and vegetable production, 1.77% of them only makes animal production. So, in Turkey, approximately 70% of agricultural livestock enterprises are operating in [5]. According to the Turkish statistical institute (TUIK) in Turkey, raising the number of animals is given in Table 2 [6]. ...
... Similar works that were carried out in this area indicate 3302.85 million m 3 gross biogas potential and 2350 ktoe (ton petroleum equivalent) from animal wastes in Turkey [5,7]. ...
... The number of agricultural holdings of Turkey[5]. ...
... Environmental degradation with the associated health and social impacts has even further pushed this energy transition [2]. While the topic of energy security has been prominent for some time, it is now viewed as a part of sustainable energy development, which can involve actions such as diversifying energy sources with an emphasis on domestic and renewable resources [8]. None of this is achievable without the necessary political will and policy changes to push a transformation of current energy practices [2]. ...
... Energy pricing can be a valuable tool to incentivize both sustainable energy consumption and a transition in energy generation [39,44,64]. Changing energy pricing by removing fossil-fuel subsidies and internalizing the real costs of energy promotes a transition towards environmentally-friendly energy and increased energy savings [1,2,8,30,39,44,62,66,81]. The necessity of changing current energy pricing was recognized as early as 1992 in Agenda 21; "Without the stimulus of prices and market signals that make clear to producers and consumers the environmental costs of the consumption of energy, materials and natural resources and the generation of wastes, significant changes in consumption and production patterns seem unlikely to occur in the near future" [36]. ...
Sustainable energy development is a complex multi-dimensional concept that can vary in meaning based on the context it is applied in and the perspective of the user. The role of energy in achieving sustainable development was recognized when the concept was first put forward in 1987. However, what that role consisted of was not made clear. Since then, the concept of sustainable energy development has developed to become a prominent policy objective on the international agenda, as evidenced by the introduction of the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 7 on energy. This paper presents an overview of the history of the concept as well as its emerging themes. Through a citation analysis, the most cited open-access publications relevant to the concept were identified. A thematic analysis of these most cited publications led to the identification of four interrelated themes of sustainable energy development; access to affordable modern energy services, sustainable energy supply, sustainable energy consumption, and energy security. The overarching goal of sustainable energy development was defined as furthering sustainability. Equitable access to affordable and reliable modern energy services is integral to sustainable development. A transformation of the current energy system is necessary to reduce its harmful impacts, both on the supply and demand side. This transformation is not possible unless it is economically viable through, for instance, cost-competitive technologies and changes in energy pricing to reflect the external costs of energy.
... The term biomass refers to all organic material from plant species that capture and store solar energy, producing photosynthesis. Biomass energy, or bioenergy, is the conversion of biomass into useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and liquid fuels (Akpinar et al., 2008). ...
... In India, 70% of energy consumption for cooking food comes from this biomass, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of India -MNRE (2009) and Abbasi and Abbasi (2010). In rural areas of Turkey, firewood is the fifth largest energy source, and its fuel consumption average amounts to 0.75 m 3 man -1 year -1 (Akpinar et al., 2008). According to the same author, there is a shortage of this input for domestic use as a result of indiscriminate deforestation, slow forest regeneration in the country and increasing population pressure. ...
The objective of this study was to assess the energy value of waste timber in the form of sawdust. Two types of wood: Araucari (Araucaria angustifolia) and Pinus were evaluated with no defined species (Pinus sp). The sawdust was collected from a timber that receives wood from reforestation of these species in Southwestern Paraná, Brazil. The material collected was evaluated with a calorimeter bomb to determine the gross and net calorific value. The main results obtained led to the conclusion that the sawdust of A. angustifolia showed gross calorific value of 17.32 MJ.kg-1 and net of 17.00 MJ.Kg-1, respectively, and Pinus sp. gross calorific value of 17.23 and net of 16.91 MJ.Kg-1, respectively.
... The high level of dependence on imported petroleum and natural gas is the dominant factor in Turkey's pattern of energy consumption. Turkey's primary energy sources include hydropower, geothermal, lignite, hard coal, oil, natural gas, wood, animal and plant waste, solar and wind energy [9,10]. Table 1 shows Turkey's primary energy production and consumption in 2005 and 2006. ...
... Environmental impacts as source type[9,30]. ...
Present study consists the growth of a bar profile caused by cross-shore sediment transport. This is especially on growth of bar volume (V) toward equilibrium bar volume (Veq). Three analysis methods being a power and linear regression analysis (PRA and LRA) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis were performed to determine empirical temporal rate coefficient (α). Forty-two experimental data were used for training set and the rest of the experimental data were used for testing set in the ANN analysis. As the results of analyses, the smallest average relative and root mean square error (RMSE) computed for the ANN methods are 7.578% and 0.029, respectively. It has been obtained that the ANN analysis, which is used for determination of α coefficient, gives reasonable results. Finally, bar volumes were calculated by means of computed α values and compared with the results of experimental data.
... Additionally, it is globally recognized that energy demand is increasing, and fossil fuel resources are depleting, necessitating a shift towards sustainable energy [45]. Energy security focuses on internal and renewable resources and, moreover, on diversification as a condition of sustainable development [46]. ...
The paradigm of sustainable energy is gaining ground at the historical juncture of the present worldwide push for sustainable development. This is being driven by the latest technological advancements and by a maturing process of public policy evolution toward support for a sustainable energy transition. This paper analyzes, with the support of bibliometric analysis, the specialized literature in order to capture the main themes of interest, as well as their evolution, thus offering a panoramic view of research trends and the significance of implementing correct environmental measures and policies. Covering the period from 1991 to 2024, our exploration filters 2990 articles from the Web of Science database using a query that intersects “sustainable energy”, “renewable energy”, and “sustainable development”, with a nuanced consideration of the political landscape that shapes these domains. Using the advanced capabilities of the R program, the methodology employed facilitates a nuanced workflow of extraction and analysis, allowing for a detailed examination of the proliferation of research over the decades. This paper provides significant results, demonstrating the increasing impact of research through international collaborations, the importance of high-impact journals on sustainability policies, and the growing focus on “renewable energy” and “CO2 emissions”. The analysis of the relevance of term groups in environmental policy development and the correlation between economic growth and CO2 emissions confirms emerging trends. Furthermore, critical directions for future research and the necessity for formulating and implementing coherent sustainability policies are highlighted.
... For instance, the geographical map for the distribution of wind energy in Turkey, the annual wind speed in the Marmara district exceeds 4 m/s, however, in the middle of the Turkey, this value is decreasing to 2 m/s. To this aim, İstanbul /Turkey is selected among the best suitable regions in Turkey for wind energy generation [14] . The case building is chosen as a building in Istanbul, situated in the Northwest of Turkey (latitude 41° 00 N, longitude 29° 00 E), according to Köppen's climate classification, Istanbul has Csa type (temperature) climate zone [15] , (Figure 3). ...
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is one type of wind machines, which is used nowadays to produce electricity. On the other hand, the VAWTs continue to evolve, driven by ongoing research, technological innovation, and the growing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. In terms of global sustainability, buildings prove to be major energy consumers. Even as technology advances to construct environmentally friendly buildings, various buildings are still contributors with high energy consumption. Novel systems are required to decrease energy consumption of today buildings. To this aim, this study offers an active solution by a renewable energy source in order to decrease energy consumption of an existing building. The novelty of the paper is designing three blades IceWind Turbine with arc angle of 112 degrees and an aspect ratio of 0.38 and integrating them to an existing building. A case building, occupied by a guard and used as a headquarters by soldiers on guard duty, in İstanbul Airport/Turkey is selected and 40 small-scale IceWind Turbines are integrated into the building via a dynamic building energy simulation tool and the results showed that total energy consumption of the case building is decreased by 9.3%. The outcome of this paper depicts that different design of the small-scale vertical wind turbines could be integrated to the building with higher energy saving potential.
... With the issue of energy security on the world's agenda for a while, actions such as the importance of domestic and renewable resources and the diversification of their resources have become important parts of the development of SE as well as SE [32]. Nevertheless, within the last two decades, the issue of sustainability has gone beyond energy security due to growing concerns about the GHG impact, global warming, loss of biodiversity, gradual increase in pollutants, and deterioration of human health [33]. ...
Purpose: To systematically present the publication trends related to sustainable energy, which is an interdisciplinary concept. Design/methodology/approach: This study performed bibliometric analysis to investigate sustainable energy research between 1980 and 2022 using a sample of 1498 research papers from the Web of Science (WoS) databases, with only published articles on sustainable energy. Findings: A bibliometric analysis reveals trends in sustainable energy research publications, showing sustainable energy as an emerging topic and trends in sustainability and energy research. However, it seems that sustainable energy is still a niche area of study. Within the scope of the study, 2857 publications were included in the analysis. Of the publications included in the analysis, 1498 are articles and 1089 are other publication types. As a result of the analysis, the number of articles on the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement has significantly increased since 2015. In 2022, the highest number was reached. It is seen that this finding is related to energy supply security and the reflections of geopolitical risks on it. The keyword "sustainable energy" stands out as the most frequently used keyword. Research limitations/implications: This research analysis is based on data from the Web of Science database only; there will be some shortcomings in the findings. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the field by exploring current developments in the field of sustainable energy, highlighting current gaps in the literature, and recommending future research in this field. The fact that the keywords "sustainable energy", "renewable energy", "sustainability", and "sustainable development" are frequently included in the literature shows that interdisciplinary academic studies in these fields are of great importance.
... Soon, significant roles will be played by biogas technology in the production of green power. This is because the technology offers opportunities to influence the production of more modernised energy systems, where digesters are designed to meet consumers' needs and maximise their adaptability [60]. The technology also offers a positive position in the economy, whereby diversity in power generation and energy competition can be attained in the country [57]. ...
– South Africa’s reliance on fossil fuel to meet its energy demands is well documented. However, there are concerns associated with fossil fuel, especially the fact that it leads to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. These shortcomings have influenced the government to consider renewable energy options. For example, the application of biogas technology as an alternative source of energy has the potential to fill societal energy gap. Due to the wide-scale availability of biodegradable organic waste that abounds in the country, biogas is considered as a feasible energy source to form part of the country energy mix. Based on the calculated annual potential for electricity production of 189 684 MWh/a and 609 205 MWh/a from fruit waste and cattle liquid manure, respectively, the technology has proven to be dependable and feasible in providing energy in South Africa, where electricity problems thrive, resulting in load shedding. This article aimed at highlighting the potential of biogas technology in South Africa, by overviewing the prospects and bottlenecks of the technology.
... Therefore, use of project management methods for implementing CSR could alleviate some of the management obstacles, subsequently contributing to SMEs' capacity development and integration of CSR with their companies' goals. (Akpınar, Kömürcü, Kankal, Özölçer, & Kaygusuz, 2008). Project management and CSR are therefore considered to share mutual dependencies in relation to strategic alignment as well as reciprocal benefits deriving from their combined management implementation. ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an increasingly influential concept, claimed to be implemented more in the West than in the Gulf Cooperation Community (GCC) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where CSR is often portrayed as less developed and mainly philanthropic. The research reported in this paper investigates capacity building for CSR in organizations and examines the research question as to whether the project management of CSR can contribute to increasing levels of awareness, engagement, and implementation. The empirical study therefore examines the management of CSR through projects and consists of data analysed from 29 interviews conducted during 2011–2016 with CSR representatives for organizations operating in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which is a member of the GCC, located in the MENA region, and categorized as a more economically developed country.
The findings reveal evidence supporting the argument that organizations with capabilities in the project management of CSR are in the position to develop capacities for strategic CSR. This empirical analysis of CSR capacity development across varying degrees of sophistication in the project management of CSR activities implies a more developed stage of CSR engagement, at least in the sample of organizations studied, than is expressed in the extant literature on CSR in the UAE, and elsewhere in the MENA region. The use of project management to organize, implement, align, and monitor CSR activity supports capacity development in CSR and can contribute to its sustainability. We recommend that future research examines the political, business, and institutional factors that could further develop CSR in organizations when managed through projects.
... An immediate response or primary control refers to a loss in power that needs to be countered in a matter of seconds before its effect is felt by the consumers while a longer lasting situation requires secondary control which employs mechanisms like the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) that is designed to kick in if the interruption in power delivery is not abated in about 10 -15 minutes. Prediction of a drop in power production by one energy source helps system operators to structure the hybrid model to begin firing up back up power well in advance (Adem et al., 2008). ...
In Nigeria, access to reliable and stable supply of electricity is a major challenge for both the urban and rural dwellers. In this study, comprehensive review of accessibility to clean and modern energy in Nigeria has been carried out. Also, this paper examines the potential of renewable energy (RE) resources in Nigeria that can be harnessed for continuous energy supply and the government’s efforts to ensure RE‘s sustainability. Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources but the existing electric energy infrastructures are unable to meet the energy demands of teeming population. There is imbalance in energy supply and demand in the country. Over the period from 2000 to 2014, there was an average of about 2.35 billion kWh of energy gap between energy production and energy consumption. The highest electricity consumption per capita recorded so far was 156 kWh in 2012. This makes Nigeria one of the country with the lowest electricity consumption on per capita basis in the world. In order to improve access to clean energy supply and achieve sustainable development, this paper pin points the significance of decentralized renewable energy systems and needs for the government to review the policies on renewable energy development in the country.
... An immediate response or primary control refers to a loss in power that needs to be countered in a matter of seconds before its effect is felt by the consumers while a longer lasting situation requires secondary control which employs mechanisms like the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) that is designed to kick in if the interruption in power delivery is not abated in about 10 -15 minutes. Prediction of a drop in power production by one energy source helps system operators to structure the hybrid model to begin firing up back up power well in advance (Adem et al., 2008). ...
In Nigeria, access to reliable and stable supply of electricity is a major challenge for both the urban and rural dwellers. In this study, comprehensive review of accessibility to clean and modern energy in Nigeria has been carried out. Also, this paper examines the potential of renewable energy (RE) resources in Nigeria that can be harnessed for continuous energy supply and the government's efforts to ensure RE's sustainability. Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources but the existing electric energy infrastructures are unable to meet the energy demands of teeming population. There is imbalance in energy supply and demand in the country. Over the period from 2000 to 2014, there was an average of about 2.35 billion kWh of energy gap between energy production and energy consumption. The highest electricity consumption per capita recorded so far was 156 kWh in 2012. This makes Nigeria one of the country with the lowest electricity consumption on per capita basis in the world. In order to improve access to clean energy supply and achieve sustainable development, this paper pin points the significance of decentralized renewable energy systems and needs for the government to review the policies on renewable energy development in the country.
... With regards to energy, it is apparent that with time, renewable sources will stimulate a more important role than the conventional sources of energy [49]. In the future, biogas energy will play a significant role in producing green power in the world because it offers opportunities to influence more reorganized systems of electricity production where a plant is designed to meet the needs of the consumers, preventing transmission failures and maximizing adaptability in system use [50]. It also proffers the favourable circumstances to increase power generation diversity and competition in energy generation within the economy [46]. ...
One of the fundamental aspects of any economy is the availability and provision of sustainable energy. This is because it forms the central part of social, environmental and economic challenges in any country. Most governments worldwide, are now considering locally accessible, available, and renewable substitute energy options to address the concerns of emissions of greenhouse gases, climate change impacts and the necessity for the provision of cleaner energy. Reliance on fossil fuels for energy provisions is well documented. South Africa thus depends largely on coal as the core energy source contributing about 77%, with 92% production of the total coal consumed on the continent. Biogas, as an alternative is a renewable and sustainable energy source that can offer green energy. Biogas has proven to be a promising, realistic and feasible technology in providing clean and reliable energy. This paper, therefore, aims at presenting the potentials and status of biogas utilization, the technological associated benefits, future prospects and lingering challenges in South Africa.
... Biomass concerns any organic material obtained from plant species, which capture and store solar energy through photosynthesis that can be converted into useful forms of energy, such as heat, electricity and liquid fuels (AKPINAR et al., 2008). Among renewable energy sources, forest biomass stands out. ...
This research aimed to characterize the energetic potential of chips of biomass residues from timber harvesting, stored outdoors in the field and indoors in the industry throughout different storage times, in order to improve the potential of the materials for energy generation. The study was performed in operational areas of a forestry company located in the Northeast region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in a Pinus taeda stand. Chips stored in the different storage types were evaluated at the times of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days, according to the following physical and chemical parameters: moisture content, calorific value, and ash content. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and to the Tukey's post hoc means comparison test at 95% of probability. The results showed that the lowest moisture content was obtained in chips stored indoors for 60 days, whereas for chips stored outdoors the lowest moisture content occurred at 30 days. The chips stored outdoors for 30 days showed a higher calorific value of 4,792 Kcal.Kg⁻¹, whereas chips stored indoors for 60 days had calorific value equivalent to the other storage times, 4,706 Kcal.Kg⁻¹. Regarding the ash content, the best storage time for chips stored outdoors was 30 days, presenting an average ash content of 0.9%. Meanwhile, in the indoors storage, the ash content of the chips remained at low levels throughout the evaluated period. The indoor chip storage has proven to be the best option for use of biomass residues from timber harvesting for energy purposes.
... To get the energy needed for the production of 'clean' ethanol, huge quantities of bagasse are used as fuel in Brazil contributing substantially to GHG emissions. Even the optimists among the proponents of renewable energy sources (for example [151,152]) acknowledge the serious environmental pollution hazards associated with biomass utilization as an energy source. Broadly the impacts of thermal conversion technologies are: ...
Biomass is the first-ever fuel used by humankind and is also the fuel which was the mainstay of the global fuel economy till the middle of the 18th century. Then fossil fuels took over because fossil fuels were not only more abundant and denser in their energy content, but also generated less pollution when burnt, in comparison to biomass. In recent years there is a resurgence of interest in biomass energy because biomass is perceived as a carbon-neutral source of energy unlike net carbon-emitting fossil fuels of which copious use has led to global warming and ocean acidification.The paper takes stock of the various sources of biomass and the possible ways in which it can be utilized for generating energy. It then examines the environmental impacts, including impact vis a vis greenhouse gas emissions, of different biomass energy generation–utilization options.
... The other energy resources on the earth are nuclear energy and renewables. Fossil fuels and nuclear energy sources are limited [1]. Due to population growth, industrialization and technological developments, the energy demand of the world is increasing dramatically. ...
The energy demand of the world is increasing in relation to the world's population growth and industrialization. Thus efficient solutions for the shortage of natural energy are becoming compulsory. Natural energy resources are still being used commonly all over the world. Due to the shortage of such energy resources and their negative impacts on the environment, solutions for these alarming issues have been considered by scientists, especially environmentalist. Owing to their environmentally friendly attributes and availability, renewable energy resources are considered as alternatives to natural energy resources. Several countries are attracted by the prospect of renewable energy, and prepare their energy strategies with consideration to renewable energy resources. Turkey is a coal-dependant country comprising approximately 2% of world's coal consumption. Coal is a fossil fuel facing great shortages. As such, Turkey tended to renewable energy in recent years. In this research, the renewable energy efficiency prospects in Turkey were studied. An outlook of the energy situation in the country within the frame of solar and wind energy was provided, and a case study to determine wind energy efficiency in Eskisehir was examined. The objective of the study is finding solutions for energy shortages. Geographic Information System (GIS), which is a computer system to solve spatial related problems, was used in this study and multi-criteria site selection was utilized for the methodology. It is understood that GIS may be an efficient solution to energy-related problems.
... To achieve sustainable energy development in Turkey, the efficiency of conventional energy generation must be enhanced, and the proportion of renewable energy sources in the total energy budget must be increased. 2 A secure supply of energy resources is necessary but not sufficient for societal development. Furthermore, sustainable development demands a sustainable supply of energy resources. ...
This study investigates the sustainable development of hydropower in Turkey, focusing on development of Çoruh River. Çoruh Basin, which has magnificent dams, is one of the five largest basins in Turkey and represents 5.2% of the national gross hydropower potential (433 GWh/year). When all currently planned projects in Çoruh Basin are completed, the hydropower potential will reach 13,315 GWh/year, corresponding to 58.8% of the gross potential in Çoruh River and 5.12% of the annual electric energy production of Turkey in 2015.
... energy resources (coal, petroleum and natural gas) on one hand results in serious environmental pollution problems, and on the other hand faces with the danger of exhaustion. In order to have a sustainable development in Turkey, it must be enhanced the efficiency of the conventional energy generation and increased the proportion of renewable energy sources in the total energy budget (Akpinar et al., 2008). ...
This study focuses on the water resources development of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, located in the GAP, have the largest flow volume of 16.9% and 11.4% of Turkey’s average annually runoff (186 billion m3), respectively. While the Euphrates represents over 19.4% of the national gross hydropower potential (433 GWh/year), the Tigris correspond to 11.2% of this potential. 20,523 GWh/year of hydropower potential in the GAP is in operation. When all projects of the GAP in planning are completed, the total hydropower potential reaches a level of 27,419 GWh/year. This value corresponds to 10.9% of the annual electric energy production of Turkey in 2014 (251.96 GWh). There is also irrigable land of 1.06 million ha in the GAP, and now roughly 33.7%, 357,241 ha, of which have been irrigated.
... Buildings 2016, 6, 21 2 of 20 80% of the total primary energy supply in Turkey [7]. Within this composition, 99% of total gas demand, 93% of oil, and 55% of coal were imported from various countries [8]. ...
Offices and retail spaces are among the most energy-intensive building typologies. Designing office buildings without proper consideration of their form, orientation, envelope, and other variables can lead to a considerable increase in energy usage. This research investigates how integrated usage of an atrium and courtyard can improve a building's energy performance. Thermal performance of both atrium and courtyard spaces as well as their energy-efficient integrated usage in office buildings have been investigated within the scope of this research. DesignBuilder as an interface and EnergyPlus (based on ASHRAE, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) as analytical software have been used to investigate the thermal behavior of an atrium and courtyard in two stages. From the results it appeared that a courtyard with 40% window-to-wall ratio and triple glazing has the best energy performance, while those with single glazing and an 80% window-to-wall ratio represent maximum energy consumption in all climates. The findings also revealed that the integrated usage of a courtyard and atrium can save energy if it is used as a courtyard type of building during summer in all climates and if it is used as an atrium in the cold months. This research is original and will contribute to the literature, as it investigates the integrated usage of an atrium and courtyard with respect to energy efficiency. This research is expected to be beneficial to professionals and academics, especially with respect to the energy-efficient use of courtyards, atria, and their integrated modes. Furthermore, the findings can contribute to the sustainability performance of the built environment through an integrated atrium-courtyard building, resulting in minimal energy consumption.
... The higher heating value of hazelnut shell is 19.2 MJ/kg and its calorific value is equivalent to about 1.9 Â 10 6 kWh [62]. Classic biomass is obtained from conventional sources and methods [64][65][66][67][68][69]. Modern biomass is obtained in sustainable manner from renewable sources. ...
... Water carrying heat to earth surface has sometimes sanative effects. For generation of electricity, hot water temperatures over 130 o C are required [20].Over the world, 58 countries were identified as they utilized geothermal energy and geothermal resources were highlighted totally in 80 countries [21]. ...
Energy is a must of humankind anda stimulant for economic capacity, social progress. Turkeyacts as a connection between Asia and Europe, located at cross roads of energy transfer lines and it has three long coast bordering Black, Mediterranean and Aegean seas. The country is a net energy importerat a rate ofaround 70% of the total energy consumption. Turkey’s 2023 goal is to become the 13th big economy in the world. In this paper, recent developments, applications and policies of renewable energy in Turkey have been explained and renewable energy potentials of solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and geothermal energy are presented. Energy policy of Turkey is to reduce dependency to external energy sources by diversifying renewable energy usage.In addition, increase in negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment has forced many countries, including Turkey, to use renewable energy sources. Turkish Government has put into applications new laws since 2001. For example, according to the 5346 numbered Renewable Energy Law and related regulations, a guarantee of purchase changing between 7-15 years with respect to the produced kWh electricity amounts of renewable energy sources have been given. Governmental incentives are determined according to the national production ratios of the power plants. For instance, these incentives are changing between 7.3-9.6 $cent/kWh for hydraulic energy, 7.3-11 $cent/kWh for wind energy, 10.5-13.2 $cent/kWh for geothermal energy, 13.3-18.9 $cent/kWh for biomass energy and 13.3-20 $cent/kWh for concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is believed and proven that Turkey has been one of the fast growing markets and manufacture centers of the world, recently. In respect of end users and investors, renewable energy seems to be an effective alternative for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey due to its geographical advantages.Turkey expects an investment of 40 billion in renewable energy sector by 2020.In this paper, developments, applications and policies concerning with renewable energy in Turkey have been explained by means of a review process of therecent publications.
Keywords: Energy regulations, Renewable energy, Energy policies of Turkey, Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Biomass.
... Ozgener and Hepbasli [42] 2 Journal of Energy presented future directions of wind energy applications in Turkey. Many authors have researched the status, potential, utilization, environmental pollution, and future perspectives of renewable energy sourches, for example, Evrendilek and Ertekin [43], Ocak et al. [44], Yüksel [45], Ogulata [46], Keleş and Bilgen [47], Ç apik et al. [48], Yuksel and Kaygusuz [49], Volkan and Ediger [50], Kaya [51], Kaygusuz and Sari [52], and Akpinar et al. [53]. In addition, Kenisarin et al. [54] has discussed wind power engineering in the world and its development in Turkey. ...
Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this century. As wind energy is an alternative clean energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the atmosphere, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Turkey’s domestic fossil fuel resources are extremely limited. In addition, Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of wind power. In this context, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Among the renewable sources, Turkey has very high wind energy potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Turkey theoretically has 166 TWh a year of wind potential. However the installed wind power capacity is approximately 14% of total economical wind potential. In this study, Turkey’s installed electric power capacity and electric energy production are investigated and also the current situation of wind energy in Turkey is examined. The wind data used in this study were taken from Turkish Wind Energy Association (TUREB) for the year 2012. This paper reviews the assessment of wind energy in Turkey as of the end of July 2012 including wind energy applications.
... Small hydro dams are quite small and usually just a little weir. Since they do not store the water, they do not have adverse effect on the local environment like large hydropower [38,40]. Topographical and hydrological conditions of the region are advantageous to establish a numbers of small hydropower plants. ...
Nowadays, with all the climate change problems that we face worldwide, engineers from different specialists work together towards Sustainability and finding solutions, and investigating its environmental impact thoroughly. Architectural, Chemical, environmental, civil engineers have always been closely linked in designing and constructing buildings. Geothermal energy is a local, resilient, reliable, ecologically benign, and sustainable form of the renewable energy system. This type of natural energy could be generated from the earth’s heat and takes a variety of purposes, including building heating and cooling, electricity generation, supplying warm/cold water for agricultural products in greenhouses, as well as balneological usage. Furthermore, geothermal energy isn’t affected by weather and could provide electricity and heat nearly constantly through the year. This study intends to investigate the opportunity of using geothermal energy in Iraq under the ground represents one of the sustainable energy resources we can use it will be a significant environmental benefit in our housing in air conditioning applications. This review gives a summary of geothermal energy systems in general. Topics addressed include: an introduction to the environments and the energy, also their relationship, a geothermal energy history brief, an overview of geothermal energy systems throughout the world and also through Iraq, and an overview of geothermal systems environmental impacts as well as the environmental impact of Sustainable buildings architecture design, are just a few of the topics covered. Hence, the achieved conclusions of this review can make changes towards sustainable environmental design.
Kıyılar, zamana bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösteren dinamik ortamlardır. Özellikle içinde bulunduğumuz dönemde kıyı çizgilerinde yaşanan değişimler sıklıkla antropojenik aktiviteye bağlı olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Karadeniz Havzası’nın kıyıdaş ülkesi olan Türkiye, gerek kendi sınırları içerisinden gerekse sınıraşan sular ile Karadeniz’e dökülen birçok akarsuyun kaynağı konumundadır. Söz konusu akarsu ağızlarında oldukça büyük deltalar yayılım göstermektedir. Bu çalışmaya konu olan Çoruh Deltası, Türkiye ve Gürcistan arasında sınıraşan bir akarsu tarafından taşınan sedimanlar ile oluşmuştur. 2000’li yılların başından itibaren Türkiye sınırları içinde yer alan havza alanında Baraj ve HES yapım çalışmaları hız kazanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Çoruh Nehri tarafından taşınan sediman miktarı doğal olarak azalma trendine girmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Çoruh Deltası’ndaki olası kıyı çizgisi değişikliğinin ortaya çıkartılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada 1984, 1991, 2005 ve 2019 yıllarına ait Landsat uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Uydu görüntülerinden itibaren elde edilen kıyı çizgileri bir arada değerlendirilerek, değişimin izleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, akarsu ağzının sol sahilinde baskın bir aşınma faaliyetinin, sağ sahilde ise aşınma ve biriktirme faaliyetlerinin bir arada geliştiği tespit edilmiştir. Deltadaki net alansal kayıp 63 ha olarak hesaplanmıştır. 1984 – 2019 arasında delta kıyı çizgisinde kara yönünde maksimum 238 m’ye varan gerileme tespit edilmiştir.
The primary energy resources of Turkey are quite limited; therefore Turkey has to develop her water power potential, a renewable and clean energy resource, to produce electrical energy. The hydroelectric energy production of Turkey was barely 1 TWh/y in 1960; the production capacity increased to around 75 TWh/y in 2017. The economically feasible hydroelectric potential of Turkey is in the order of 150 TWh/y. Turkey anticipates to harness the remaining part of this potential, so that several hundreds of major hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) have still to be constructed in the near future. The discharge rates of the water courses in Turkey show significant seasonal variations as well as large annual fluctuations; hence, the discharge regulation by means of large reservoirs, created by dams, becomes a necessity. The additional evaporation from the reservoirs of the dams should not be regarded as an unnecessary loss, but has to be conceived as an in-kind operational cost. Hydroelectric schemes, especially those associated with dams, are the most versatile power plant types to cover the peak power demands. The reservoirs of dams serve often, directly or indirectly, to mitigate the floods. They may also serve to regulate the discharges for irrigation purposes in the context of multipurpose projects. Nevertheless, any hydraulic scheme is an intervention to the nature, and special care should be given not to unnecessarily harm the people and the environment, during the construction as well as the operation stages of water power schemes. The harnessing of water power in Turkey is primarily based on hydroelectric plants associated with large dams and on high-head diversion plants. Embankment dams dominate as dam type, but interesting concrete dams do also exist. The water power plant at the toe of Ataturk dam, with 2400 MW capacity, is the largest hydroelectric scheme in Turkey.
Human Development Index (HDI) is the scale of measurement for development in a society or a nation. This index is the algebraic sum of three indices namely educational level, life expectancy and income level. Energy consumption pattern plays a vital role in the enhancement of HDI value. Maximum people in rural India are involved in agricultural activities and as a result agriculture becomes the backbone of rural economy. Agricultural sectors like irrigation, crop cultivation, crop processing and crop transportation needs energy. The fossil fuel operated auto rickshaws are emitting green house gases(GHG)to the local ambience that have detrimental impact on ecological system and is very sensitive to the fossil fuel quality and price. To reduce the ecological and economical load the battery operated vehicles (BoVs), entitled TOTOs have emerged in rural transport sector. Five years detail studies were conducted on Autos and TOTOs to study their impact on rural economy and empowerment. Results of studies showed that the growths of TOTOs are exponential in nature during the period 2013-18. On the other hand, growths of Autos are more or less linear in nature. Recent hike in fuel price put a negative impact on Autos operating cost; however operating cost of TOTOs remains more or less constant. Thus, the emergence of TOTOs put major impact with reduced adverse effect on environment as well as it helps in national economy as compared to Autos. Moreover, onsite charging of TOTOs using solar photo voltaic (PV)power systems will open up a new avenue for ‘Green Transportation’ in rural areas of the developing world.
Geothermal energy is a renewable and alternative energy with the potential to replace fossil fuels and help mitigate global warming. However, the development of geothermal energy has environmental, economic and social-cultural consequences, which needs to be predicted beforehand and then mitigated. To guarantee a sustainable development, it is, therefore, essential to consider the relative potential impacts. From a sustainability point of view, in the present study, a comprehensive analysis of consequences of geothermal energy development is conducted, including environmental, economic and societal & cultural dimensions. The geothermal energy industry will prosper only if sustainable aspects can be integrally considered.
Biomass is the most widely used renewable energy source in the world today. It is used mostly in solid form and, to a lesser extent, in the form of liquid fuels and gas. The utilization of biomass for energy production has increased at only a modest rate in modern times. Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey. Biomass is used to meet a variety of energy needs, including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. Biomass potential includes wood, animal and plant wastes. Among the biomass energy sources, fuel wood seems to be the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 14%. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 33 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe). The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. The electrical production potential from usable bioenergy sources are 73 MW in 2010 and corporate income and represent more than 280,000 jobs. This study shows that there is important biomass energy potential for climate change mitigation and energy sustainability in Turkey.
Turkey's rapid economic growth followed by increasing gap between domestic energy production and consumption signifies the large-scale integration of low-carbon and renewable resources into energy system. Turkey's energy demand is increasing and supplying fossil energies such as oil and gas is becoming more challenging due to the lack of domestic hydrocarbon resources. The country is facing two main issues; first, maintaining energy balance and second, handling environmental issues. Nevertheless, Turkey has substantial renewable and low-carbon energy resources with co-benefits for the country's fast growing economy and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to present a comprehensive update on Turkey's renewable and low-carbon energy sector. It reviews not only the current status of the technology, policy and economy, but also provides an insight into the social aspects as well. From a policy point of view, the paper critically discusses Turkey's energy strategy and perspectives and from the social point of view, the paper argues that there is a research gap in recent literature regarding public awareness and social acceptance of low-carbon energy technologies. Also, the future challenges for promoting low-carbon society in Turkey are discussed in terms of sustainable development and socio-environmental conditions.
Purpose
This paper aims to explore Turkey’s current energy status with a on renewable energy sources (RES) cooperation mechanisms, within the framework of RES Directive 2009/28/EC. The study uses the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis for drawing results about perspectives of RES cooperation between Turkey and European Union (EU) Member States. In particular, the SWOT analysis provides a clearer view of expanding RES in Turkey, as well as the level of utilization and potential of cooperation mechanisms and renewable energy in the country.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach followed incorporates desktop analysis, stakeholders’ mapping and involvement, key factors’ identification and results analysis and validation. The adopted approach is based on research conducted within the context of the “Bringing Europe and Third countries closer together through renewable Energies (BETTER)” (project number: IEE/11/845/SI2.616378) project, co-financed by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme.
Findings
Based on the SWOT analysis conducted for Turkey, there are huge opportunities for RES deployment and cooperation in the country, because of its large unexploited RES potential. Turkey is a country with strategic importance, e.g. regarding energy security. Substantial savings can occur for the EU28 Member States through this cooperation, whereas Turkey will also benefit through income and investments, as well as technology transfers and further synergies associated with the cooperation. For the above potentials to be reached, nevertheless, national policies for RES development would have to be strengthened substantially, and non-economic barriers mitigated.
Originality/value
The potential of Turkey to utilise cooperation mechanisms provides opportunities for RES exporting between the country and EU countries. An analysis of these opportunities for cooperation will allow drawing clearer conclusions on cooperation potentials and business cases for Turkey.
Generating electricity from renewable energy is a current topic of Turkish government to get increasing electricity need of the country. Turkey has a lot of renewable energy alternatives because of its geographical position. In particular, wind energy is a great potential among the renewable energy alternatives. Therefore, Turkish government encourages the investors to install wind energy plants. How to select an appropriate wind energy plant location has a critical importance to maximize investor's proft. This paper aims at determining the most suitable region in Turkey for wind energy plant. In the scope of this study, Amasra, Bandirma, Bozcaada, and Canakkale which have great wind potential are taken into consideration by using Choquet integral to determine the site for wind energy plant.
Electricity has become a key to modern society. The selection of multiple technologies to satisfy our energy needs is unavoidable where thorough planning necessitates the inclusion of conventional, renewable and nuclear generation sources in an integrated manner considering public policies and regulations, the availability of resources, and technological developments. In this study, we propose a hybrid modular simulation based decision making framework for the capacity planning problem of nuclear generation resources while considering the aspects of the reverse logistics chain of nuclear energy, nuclear fuel reprocessing, storage, and disposal. The proposed integrated framework also takes into account the electricity generated by conventional and renewable sources that are currently in place. The proposed framework is composed of a hybrid modular simulation to evaluate the performance of a specific capacity plan in terms of costs, emissions and nuclear waste and a particle filtering based optimization that estimates the state of the distributed electricity network and proposes candidate scenarios for the simulation. The framework has been successfully demonstrated for the capacity planning of nuclear energy generation in Florida.
Based on the data of GDP and population during the period 2003-2008, the energy demand in 2020 for industrial and residential energy in Dunstan area of Chongming Island was forecasted through the scenario simulation, and together with other research material, the development status of renewable energy was also detected. The results show that: (1) under the low and high scenarios (LS and HS), the industrial energy demand in 2020 will respectively reach 127,944 the (ton of standard coal equivalent) and 401,817 the, which are 1.9 and 6 times that in 2008, respectively. While the residential energy demand under LS and HS in 2020 differentiates little from each other, and it is about 50 % of increment compared with the current consumption. (2) The industrial and residential energy demand in 2020 under the moderate scenario (MS), which is more reasonable to energy prediction, will be respectively 264,881 tie and 32.5 million kHz, and with the average annual increase rate of 12.1 and 3.5 % from 2008 to 2020, respectively. (3) The development degree of the wind energy and solar energy in Dunstan is currently considerably low, which accounts for less than 1 % in the energy structure. The findings suggest that the energy scheduling and planning should be implemented to coordinate the balance between energy demand and energy supply in the future; meanwhile, adjusting the energy structure and developing renewable energy such as wind and solar energy in the next decades to address environmental problems resulting from the consumption of a mass of fossil fuels.
Multilevel inverter topologies are increasingly being used in medium and high power applications due to their many advantages such as low power dissipation on power switches, low harmonic contents and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) outputs. Also they enable the use of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic, wind, and fuel cells. This paper presents Modeling and simulation of three phase five-level neutral clamped (NPC) PWM inverter for grid connected PV system. The proposed system fundamentally consists of PV array, a DC/DC converter, a DC/AC inverter and LCL filter connected to the grid through three phase transformer. To track the maximum power point, Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is used. The Performance and validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with a three-level neutral clamped (NPC) PWM inverter in terms of THD.
In this technologically advanced era, energy is the most talked topics all around the world. There exist a wide gap between demand and supply of energy. The conventional energy sources are fixed and are lessening very quickly. In this critical situation, renewable energy is the only hope to mitigate this. Diversify utilization of renewable energy is the trend of today's era. Making the energy accessible to the poor through solar-based equipment can contribute in developing the socio-economic condition of the rural areas. In the developing countries, the health sector of the rural area draws much attention. The transportation system of these rural areas is one of the main problems of health sector. This paper will propose a solar-based rickshaw ambulance to improve the rural health sector of the developing countries. In the proposed model, solar energy will be used as a fuel to run the rickshaw ambulance. This type of solar-based rickshaw ambulance is also environmental friendly as well as speedy than other conventional van for the transportation of patients. The output power from the solar panel has been analyzed at MATLAB (simulink) and compare our proposed model with other existing mode of transport system in rural area regarding health treatment.
This research examines the positive and negative environmental impacts of large scale solar energy projects on the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The impacts have been subdivided into the following categories: land use, public health and safety, noise and visual impacts, air and water pollution, wildlife and habitat, water requirements, and climate and greenhouse gases. Based on this information, the article outlines a list of best practices that, if the DESERTEC initiative follows, will mitigate negative environmental impacts and maximize positive ones. The list of best practices proposes solutions for all of the previously mentioned categories, and in some instances, even offers opportunities. Additionally, the paper provides a short definition of the DESERTEC project and its vision. The environmental impacts, suggested best practices, and overview of the DESERTEC initiative are based on an in-depth and cross-disciplinary literature review. The paper concludes with a summary of the future research needed for a more accurate understanding of this subject.
In this paper, the effects of different operating conditions of the Gonen geothermal district heating system (GDHS) on its annual energy and exergy performance are investigated. The system parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate are monitored by using fixed and portable measuring instruments over a one-year period. Thus the main differences in the annual system operation are detected. The measurements show that the Gonen GDHS has six different operating cases depending on the outside temperature throughout the year. The energy and exergy analysis of the system is carried out for each case using the actual system parameters at the corresponding reference temperatures, which are 3.86, 7.1, 8.88, 11.83, 15.26 and 20.4 °C. The highest and lowest energy (57.32%, 35.64%) and exergy (55.76%, 41.42%) efficiencies of the overall system are calculated at the reference temperatures of 15.26 °C and 3.86 °C, respectively. Besides, taking the six case-based energy and exergy analyses into account, the annual average energy and exergy efficiencies are determined to be 45.24% and 47.33%, respectively.
In Turkey, there is a much more potential for renewables, but represent about 37% of total energy production and 10% of total energy consumption. This share is not enough for the country and the governments should be increase to this situation. Renewable energy technologies of wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar thermal and photovoltaics are finally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey's carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Certain policy interventions could have a dramatic impact on shaping the relationship between geological, geographic and climatic conditions and energy production. This study shows that there is enough renewable energy potential in Turkey for fuels and electricity. Especially hydropower and biomass are very well.
In this paper, we first present a market environment with a conventional two settlement mechanism. We show that when we add some wind generation to the system, the steady-state market conditions yield lower social and consumer welfare and higher use of fossil fuels. We also present results of a counterfactual stochastic settlement market which improves social and consumer welfare after the introduction of new intermittent generation. Thus, we conclude that the choice of market mechanism is a critical factor for capturing the benefits of large-scale wind integration.
We also introduce a method to compute analytical equilibria of games in which the payoff functions of players depend on the optimal solution to an optimization problem with inequality constraints.
Electric utility resource planning traditionally focuses on conventional energy supplies such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Nowadays, planning of renewable energy generation as well as its side necessity of storage capacities have become equally important due to the increasing growth in energy demand, insufficiency of natural resources, and newly established policies for low carbon footprint. In this study, we propose to develop a comprehensive simulation based decision making framework to determine the best possible combination of resource investments for electric power generation and storage capacities. The proposed tool involves a combined continuous-discrete modular modeling approach for processes of different nature that exist within this complex system, and will help the utility companies conduct resource planning via employed multiobjective optimization techniques in a realistic simulation environment. The distributed power system considered here has four major components including (1) energy generation via a solar farm, a wind farm, and a fossil fuel power station, (2) storage via compressed air energy storage system, and batteries, (3) transmission via a bus and two main substations, and (4) demand of industrial, commercial, residential and transportation sectors. The proposed approach has been successfully demonstrated for the electric utility resource planning at a scale of the state of Florida.
There are a quite large number of studies published in the last decade, dealing with the possible pass of the human society to the hydrogen-based energy. The efforts made by researchers all around the world, in order to bring technical solutions, seem remarkable, but at global level only minor progresses were made toward this major change. Furthermore, most of studies predicted a fuel crisis, but not a possible economical crisis with significant effects on the developing renewable energy technologies. A large part of them are still in the development phase, with profits not at hand, public policies and funds playing an important role here. How strict is the rule of the red pencil? How can the political co-operation around the Black Sea to bring Given the lack of consistent results in the hydrogen related energetic strategies in any of the countries around the Black Sea, we propose an overcoming of any pessimistic status toward an optimistic vision considering the following statements: (i) the individual failure might be overcome by (ii) a common strategy and coordinated efforts of all these countries whose common human and financial resources might easier bring up and launch on the fuel market one of the most ecological energy source. The basic idea of the paper is that a consistent data base and analysis of the context generated by the new energy alternative can support the Black Sea community to emerge from this multiple crisis only whether a sustainable policy and strategy supporting any decision making process would be developed.
The main goal of this study is to forecast total electricity and hydroelectricity energy generation using historical electricity energy production data in order to determine the future level of electricity and hydroelectricity energy generation in Turkey. For this purpose, Turkey's electricity energy sector was reviewed during the period of 1940–2005. The total electricity and hydroelectricity energy generation were then modelled using historical energy generation data as years with regression analysis. Additionally, the portion that hydroelectric energy generation of Turkey has within total electricity energy production and probable meeting capacity of Turkey's hydroelectric potential of its future total demand was determined. According to the results, it is deduced that hydropower energy will have portion of 13.6% within the total electricity energy generation in 2030. In addition, it is concluded that the whole of Turkey's technical and economical hydroelectric energy potential that is equal 129.9 billion kWh will be used in the year of 2102 if the current trend continues.
Energy produced at the power plant has losses until it reaches the end-use site. Approximately two thirds of source energy is lost on the way. These are thermal losses at the power plant and losses in transmission and distribution systems. Energy prices are constantly rising. Energy security is another major issue for industry. All these aspects force industries to produce their own energy onsite.The use of mainframe gas turbines for power generation has increased in recent years and is likely to continue to increase. The proportion of power generation using combined heat and power is also growing mainly because of efficiency improvements and environmental benefits. Mini- and microturbines offer a number of potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, particularly for distributed power generation, although there are some technical and non-technical barriers to the implementation of the technology. Small turbines could be used for power generation in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors.The best common use of source energy is the production of combined heat and power (CHP). To optimize return on investment, systems are sized to have maximum utilization and minimum idle time. A detailed study considering the electrical and thermal energy needs of a hotel building located in Istanbul was carried out. Thermal and electrical peak loads of the building were measured and recorded. The peak electricity demand of the building was found to be 694 kW. Domestic hot water (DHW) and heating loads are 487 kW. Seven micro turbines of 65 kW (nominal electric power) are required to meet all the thermal energy needs of the building. The electricity generated by the microturbines is to be used to reduce electricity demand of the building. The analysis showed that 100% of thermal load and, 55% of electrical load is met with the selected capacity.Investment and operational costs are taken into account in calculating the feasibility of the project. In this study the net present value method is used for detailed life cycle cost economic analysis.
The Republic of Turkey, located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe). Nowadays, Turkey with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing electrical energy markets of the world for the last two decades. Unfortunately, Turkey's energy is largely dependent on foreign countries and the country's energy is imported spending billions of dollars each year.On the other hand, the effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in electric power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the best available among renewable energy sources. There are possess many advantages of solar energy such as relativity, viability, silent, non-polluting, little maintenance, suitable for remote site application, not require any fuel and independent from electricity network.Turkey has advanced a great deal in the generation of electricity from solar energy because of much higher solar energy potential than lots of developed countries on solar energy applications. This study is taken into account that overview of the photovoltaic technology status and perspective in Turkey and the contains of photovoltaic power systems utilization and potential status in the world, energy consumption and demand in Turkey, geographic description of the solar energy in Turkey, PV industry current and potential status in Turkey, solar energy legislation framework in Turkey, R&D status of photovoltaic industry in Turkey, future strategy of PV industry in Turkey, current and future status photovoltaic power systems economics in the world. Also, this paper on the basis of this subjects is analyzed the SWOT of Turkey's photovoltaic industry, its advantages, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Energy is an essential factor to achieve sustainable development. So, countries striving to this end are seeking to reassess their energy systems with a view towards planning energy programmes and strategies in line with sustainable development goals and objectives. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Turkey is an energy importing country with more than half of the energy requirement being supplied by imports, and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. On the other hand, Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. This paper provides an overview of global energy use and renewables for clean and sustainable energy policies in Turkey.
Energy is essential to life and human society cannot surviva without a continuous supply of energy. However, although energy has brought about significant changes in standards and life-styles, its generation, processing and consumption is also a source of both localized pollution and a major contributor to global climate change. In this context, at the international level, the challenges related to energy and climate change are at the very top of the agenda for action, and more than ever before, renewable energy is proving its potential as an important part of the solution. The rough their concrete contribution to clean and secure energy, renewables ensure that an increasing amount of energy is produced without using fossil fuels and without emitting greenhouse gases. Turkey is energy importing country, which 70% of total energy consumption supplied by imported energy. Turkey is also generously endowed with renewable energy sources. There is an estimated yearly renewable energy potential of around 560TWh from commercially exploitable sources such as hydropower, wind, biomass, geothermal and solar energy. This study shows that Turkey has enough renewable energy potential to diminishes the country's energy dependency and greenhouse gases.
The inherent technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. Technically feasible hydropower estimated at nearly 15,000 TWh/yr still exists in the world today, mostly in countries where increased power supplies from clean and renewable sources are most urgently needed to progress social and economic development. This article deals with policies to meet increasing energy demand for electricity and domestic heating in Turkey. Air-pollutant emissions due to power generation and their harmful effects on the environment are also presented. We also argue in favor of small-scale dams for sustainable development. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, Turkey's total economically usable small hydropower potential is 3.75 GWh/yr.
Solar energy systems (photovoltaics, solar thermal, solar power) provide significant environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources, thus contributing, to the sustainable development of human activities. Sometimes however, their wide scale deployment has to face potential negative environmental implications. These potential problems seem to be a strong barrier for a further dissemination of these systems in some consumers.To cope with these problems this paper presents an overview of an Environmental Impact Assessment. We assess the potential environmental intrusions in order to ameliorate them with new technological innovations and good practices in the future power systems. The analysis provides the potential burdens to the environment, which include—during the construction, the installation and the demolition phases, as well as especially in the case of the central solar technologies—noise and visual intrusion, greenhouse gas emissions, water and soil pollution, energy consumption, labour accidents, impact on archaeological sites or on sensitive ecosystems, negative and positive socio-economic effects.
The solar energy potential of Turkey (36° and 42° north latitudes) is investigated based on measurements of a complete year's data. Global solar radiation and sunshine duration for various stations in Turkey are presented. Consumption and demand projections of solar energy in Turkey are also introduced.
The inherent technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power, make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. These countries, such as Turkey, have a great and ever-intensifying need for power and water supplies and they also have the greatest remaining hydro potential. From the viewpoint of energy sources such as petroleum and natural gas, Turkey is not a rich country; but it has an abundant hydropower potential to be used for generation of electricity and must increase hydropower production in the near future. This paper deals with policies to meet the increasing electricity demand for Turkey. Hydropower and especially small hydropower are emphasized as Turkey's renewable energy sources. The results of two case studies, whose results were not taken into consideration in calculating Turkey's hydro electric potential, are presented. Turkey's small hydro power potential is found to be an important energy source, especially in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The results of a study in which Turkey's long-term demand has been predicted are also presented. According to the results of this paper, Turkey's hydro electric potential can meet 33–46% of its electric energy demand in 2020 and this potential may easily and economically be developed.
This paper is a review of worldwide direct applications of geothermal energy. It attempts to update the surveys presented at and after the World Geothermal Congresses of 1995, 2000 and 2005. Seventy-two countries report direct utilization of geothermal energy. In May 2005, the direct-use projects had an estimated installed thermal capacity of 28,268 MWt. The thermal energy usage is 273,372 TJ/year (75,943 GWh/year), a 43% increase over 2000; the annual compound growth rate is 7.5%.The distribution of thermal energy used by category is approximately 32% for geothermal heat pumps, 30% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 20% for space heating (of which 83% is for district heating), 7.5% for greenhouse and open-ground heating, 4% for industrial process heat, 4% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, <1% for agricultural drying, <1% for snow melting and cooling, and <0.5% for other uses. The equivalent annual savings in fuel oil amounts to 170 million barrels (25.4 million tonnes) and 24 million tonnes in carbon emissions to the atmosphere.
Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. Turkey lays in a sunny belt between 36° and 42° N latitudes and is geographically well situated with respect to solar energy potential. The objective of the present study is to investigate many aspects of solar energy applications in Turkey, giving the brief historical development and Turkey's solar energy potential and consumption. The following applications were taken into consideration: solar water heating, steam generation, solar cooker, solar drying, solar houses, and photovoltaics (PVs). In the early 1960s, solar energy was realized as an alternative energy in Turkey, while in the mid-1970s, solar thermal utilization technologies began gaining the high attention of universities, the government and, the industry, and have been developed at an increasing speed. Residential and industrial consumption of solar energy in Turkey started in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Solar energy use accounted for 129 kilo tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) in 2000 and is projected to be 431 ktoe and 828 ktoe in 2010 and 2020, respectively. Among all the above solar thermal utilization methods, the solar water heating has been, and will still have, the greatest emphasis in Turkey, reaching a total annual production capacity of 1,000,000 m2. Recently, the number of the PV installations has significantly increased and Turkey's total PV installed capacity is expected to be 3 MWp in 2010.
This article presents a review of the geothermal potential, the installed geothermal capacity, a comparison between geothermal energy and some other energies economically and environmentally, and projections and future policies of Turkey. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. The present study shows that there is an important geothermal potential in Turkey and geothermal energy has some advantages, such as being renewable, reliable, clean, and a cheap domestic energy resource. Although Turkey has a great geothermal potential, it uses only about 3% of this potential efficiently. When Turkey uses all of this potential, it can meet 14% of the total energy need. Therefore development studies and investments in this sector should be supported.
This paper deals with policies to meet increasing demand for electricity in Turkey and elsewhere. Turkey has a gross annual hydropower potential of 433,000 GWh; that is equal to 1% of the total hydropower potential of the world and 14% of European hydropower potential. Only 122,322 GWh of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. Environmental problems created by exploitation of domestic resources should not be ignored. We comment on adverse effects of largescale hydroelectric projects in Canada, Egypt, and the USA. We argue in favor of small-scale dams for sustainable development.
Turkey is an energy importing country; more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oil and lignite reserves are limited, and lignites are characterized by high ash, sulfur, and moisture content. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This article presents a review of the present energy situation and sustainability, technical and economical potential of renewable energy sources, and future policies for the energy sector in Turkey. Throughout this paper several problems relating to energy sources and sustainable development are discussed from both current and future perspectives.
The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. In this regard, the objective of this study is to investigate the present status, the technical potentials, and the regional distribution of renewable energy resources in Turkey. The following resources were taken into consideration: solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, biomass, and wave energy. The present study shows that Turkey has extensive renewable energy resources that can be developed as a significant source of energy.
Bioenergy is one of the forms of renewable energy. Bioenergy, the energy from biomass, has been used for thousands of years, ever since people started burning wood to cook food, and today wood is still our largest biomass resource for bioenergy. The use of bioenergy has the potential to greatly reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Replacing fossil fuels with energy from biomass has several distinct environmental implications. If biomass is harvested at a rate that is sustainable, using it for energy purposes does not result in any net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs), and state emissions are significant on a global scale. CO2 and CO are the main greenhouse gases associated with global warning. At the present time, coal is responsible for 30–40% of world CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. SO2 and NOx contribute to acid rain. Carbon assessments can play an important role in a strategy to control carbon dioxide emissions while raising revenue.
Various agricultural residues such as grain dust, wheat straw and hazelnut shell are available in Turkey as the sources of biomass energy. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21% and the techniques for converting it to useful energy are not necessarily sophisticated. The total forest potential of Turkey is around 935 million m with an annual growth of about 28 million m. Turkey's annual biomass potential in 2001 was million tons of oil equivalent.
Greenhouse gas emissions of Turkey have been estimated by State Institute of Statistics and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guideline has been used in calculations. IPCC Guidelines define carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as direct greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxides (CO), non- methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC), hydro-fluoro carbons (HFCs), per-fluoro- carbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) as indirect greenhouse gases. CO2 equivalents of direct greenhouse gas emissions of Turkey were estimated as 200.7 million tonnes in the year 1990 and 271.2 million tonnes in 1997. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) makes the parties to decrease their emission levels to the level of 1990 values in 2000. In Turkey direct greenhouse gas emissions increased 35.10 percentage in 1997 according to the emissions in the year of 1990. Furthermore direct greenhouse gas emissions per capita were calculated as 3.55 in 1990 and as 4.34 in 1997. These values are below the World and the OECD average emissions per capita.
A power plant can generate electric power using biomass from olive trees in Spain. The gasifier is capable of converting tons of wood chips per day into a gaseous fuel that is fed into a gas turbine. While there are significant systems whose models may be exactly obtained from physical laws and whose states are measured, it is much less realistic to assume that all the parameters, such as biogas pressure or specific heat ratio in gas turbines, are exactly known. It is then natural to investigate what happens to control systems involving unknown, or not precisely known, parameters. In this paper, the derived model of gas turbine is quite valid for robust control studies in biomass-based electric power plants.
Traditionally, the decision criteria when analyzing hydropower plants projects, has been based mostly on technical and economical analyses focused on the electric production aspects. Nowadays a broader approach is necessary, which takes into consideration multiple impacts such as:- Energy impacts;- Water resources impacts;- Social-economics development impacts;- Agricultural sector impacts;- Environmental impacts. In order to establish a ranking of the 14 new medium and large (power above 10 MW) hydropower plants identified in the Centre Region of Portugal, a multi-disciplinary team of Coimbra University carried out a study about the impacts associated to each of the hydropower plants. The analysis considered the different aspects associated to the multi-functional character of the hydropower plants. The overall ranking of the hydropower plants was achieved using a methodology that integrates the different aspects using a weighing function [2].
Taiwan is a high energy-dependent nation with about 97% of our energy needs supplied by imported fuels in 2002. Environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are becoming significant environmental issues in the country. In this regard, renewable energy is thus becoming attractive in recent years based on the energy policy for the sustainable development and environmental pollution mitigation in Taiwan. In response to the balance between economic development, energy supply stability and environment protection, the Energy Commission under the Ministry of Economic Affairs has issued the Renewable Energy Development Plan in 2001. The objective of this paper is to present an updated overview of current utilization and future development on renewable energy, including biomass energy, solar energy (i.e., photovoltaic power and solar water heating), wind energy and geothermal energy. The description is first centered on energy production/consumption situation and greenhouse gas emissions status, and then concerned with renewable energy utilization in terms of environmental impacts, especially in air pollution. Finally, we present the promotion measures related to the renewable energy utilization under the government regulations, industrial policy, financial incentives and funding supports.
This study evaluates the energy utilization efficiency of Turkey's renewable energy sources (RESs) during 2001 by using energy and exergy analyses, giving a brief outlook on the utilization of RESs. Total energy and exergy inputs are calculated to be 3203.22 PJ and 3139.07 PJ, while renewable energy and exergy production values are determined to be 428.62 PJ and 395.68 PJ, respectively. Renewable energy is used in the Turkish conversion, residential-commercial and industrial subsectors. The energy and exergy efficiency values for the RESs of Turkey are found to be 49.86% and 24.14% in 2001, respectively. Besides this, total energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for those are obtained to be 45.02% and 24.96% in the same year, respectively. The present study has clearly indicated the necessity of the planned studies towards increasing renewable energy utilization efficiency in the subsectors studied and especially the critical role of policymakers in establishing effective energy-efficiency delivery mechanisms throughout the country. It is also expected that this study will fill a considerably large gap since it is the first attempt towards analyzing Turkey's renewable energy sources in terms of energy and exergy utilization efficiencies.
Turkey has very limited indigenous energy resources and has to import around 65% of primary energy to meet her needs. It is a large importer of primary energy despite having ample renewable energy sources. Turkey's vibrant economy has led to increased energy demand in recent years. This situation is expected to continue in the near future because its economy is dependent mainly on imported oil, natural gas and electricity. This paper presents the prevailing and the expected energy situation and energy demand. Wind energy potential in Turkey is also discussed.
China is the second largest energy consumer in the world. This paper reviews the production and consumption of traditional and renewable energy in China over the past three decades. It also presents an overview on the research and development of renewable energy, such as solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean and wind energy in China. Study indicated that the usage of renewable energy in China shows a promising prospect in the near future, of which biomass is found to be one of the most promising renewable energy resources that have great potential for development in China.
Geothermal energy for electricity generation has been produced commercially since 1913, and for four decades on the scale of hundreds of MW both for electricity generation and direct use. The utilization has increased rapidly during the last three decades. In 2000, geothermal resources have been identified in over 80 countries and there are quantified records of geothermal utilization in 58 countries in the world. The worldwide use of geothermal energy amounts to 49 TWh/a of electricity and 53 TWh/a for direct use. Electricity is produced with geothermal steam in 21 countries spread over all continents. Five countries obtain 10-22% of their electricity from geothermal energy. Only a small fraction of the geothermal potential has been developed so far, and there is ample space for an accelerated use of geothermal energy both for electricity generation and direct applications. A comparison of the renewable energy sources (data from the UN World Energy Assessment Report) shows the current electrical energy cost to be 2-10 US¢/kWh for geothermal and hydro, 5-13 US¢/kWh for wind, 5-15 US¢/kWh for biomass, 25-125 US¢/kWh for solar photovoltaic and 12-18 US¢/kWh for solar thermal electricity. Of the total electricity production from renewables of 2826 TWh in 1998, 92% came from hydropower, 5.5% from biomass, 1.6% from geothermal and 0.6% from wind. Solar electricity contributed 0.05% and tidal 0.02%. Comparing four "new" renewable energy sources (geothermal, wind, solar and tidal), shows 70% of the electricity generated by the four to come from geothermal with only 42% of the total installed capacity. Wind energy contributes 27% of the electricity, but has 52% of the installed capacity. Solar energy produces 2% of the electricity and tidal energy 1%. Biomass constitutes 93% of the total direct heat production from renewables, geothermal 5%, and solar heating 2%. Heat production from renewables is commercially competitive with conventional energy sources. The current cost of direct heat from biomass is 1-5 US¢/kWh, geothermal 0.5-5 US¢/kWh, and solar heating 3-20 US¢/kWh. Geothermal energy, with its proven technology and abundant resources, can make a significant contribution towards reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
This article presents a comparison between geothermal energy and other energy sources in Turkey. Turkey's primary energy consumption is about 64Â Mtoe in 2003, mostly provided by fossil fuels (74.7%). Renewables collectively provide 25.3% of the primary energy, in the form of hydro (14.6%), combustible renewable and waste (9%), geothermal (1.2%), and the other renewables (0.5%). Although Turkey has a great geothermal potential (Turkey is the seventh richest country in the world in geothermal energy potential), it uses only about 4% of this potential efficiently. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy is clean and much cheaper compared to the other fossil fuels and other renewable energy sources for Turkey. Therefore, it is a promising alternative and development studies and investments in this sector should be supported.
Canada has vast renewable energy resources due to its extensive geography and traditionally they have played an important role, particularly prior to the turn of the 20th century. Public interest in new renewable energy technologies (RETs) emerged and grew during the oil shocks of the 1970s and early 1980s. Even though many Canadian provinces had been deriving most of their electricity from hydroelectric power, the first oil crises of the 1970s ignited a strong interest in all forms of renewable energy. Though Canada has huge prospects for low-impact RETs, it is falling behind most industrialized nations in the expansion of these technologies due to a lack of supporting market structures and the absence of appropriate government policies and initiatives. This review focuses on only applications of low-impact emerging RETs that refer to wind, solar, small hydro, geothermal, marine and modern biomass energy. Today, these technologies are mostly in the dissemination, demonstration and early stage of commercialization phase in Canada and currently they contribute less than 1% of the total primary energy consumption. It is evident from the past experience of Europe and Japan that environmentally benign RETs can contribute significantly toward Canada’s Kyoto target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by displacing the use of conventional fossil fuels, and help Canada take an essential step toward a sustainable energy future. In this paper, the current energy utilization scenario of Canada has been analyzed and an array of emerging RET applications has been presented under the category of: (i) green power technologies; (ii) green heat technologies; and (iii) green fuel technologies.
Achieving solutions to environmental problems that we face today requires long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions. So clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life for Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This article presents a review of the present energy situation and sustainability, technical and economical potential of renewable energy sources and future policies for the energy sector in Turkey. Also, potential solutions to current environmental problems are identified along with renewable energy technologies. Throughout the paper several problems relating to renewable energy sources, environment and sustainable development are discussed from both current and future perspectives. The renewable energy potential of the country and their present use are evaluated here based on the available data. The present study shows that there is an important potential for renewables in Turkey.
This article presents a comparison between geothermal energy and other energy sources in Turkey. Turkey's primary energy consumption is about 64 Mtoe in 2003, mostly provided by fossil fuels (74.7%). Renewables collectively provide 25.3% of the primary energy, in the form of hydro (14.6%), combustible renewable and waste (9%), geothermal (1.2%), and the other renewables (0.5%). Although Turkey has a great geothermal potential (Turkey is the seventh richest country in the world in geothermal energy potential), it uses only about 4% of this potential efficiently. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy is clean and much cheaper compared to the other fossil fuels and other renewable energy sources for Turkey. Therefore, it is a promising alternative and development studies and investments in this sector should be supported.
An inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from various economic sectors in Lebanon was conducted following the guidelines set by the World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Environment Programme Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The inventory indicated that the energy sector is the major contributor (74%) to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper describes the inventory of energy related GHG emissions and assesses mitigation options to reduce emissions from electricity generation with emphasis on the usage of renewable energy including biomass, hydropower, solar and wind resources. Policy options for overcoming barriers hindering the exploitation of renewable energy resources are discussed in the context of country-specific characteristics.
Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilisation. For centuries, and in many ways, biomass has been used for heating, and cooking. Many centuries ago, mankind was already utilizing the clearly visible power of water for mechanical drive purposes, as was also the case with wind. Today, water mills are still used in our villages, although their numbers are going to diminish. On the other hand, Turkey is an energy importing country with more than half of the energy requirement being supplied by imports, and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This article presents a review of recent studies on the renewable energy sources, their potential and present use in Turkey.
Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. All nations, regardless of their degree of development, are trying to develop and apply technologies that will enable them to use renewable energy sources in the most efficient ways. Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these sources. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuel resources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems to be serious and the sole alternative for the country. Turkey’s renewable energy source potential and their present use are here evaluated based on the available data.
Achieving sustainable development is a target that is now widely seen as important to worldwide public opinion. In this regard, the utilization of renewable energy resources, such as solar, geothermal, and wind energy, appears to be one of the most efficient and effective ways in achieving this target. Recently, wind power as a potential energy has grown at an impressive rate in Turkey.This paper reviews the development of wind energy in the country as of the end of October 2003, including its history, studies conducted on wind energy, restructuring of the Turkish electricity market and wind energy applications.Turkey’s total theoretically available potential for wind power may be around 88,000 MW annually, with particularly attractive areas for wind located along Turkey’s west coast and in southeastern Anatolia. Electricity generation through wind energy for general use was first realized in Izmir, Turkey in 1986 with a 55 kW nominal wind energy capacity. However, the utilization of wind energy in Turkey has increased since 1998 when the first wind power plant with a total capacity of 1.5 MW was installed. Up to date, three wind power plants were installed with a total capacity of 18.9 MW, while a wind power plant with a total capacity of 1.2 MW will be commissioned in November 2003.Present applications have shown that wind energy in Turkey is a promising alternative and the strong development of wind energy is expected to continue in the coming years following restructuring of the Turkish electricity market.
In the early 2000s, energy prices have fluctuated wildly, from historic highs in the winter and spring of 2001 to the lowest wholesale prices in decades a few short months later. As the largest user of fossil-fuel energy, the United States is the key player in the world's energy markets, and our nation's energy policy (or lack thereof) has become a subject of increasing concern.Energy: Science, Policy, and the Pursuit of Sustainability is an essential primer on energy, society, and the environment. It offers an accessible introduction to the "energy problem" -- its definition, analysis, and policy implications. Current patterns of energy use are without question unsustainable over the long term, and our dependence on fossil fuels raises crucial questions of security and self-sufficiency. This volume addresses those questions by examining the three broad dimensions of the issue: physical, human, and political-economic. Chapters consider: the laws of nature and the impacts of energy use on our physical and ecological life-support systems the psychological, social, and cultural factors that determine how we use energy the role of government actions in adjusting costs, influencing resource consumption, and protecting the environment how markets work, and the reasons and cures for market failures in responding to long-term environmental and energy problems Energy links energy use with key environmental issues of population, consumption, and pollution and offers readers a range of material needed for an informed policy perspective.
Energy issues are directly related to the development of a country and the living standards of its people. In this study, Turkey's energy resources, installed electric power capacity, electric energy production and consumption rates are investigated and compared with some other countries. And some comments have been made on the future electric energy production investments. Besides, the potentials of Turkey's energy resources are exposed also Turkey's electric energy production strategy is interpreted.
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