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Lange Traditionen und neue Herausforderungen: Das österreichische Wohlfahrtssystem
Abstract
Die europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten stehen vor gro\en sozialen, ökonomischen und politischen Herausforderungen. österreich
stellt dabei keine Ausnahme dar. Im Hinblick auf das Ausgabenvolumen ist der österreichische Wohlfahrtsstaat vergleichsweise
gro\zügig dimensioniert. österreich rangiert bei den Sozialausgaben als Anteil am Bruttoinlandsprodukt an sechster Stelle
innerhalb der EU-25 (29,5% des BIP im Jahr 2003), in absoluten Zahlen gemessen sogar an vierter Stelle (7700 Kaufkraftparitäten
pro Kopf). Neben den soziodemographischen Entwicklungen und einem veränderten polit-ökonomischen Umfeld, ist nicht zuletzt
dieses hohe Ausgabenniveau Auslöser und Kern vielfältiger Debatten zur Zukunft des österreichischen Wohlfahrtsstaates. In
diesem Beitrag sollen die historischen Entwicklungen, die wesentlichen Charakteristika des österreichischen Wohlfahrtsstaates
sowie aktuelle Trends aufgezeigt und analysiert werden. Kapitel 1 widmet sich zunächst der Entstehungsgeschichte des österreichischen
Wohlfahrtsstaates, der dann im Rahmen der vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsliteratur verortet wird. Zudem wird die Rolle und
Bedeutung von öffentlichen und privaten Trägern in der Wohlfahrtsproduktion verdeutlicht. Nach einer kurzen Charakterisierung
von aus quantitativen Informationen ablesbaren Prioritäten des österreichischen Wohlfahrtsstaates, werden die zentralen Sozialpolitikbereiche
in Kapitel 2 im Detail präsentiert. In der Folge werden in Kapitel 3 dann ausgewählte Gestaltungsprinzipien und Ergebnisse
der Wohlfahrtspolitik politikfeldübergreifend untersucht. Abschlie\end wird in Kapitel 4 ein kurzer Ausblick auf die Entwicklungsperspektiven
des österreichischen Wohlfahrtsstaates gegeben.
... Germany and Austria established new long-term care schemes in the mid-1990s, which were subsequently transferred and discussed in further countries (Theobald/ Kern 2011). Both countries can be viewed as well-developed, Bismarckian-oriented welfare systems, which are characterised by a (quasi) universal expansion of welfare state coverage and the establishment of more generous benefits after World War II (Leisering, 2009;Heitzmann/Österle, 2008;Palier (ed)., 2010). At the beginning of the 1990s in both countries, social protection was oriented towards old social risks such as old age, health, or unemployment, and still firmly based on a male breadwinner model, where care was widely seen as a family responsibility and not as a universal social risk. ...
... Austria, whose long-term care scheme had been introduced in 1993, joined the EU in 1995. Issues of cost containment increased from the mid-1990s (Heitzmann/Österle, 2008). Furthermore, in contrast to Austria, internationally debated NPM approaches-with their emphasis on market, efficiency, and user choice-strongly informed the German debate. ...
... In Germany, this was combined with strict cost-containment considerations, while the introduction of nationally valid regulations was at the top of the agenda in Austria. Despite a similar emphasis on family care-giving, due to higher unemployment rates in Germany (8-9% compared to 3-4% at the beginning of the 1990s) the creation of job opportunities was viewed as a possible positive effect of LTCI, while in Austria only few actors equated this with employment opportunities (Behning, 1999;Meyer, 1996;Hegelich/Meyer, 2008;Heitzmann/Österle, 2008). ...
Interaction of national and transnational factors in elder care policies: Constructing a conceptual framework
Abstract
Since the 1990s in several European countries, such as Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium (Flanders), Spain or Estonia as well Asian countries, such as e.g. Japan or Korea new elder care policy were introduced. The shape of policy-making processes can be explained by the interplay of national conditions related to the policy field of elder care embedded in welfare state policy development in general, and demographic and societal change on one hand and different modes of cross-border influences on the other.
In the focus of the paper is the construction of a theoretical-conceptual framework for the analysis of the interaction of national and transnational factors based on a combination of different research strands. It draws on theoretical-conceptual approaches related to international comparative welfare state research, i.e. on social care and social policy change in general, in order to define the logic and dynamics of the policy field embedded in welfare state developments. In addition, new-institutionalist approaches with their emphasis on the interplay of ideas, interests and institutions are used to exam the policy processes. Finally, concepts of policy transfer, policy diffusion and policy learning are combined to analyse transnational processes. Developments in Asian as well as European countries are used as empirical basis for the construction of the conceptual-theoretical framework. The empirical part draws on research findings on the role of national and transnational factors in the process of policy-development in the different countries and available statistics.
The processes of policy-making and policy-transfer in and between European and Asian countries have already been analysed on case study basis. In contrast, conceptual approaches for a more systematic analysis of national and transnational factors and their interplay are only at the beginning.
... The Austrian welfare system can best be described as corporatist and conservative because of the dominance of social insurance and the strong linkage to paid employment [73]. Health, as a dimension of social policy, incurs the second largest proportion of expenditure and is primarily funded by health insurance contributions [74]. ...
Die beruflichen Ausbildungssysteme von Österreich und der Schweiz gelten traditionell als vorbildhaft in der Bekämpfung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit, in ihrer inklusiven Wirkung und in der Sicherung gut ausgebildeter Kräfte, haben aber zunehmend mit Problemen und Widersprüchen zu kämpfen. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Beschäftigungsförderung von Jugendlichen in beiden Ländern während der letzten 20 Jahre verändert haben. Die Maßnahmen sind in ähnlicher Weise von zunehmend sozialinvestiven, aktivierenden und kontrollierenden Zugangsweisen geprägt, jedoch in Österreich interventionistischer, in der Schweiz liberaler. Der Wandel wirkt sich auf die Rahmenbedingungen der Sozialarbeiter_innen und pädagog_innen aus, die in dem Bereich der Beschäftigungsförderung tätig sind und verändert ihre Arbeit.
In den vorausgehenden Kapiteln wurde der soziale und kulturelle Wandel der drei Dekaden seit 1986 in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen detailliert analysiert. Anknüpfend an die bestehenden Sammelbände dieser Serie (Haller und Holm 1987; Haller et al. 1996; Schulz et al. 2005) wurde der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern der fundamentale gesellschaftliche Wandel der letzten 30 Jahre mit einem Wandel der Einstellungen und Werthaltungen der Menschen in Österreich korrespondiert. Auf der theoretischen Ebene folgen wir dabei Argumenten, die sich bereits bei Klassikern der Modernisierungstheorie finden lassen, die den Wandel von Werten und kulturellen Mustern als inhärente Elemente des sozialen Wandels moderner Gesellschaften beschreiben (Berger 1996, S. 51 f.; Parsons 1979, S. 50 ff.; Smelser 1995, S. 58 f.).
Dieter Holtmann
Politics, economy and society:
The performance profiles of 43 countries and 6 welfare regimes
In: Book series:
Potsdamer Beiträge zur Sozialforschung
Nr. 41, Juni 2018
Abstract:
The book summarizes a part of the results of the study: Dieter Holtmann: 43 Country Case Studies on the Performance of Politics, Economy and Society. Aachen 2018: Shaker Verlag. 608 pages.
In case studies, 43 important countries, including all EU members, the most developed OECD countries and all BRICS countries, are examined with respect to their prosperity and welfare. Under welfare I understand, considering the social-philosophical discussion, the performance with regard to the following eight values or goals: prosperity; ecological sustainability; innovation; social security by providing support in case of risk and precautionary through investments in education; equality of participation; appreciation of particularities (women-friendliness and migrant-friendliness); social integration; autonomy ("freedom of choice and capabilities") . – The change of prosperity and welfare is considered in the context of the world financial crisis and the subsequent great recession. In case studies on the 43 countries considered an attempt is made to partially explain the change in the counties` performance with regard to the societally desirable goals by the logics of the institutions and the policies implemented.
In my approach, I do not assume a single path of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate – in extension of the "three worlds of welfare capitalism" by Esping-Andersen (1990) – for the 43 countries considered at least the following six institutional development paths of modernization: The social democratic (universalist) path of Scandinavia, the economically liberal Anglo-Saxon path, the status-conserving path of Continental Europe, the "familistic" path of Southern Europe, the development of the group of post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe, which are in a process of differentiation, and the productivist path of economic rise in East Asia. Included are 4 Scandinavian countries, 7 Continental European countries, 6 Anglo-Saxon countries, 6 Southern European countries, 13 Eastern European countries, Turkey, Japan and South Korea, as well as Brazil and South Africa, China and India.
The following institutions are analysed: Political regime, economy, gender roles, social security systems (pension, health, labour market, family) and education. Based on the institutional logics, the welfare type and the development trend are elaborated. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between countries and welfare regimes are characterized. In order to answer, how well these societies function, the performance of each institution is examined using selected indicators and indices.
Prof. Dr. Dieter Holtmann
Abstract (in German and English)
(Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst einen Teil der Ergebnisse der folgenden Studie zusammen: Dieter Holtmann: 43 Fallstudien zur Performanz von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Aachen 2018: Shaker Verlag. 662 Seiten. Die ausführlichen Tabellen mit Quellenangaben können hier aus Platzgründen nicht aufgeführt werden.)
In Fallstudien werden 43 wichtige Länder, darunter alle EU-Mitglieder, die entwickeltesten OECD-Länder und alle BRICS-Staaten, im Hinblick auf ihren Wohlstand und ihre Wohlfahrt untersucht. Unter Wohlfahrt verstehe ich in Auseinandersetzung mit der sozialphilosophischen Diskussion die Performanz hinsichtlich folgender acht Werte bzw. Ziele: Wohlstand und Wachstum; ökologische Nachhaltigkeit; Innovation; soziale Sicherung durch Unterstützungsleistungen im Risikofall sowie vorsorgend durch Bildungsinvestitionen; Anerkennung der Besonderheiten (Frauenfreundlichkeit und Migrantenfreundlichkeit); Gleichheit der Teilhabe; soziale Integration; Autonomie („freedom of choice and capabilities”). Die Performanz wird im Kontext der Weltfinanzkrise und der folgenden großen Rezession betrachtet. In Fallstudien zu den betrachteten 43 Ländern wird versucht, den Wandel der Performanz bzgl. der gesellschaftlich wünschenswerten Ziele jeweils partiell zu erklären durch die Logiken der Institutionen und die durchgeführten Politiken.
In meinem Ansatz gehe ich nicht von einem einheitlichen Pfad der Modernisierung in Richtung Wachstum, Partizipation und Inklusion aus, sondern unterscheide – in Erweiterung der „drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus“ von Esping-Andersen (1990) – für die berücksichtigten Länder insbesondere folgende sechs verschiedene institutionelle Entwicklungspfade der Modernisierung: Der sozialdemokratisch-universalistische Pfad, der wirtschaftsliberale Pfad, der Status-konservierende Pfad, der „familistische“ Pfad, die Entwicklung der Gruppe der post-sozialistischen Länder, die sich in einem Prozess der Ausdifferenzierung befinden, und den produktivistischen, aufstiegsorientierten Modernisierungspfad Ostasiens. Berücksichtigt werden 4 skandinavische Länder, 7 kontinentaleuropäische Länder, 6 angelsächsische Länder, 6 südeuropäische Länder, 13 osteuropäische Länder, die Türkei sowie Japan und Südkorea, ferner Brasilien und Südafrika sowie China und Indien.
Als Institutionen werden untersucht: Politisches Regime, Wirtschaft, Geschlechterrollen, soziale Sicherungssysteme (Rente, Gesundheit, Arbeitsmarkt, Familie) und Bildung. Aufgrund der Institutionenlogik werden jeweils der Wohlfahrtstyp und der Entwicklungstrend herausgearbeitet. Ferner werden die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der Länder und Wohlfahrtsregime charakterisiert. Um zu beantworten, wie gut diese Gesellschaften funktionieren, wird jeweils die Performanz der Institutionen mit Hilfe ausgewählter Indikatoren und Indices untersucht.
Prof. Dr. Dieter Holtmann
____________________________________________________________________
(This work summarizes some of the findings of the following study: Dieter Holtmann: 43 Fallstudien zur Performanz von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Aachen 2018: Shaker Verlag. 662 pages. The detailed tables with references cannot be listed here for reasons of space.)
In case studies, 43 important countries, including all EU members, the most developed OECD countries and all BRICS countries, are examined with respect to their prosperity and welfare. Under welfare I understand, considering the social-philosophical discussion, the performance with regard to the following eight values or goals: prosperity; ecological sustainability; innovation; social security by providing support in case of risk and precautionary through investments in education; equality of participation; appreciation of peculiarities (women-friendliness and migrant-friendliness); social integration; autonomy ("freedom of choice and capabilities") . – The change of prosperity and welfare is considered in the context of the world financial crisis and the subsequent great recession. In case studies on the 43 countries considered an attempt is made to partially explain the change in the counties` performance with regard to the societally desirable goals by the logics of the institutions and the policies implemented.
In my approach, I do not assume a single path of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate – in extension of the "three worlds of welfare capitalism" by Esping-Andersen (1990) – for the 43 countries considered at least the following six institutional development paths of modernization: The social democratic (universalist) path, the economically liberal path , the status-conserving path, the " familistic " path , the development of the group of post-socialist countries, which are in a process of differentiation, and the productivist path of economic rise in East Asia. Included are 4 Scandinavian countries, 7 Continental European countries, 6 Anglo-Saxon countries, 6 Southern European countries, 13 Eastern European countries, Turkey, Japan and South Korea, as well as Brazil and South Africa, China and India.
As institutions are analysed: Political regime, economy, gender roles, social security systems (pension, health, labour market, family) and education. Based on the institutional logics, the welfare type and the development trend are elaborated. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between countries and welfare regimes are characterized. In order to answer, how well these societies function, the performance of each institution is examined using selected indicators and indices.
Prof. Dr. Dieter Holtmann
For the international comparison of societies I propose a system of continuous social observation, based on a discussion of moral values in social philosophy, which results in eight performance criteria to compare the "welfare of nations " or the living conditions: prosperity; environmental sustainability; innovation; social security by providing support in case of risk and precautionary through investments in education; equality of participation; appreciation of peculiarities (womenfriendliness and migrant-friendliness); social integration; autonomy ("freedom of choice and capabilities") . – The change of prosperity and welfare is considered in the context of the world financial crisis and the subsequent great recession.
In my approach, I do not assume a single path of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate – in extension of the " three worlds of welfare capitalism " by Esping-Andersen ( 1990) – for the considered countries (including all EU members) at least the following six institutional development paths of modernization: The social democratic (universalist) path , the economically liberal path , the status-conserving path, the " familistic " path , the development of the group of post-socialist countries, that are in a process of differentiation, and the productivist path of economic rise in East Asia.
As parts of society to analyze the social structures after the world financial crisis are discussed: Education and education regimes; service societies and employment; welfare regimes and social protection (education and social support in the case of risk); prosperity and poverty; individualization and its counter-movements; social inequalities between women and men; summarizing comparison of living conditions in the various countries and welfare regimes.
The following article summarizes the most important results of the study "Holtmann, Dieter: Dieter Holtmann The wealth and welfare of nations in change. Prosperity versus environmental sustainability, Innovation versus social security, equality of participation versus womenfriendliness and migrant-friendliness, social integration versus autonomy in international comparison. Aachen 2017: Shaker Publishing Company ". The detailed tables with source information cannot be documented here for reasons of space.
Potsdamer Beiträge zur Sozialforschung
Nr. 37, Februar 2016
Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft:
Die Performanzprofile von
43 Ländern und 6 Wohlfahrtsregimen
Dieter Holtmann
Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Dieter Holtmann
Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung
Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät
Universität Potsdam
ISSN 1612-660
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1. Einleitung: Performanzkriterien für den internationalen Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen 1
2. Typen von Wohlfahrtsregimen 9
2.1 Die drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus gemäß Esping-Andersen 9
2.2 Politische Regime, Produktionsregime und Wohlfahrtsregime 10
2.2.1 Sechs Idealtypen von Wohlfahrtsregimen 13
2.2.2 Die Wertebasis der Wohlfahrtsregime 17
2.2.3 Die berücksichtigten Länder bzw. Ländergruppen 18
2.2.4 Zum Aufbau der Länder-Fallstudien 22
2.3 Performanzprofile der Wohlfahrtsregime 26
3. Das sozialdemokratische Wohlfahrtsregime Skandinaviens 33
3.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der sozialdemokratischen Länder 33
3.2 Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern 33
3.3 Performanz der sozialdemokratischen Länder Skandinaviens 40
4. Das konservative Wohlfahrtsregime Kontinentaleuropas 42
4.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der konservativen Länder 42
4.2 Fallstudien der einzelnen Länder 43
4.3 Performanz der konservativen Länder Kontinentaleuropas 56
5. Das wirtschaftsliberale angelsächsische Wohlfahrtsregime 59
5.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der wirtschaftsliberalen Länder 59
5.2 Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern 60
5.3 Performanz der wirtschaftsliberalen angelsächsischen Länder 72
6. Das familistische Wohlfahrtsregime Südeuropas 75
6.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der familistischen Länder 75
6.2 Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern 76
6.3 Performanz der familistischen Länder Südeuropas 87
7. Die Ausdifferenzierung des postsozialistischen Wohlfahrtsregimes Osteuropas 90
7.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der postsozialistischen Länder 90
7.2 Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern 93
7.3 Performanz der postsozialistischen Länder Osteuropas 118
8. Einzelfallstudie zur Türkei 121
8.1 Wohlfahrtslogik und Institutionen der Türkei 121
8.2 Das Performanzprofil der Türkei 122
9. Das produktivistische Wohlfahrtsregime Ostasiens 124
9.1 Gemeinsamkeiten der produktivistischen Länder 124
9.2 Fallstudien zu den einzelnen Ländern 126
9.3 Performanz der produktivistischen Länder Ostasiens 130
10. Wohlfahrtsregime in Lateinamerika 132
10.1 Gemeinsamkeiten 132
10.2 Wohlfahrtslogik und Institutionen Brasiliens 133
10.3 Das Performanzprofil Brasiliens 134
11. Einzelfallstudie zu Südafrika 136
11.1 Wohlfahrtslogik und Institutionen Südafrikas 136
11.2 Das Performanzprofil Südafrikas 137
12. Einzelfallstudien zu Asien: China und Indien 138
12.1 Fallstudie zu China 139
12.2. Fallstudie zu Indien 141
12.3. Performanz von China und Indien 144
13. Ein System gesellschaftlicher Dauerbeobachtung zur Erfassung der Wohlfahrt der Nationen 145
Literaturverzeichnis 146
Das System der Altersvorsorge in Österreich kann wie in anderen Ländern durch drei Säulen dargestellt werden. Dabei handelt es sich bei der zweiten Säule um die kapitalgedeckte, betriebliche Altersvorsorge. In Österreich existieren zwei Systeme, die die zweite Säule abdecken, die Pensionskassen (PK) und die Betrieblichen Vorsorgekassen (BVK).
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt das Meldesystem eines der beiden Vorsorgesysteme, der Pensionskassen in Österreich. Hierbei wird besonderes Augenmerk auf die Meldeverfahren gelegt, die die Veranlagung der Pensionskasse betreffen. Nachdem in Abschn. 15.2 das betriebliche und kapitalgedeckte Altersvorsorgesystem vorgestellt und die wichtigsten Begriffe erläutert werden, behandelt das Abschn. 15.3 die Vorschriften zum Risikomanagement in Pensionskassen.
In Abschn. 15.4 wird schließlich auf die wichtigste Verordnung bezüglich des Meldewesens von Pensionskassen betreffend die Kapitalveranlagungen eingegangen, die Quartalsmeldeverordnung 2012 (QMV 2012). Unter anderem werden die beiden wichtigsten formalen Vorschriften zur Meldung, die Formblätter Anhang 1 und Anhang 2 vorgestellt und mit ihrer Struktur und den verfolgten Zielvorstellungen dargestellt.
In Abschn. 15.5 wird auf eine zusätzliche und freiwillige Meldung der österreichischen Pensionskassen eingegangen, der Meldung an die Oesterreichische Kontrollbank (OeKB). Abschn. 15.6 fasst die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse nochmals zusammen.
In case studies 43 important countries, including all EU member states, the most developed OECD countries and all BRICS countries, as well as six welfare regimes are analyzed with respect to their prosperity and welfare. By welfare I understand, on the basis of the socio-philosophical discussion, the performance with regard to the following eight values resp. goals: Prosperity and growth; ecological sustainability; innovation; social security by supporting benefits in the case of risk and preventive by investments in education; appreciation of peculiarities (women friendliness and migrants friendliness); equality of resources and rights; social integration; autonomy (freedom of choice and capabilities). The performance will be considered in the context of the World Financial Crisis and the subsequent Great Recession. In case studies of the 43 countries under consideration it is attempted to explain the performance regarding each of the socially desirable goals in part by the logic of institutions and the policies implemented.
In my approach, I do not assume a uniform pathway of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate – in extension of the „three worlds of welfare capitalism“ of Esping-Andersen (1990) – for the considered nations especially the following six institutional development paths of modernization: The social democratic (universalistic) path of Scandinavia, the economically liberal path of the Anglo-Saxon countries , the status-conserving path of Continental Europe, the familistic path of Southern Europe and the development of the group of post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe, which are in a process of differentiating, and the productivistic path of economic rise in East Asia. I compare 4 Scandinavian nations, 7 Continental European nations, 6 Anglo-Saxon nations, 6 Southern European nations, 13 Eastern European nations, Turkey as well as Japan and South Korea besides Brazil and South Africa as well as China and India.
As institutions I examine: Political regime, economy, gender roles, social security systems (pension, health, labour market, family) and education. On the basis of the logic of the institutions for each nation the welfare logic and the trend of development are elaborated. Moreover the communalities and differences of the nations and welfare regimes are characterized. To answer how well these societies function , the performance of the institutions is examined for each considered country with the help of selected indicators and indices.
Dieter Holtmann
Dimensions of prosperity and welfare at change
A study on the basis of 43 nations
(Wohlstands- und Wohlfahrtsdimensionen im Wandel
Eine Betrachtung auf der Basis von 43 Ländern)
In: Potsdamer Beiträge zur Sozialforschung Nr. 36, Dezember 2015
This contribution is the summary of: Dieter Holtmann, The wealth and welfare of nations at change. Prosperity and growth versus environmental sustainability, innovation versus social security by providing support in case of risk and precautionary through investments in education, women-friendliness as well as migrants-friendliness and equality of participation, social integration and autonomy (freedom of choice and capabilities) in international comparison.
386 pages / 32 figures. / 24,00 €
ISBN 978-3-8440-2845-4
Shaker Verlag GmbH | Postfach 10 18 18
52018 Aachen | Germany
www.shaker.de | info@shaker.de)
For the international comparison of societies I propose a system of continuous social observation, based on a discussion of moral values in social philosophy, which results in eight performance criteria to compare the "welfare of nations " or the following living conditions: prosperity and growth; environmental sustainability ; innovation; social security by providing support in case of risk and precautionary through investments in education; appreciation of peculiarities (women-friendliness and migrants-friendliness ); equality of participation; social integration; autonomy ( "freedom of choice and capabilities") . - The change of prosperity and welfare is considered in the context of the world financial crisis and subsequent great recession .
In my teaching research project, we have developed the operationalization of the socially desirable goals in a first step from 2004 and made reports for 28 countries ( Holtmann, Dieter et al.: The performance of welfare regimes and support potentials for the different welfare concepts. Potsdam 2006: University Press. ) . In the next step, we have further developed the operationalization and from 2007 36 countries were included in the comparison ( Holtmann, Dieter et al.: The social structure of the Federal Republic of Germany in international comparison. Potsdam 2012, seventh edition: University Press). In the third step we have supplemented this systematic comparison by case studies of individual countries ( Holtmann, Dieter et al.: The welfare of nations : 40 country case studies on the institutions and their performance. Aachen 2012: Shaker).
In my approach, I do not assume a single path of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate - in extension of the " three worlds of welfare capitalism " by Esping-Andersen ( 1990) - for the considered countries (including all EU members) at least the following six institutional development paths of modernization: The social democratic (universalist) path , the economically liberal path , the status-conserving path, the " familistic " path , the development of the group of post-socialist countries, that are in a process of differentiation, and the productivistic path of economic rise in East Asia. As an extension of the 36 developed countries of our comparisons of social structure, I consider the five newly rising nations South Korea , Brazil, South Africa, China and India, as well as Croatia and Serbia as a new or prospective EU member, hence all together 43 nations.
As parts of society to analyze the social structures after the world financial crisis are discussed: Education and education regimes; service societies and employment; welfare regimes and social protection (education and social support in the case of risk); prosperity, income, wealth and poverty; individualization and its counter-movements ; social inequalities between women and men; population structure and life forms ; summarizing comparison of living conditions in the various countries and welfare regimes.
Link to full text for download:
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-86474
The article analyses the situation of the working poor in Austria in context of the European social welfare states. Firstly, it is being investigated to which extent the social welfare regulations are responsible for differences in the quantity of the poor in the labor force. Secondly, the article presents an overview of the working poor in Austria, based on EU-SILC data for the years 2004-2008. Our results show that women, single parents and families with three or more children as well as employees in the agrarian and service sectors are confronted with higher risks to fall into the category of working poor. Moreover, our study reveals that these risks increased considerably over the examined time period.
During the last couple of years, sociological approaches in European studies have gained increasing attention from scholars. The "usages of Europe" approach looks at the opportunities and resources that the EU provides for national actors to advance their interests, from a bottom-up perspective. As European rules on cross-border healthcare have been threatening the principle of the territoriality of healthcare services, the article analyses two cross-border healthcare projects in Austrian border regions to determine if and how actors' strategies have been Europeanised, and whether their actions could destructure national welfare boundaries. In order to explain how these regional actors incorporate European resources into their strategies a combination of the "usages of Europe" approach with Historical Institutionalism is suggested.
In 2011, Member States and the European Parliament brought into force a Directive on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare within the EU. Austria voted against this Directive even though its national legislation was already in line with the rulings of the European Court of Justice which had triggered the negotiations on the Directive. Why then, in the absence of any legal constraints on adapting to it, did Austria vote against the Directive? The article argues that it was the federal structure of financing hospital infrastructure and the subnational level's influence on national position building which led to the rejection of the Directive. The article retraces the process of position building by analyzing the interaction between the national and the subnational levels and concludes that Austria's position mirrors the national struggle between both levels of government over control of the hospital sector.
Accounts of the future of the welfare state are often presented in crisis terms. Some commentators identify globalization as a force that has already led to a major retreat by the state and is likely to lead to further downsizing of the public sector. Others see the future burden of an aging population as creating huge public expenditure pressures that can be countered only by increased parsimony in most areas of spending. Although both crisis scenarios contain elements of truth, analysis of recent public expenditure trends shows that both are substantially exaggerated as general representations of likely developments over the next two or three decades. However, unnoticed by most commentators, a real, longer-term crisis is beginning to make itself felt. This crisis arises, in part, from the demographic impact of a cultural transformation in the labor market, in progress for several decades. Extreme scenarios of possible consequences over the next 50 to 100 years include population implosion, mass migration, increasingly dangerous eruptions of right-wing populism, and, possibly, territorial conflict between developed and underdeveloped nations. This is not a crisis of the welfare state but rather a crisis for which the welfare state may be an essential part of the answer. The only way Western societies can lessen the future impact of the ongoing cultural transformation of the labor market is through the redesign of welfare state institutions to confront these new challenges.
The paper investigates the relationship between social inequality and participation in the Austrian high school system (secondary
level II). The European Community Household Panel is used as data basis. The results show differences in participation rate
by sex and by the three classical dimensions of stratification, namely education, occupation and income of parents. Hence,
social inequality still exists in Austria. Gender differences have been reversed: Nowadays, more girls attend high schools
than boys. Inequalities are reduced by secondary technical and vocational colleges.
Gender relations, as embodied in the sexual division of labor, compulsory heterosexuality, discourses and ideologies of citizenship, motherhood, masculinity and femininity, and the like, profoundly shape the character of welfare states. Likewise, the institutions of social provision the set of social assistance and social insurance programs, universal citizenship entitlements, and public services to which we refer as "the welfare state" affect gender relations in various ways. Although many recent studies of the welfare state use a comparative analysis to study the factors shaping the welfare state, few of these studies have paid systematic attention to gender. Similarly, most feminist work has not been systematically comparative. This paper summarizes the current state of understanding of the varying effects of welfare states on gender relations, and vice versa.
This book uses data from 21 OECD countries for the period 1980 to 1998 to test a variety of hypotheses suggesting that contemporary welfare states are in crisis and to establish the factors shaping the trajectory of welfare state development during these years. It assesses the validity of arguments that globalization leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ in social spending and that population ageing poses a threat to public budgets. It finds both of these arguments wanting and, instead, suggests that contemporary welfare states have been converging to a steady state over recent decades. The book also examines the extent to which welfare states across the OECD have been restructured in recent years and whether there are signs of the emergence of a distinctive European ‘social model’. Again, it finds that accounts of substantial welfare state restructuring and of the Europeanization of the welfare state are much exaggerated. Finally, the book identifies a potential threat to the viability of existing societies in a trend to declining fertility throughout the advanced world, but argues that the welfare state in the form of family-friendly policy is actually our best protection against this trend.
Organisationen des Nonprofit Sektors weisen eine lange Tradition in der Erbringung einer Vielzahl von Leistungen auf. Dies gilt besonders für den Sozialbereich, in dem karitative Verbände und Kirchen lange Zeit die primäre Zuständigkeit zur institutionellen Lösung sozialer Probleme hatten. So hat beispielsweise in der Armenfürsorge das Engagement von öffentlichen Institutionen erst allmählich die exklusive Rolle von privaten, gemeinnützigen Trägem verdrängt. Mit der zunehmenden Bedeutung öffentlicher Organisationen im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit und den sich ständig verändernden Herausforderungen im Hinblick auf die Problemlagen bedürftiger Menschen, haben sich die entsprechenden Funktionen und Leistungen des Nonprofit Sektors im Lauf der Zeit verändert. Dies gilt auch für die Beziehungen zum wichtigsten Partner in der organisierten Armenfürsorge, dem öffentlichen Sektor.
In Austria, the provision of long-term care is strongly based on unpaid female work within family networks and is characterised by a highly unequal division of informal long-term care-giving. In 1993, a major reform has been introduced in the Austrian long-term care system with a payments for care programme and a state–provinces treaty regarding service development at its heart. The objective of this article is to investigate the implications of the 1993 programme on gender divisions and on whether and in what ways the programme and processes set in train by the programme influence the role of women as carers. The question is approached by applying and broadening the concept of defamilisation in a process oriented way. The analysis suggests that from the informal carers' perspective long-term care allowances in the Austrian context mean some financial relief via ‘symbolic payments’. At the same time, the overall long-term care system prolongs existing gender divisions and sets in train new stratification processes among women as main carers with gender, class and space as dimensions reinforcing each other.
Like all modern societies Austria is faced with the process of demographic ageing. This paper concentrates on the question of how current policies in the field of old-age provision are being viewed and how Austrians envisage this issue for the future. Departing from an assessment of population ageing, results will be presented for the following topics:
Attitudes towards the state’s obligations and responsibilities in the field of social policies
Attitudes towards the future design of the pension system
Attitudes towards the transition into retirement and
Preferences concerning the retirement age.
The findings ultimately raise the central question of how, in view of the known economic and demographic conditions, employment and social policy can be better integrated in order to allow older employees to remain part of the workforce for a longer time.
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Sozialstaat österreich: Sozialleistungen im überblick
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Zur Entwicklung der österreichischen Gesundheitspolitik. Steht österreich vor einem Paradigmenwechsel?
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Nutzung von Gesundheitsleistungen durch sozial schwächere Gruppen
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Zur zukünftigen Betreuung und Pflege älterer Menschen. Wien: Kardinal-König-Akademie
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Sozialhilfe: Rechtswissenschaftliche Studie - Vergleich der Sozialhilfesysteme der österreichischen Bundesländer
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Statistisches Jahrbuch österreichs
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Sozialversicherung zwischen Kontinuität und Umbau
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Im Dienst sozialer Dienste. ökonomische Analyse der Beschäftigung in sozialen Dienstleistungseinrichtungen des Nonprofit Sektors
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Austrian Social Policy and the EU
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Sozial(hilfe)leistungen der Bundesländer
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Vom Siegeszug zum Rückzug: Sozialstaat österreich 1945-2005
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Zur Entwicklung der österreichischen Gesundheitspolitik Steht österreich vor einem Paradigmenwechsel? Reformbedarf und Reformwirklichkeit des österreichischen Gesundheitswesens
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Staatliche Sozialpolitik in österreich: Rekonstruktion und Analyse
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österreichs Beschäftigungs-und Sozialpolitik von 1970-2000 Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialstaat: Sozialpolitik in Europa
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Gender Mainstreaming als erfolgreiche Strategie für Einkommensgleichheit von Frauen und Männern?
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Reformbedarf und Reformwirklichkeit des österreichischen Gesundheitswesens. Was sagt die Wissenschaft dazu?
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österreich zur Jahrhundertwende
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Quantitative und qualitative Erfassung und Analyse der nicht-krankenversicherten Personen in österreich
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Nutzung von Gesundheitsleistungen durch sozial schwächere Gruppen. Wien: Bundesministerium für Arbeit
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