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Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of the United States and France
Abstract
Based on an extensive review of the literature and field surveys, the paper proposes a conceptualization and operationalization of corporate citizenship meaningful in two countries: the United States and France. A survey of 210 American and 120 French managers provides support for the proposed definition of corporate citizenship as a construct including the four correlated factors of economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary citizenship. The managerial implications of the research and directions for future research are discussed.
... Our conceptualisation draws upon a rich bedrock of prior research, integrating insights from diverse scholarly contributions. It reflects dimensions from seminal works, such as Glavas and Kelly's [27] exploration of CSR's organisational impacts, Maignan and Ferrell's [46] insights on corporate citizenship, Mueller et al.'s [47] discussions on organisational support, and the foundational theories of Turker [48,49], Eisenberger et al. [4], and Mael and Ashforth [3]. This eclectic integration ensures our In the forthcoming sections, we will explore the methodology designed to test our model empirically. ...
... Employees' Perception of CSR Activities: Adapted from the works of Glavas and Kelly [27], Maignan and Ferrell [46], Mueller et al. [47], and Turker [48,49], this 12-item scale measures employees' views on CSR initiatives in their organisations. ...
In an era where social responsibility is increasingly embedded in organisational strategy, this study scrutinises the infusion of social responsibility into the strategic underpinnings of non-profit organisations. Specifically, it aims to assess the influence of social responsibility initiatives on the organisational support and organisational identification of NGO employees to verify the impact of social responsibility initiatives on the organisational identification of NGO employees mediated by organisational support and to analyse the influence of organisational support on the organisational identification of NGO employees. Using a quantitative methodology, this study analyses the responses of 103 non-profit employees, focusing on the interplay between social responsibility, organisational support, and organisational identification. The research employs structural equation modelling to investigate these relationships, revealing a significant positive correlation between social responsibility initiatives and perceptions of organisational support. Furthermore, the findings suggest that organisational support serves as a pivotal mediator between social responsibility practices and employees’ identification with their organisation. These insights offer profound implications for non-profits striving to amplify their societal impact, contributing to the broader discourse on organisational management and sustainability. A dynamic interplay wherein robust organisational support enhances employees’ alignment with their organisation’s social objectives, thereby reinforcing the commitment to social responsibility.
... Subsequently, this study aims to close the gap on the understanding of CSR and innovation by considering all four dimensions of CSR namely economic, legal, ethical and discretionary (Maignan & Ferrell 2000) and dividing innovation to two main groups; process innovation and product innovation. In doing so, two hypotheses will be examined in this study as below: ...
... Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Four linked factors are considered to be the most appropriate for CSR, as documented by Carroll (1999), which have been later developed by Maignan and Ferrell (2000). They discovered that the most sufficient model encompassed all four CSR dimensions, these being; ethical, economic, discretionary, and legal. ...
While there are wide-ranging studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR), innovation, and sustainable development (SD), few studies have tried to make a connection between those three organizational factors in the industry section. Therefore, this study tried to investigate how does CSR with its four main components contribute to industry’s green product and process innovation through sustainable development. This study has a comprehensive view to compare the SD to the existing studies by considering all three aspects of SD, namely, economic, social and environmentally sustainable development. In fact, it is going to be answered that: whether economic, social and environmentally sustainable developments play as mediators in between CSR and green innovation (product and process) in industry? Data were collected during June-October 2020 from 217 manufacturing industries from Iran where CSR has not been appropriately dealt within theoretical as well as practical terms. AMOS structural equation modeling (AMOS-SEM) method was applied to analyze data. Following the Baron and Kenny approach in testing hypotheses, it was found that CSR-process innovation is a fully mediated relationship by environmentally sustainable development, and partially mediated by economic and social sustainable development. Whereas CSR-product innovation is fully mediated by social sustainable development and partially mediated by economic and environmentally sustainable development. In the second part of the data analysis, customers’ expectations, and financial issues respectively, were known as the highest and lowest motivational factors in Iranian manufacture industry, for implementing CSR. The results help Iranian managers to understand their current status, capabilities, strengths and weaknesses in sustainable development. It also recommends that since CSR dimensions had a positive effect on all sustainable development aspects, they should be integrated in the organizational strategies for having better sustainable development, and higher green product and process innovation in the industry.
... The term CC is increasingly extensively used in business and academic publications (Jhingan, 2018). Globally, the notion of CC has steadily evolved into a collection of business practices beneficial not just to society in general but also to business enterprises (Maignan and Ferrell, 2000). CC is often referred to as CSR, corporate duty or ethical business. ...
... Our research shows the importance of marketing in establishing a social responsibility policy (Maignan and Ferrell, 2000) and brand policy (Lindgreen et al., 2008). Consumers consider Perceived corporate citizenship and COVID-19 social responsibility while choosing brands. ...
Purpose-This paper is to examine the direct relationship between perceived corporate citizenship (CC) and purchase intention (PI). This study also tests the mediating role of brand trust (BT), consumer-brand identification (CBI) and the moderating effect of personal norms by a contribution of social exchange theory, brand relationship theory and social cognitive theory (SCT). Design/methodology/approach-Quantitative research was carried out by means of a survey with a sample of 411 regular consumers who work for national retail brands, where the unit of analysis was an individual. The study analysed the data to test the research hypotheses using SPSS and Smart PLS. Findings-This study found a significant positive impact of perceived CC on purchase intention (direct path), and furthermore, a partial mediation was shown for the indirect path. In addition, personal norms have a significant impact on the relationships between perceived CC on purchase intention, brand trust on purchase intention and CBI on purchase intention. Practical implications-This study provides useful insights for managers to implement CC strategies to enhance consumer purchase intention and brand relationship in the retail sector within the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Originality/value-The current study is perhaps the first to investigate the impact of perceived CC on purchase intention across the BT, CBI and personal norms in the retail industry, period of COVID-19 pandemic. The study also makes some important theoretical contributions and previously not shed light on customer behaviour in this context.
... Kotler and Lee's (2008) research discovers that companies integrate philanthropy as part of a broader corporate social responsibility strategy that aligns with their business objectives and values. Maignan and Ferrell (2000) also provide evidence that philanthropy not only positively affects a company's reputation, but it also promotes its legitimacy and credibility in the public eye. Additionally, Lii and Lee (2012) support the notion that cause-related corporate social responsibility strategies can enhance a company's reputation as opposed to profit-related activities. ...
... Interviews with Albanian communication managers reveal a new trend in public relations where philanthropy is regarded as a means to foster symmetrical communication and strengthen the bond between companies and the public. Londo (2023) acknowledges that philanthropy not only serves as a branding tool, but it also carries a meaningful message. This approach is seen as a win-win situation for all parties involved: enhancing company's image and connecting with the respective community. ...
Developments in technology, communication, and various spheres of economic and social life have brought about new approaches to public relations management. As companies continue to develop, there is a growing need not only for capital management, but also for reputation management. Over the last two decades, charity has been a vital element for corporate image consolidation and participation in addressing social needs in the Albanian society. However, recently there has been a shift in managing public relations and charity in corporations, leading to philanthropy as a more sustainable means of creating long-term strategies for reputation management. This paper aims to explore this evolution in the Albanian companies, focusing on their philanthropic activities. The study looks into the reasons why companies engage in such activities and the possible role the latter play in improving their reputation. For this study, we selected cases from five of the largest companies that utilize philanthropic activities as part of their PR strategies in Albania. In-depth data collection and analysis provides a comprehensive and contextualized understanding of the impact philanthropy has on reputation management. Additionally, the study employs a qualitative method, including interviews with industry professionals, academics, and media experts. The collected data shows that philanthropy has become a long-term and strategic element of corporate plans, influencing thus reputation management approaches that aim for continuous and sustainable relationships with all involved stakeholders. Received: 28 May 2023 / Accepted: 26 July 2023 / Published: 5 September 2023
... Turker (2009) suggests categorizing corporate social responsibility into four different groups: social responsibility for stakeholders, employees, customers, and the government. A CSR activity can also be classified according to economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary citizenship, according to Maignan & Ferrell (2000). Within the current study, we explore CSR from three perspectives, namely, as it relates to employees, as it relates to customers, and as it relates to the community (Khurshid et al., 2021). ...
... Mediating variable Corporate social responsibility was the mediating variable of this study which is calculated with three dimensions and eleven items taken from the prior studies of Turker (2009) and Maignan and Ferrell (2000). ...
This study aims to determine the fundamental link between total quality management (TQM) and corporate green performance (CGP). It also looks at how TQM affects CGP because manufacturing industries are the leading cause of environmental damage. Additionally , this study focuses on the significance of CSR in the relationship between TQM and CGP and examines how CSR mediates the interaction between these two. This study also focused on environmental strategy, which moderates the relationship between CSR and CGP. Data were collected using a questionnaire from Chinese SMEs working in Jiangsu province and were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Results show that TQM has a significant and positive impact on CGP. Results further indicate that CSR significantly mediates the relationship between TQM and CGP. Surprisingly moderating effect of environmental strategy between CSR and CGP has not been proven in this study. These results have important implications for enhancing the CGP of SMEs through TQM and CSR.
... Lin et al. (2022) asserted that the proficient implementation of TQM can enable a corporation to maintain its competitive advantage. Maignan and Ferrell (2000) employed the natural RBV paradigm to examine the correlation between TQM and business performance. Their findings substantiate the significant impact of TQM. ...
This study seeks to explore the intricate relationship between total quality management (TQM) and environmental performance (EP), incorporating the mediating role of green manufacturing practices (GMPs). Additionally, the study examines the moderating impact of environmental strategy on the connections between GMPs and EP. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to managers of manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and were subjected to analysis using structural equation modeling. The results reveal a positive and significant impact of TQM on EP. Furthermore, the findings suggest that GMPs partially mediate the association between TQM and EP, while the anticipated moderating effect of environmental strategy between GMPs and EP is also supported in this study. These outcomes hold valuable implications for enhancing the environmental performance of SMEs through the integration of TQM and GMPs. It is important to note that this research exclusively focuses on manufacturing SMEs; therefore, future studies should extend their examination of this concept to other industries. Additionally, the study’s findings provide a valuable roadmap for SME administrators aiming to elevate their environmental performance.
... Last but not least, a company's decision to take on discretionary or philanthropic responsibilities is entirely voluntary; these roles are motivated solely by a company's desire to fulfill a social responsibility; they are not mandated by law and are not even typically expected to fall under the area of ethical responsibility. Soon after, Aupperle et al. (1985) provided the first empirical support for this paradigm, and it has since been acknowledged in several additional empirical investigations (Maignan, 2001;Maignan and Ferrell, 2000). The Carroll CSR model, however, has also come under harsh criticism from the authors; chief among its flaws is the fact that it does not distinguish between the business components that are considered to be economically and socially beneficial. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the amount of trust customers have in Somali Islamic banks. Furthermore, the role of gender in CSR activities and Islamic bank clientele is evaluated.
Design/methodology/approach
Throughout February and March 2022, 410 clients of Islamic banks in Somalia were surveyed using a questionnaire. The partial least squares approach and the structural equation model are applied to examine the data.
Findings
Findings indicate that all variables of CSR activities, such as social product, social legal, social needs, social environment and social employees’ responsibility, are influential and significant predictors of trust in Islamic banks in Somalia. Gender inequalities moderate the relationship between social product, social needs, social environment, social employee and trust. Conversely, only social legal responsibility was unaffected by gender differences in Somalia regarding people’s trust in Islamic banks.
Practical implications
A sample from a developing country such as Somalia is useful for shedding light on the outcomes of consumers’ perceptions of and trust in businesses’ CSR in the developing world. Furthermore, this study contributes to knowledge regarding CSR and how it can help the Islamic banking industry. Its findings will be useful to policymakers and regulatory bodies in the banking industry in their efforts to improve CSR.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first empirical investigation of its kind about the understudied relationship among customer trust, CSR efforts and gender in Somalia context. Furthermore, it investigates how gender specifically moderates CSR in the Islamic banking sector in a developing country.
... The manipulation test results indicate the success of the manipulation executed during the experimentation. Further, the study also assessed the psychometric properties of the scales (see Tables 1 and 2), including construct reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity (Maignan and Ferrell, 2000). ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine the influence of two significant product labelling strategies (geographical indication [GI] vs country-of-origin [COO]) on shaping customer product attitude and purchase likelihood, considering consumers’ ethnocentric and cosmopolitan tendencies. The authors also investigate the boundary conditions and intervening mechanisms to manage the adverse consumer product evaluations and present mitigating procedures which reinstate favourable product evaluations and purchase likelihood.
Design/methodology/approach
The collected data from these all these studies were analysed using ANOVA and mediation anlaysis. The study tests the proposed hypotheses using three follow-up experimental investigations.
Findings
The study found that GI (vs COO) labels have a more significant impact on customers’ product evaluation and likelihood of purchase and supported the dispositional effect of ethnocentric and cosmopolitan inclinations. Further, the results indicated that self-product congruence can efficiently regulate consumer dispositions. Also, the results confirmed the significant impact of product identification on influencing consumer attitudes.
Practical implications
The above-said insights add practical insights, particularly concerning product labelling. Also, the insights on product attitudes and purchase likelihood intricacies in the context of product labelling enable companies to comprehend better the significance of GI labels, COO labels and self-product congruence.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a study has compared the role of two significant product labelling strategies (GI vs COO) in shaping customer product evaluations, confirmed its boundary conditions and shown how to transform them into helpful customer product outcomes.
... According to Beckmann's (2007) study on how consumers perceive and respond to corporate social responsibility (CSR), there is a favorable correlation between a firm's CSR efforts and how consumers react to the company and its offerings. However, the majority of these studies were carried out in developed nations (e.g., Brown and Dacin, 1997;Creyer and Ross, 1997;Maignan and Ferrell, 2000;Maignan, 2001;Uusitalo and Oksanen, 2004;Sankar et al., 2006). These results demonstrate the need for more research on how consumers perceive social responsibility in underdeveloped nations (Jamali, 2007;Mansoor et al., 2013). ...
Corporate social responsibility is getting more and more attention from academia and managers, particularly in terms of how consumers perceive and react to corporate social responsibility or CSR. Nonetheless, the majority of this research was carried out from the perspective of advanced nations. It demonstrates the need for more research on how consumers in emerging nations perceive corporate social responsibility. This study will look at the perception of consumers of Pakistan being a developing country. The study's contradictory findings imply that CSR is still an idea that has to be implemented in underdeveloped nations. Consumers often have little knowledge of and are unsupportive of CSR. This finding is contrary to consumers’ perception in developed nations, who are willing to support corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives launched by organizations.
... Because this model is solely theoretical, researchers have constructed sets of indicators to operationalize it. One of the most used tools of this type was designed by Maignan and Ferrell (2000). Arli et al. (2014) used a simplified version of this tool to measure the perception about CSR of students in Indonesia. ...
The lack of a robust, widely accepted theory on corporate social responsibility has meant that business leaders are often unaware, or doubtful, about the presence of social responsibility across a wide spectrum of business practices in which it is manifested. Since undergraduate students on management-related degree programs are future business leaders, it is important to enquire into the knowledge they have on this subject. To this end, a sample was selected of students from universities in ten Spanish-speaking Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. A structured questionnaire was used to measure their knowledge of 18 social responsibility practices representative of three dimensions of the concept: internal responsibility, responsibility towards external stakeholders of the value chain and responsibility towards the environment. It was found that there is a widespread lack of knowledge about the business practices that constitute social responsibility actions, that some practices are better known than others (the best known are those related to the environment while the least known are those related with the external stakeholders of the value chain), and that the extent of this knowledge depends on the country where the universities are located. In addition, it was found that the relationship between knowledge and country is not mediated by gender, age, work experience, degree program studied, or year of study. These results suggest that the teaching of social responsibility in Latin American universities does not place equal emphasis on all dimensions of the concept, and that this teaching differs from one country to another.
... last, Maignan and Ferrell (2000) defined csR as 'the extent to which Businesses meet the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities imposed on them by their stakeholders. ' This definition is employed as the measure of csR in this study. ...
Effects of ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ activities on Corporate Image: Evidence from the Food and Beverage Industry in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, is the topic of the researchers’ study. The study’s main goal was to look into how specific ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ activities affected the corporate Image of a few particular firms. Finding CSR activities that can enhance a company’s Image, learning what CSR activities consumers believe are sufficient to meet the criteria for being socially responsible, and pinpointing tactics that encourage a positive Corporate Image of the organizations were among the study’s crucial specific goals. Both primary and secondary sources of information were employed to complete this study. Moreover, five food and beverage processing companies were chosen as a sample using a multi-stage selection methodology. Based on the judgmental sampling technique, the researcher selected 385 sample respondents. The characteristics that affect the corporate Image of food and beverage companies in the research region were investigated using structural equation modelling using SPSS software version 26 and Amos 23. Our findings add to past research that has primarily looked at the direct relationship between CSR activities and Corporate Image. The results showed a substantial direct effect of CSR activities, Economic, Ethical, Legal, and Philanthropic responsibilities on Corporate Image.
... empleando el segundo grupo de indicadores, este enfoque continúa presentando una seria limitación para recoger la estructura completa de la rsc (Maignan y Ferrell, 2000), ya que tal y como estos autores sugieren, puede que los indicadores utilizados no sean representativos del mismo constructo subyacente. ...
Este libro consta de tres capítulos en donde se analiza la responsabilidad social
empresarial desde una perspectiva contextual y teórica, en la que se exponen los
resultados y hallazgos.
En el capítulo uno se desarrolla la responsabilidad social empresarial y su interacción con las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de diferentes países, destacando
la importancia que representan estas unidades económicas en su empleabilidad,
aportación a la economía, y también la problemática que plantean.
Con respecto al capítulo dos, se elabora una trayectoria teórica, analizando conceptos, teorías y modelos de responsabilidad social empresarial desde el punto de vista de diferentes autores, donde al final se muestra un corolario que evidencia las diversas perspectivas y su abordaje operacional.
En el último capítulo se presentan los resultados de la investigación sobre responsabilidad social empresarial medida en sus tres dimensiones: social, económica y medioambiental, y su relación con el género, nivel de estudios, edad y años de operación de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas.
... Anket formu üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde; algılanan KSS düzeyini ölçmek için Maignan ve Ferrell (2000) tarafından geliştirilen dört boyutlu 18 maddelik ölçek, ikinci bölümde ise psikolojik sahiplenme düzeyini ölçmek için Van Dyne ve Pierce (2004) tarafından geliştirilen 7 maddelik ölçek kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçeklerin puanlaması; 5'li Likert tipi ölçme düzeyinde "1 (kesinlikle katılmıyorum)" ile "5 (tamamen katılıyorum)" arasında derecelendirilmiştir. Akademisyenler çalıştıkları üniversitenin ekonomik, yasal, etik ve hayırsever sosyal sorumluluklarını hangi düzeyde yerine getirdiğini ve ayrıca üniversitelerini psikolojik olarak hem kendilerinin hem de çalışma arkadaşlarının hangi düzeyde sahiplendiklerini değerlendirmiştir. ...
The effects of perceived corporate social responsibility and its
dimensions on psychological ownership
ABSTRACT
According to the modern perspective, the main purpose of businesses is sustainability. This
perspective means that corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a vital importance in the realization of
sustainability in today’s businesses. This study investigated the relations between perceived CSR and
its sub-dimensions, and psychological ownership. Dataset of the study consisted of 117 questionnaires
gathered from academic personnel at a private university in Ankara, Turkey. Data input and analysis of
the research were done with “SPSS 24” software program. “Exploratory factor”, “internal
consistency”, “Pearson correlation”, and “simple linear regression” analyses were employed in this
study. In terms of participants the results prove that significant and positive bivariate relations between
perceived CSR and its “economic”, “legal”, “ethical” and “discretionary/philanthropic”
responsibility dimensions, and psychological ownership exist. Also, perceived CSR and its dimensions
have significant and positive effects on psychological ownership. Based on the functional definitions of
the variables in the model, the research results of the study can also be explained as follows: If the
perception of the academicians that the university, they work for, fulfills its economic, legal, ethical and
philanthropic responsibilities enhances, these academicians psychologically own their universities in a
stronger way. According to the literature, psychological ownership is a variable that contributes to the
organization. Therefore, in this study, it is concluded that it is possible to increase the contributions of
psychological ownership to the university through the positive effect of academicians’ enhanced
perception of CSR on psychological ownership.
Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, dimensions of corporate social responsibility,
psychological ownership, sustainability
... A study of Swiss Re, the large reinsurance company headquartered in Switzerland, explores multiculturalism in a developed country (Sachs, Rühli, & Mittnacht, 2005). A cross-country empirical comparison of France and the United States found significant differences concerning CC in two developed countries (Maignan & Ferrell, 2000). Variation in national institutions may be important in CSP (Ioannou & Serafeim, 2012). ...
This article explains the three related conceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR), and corporate citizenship. The three conceptions involve different approaches for answering the overarching question of the appropriate relationship between “business and society”. The article lays out the basics of the three conceptions; and contrasts economic, ethical, and strategic perspectives on these three conceptions. The article connects the three conceptions to corporate social performance (CSP), corporate governance, and stakeholder theory. The author provides the reader with a guide to the extant literature in a way that will facilitate further exploration into key issues. The author proposes some recommendations and solutions for addressing key problems in the field; and suggests future research directions. The article emphasizes key contributions to the development of the field. Work of important authors such as A. B. Carroll, Milton Friedman, Michael E. Porter, and Donna J. Wood among others receives attention.
... Each of the construct of economic CSR has been measured with five items. These items have been validated and used by Galbreath (2010), Maignan and Ferrell (2000), Ferrell (2001), andPapasolomou-Doukakis et al. (2005). ...
The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance (FP) has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. In particular, the nature of the relationship between the two constructs has not been investigated in depth. Therefore, drawing on the resource‐based view and Stakeholder theory, this study theoretically and empirically examined the relationship between economic perspective of CSR and FP analyzing the mediating role of competitive advantage under the empirical settings of the downstream Oil and Gas companies of Pakistan. Based on the 178 responses from the managerial level employees of these firms, the empirical outcomes stands with the assumption of the study that the implementation of CSR in the Oil and Gas industry is economically driven and have a positive relationship with FP, while competitive advantage partially mediates the relationship between economic CSR and FP. The outcomes of the study carry the important managerial and practical implications for Oil and Gas firms which are fallen in the business case.
... This research fills a gap in the previous studies by demonstrating how workers' opinions about corporate social responsibility influence their motivation's extent. The study expands on the work of , as well as Maignan & Ferrell (2000, 2001a, 2001b, Peterson (2004), Küskü andZarkada-Fraser (2004), andBramer et al. (2005). The research of and Küskü and Zarkada-Fraser (2004) ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is primarily researched at the corporate level. Few researchers (e.g., Peterson, 2004) examined in what way each worker (the firm's internal audience) develops attitudes and actions based on their perceptions of CSR. The most suitable approach to the current study was explanatory analysis since it depended upon first-hand information. The survey based on a questionnaire was conducted on 1000 employees of the sales department of different cellular companies in Pakistan. The data was collected through simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and cross-tabulation was used to determine the Employee's perception of CSR (independent variable) on employees' level of motivation (dependent variable). The main purpose of this study is to examine the employee's perception of CSR and their level of motivation. The following are some salient findings of the study: The majority of those surveyed declared that they had favorable CSR impressions of their organization. It was observed that better performance and productivity of the labor force depend on the behavior of the organization. The present research discovered a substantial link between CSR perception and employee motivation level. Hence in light of the present research findings, it is possible to conclude that employee perception of corporate social responsibility positively impacted employee level of motivation organizations should be worried about the way employees perceive these three corporate citizenship characteristics to develop a productive workforce. If companies focus on legal/ethical and charitable duties while ignoring employee responsibilities, they risk developing just the motivation of their workers, staying weak, and performance being degraded. This research fills a gap in the previous studies by demonstrating how workers' opinions about corporate social responsibility influence their motivation's extent at the corporate level. The first-hand information was collected from a survey of 1000 employees of different cellular/mobile phone companies in the Punjab region of Pakistan.
... Although there is an abundance of different definitions and intricacies encircling the idea of CSR, many notions subsist in CSR literature and consider this a sociable and stakeholder responsibility of companies (Maignan & Ferrell, 2000). Webb et al. (2008, p. 47) additionally magnified these obligations. ...
This paper aims to empirically examine the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices on the purchase intention of Indian banking customers. It also investigates the conditional indirect effect on purchase intention via customer trust. The data were collected using a questionnaire from 324 customers having bank accounts either in state bank of India or housing development finance corporation Bank. Conformity factor analysis was used to assure the reliability and validity of all constructs; structural equation modeling was used to testify the proposed hypotheses. This study reveals important findings first, CSR practices have a significant effect on purchase intention and customer trust; second, CSR awareness significantly moderates CSR and purchase intention relationship; and finally, the relationship between CSR and purchase intention (PI) via customer trust (CT) is significant using moderated mediation model. This study has been carried out using a sample of customers from the service industry, that is, state bank of India and housing development finance corporation banks. Similar analyses can also be conducted in other sectors of the economy. This study adds to the scarce literature on moderating role of corporate social responsibility awareness and the conditional indirect effect of CSR on purchase intention through customer trust.
... As a result, corporate social responsibility is becoming an essential component of how businesses communicate with their stakeholders both externally and internally . Recently, top management has given corporate social responsibility (CSR) more strategic weight, which has led to businesses engaging in a variety of CSR initiatives, such as funding employees' education, promoting ethical training programs, adopting environment-friendly policies, and sponsoring community events (Maignan, I., & Ferrell, O., 2000). In the same spirit, businesses are spending a lot of money marketing their CSR initiatives in the hopes of fostering stronger ties with staff members, clients, investors, and the general public. ...
In order to better understand how external corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts in the Nepalese banking industry affect different employee-related outcomes, this paper examines how employees perceive these activities. In this study, staff of Nepalese commercial banks were given questionnaires as part of a descriptive research design in order to gather primary data. The sample size is 120 individuals from an actual sample. This finding suggests that workers have a strong understanding of external CSR activities taking place outside of the organization. It is also clear that employees are conscious of the effects of the CSR efforts and give them a favorable evaluation. The study also investigates the link between work happiness, organizational engagement, and overall views of CSR and employee perceptions of external CSR actions outside the firm. This finding suggests that workers in Nepal's banking industry may see external CSR efforts as positively affecting their loyalty to the firm and job happiness. The relevance of this poll emphasizes how crucial an external CSR strategy is to successfully raising employee happiness and fostering organizational engagement. The report's suggestions for commercial banks are meant to help them match their CSR initiatives with employee expectations and values to foster a productive workplace. Future study objectives include looking at ways to increase employee involvement in CSR initiatives, assessing the long-term effects of CSR efforts, and doing industry comparison studies. Overall, this study helps understand how Nepalese banking industry employees feel about external CSR initiatives.
... Khan Dahlsrud (2008) summarized CSR in five organizational dimensions i.e. stakeholders, voluntariness, environmental, social and economics needed for the improvement of organizational practices. The Maignan and Ferrell (2000) categorized CSR in these four components such as economic, legal, ethical and social obligatory responsibilities of organizations towards their stakeholders. Galbreath (2010) stated that economic responsibility means the formulation of such economic strategies which are helpful in earning profits and covering expenditure. ...
Private-sector educational entities require strong corporate strategies. To be effective in a globally competitive world, the Corporate Social Responsibility Approach must be embraced. This research examined corporate social responsibility in the district of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and its effect on secondary schools in the private sector. Primary nature research and data were collected through a five-point Likert scale questionnaire distributed to private sector high school teachers to get the data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on organizations’ performance. The questionnaire was fielded to private sector secondary school teachers in order to get data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of secondary schools. The population of the study was 184 registered private sector secondary schools (140 boys and 44 girls) which included 900 teachers (who taught to class 10th students during the session 2017-18) in district Peshawar. A sample of 280 teachers (140 male and 140 female) in 70 private sector secondary schools (35 for boys and 35 for girls) were selected through equal allocation sampling formula. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were applied for analyzing the data. The Pearson’s correlation r was used to evaluate the variable effects. The result from the data indicated that all the four aspects of CSR have positive significant impact on the performance of secondary schools.
... Carroll (1999) focuses on the responsibilities an organization has towards society, emphasizing that these responsibilities include the expectations that society has of organizations at a given time. These expectations are also the dimensions of corporate social responsibility which according to Ferell & Maignan (2000) are distinguished into: 1) the economic dimension, 2) the legal dimension, 3) the ethical dimension and 4) the philanthropic dimension. These four dimensions make up Carroll's (1999) famous pyramid. ...
... There is a new term for business-society interactions of PCC which is becoming a popular phrase in business and academic literature (Jhingan, 2018). Globally, CC has grown into a set of business practices helpful to both society and businesses (Maignan and Ferrell, 2000;Arachchi, 2022). CC is often referred to as CSR, corporate duty or ethical business. ...
Purpose: This paper examines the direct relationship between perceived corporate citizenship (CC) and purchase intention. This study also tests the mediating role of brand trust (BT), consumer–brand identification (CBI) and the moderating effect of personal norms and fear to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by contributing social exchange theory (SET), brand relationship theory, social cognitive theory (SCT) and fear appeal theory.
Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative research was carried out by means of a survey with a sample of 411 regular consumers who work for national retail brands, where the unit of analysis was an individual. The study analysed the data to test the research hypotheses using SPSS and SMART partial least squares (PLS).
Findings : This study found a significant positive impact of perceived CC on purchase intention (direct path), and furthermore, a partial mediation was shown for the indirect approach. In addition, personal norms and fear to COVID-19 have a significant impact on the relationships between perceived CC on purchase intention, BT on purchase intention and CBI on purchase intention.
Practical implications : This study provides useful insights for managers to implement CC strategies to enhance consumer purchase intention and brand relationship in the retail sector within the COVID-19 pandemic.
Originality/value: The current study is perhaps the first to investigate the impact of perceived CC on purchase intention across BT, CBI, personal norms and fear to COVID-19 in the retail industry, period of COVID-19 pandemic. The study also makes some significant theoretical contributions and previously did not
shed light on customer behaviour in this context.
Keywords: Perceived corporate citizenship, Purchase intention, Brand trust, Consumer–brand identification, Personal norms, Fear to COVID-19, Retail, Social responsibility
Paper type : Research paper
... EP was measured by three components of export satisfaction, financial performance and strategic performance adopted from the Hasaballah et al. (2019) study. To evaluate CSR principles, we adjusted Maignan and Ferrell's (2000) discretionary corporate citizenship scale which were also used for measuring CSR Ribau et al., 2019;Duthler and Dhanesh, 2018). Every item was evaluated according to a five-point Likert measurement, ranging from 'completely disagree' ...
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the link between internal capabilities, innovation strategies and export performance (EP), considering the corporate social responsibility (CSR) principle as a moderator.
Design/methodology/approach
The statistical population of the current study is the food and agricultural products exporting small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) which participated in the 27th International Agrofood Exhibition (2021) in Tehran, Iran. A sample of 296 managers was selected, using systematic random sampling, to answer the questionnaire. To analyze the data, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) and Hayes PROCESS in SPSS.
Findings
Results show that just manufacturing capabilities affect both exploratory and exploitative innovation, in contrast to marketing capabilities that does not have any significant impact on these two innovation strategies. Moreover, the impact of both explorative and exploratory innovation on EP is supported in the context of food and agricultural SMEs. However, CSR positively moderates the impact of exploratory innovation on EP, showing it has a negative effect on the impact of exploitative innovation on EP.
Originality/value
By addressing the research gap on the link between internal capabilities, innovation strategies, EP and CSR among SMEs, the current research provides valuable body of research that later studies in the literature can leverage or build upon.
... Finalmente, a metodologia de avaliação da PSC proposta deve contemplar a perspectiva de múltiplos stakeholders (Carroll, 1999;Mahon & Wartick, 2012;Wood & Jones, 1995;Wood, 2010), deve envolver os stakeholders no processo de avaliação (Keeble & Berkeley, 2003;Longo, Mura, & Bonoli, 2005;Mahon & Wartick, 2005;Maignan & Ferrell, 2000), e adotar os critérios dos próprios stakeholders para cada aspecto de seu interesse (Mahon & Wartick, 2005). ...
A Performance Social Corporativa (PSC) é um relevante constructo na área de estudos das relações entre negócios e sociedade, contudo verifica-se um descompasso entre suas pesquisas teóricas e empíricas. Este artigo visa contribuir com a solução deste problema apresentando uma metodologia de avaliação da PSC diretamente derivada dos desenvolvimentos teóricos, com ênfase na incorporação da abordagem de stakeholders ao constructo. A metodologia proposta promove a análise conjunta das três dimensões da PSC, relacionando sistemicamente: a) as motivações que levam as empresas a assumir responsabilidades sociais (Princípios de RSC); b) sua postura diante dessas responsabilidades (Processos de Responsividade); e c) os efeitos de suas ações sobre os stakeholders (Políticas, programas e impactos sociais), segundo a ótica dos próprios stakeholders. Avaliações conduzidas a partir desta metodologia podem subsidiar análises que ampliem a compreensão das relações entre negócios e sociedade, gerando informações úteis tanto para empresas e stakeholders, quanto para academia, contribuindo com a validação do constructo da PSC.
... Despite the diversity of opinions, the CSR framework of Carroll (1979) mainly concentrates on academic evidence, which is universally acknowledged. Mitnick et al. (2023), Ortiz-Martínez et al. (2023), Maignan and Ferrell (2000) and Maignan et al. (1999) demonstrated a variety of CSR functions and created a four-dimensional CSR-measurement system based on Carroll's framework: Economic Citizenship: The organization, which must meet the needs of consumers, must become competitive and efficient (García-Rosell et al., 2023). Legal Citizenship: Organizations must carry out their functions within the legal framework (Silva Junior et al., 2023). ...
The main objective of this research was to analyze the variable of corporate reputation as a mediating variable to determine the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Simple random sampling was used in the study to obtain 300 respondents from Bangladeshi manufacturing companies. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.0 was used to analyze the data. To evaluate the hypotheses in this study, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results demonstrated that corporate social responsibility positively influences corporate reputation and financial performance, while corporate reputation is statistically significant for financial performance. Environmental contribution, philanthropic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, economic responsibility and social responsibility are listed in order of significance as corporate social responsibility factors. It was determined how corporate reputation influences the link 241 Green Finance Volume 5, Issue 2, 240-264. between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. However, it may be logical to conclude that there is a considerable correlation between corporate social responsibility and financial performance based on the data analysis. The results of corporate social responsibility practices in manufacturing organizations in developing nations, particularly Bangladesh, have significant consequences for businesses, entrepreneurs, communities, researchers and policymakers in understanding the outcomes of sustainability. The conclusion has drawn implications for sustainability practice and future research.
... From a construction business perspective, Table 1 indicates according to Zhao et al. [49] two categories of stakeholders specifically mapped for construction enterprises, namely: project level stakeholders and business level stakeholders. According to Mitchell et al. [50], stakeholder theory extends the business objectives from profit maximisation to the satisfaction of stakeholder needs and, despite the criticism that stakeholder theory receives, it is supported by empirical studies that indicate that many businesses partake in CSR to serve stakeholder demands [51]. Stakeholder theory as a link to CSR definitely specifies how a business-more specifically in the case of this study a construction business, bearing in mind the stakeholder categories as stipulated by [49]-should implement CSR without viewing CSR as an isolated concept [47]. ...
This paper purposes to develop a corporate social responsibility (CSR) model to guide small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the South African construction industry (SACI) towards sustainable business performance (SBP). A theoretical CSR model was developed from the literature and validated through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), using primary questionnaire data obtained from 110 SMEs in the SACI, who are registered on the construction industry development board (cidb) register of contractors between Grade 1 and 6 general building (GB) and/or civil engineering (CE). The PLS-SEM results indicate that CSR drivers influencing the CSR practices of SMEs, along with CSR implementation challenges experienced by SMEs, influence the perception of SMEs pertaining to the relationship between the integration of CSR and SBP all of which influences the CSR activities considered by SMEs to achieve SBP, thus implying that the holistic adaption of the PLS-SEM (CSR model) by SMEs in the SACI equates to more SBP. However, SMEs practicing CSR activities to achieve SBP are subjected to specific CSR: drivers and implementation challenges as well as SME owner perceptions.
... The instrument's final portion, which dealt with CSR, included four items that were used to measure CSR to the society, CSR for employees, and clients. The items were taken from Turker [81] and Maignan and Ferrell [82]. The survey questionnaire was planned using closed-ended questions. ...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is necessary in today’s organizations because they must balance profitability with the development of a positive reputation through environmental and social responsibilities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to discover how organizational culture (OC) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) relate to job satisfaction (JS), as well as how CSR moderates their interaction. The research data were collected from 463 respondents of SME organizations in Saudi Arabia using an online survey questionnaire (and few by in-person survey) to determine the impact of hypothesized relations. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that corporate social responsibility moderated the relationship between OC and JS and improved employee’s job satisfaction. Among the hypothesized relationships of the variables, OC indicated a mediocre effect on JS, while CSR was found to have low influence on JS. However, the study revealed significant impact among the variables, thereby supporting all three hypotheses of the study. As the study only attempted to understand the associations among three variables, it lacks to explain the role of other potentially important factors such as business success, organizational structure, leadership style, and firm size. The only stakeholders considered by the study was the employees, which is considered a major limitation of this study. Further researchers may also consider the role of other primary stakeholders on CSR activities, who are vital in improving employee JS. The study’s findings have some practical implications for managers who seek to create contented personnel and prioritized CSR efforts.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on the sustainability of Central European SMEs by emphasizing the role of innovation as a mediator and social media as a moderator.
Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire is developed, and primary data is collected from four Central European countries. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling is used to analyse data from over 1,500 SMEs operating in Visegrad countries.
Findings
Our findings reveal a significant and positive association between CSR and business sustainability. Furthermore, it is identified that innovation serves as a mediator in the CSR–business sustainability link in two of the examined countries. Additionally, the moderating effect of social media is observed in Hungary, indicating that the impact of CSR and innovation on business sustainability varies by country context.
Research limitations/implications
While offering valuable insights, the study's generalizability to other regions necessitates further exploration. Additionally, the research focuses on specific mediating and moderating factors, leaving room for the investigation of other potential influences.
Practical implications
This study emphasises the need to integrate CSR practices and promoting innovation to improve business sustainability for SMEs in Central Europe. Recognising social media's moderating influence may help firms adjust their CSR strategies to reflect the preferences and behaviours of their target consumers.
Social implications
Promoting CSR in SMEs can encourage social well-being, including community development and environmental sustainability.
Originality/value
This research contributes fresh insights into the interplay of CSR, innovation and social media within Central European SMEs. It underscores the importance of considering regional nuances when analysing these dynamics.
This study is to examine the translation of a reputable brand into equity and how consumers’ perceptions can trigger value creation from commitment and pursuit of CSR by an organization and adopting the same as a brand, lifestyle, and culture, while pointing attention to the stakeholder’s theory as well as pointing to brand interactions from consumer perceptions based on a mixed methods research approach from quantitative and qualitative analyses as presented with a sampling survey of 205 observations and respondents from Roma and neighbourhood.
A CSR-based business model tied to the cultural and lifestyles of the people in brand context, while deciphering and delineating consumer behavior, even pointing significantly to the “black box models and rational choices,” would foster effectiveness and efficiency in the operational modules as well as impact on financial performance as unveiled from the qualitative data analysis and inferential statistics, thus emphasizing the significance of brand from the consumer side.
It can be inferred that culture and traditional behavior play significant roles in brand perception considering the complexes, unpredictable trends, or patterns associated with consumers’ expressions and behavior in the context of a black box, rational and complex mixes, even justified by the result of the hypothesis testing of the composite attributes and evident from the ‘inference statistics and results, which gave a p–value exceeding 0.05.
Conclusively, a CSR–based business model and structure can enhance change transitions from short– term to long– term goals, drive to sustainability, localized stabilization, and sustainable domains. Even brand interactions can be significantly enhanced by CSR, as ascertained by the relatively high R– squared value of 0.8826 and the justification of statistical significance from the factors as indicated by the ‘SEM results and analyses. Organizations can essentially adopt and apply the concept of bran translating to equity from CSR and consumer perceptions when embedded in their business model as a strategic tool in enhancing their performances and finances.
Research work on the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance has been going on for seven decades. Even when the prevailing studies are those that found a positive influence of social responsibility on financial performance, strong conclusive results are still unavailable. Some explanations for this situation are based, among other reasons, on the fact that the variables have a relation mediated by multiple factors. Additionally, it is still unknown whether the results obtained can be extrapolated to all types of companies since the majority of studies have focused on large companies listed on the stock exchange. This research studied how one of those factors (stakeholder satisfaction) mediated in companies of different sizes (including SMEs) and different types of companies (publicly listed companies or private ownership companies). A questionnaire was used, including indices relative to (1) the degree of development of the company's social responsibility policies, (2) the changes in the satisfaction of four key stakeholders (employees, customers, suppliers, and shareholders) and financial performance (sales and profitability). Findings show the existence of a correlation between social responsibility and financial performance and also that such a relationship is mediated by the satisfaction of stakeholders. That relationship was also found to be independent of company sizes and the type of company This research work is intended to be a contribution towards that field of study, as it has detected a relationship between variables in medium-sized and private ownership companies.
The main aim of this research is to look into the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on job stress and turnover of employees in private colleges of Peshawar-Pakistan. For this purpose, past literature has been reviewed. For empirical testing, adopted questionnaire was used and data was collected from the target population. The collected data was analyzed with the help of SPSS. The results revealed that Corporate Social Responsibility, job stress and turnover have negative relationship. The results of the study have practical as well as theoretical implications. The study addresses the existing gap as studies on CSR, job stress and turnover in colleges is non-existing.
Relationship between corporate social responsibility and
customer loyalty: The mediating effect of positive affect
ABSTRACT
Today, customer is one of the main stakeholders of businesses. In addition, customers’ perception
of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a great importance in ensuring the continuity, that is,
sustainability, of businesses. This study investigated the relationships among costumers’ perception of
CSR, their positive affect and loyalty. Dataset of the study consisted of 549 questionnaires gathered
from bank customers in Ankara. Data input of the research was done with “SPSS 24” software, and then
data were analyzed through “SPSS 24” and “AMOS 24” software programs. “Overall confirmatory
factor”, “internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha)”, “composite reliability”, “convergent validity”,
“discriminant validity”, “Pearson correlation”, “first/second structural equation modeling” and
“Sobel test in interactive environment” analyses were employed in this study. In terms of participants
the results prove that customers’ perception of CSR directly influences their positive affect in a
significant and positive way, and then positive affect has a direct, significant and positive effect on
customer loyalty. Also, perceived CSR influences customer loyalty both directly and indirectly through
positive affect in a significant and positive way. In other words, “positive affect” has a partial mediating
role in the mechanism established within the scope of the study. Based on the functional definitions of
the variables in the model, the research results of the study can also be explained as follows: If
customers’ perception that the bank fulfills its social responsibilities for “customers”, “shareholders”,
“employees”, “community” and “legal-ethical issues” enhances, their loyalty to the bank increases,
that is, they become more loyal customers. Reinforced positive feelings of customers about the bank
thanks to the enhanced perception of CSR contribute to this situation. According to the literature,
customer loyalty is a variable contributing to the business. Therefore, in this study, it is concluded that
it is possible to increase the contributions of customer loyalty to a bank through the healing effect of
customers’ enhanced perception of CSR on their emotional state.
Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, stakeholder theory, positive affect, customer loyalty, sustainability
Corporate greening practices such as measures to reduce pollution emission, management of waste, use of green technologies, sustainable reporting, consuming removable energy sources, implementation of ISO environment management certification, auditing, etc. are required for sustainability. A lot of studies of stakeholder perceptions of corporate responses towards societal concerns are mostly from the point of view of marketing, existing or prospective customers, and industry at a large, but the employee's aspects is most neglected. This chapter investigates the employee's perception of corporate citizenship (CC) and organisational sustainability and also the interrelationship of these variables.
CSR practices derive directly from strategic actions of companies but, more indirectly, from other factors that influence organizational behavior, such as culture. But talking about culture is something too comprehensive since we have national and organizational culture. At the level of CSR practices, will the framework of values of the leadership and the employees of an organization or the norms and values of the country where it operates be more influential? What is the role played by an innovative culture in the implementation of CSR? How can companies promote corporate social innovation? To answer these questions, this chapter will present some studies and discussions to contribute to the reflection of this issue not only to sensitize organizations to the importance of assuming CSR behaviors in an innovative way but also to analyze the role that culture has at this level.
El objetivo principal de este artículo es explorar la relación entre ciudadanía corporativa (CC) y el comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional (CCO) para lo cual se hace una aproximación a la realidad a la que se enfrentan las organizaciones, se utilizó el método ordinatio propuesto por Pagani et.al. (2015) para realizar una revisión en las bases de datos Scopus, WoS y con base en ella, establecer los antecedentes, el concepto de ciudadanía corporativa, el comportamiento de ciudadanía organizacional (CCO) y los resultados de investigación sobre ciudadanía corporativa (CC) y comportamiento ciudadano organizacional (CCO) y como resultado se propone, cuatro hipótesis y un modelo de ciudadanía Corporativa (CC) y el comportamiento ciudadano Organizacional (CCO) y unas conclusiones.
The main objective of this article is to explore the relationship between corporate citizenship (CC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), for which an approximation is made to the reality that organizations face, using the ordinatio method proposed by Pagani; Kovaleski; and Resende, (2015) to carry out a review in the Scopus, WoS databases and based on it, establish the background, the concept of corporate citizenship, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the results of research on corporate citizenship. (CC) and organizational citizen behavior (OCB) and as a result, t four hypotheses and a model of Corporate Citizenship (CC) and Organizational Citizen Behavior (OCB) and some conclusions are proposed.
Purpose
This study aims to develop and validate a scale to measure stakeholders' perception of mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in the hotel industry in India.
Design/methodology/approach
CSR items were generated based on a qualitative approach. The underlying factorial structure of the scale is determined using exploratory factor analysis. The measurement model is verified through confirmatory factor analysis with validity checks. Additionally, the nomological and predictive validity of the proposed scale is confirmed through correlation and regression analysis.
Findings
This study proposed a three-dimensional 17-item scale comprising the environment, social and cultural domains to measure stakeholders' perception of mandatory CSR in the Indian hotel industry.
Research limitations/implications
This study adds to the literature by providing a comprehensive approach incorporating CSR activities specified by law on CSR measurement. Validated CSR scales are recommended for future studies to measure CSR in India. This study may also serve as a blueprint for other countries to develop context-specific CSR measurement approaches.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first scale development study on mandatory CSR in India. The inclusion of CSR activities prescribed by law on the standardized CSR scale development is a novel outlook.
Gerek ülkeler arasında gerekse ülke sınırları içerisinde yer alan bölgeler arasında kalkınma farklılıklarının mevcudiyetini koruduğu herkesçe dile getirilen bir gerçektir. Gelişmiş ekonomiler de dâhil, bölgeler arası kalkınma farklılıkları tam olarak giderilememiştir. Bu nedenle, kalkınma kavramı halen güncelliğini korumakta ve merkezi yönetimlerin öncelikli meseleleri içinde yer almaktadır. Kalkınmaya etki eden faktörlerin somut bir şekilde ortaya konulması, uygulanacak politikalarının etkinliğini ve tutarlılığını artıracaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı firmaların kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) faaliyetlerinin illerin kalkınması üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda, TR52 ve TR71 bölgelerinde yer alan ve gelişmişlik düzeyi birbirinden farklı olan Ankara, Konya, Karaman, Aksaray ve Niğde il merkezlerinde yerleşik, mal üretimi yapan ve KOBİ niteliğinde olan firmaların KSS faaliyetleri saha araştırması ile ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler çoklu lojistik regresyon modeli ile analiz edilerek firmaların KSS faaliyetleri ile bulundukları illerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki istatiksel olarak belirlenmiştir.
This study aimed to find out the impact of a paradigm shift in corporate social responsibility on corporate financial performance. Developing an inclusive and prosperous society needs to reformulate the business-society nexus concerning social responsibility. Corporations are supposed to not only on economic priorities but on societal and environmental implications as well. In the present scenario business organizations must divert the profits to social obligations like medical & and education facilities, hunger & and poverty eradication, a pollution-free environment, and equality of gender. The government has been following constructive initiatives to formalize corporate responsibility toward society from voluntary guidelines to legal obligations. Keeping in view the historical legal reforms, the present study focuses on the empirical analysis of the association between CSR disclosures and corporate financial performance among Indian companies after the enactment of the amended Companies Act. The analyses highlight that companies’ CSR disclosures have a significant impact on their financial performances. The findings of the study are consistent with earlier research, where the CSR disclosure and financial performance relationship is positive. Several companies are engrossed in social obligations towards external and internal stakeholders, as spending on social responsibilities will ensure good financial health. The current research imparts empirical support as well as theoretical support and motivation for the corporate sector towards CSR initiatives.
While numerous researchers have focused on examining the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on various aspects of business in different industries, there still remains a research gap in conducting comprehensive analyses of CSR strategies in Information Technology (IT) sector. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by evaluating the effects of CSR on competitive advantage in the IT companies. In order to analyze data, AMOS structural equation modeling (AMOS-SEM) method was applied, and data were collected during February-April 2023 from 143 Iranian IT firms where CSR has not been appropriately dealt within theoretical as well as practical terms. The findings reveal that among the four components of CSR — legal, ethical, economic, and discretionary—, ethical, legal, economic, and discretionary dimensions have the most positive impact on competitive advantage, respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest a significant role for CSR in enhancing the level of competitive advantage in IT companies. In addition to the knowledge contribution, this study holds significant practical implications for IT company managers to strengthen their decision-making processes and develop effective CSR strategies.
L'engouement récent pour la micro assurance fait suite au succès qu'a connu ces dernières décennies la finance sociale et plus particulièrement le micro crédit. La micro assurance permet de protéger essentiellement les populations à faibles revenus, brisant ainsi le cycle infernal de retour à la pauvreté suite aux divers chocs de la vie quotidienne.
Basé sur le modèle de Wood (1991), inspiré directement du modèle de Carroll (1979), le présent mémoire permet d'analyser les liens entre les organisations oeuvrant en micro assurance et la société, et ce, en termes de réduction de la pauvreté. Nous nous sommes servis du questionnaire élaboré par le Comité d'Échanges, de Réflexion et d'Information sur les systèmes d'épargne-crédit (CERISE) pour mesurer la performance sociale en micro finance, que nous avons adapté à la micro assurance. Notre instrument de mesure comportait quatre
(4) dimensions, à savoir le ciblage des pauvres et des exclus, l'adaptation des services aux pauvres, l'amélioration de la situation socio économique des clients et la responsabilité sociale.
Par anticipation, nous avons affirmé que la micro assurance réduisait la pauvreté à travers la performance sociale et que les modèles d'affaires ayant une performance supérieure étaient susceptibles d'atteindre les couches de populations les plus pauvres.
Les résultats de notre recherche indiquent que les préoccupations des organisations dépendent fOltement des modèles d'affaires, qui par ailleurs ont chacun une définition de la pauvreté. Le modèle communautaire s'est avéré être le modèle le plus socialement performant avec la moyenne de points la plus élevée. La priorité accordée à chacune des dimensions dépend elle aussi du modèle d'affaires. Le modèle communautaire met l'accent sur le ciblage des pauvres et sur l'amélioration de la situation socioéconomique des clients, tandis que les autres modèles affichent un score élevé en responsabilité sociale. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Micro assurance, Performance sociale, Pauvreté, Responsabilité sociale.
One of most important pillars that have major implications for an organizations structure, activities investments relations with market and performance is strategy. Adopting the best strategy out there requires organization to coordinate their approaches in establishing industry positions and or by relying on its resources, competences, and capabilities in an effort to achieve a fit with their internal and external environments and in turn achieve a sustained competitive advantage and improved business efficiency. Therefore, strategic orientation of the firm reflects its operational, marketing and entrepreneurial posture. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship between Strategic Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibilities and Firm Performance in Nigerian Airports. Quantitative approach was used through the use of survey questionnaire. The population for this study is the staff working at both listed airport in the northern Nigeria. The respondents were the airport managers, staff, passengers, head of parastatals and community members. The result of the study found that there is no effect of Philanthropic responsibility, Legal responsibilities, Ethical responsibilities and Economic responsibilities on the Strategic Orientation of listed state airport in northern Nigeria.
Using an ex-post-facto research design, this study examined how listed Nigerian oil and gas entrepreneurial marketing companies' financial performance is impacted by their commitment to CSR. A sample of 11 listed oil and gas entrepreneurial marketing companies in the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) for 2010–2019 was used. The sample companies' annual reports were used as data collection sources. The panel regression and Arrelano and Bond GMM estimation results were used for the study outcomes. The findings indicate that CSR significantly and positively affected the ROA, ROE, and share price of oil and gas entrepreneurial marketing firms in Nigeria. The study recommends that companies increase their CSR activity since it helps boost their financial performance. The state should develop a strong policy and develop an effective and enforceable modern CSR framework with effective state control in Nigeria.
Offered here is a conceptual model that comprehensively describes essential aspects of corporate social performance (CSP). The three dimensional model address major questions of concern: (1) What is included in the definition of CSR? (2) What are the social/stakeholder issues the firm must address? and (3) What is the organization's strategy/mode/philosophy of social responsiveness.
The first dimension is the source of the original four-part definition of CSR originated: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (later termed philanthropic). It was later presented at the CSR Pyramid (1991).
Drawing on propositions from social identity theory and signaling theory, we hypothesized that firms' corporate social performance (CSP) is related positively to their reputations and to their attractiveness as employers. Results indicate that independent ratings of CSP are related to firms' reputations and attractiveness as employers, suggesting that a firm's CSP may provide a competitive advantage in attracting applicants. Such results add to the growing literature suggesting that CSP map provide firms with competitive advantages.
A conceptual framework is developed to analyze and evaluate business response patterns under different temporal and sociocultural conditions. Corporate responses are classified along three dimensions: corporate behavior or social obligation, social responsibility, and social responsiveness. The contextual component (external environment) is analyzed by dividing the elapsed time between the emergence of a problem and its ultimate solution into four categories: the preproblem stage, the problem identification stage, the remedy and relief stage, and the prevention stage. Examples of current application of the framework and directions for future research are indicated.
As foreign direct investment in the U.S. continues to become both more visible and controversial, the general public remains skeptical about the corporate citizenship of these foreign affiliates. Four dimensions of corporate citizenship — orientations, organizational stakeholders, issues, and decision-making autonomy — were used to compare the inclinations of foreign affiliates with the domestic firms operating in the U.S. chemical industry. The only significant differences between the U.S. sample and those firms headquartered in other countries-of-origin were found in the area of corporate citizenship decision making autonomy.
Offered here is a conceptual model that comprehensively describes essential aspects of corporate social performance. The three aspects of the model address major questions of concern to academics and managers alike: (1) What is included in corporate social responsibility? (2) What are the social issues the organization must address? and (3) What is the organization's philosophy or mode of social responsiveness?
Anumber of goodness-of-fit indices for the evaluation of multivariate structural models are expressed as functions of the noncentrality parameter in order to elucidate their mathematical properties and, in particular, to explain previous numerical findings. Most of the indices considered are shown to vary systematically with sample size. It is suggested that H. Akaike's (1974; see record
1989-17660-001) information criterion cannot be used for model selection in real applications and that there are problems attending the definition of parsimonious fit indices. A normed function of the noncentrality parameter is recommended as an unbiased absolute goodness-of-fit index, and the Tucker–Lewis (see record
1973-30255-001) index and a new unbiased counterpart of the Bentler–Bonett (see record
1981-06898-001) index are recommended for those investigators who might wish to evaluate fit relative to a null model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Offered here is a conceptual model that comprehensively describes essential aspects of corporate social performance. The three aspects of the model address major questions of concern to academics and managers alike: (1) What is included in corporate social responsibility? (2) What are the social issues the organization must address? and (3) What is the organization's philosophy or mode of social responsiveness?
In recent years, academic and practitioner interest has focused on market orientation and factors that engender this orientation in organizations. However, much less attention has been devoted to developing a valid measure of market orientation. Here we define market orientation as the organizationwide generation of market intelligence pertaining to current and future needs of customers, dissemination of intelligence horizontally and vertically within the organization, and organization-wide action or responsiveness to market intelligence. The authors describe a procedure to develop a measure of the construct. Key features of the research methodology include several rounds of pretesting, a single-informant assessment, and a multi-informant (both marketing and nonmarketing executives) replication and extension. The multi-informant results indicate that the proposed 20-item market orientation scale (MARKOR) may be best represented by a factor structure that consists of one general market orientation factor, one factor for intelligence generation, one factor for dissemination and responsiveness, one marketing informant factor, and one nonmarketing informant factor. Taking into account the informant factors, the subsequent validation tests are moderately supportive of the market orientation construct. The authors discuss methodological, substantive, and application directions for future research in light of these findings.
The author comments on Fornell and Larcker's article in the February 1981 issue of JMR. He indicates some limitations of the analyses, pinpoints where they can be misleading, and introduces some new notions.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
Lee Preston describes the principal methods of corporate social performance analysis in use in the United States, where, on the basis of the number of Fortune 500 corporations making disclosures, it seems that the concept of social responsibility is making more impact than in the UK.
This paper traces the evolution of the corporate social performance model by focusing on three challenges to the concept of corporate social responsibility: economic responsibility, public responsibility, and social responsiveness. It also examines social issues management as a dimension of corporate social performance. It concludes that the corporate social performance model is valuable for business and society study and that it provides the beginnings of a paradigm for the field.
The author comments on Fornell and Larcker's article in the February 1981 issue of "JMR". He indicates some limitations of the analyses, pinpoints where they can be misleading, and introduces some new notions.
Longer-term performance effects of corporate illegality were investigated. Results show that firms experience lower accounting returns over five years and slower sales growth in the third through fifth year after a conviction. Stakeholders appear to paint all corporate wrongdoers with the same brush, ignoring the seriousness of illegalities, but responding strongly to multiple convictions for wrongdoing. Reduced financial performance does not deter subsequent illegality.
Heeding the call for the study of the internal determinants of an organization's social responsiveness, this paper explores the role and impact of top managers on social performance. By building on the literature that comprises the realm of strategic leadership, directional hypotheses of linkages between top manager backgrounds, tenure and corporate social performance are developed and tested.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the corporate social performance of an organization and three variables: the size of the organization, the financial performance of the organization, and the environmental performance of the organization. By empirically testing data from 1987 to 1992, the results of the study show that a firm's corporate social performance is indeed impacted by the size of the firm, the level of profitability of the firm, and the amount of pollution emissions released by the firm.
This article reviews proposed goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models and the Monte Carlo studies that have empirically assessed their distributional properties. The cumulative contributions of the studies are summarized, and the variables under which the indices are studied are noted. A primary finding is that many of the indices used until the late 1980s, including Joreskog and Sorbom's (1981) GFI and Bentler and Bonett's (1980) NFI, indicated better fit when sample size increased. More recently developed indices based on the chi-square noncentrality parameter are discussed and the relevant Monte Carlo studies reviewed. Although a more complete understanding of their properties and suitability requires further research, the recommended fit indices are the McDonald (1989) noncentrality index, the Bentler (1990)-McDonald and Marsh (1990) RNI (or the bounded counterpart CFI), and Bollen's (1989) DELTA2.
The stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified in the man- agement literature on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumen- tal power, and normative validity. These three aspects of the theory, although interrelated, are quite distinct; they involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. In this article, we examine these three aspects of the theory and critique and integrate important contributions to the literature related to each. We conclude that the three aspects of stakeholder theory are mutually supportive and that the normative base of the theory-which includes the modern theory of property rights-is fundamental. If the unity of the corporate body is real, then there is reality and not simply legal fiction in the proposition that the man- agers of the unit are fiduciaries for it and not merely for its individual members, that they are . . . trustees for an institu- tion (with multiple constituents) rather than attorneys for the stockholders.
The development of methods of analysis for linear structural equation models with latent variables has pro- vided researchers considerable means to construct, test, and modify theories. However, the initial analysis al- most invariably indicates the need for a revised model, either in the measurement of the latent variables or in the causal relations among the latent variables. The pur- pose of this article is to present some methods for re- specifying measurement models.
This article defines corporate social performance (CSP) and reformulates the CSP model to build a coherent, integrative framework for business and society research. Principles of social responsibility are framed at the institutional, organizational, and individual levels; processes of social responsiveness are shown to be environmental assessment, stakeholder management, and issues management; and outcomes of CSP are posed as social impacts, programs, and policies. Rethinking CSP in this manner points to vital research questions that have not yet been addressed.
In recent years, academic and practitioner interest has focused on market orientation and factors that engender this orientation in organizations. However, much less attention has been devoted to developing a valid measure of market orientation. Here we define market orientation as the organizationwide generation of market intelligence pertaining to current and future needs of customers, dissemination of intelligence horizontally and vertically within the organization, and organizationwide action or responsiveness to market intelligence. The authors describe a procedure to develop a measure of the construct. Key features of the research methodology include several rounds of pretesting, a single-informant assessment, and a multi-informant (both marketing and nonmarketing executives) replication and extension. The multi-informant results indicate that the proposed 20-item market orientation scale (MARKOR) may be best represented by a factor structure that consists of one general market orientation factor, one factor for intelligence generation, one factor for dissemination and responsiveness, one marketing informant factor, and one nonmarketing informant factor. Taking into account the informant factors, the subsequent validation tests are moderately supportive of the market orientation construct. The authors discuss methodological, substantive, and application directions for future research in light of these findings.
This article presents conclusions from a 10-year research program, the purpose of which has been to develop a framework and methodology, grounded in the reality of corporate behavior, for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. There are three principal sections: (a) a summary of the approaches, models, and methodologies used in conducting more than 70 field studies of corporate social performance from 1983-1993; (b) a discussion of the principal conclusions derived from the data that (1) corporations manage relationships with stakeholder groups rather than with society as a whole, (2) it is important to distinguish between social issues and stakeholder issues, and (3) it is necessary to identify the appropriate level of analysis in order to evaluate CSP; and (c) a discussion of propositions and areas for further research.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the interaction between sustainability and financial performance. Can socially responsible investors, integrating environmental, social and ethical issues in their investment policy, expect the same return as traditional investors?
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the sustainability ratings of a specialized rating agency, Vigeo, a Fama and French approach is performed to adapt for style biases in the performances.
Findings
The results indicate that, on a style‐adjusted basis, high sustainability‐rated portfolios have performed better than low‐rated portfolios, but, probably due to the short horizon, not to a significant extent. The same results are found for four out of the five sub‐ratings of which the sustainability rating is composed, suggesting that sustainability is a broad and multidimensional concept that cannot be attributed to one specific theme or topic. The results also indicate that investors are ready to pay a premium for companies with good management of their relations with shareholders, clients and suppliers.
Research limitations/implications
Owing to the rather new concept of socially responsible investing and in order to avoid survivorship bias, only a relative time horizon is considered.
Practical implications
There is no cost involved in integrating sustainable dimensions in the investment policy.
Originality/value
The paper shows the relevance of socially responsible investing when one adjusts for style differences within the portfolio.
Strategic managers are consistently faced with the decision of how to allocate scarce corporate resources in an environment that is placing more and more pressures on them. Recent scholarship in strategic management suggests that many of these pressures come directly from sources associated with social issues in management, rather than traditional arenas of strategic management. Using a greatly improved source of data on corporate social performance, this paper reports the results of a rigorous study of the empirical linkages between financial and social performance. Corporate social performance (CSP) is found to be positively associated with prior financial performance, supporting the theory that slack resource availability and CSP are positively related. CSP is also found to be positively associated with future financial performance, supporting the theory that good management and CSP are positively related.© 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Strategic management studies frequently involve obtaining retrospective data from strategic-level managers. The use of this data acquisition methodology has received relatively little codification and little critical review or comment. This seems unfortunate, as discussion and codification of the methodology could be useful for those academic researchers and corporate staff who study strategic decisions and organizational processes and for those managers who may be asked to provide the retrospective data. This paper is an attempt to remedy the current state of affairs. In particular, the paper reviews several sources of the data inaccuracies that commonly affect retrospective data and offers guidelines for reducing the occurrence or magnitude of these inaccuracies.
This paper, Study II, is the second in a series of papers investigating the relative importance of social responsibility criteria in determining organizational effectiveness, using student samples. A revised version of the Organizational Effectiveness Menu was used as a questionnaire with a sample of 182 senior undergraduate and the MBA students from three universities. Each respondent was asked to rate the importance of the criteria from a manager''s perspective. The results support the earlier findings that students responding as managers rate social responsibility criteria, individually and collectively, among the least important of the potential determinants of organizational effectiveness.
This paper investigates the relative importance of social responsibility criteria in determining organizational effectiveness. The organizational effectiveness menu was used as a questionnaire with a sample of 151 senior undergraduates. Each respondent was asked to rate the importance of the criteria from three constituent perspectives within a service organization: (1) as a manager, (2) as an investor, (3) as an employee. Later, a subsample of students (n=61) responded to the same questionnaire acting as a manager in an assigned case study. The results indicated that students acting as managers, investors, or employees rate social responsibility criteria among the least important of the determinants of organizational effectiveness. Moreover, while specific situations may call for changes in the relative importance of these criteria, social responsibility criteria were not viewed, generally, as the most important determinants of organizational effectiveness.
We provide a comprehensive and user-friendly compendium of standards for the use and interpretation of structural equation
models (SEMs). To both read about and do research that employs SEMs, it is necessary to master the art and science of the
statistical procedures underpinning SEMs in an integrative way with the substantive concepts, theories, and hypotheses that
researchers desire to examine. Our aim is to remove some of the mystery and uncertainty of the use of SEMs, while conveying
the spirit of their possibilities.
KeywordsStructural equation models–Confirmatory factor analysis–Construct validity–Reliability–Goodness-of-fit
A necessary but insufficient condition for marketers to act ethically and be socially responsible is that they must perceive
ethics and social responsibility to be important. However, little is known about marketers’ perceptions regarding the importance
of ethics and social responsibility components of business decisions. The objectives of this study are (1)to assess the marketing
practitioners’ perceptions regarding the importance of ethics and social responsibility in achieving organizational effectiveness,
and (2) to analyze the relative influences of selected personal characteristics and organizational factors underlying a marketer’s
perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility. The results from a mail survey of American Marketing Association
members indicate that the marketers generally believe that ethics and social responsibility are important components of organizational
effectiveness. The results partly indicate that there is a positive relationship between a marketer’s corporate ethical values
and his or her perceptions regarding the importance of ethics and social responsibility. The results also indicate that the
marketers’ perceptions regarding ethics and social responsibility can be explained by idealism and relativism.
Criteria for evaluating structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated. An overall
program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence. Model assessment
is considered to be a complex process mixing statistical criteria with philosophical, historical, and theoretical elements.
Inevitably the process entails some attempt at a reconcilation between so-called objective and subjective norms.
Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data Alan Agresti Statistical Science Now has its first coordinated manual of methods for analyzing ordered categorical data. This book discusses specialized models that, unlike standard methods underlying nominal categorical data, efficiently use the information on ordering. It begins with an introduction to basic descriptive and inferential methods for categorical data, and then gives thorough coverage of the most current developments, such as loglinear and logit models for ordinal data. Special emphasis is placed on interpretation and application of methods and contains an integrated comparison of the available strategies for analyzing ordinal data. This is a case study work with illuminating examples taken from across the wide spectrum of ordinal categorical applications. 1984 (0 471-89055-3) 287 pp. Regression Diagnostics Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity David A. Belsley, Edwin Kuh and Roy E. Welsch This book provides the practicing statistician and econometrician with new tools for assessing the quality and reliability of regression estimates. Diagnostic techniques are developed that aid in the systematic location of data points that are either unusual or inordinately influential; measure the presence and intensity of collinear relations among the regression data and help to identify the variables involved in each; and pinpoint the estimated coefficients that are potentially most adversely affected. The primary emphasis of these contributions is on diagnostics, but suggestions for remedial action are given and illustrated. 1980 (0 471-05856-4) 292 pp. Applied Regression Analysis Second Edition Norman Draper and Harry Smith Featuring a significant expansion of material reflecting recent advances, here is a complete and up-to-date introduction to the fundamentals of regression analysis, focusing on understanding the latest concepts and applications of these methods. The authors thoroughly explore the fitting and checking of both linear and nonlinear regression models, using small or large data sets and pocket or high-speed computing equipment. Features added to this Second Edition include the practical implications of linear regression; the Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation; families of transformations; inverse, ridge, latent root and robust regression; and nonlinear growth models. Includes many new exercises and worked examples.
This study develops and tests a measure of organizational learning capacity (OLC) using the purchasing process of a Fortune 500 multinational corporation. The focus is on the activities and relationships between the strategic business units (SBUs) and the buying center of the organization. Based on a domestic sample of 179 SBUs used for the initial item and purification analysis and an international sample of 167 SBUs used for the reliability and validity analysis, the results indicate that the covariation among the proposed 17 items of the OLC scale can be explained by a correlated four-factor measurement model including team, systems, learning, and memory orientations.