Article

Reference ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Ragusana donkeys from Sicily (Italy)

August 2005
Comparative Clinical Pathology 14(1):5-12

August 2005
14(1):5-12

DOI:10.1007/s00580-005-0544-8

Authors:

Marco Caldin

Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco

Tommaso Furlanello

Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco

Laia Solano-Gallego

Autonomous University of Barcelona

Davide De Lorenzi

Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Zola Predosa, Italy

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Donkeys, an endangered species, have recently gained a new application with the use of their milk to feed humans with allergic processes. The Ragusana donkey breed from Sicily is used to produce milk for humans with allergic diseases. In order to evaluate the hygienic, nutritional and management measures on a farm of Ragusana donkeys, complete blood counts, extended biochemical profiles and serum protein electrophoresis, as part of metabolic profile test (MPT), were performed in Ragusana donkeys. Fifty-four donkeys were studied and grouped according to their age, (1) 29 females and a single stallion (n=30), (2) young females, 1 – 3years old (n=10) and (3) young of both sexes under 1year old (n=14). The RBC count, RDW value, Lymp, and Mono counts, and PDW values were statistically greater in donkeys under one year old than in adult donkeys, while the Seg Neu count was lower. The CPK, ALP, iPhos, and HCO3, values were statistically higher in the group of donkeys under 1year of age than adult donkeys while Cl and LDH values were statistically lower in donkeys under 1 year than adult donkeys. Additionally, statistically significant increased values for CPK, ALP, Alb, Chol, iPhos, HCO3, and UIBC in young donkeys under 1year when compared with young donkeys, 1 – 3years were observed. A statistically significant decreased value for Urea and an increased value for Crea in young donkeys, 1 – 3years old were found as compared to adults. The serum protein fractions recognised by electrophoresis were: albumin, alpha globulin (subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2-globulins), beta globulin, and gamma globulin. In the alpha-1-globulin region three small peaks were constantly noticed, and alpha-2-globulins were statistically different between the three groups being greater in young donkeys under 1year of age. The results obtained were used both to establish reference ranges and a data bank for the farm of Ragusana donkeys for future needs in assessing the metabolic status and health of the animals.

Serum Biochemistry Parameters of the Endangered Miranda’s Donkey Breed: Reference Intervals and the Influence of Gender and Age

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024

Miranda’s donkey is an endangered, autochthone breed from Northern Portugal. Understanding the physiological and pathological conditions of Miranda’s donkey is crucial for the conservation of the breed. Our study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for blood biochemistry parameters and to evaluate the influence of gender and age on these parameters. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for 21 blood biochemistry parameters using Respons® 920 and Start® 4-Diagnostica-Stago. RIs were calculated according to the ASVCP guidelines, utilizing Reference Advisor software V. 2.1 and the statistical program SPSS version 29 to analyze the effects of gender and age. Significant gender-related differences (p < 0.05) were observed in cholesterol, chlorine, creatinine (CREA), glucose (GLU), sodium, and triglycerides (with higher values in females) and in aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase, potassium, magnesium (Mg), and urea (with higher values in males). Age-related differences (p < 0.05) were noted for alkaline phosphatase, CK, fibrinogen, GLU, and phosphorus (higher in young animals) and for globulin, Mg, and total protein (higher in adults). The RIs described here are invaluable for assessing and monitoring the health status of individual animals and herds. Our study highlights the importance of considering gender and age in the interpretation of biochemical parameters, providing critical insights for the conservation and management of this endangered breed.

Establishment of Reference Intervals of Hematological Parameters and Evaluation of Sex and Age Effect in the Miranda Donkey

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

The Miranda donkey is an autochthonous Portuguese breed that is considered endangered. Several studies have been carried out on this breed, but to the authors’ best knowledge, no studies have been conducted on their clinical pathology. The aims of this study were to determine the hematological reference intervals (RIs) in healthy Miranda donkeys and to estimate the influence of age and sex. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for 22 hematological parameters on the IDEXX ProCyte Dx, an automated hematology analyzer previously validated for the species. The RIs were estimated following the ASVCP guidelines with the Reference Value Advisor software. Regarding sex, no significant differences were found between groups. Regarding age, significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed for red blood cells, red cell distribution width, white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, plateletcrit (higher mean in young animals), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, neutrophils and eosinophils (higher mean in adults). The RIs described here can be used to evaluate and monitor the health status of animals and herds, as well as to guide diagnoses or select fit and healthy animals for reproduction, contributing to the preservation of the breed.

Differences of the Plasma Total Lipid Fraction from Pre-Foaling to Post-Foaling Period in Donkeys

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The period from late gestation to early lactation is characterized by changes in energy metabolism. The aim of the current study was to analyze the plasma total lipid fraction using gas chromatography (GC) analysis, in order to highlight metabolic changes from the pre-foaling to post-foaling periods. Eleven pluriparous dairy jennies (mean age of 11.88 ± 3.79 years) belonging to the Amiata donkey breed were enrolled. Blood sampling was performed at 15 days before foaling (T0), and 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 60 (T3), and 90 (T4) days after foaling, for biochemical and GC analysis. A total of 37 fatty acids were identified in plasma samples: 4 medium chain (MCFA), 24 long chain (LCFA), and 9 very-long chain (VLCFA) fatty acids. Among them, 20 fatty acids changed significantly, and two fatty acid showed a trend toward significance. Furthermore, the LCFA, saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids changed significantly during the study period. The main alterations were between T0 and the other time points and appeared to be related to lipid metabolism, cellular structure and function, and inflammatory and immune responses. Our findings reveal greater energy requirements at the end of gestation compared to early lactation in donkeys.

Reference Ranges for Hematological and Biochemical Profile of Martina Franca Donkeys

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020

The Martina Franca donkey (MFd) is one of the largest Italian donkey breeds, considered as endangered breed. To support the conservation strategies, knowledge about the physiologic hematological parameters of MFds is needed. The aims of the study were to determine reference value for hematological and major serum parameters in a population of healthy MFds and to estimate the influence of age on these parameters. Eighty-one clinically healthy MFds (17 males and 64 females) in different ages were enrolled: group A (foals, n° 16, animals < 1 year old) group B (young animals, n° 36, from 1 to 3 years old), and group C (adult animals, n° 29, over 3 years old). Red blood cell count (RBC); hematocrit value (HCT); hemoglobin concentration (HGB); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); hemoglobin concentration distribution width (HDW); RBC distribution width (RDW); total white blood cell (WBC); WBC differential count for neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, and platelets (PLT); mean platelet volume (MPV); platelet volume distribution width; and plateletcrit (PCT) were analyzed. The biochemistry panel included aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total serum protein (TP), albumin (ALB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TGL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), glucose (GLU), Ca²⁺, phosphorus, Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, and Mg²⁺. The effect of age on hematological parameters was investigated using one-way ANOVA test. Age of donkeys does not influence total WBC, HGB, HCT, platelet count and MPV, and PCT (P > 0.05). Some leukocyte populations such as eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils showed age-linked variations (P < 0.05). RBC count, RDW, and HDW decrease with age whereas MCV and MCH increase. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, phosphorus, ALP, GGT, CREA, GLUC, and CHOL decrease with age (P < 0.05), while AST and TP showed an increase with aging (P < 0.05). ALB reaches the lowest values in young donkeys and returns to values of foals in older animals (P < 0.05). Finally, a difference among groups for BUN and TGL was not found (P < 0.05). The results suggest how even for the MFd breed, age is a variable that affects different hematological and biochemical parameters. Compared to other donkey and horses, the MFd breed showed some differences that clinicians involved during conservation strategies need to be consider.

Hematological Profile in Donkey Depending on Lactation

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

The factors that influence the hematological profile of the donkeys are: nutrition, reproduction, season, lactation, parturition, maintenance and animal health. Knowing the hematological parameters represents a breakthrough in the development of work programs and nutritional programs in the donkey farms and greatly helps the possibility of the conservation of the donkeys, a species that until now has been neglected in our country. For haematological parameters, significant changes can be observed under the influence of lactation as follows: WBC (G/L) may have a lower mean average in lactation I, (9.66 ± 0.56) and further in lactation, reaching a higher value average in lactation IV (13.57 ± 0.80). Hb (g/L) behaves similar to WBC, reaching the highest average values in IV lactation, (131.30 ± 3.56). LYM (%) in lactation I, (38.72 ± 0.69) and in lactation 2, 3 and 4 similar average values. MON (%) manifests thus, under the influence of lactation, having an interval between (1.14 ± 0.16), lactation I and (1.42 ± 0.17) in lactation IV.

Hematological Profile in Donkey Depending on Lactation

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Serum biochemical profile of Pêga breed donkeys in the state of Minas Gerais

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018
PESQUISA VET BRASIL

For the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters of Pêga breed donkeys (Equus asinus), for the different age groups and sex, blood samples of 123 animals were analyzed, of 29 males aged from 8 days to 10 years and of 94 females (15 lactating) aged from 2 days to 12 years, from two farms in the central-southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The donkeys were divided by age into 5 groups: Group 1 (≤6 months), Group 2 (7-12 months), Group 3 (13-48 months), Group 4 (49-72 months), and Group 5 (≥73 months). According to the sex, they were divided into two groups, males and females. Serum biochemical elements: total protein, albumin, globulin, the A:G ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, creatinine, urea, phosphorus, calcium, Ca:P ratio, magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), were evaluated in all animals. No significant differences were found for globulins, uric acid, urea and A:G ratio between age groups. Group 4 showed the highest values for total protein when compared with animals in Group 1 and 2. In Goup 2, the donkeys showed albumin levels lower than Group 3 and 4. Group 1 they had cholesterol levels higher than those in Group 2 and 4, and similar of the other groups. Higher phosphorus serum concentration was observed in Group 1. Calcium was significantly lower in Group 2. The Ca:P ratio was higher for Group 5. The magnesium values were significantly higher in donkeys older than 49 months (Group 4 and 5). The value of AST was lower for group 1. The ALP enzyme was significantly higher in younger animals up to 12 months, followed by gradual decrease with advancing age. The values of GGT were higher in donkeys up to 6 months, followed by decreasing values for subsequent groups. No differences were found between genders for albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Ca:P ratio, magnesium, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase. Females had higher values for total protein, globulin and triglycerides. Males showed higher values for A:G ratio, phosphorus, calcium and CK. The results showed that age and sex can influence serum biochemical values of Pêga breed donkeys.

Hematological and blood chemistry values of donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) in different management systems

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2018
PFERDEHEILKUNDE

In order to test the hypothesis that donkeys, housed in different management systems, present minimal variations in the concentration of various blood values, an experiment was carried out to evaluate blood values in Northeastern donkeys at maintenance, of both sexes, in different management systems. Sixty-two Northeastern donkeys were used, of both sexes, adults, healthy and housed in three management systems: Limoeiro (LIM), Natal (NAT) and Mirandiba/Salgueiro (MS), three different regions in the Northeast of Brazil. Se were evaluated. Results were submitted to ANOVA with two factors (sex and rearing site) and to Tukey test, considering p<0.05. Results showed no difference in body score (p>0.05) and, in blood biomar-kers, it was observed that RDW-CV and MPV were higher in females (p<0.05). In G-MS, red blood cells, Hb, HT and lymphocytes were lower than in G-LIM and GNAT (p<0.05). In G-LIM, MCV and RDW-SD were lower (p<0.05). In relation to metabolic biomarkers, high concentrations of UA, TRIG, TC, NEFA, Ca and P (p<0.05) were observed in females. Higher concentrations of UA, TRIG, TC, P and Cl were detected in G-LIM (p<0.05), and GNAT had the highest values for URE, GLU and CK (p<0.05). Results indicated that, even when kept under different management systems, donkeys may present some haematological and blood chemistry values with similar concentrations , and the few differences found may not present clinical significance for the evaluation of these animals. It was concluded that donkeys may present significant variations in different blood and metabolic parameters, when they are of different sexes and/or housed in different management systems. The red series, electrolytes and trace elements were not very sensitive to identify variations related to gender and/or rearing site groups. However, the count of lymphocytes, the combination of MVC with RDWs, CK, as well as concentrations of NEFA and triglycerides, can be used to better understand the adaptations of different management conditions or breeding systems, since they can be modified by the evaluated conditions, contributing to a better understanding of the state of health or disease of the animals of that species .

Physiological variations and the influence of age and sex on serum biochemical profile of hinnies

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2018
Comp Clin Pathol

There is little information about serum biochemistry in hinnies, animals that are usually confused with mules, so this is why specific diagnosis and treatment for these animals are difficult to obtain. Due to this fact, this study had the aim of offering elements to understand and determine references in serum biochemistry parameters specific for hinnies. To achieve this objective, biochemistry parameters from blood samples collected from 33 healthy animals (15 male hinnies with age between 7 and 84 months, and 18 female hinnies with age between 17 days and 84 months), from different farms in Brazil, were evaluated to verify the influence of age and sex of animals on these parameters. The analyzed elements were total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and creatine kinase (CK). Animal’s ages had an influence on biochemistry parameters, as the younger animals (≤ 30 months) presented higher levels of phosphorus and higher albumin:globulin ratio. Males and females presented similar serum biochemistry profiles. The results of this study offer elements to determine the serum biochemistry profile of hinnies and have enormous importance for veterinary clinic since this is one of the first researches in this area.

Biochemical and haematological profile of donkeys in the Czech and Slovak Republics: influence of age and sex

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of taking into account the age and sex of the donkeys while assessing individual haematological and biochemical variables. Material used for the study were blood samples collected from 112 clinically healthy donkeys (37 males and 75 females) aged from 05 to 30 years old. Selected haematological and biochemical variables were examined and the influence of sex and age was analyzed by multivariate analysis. Significant differences were found in some of biochemical and haematological variables between groups. The results of this study can be useful for appropriate clinical interpretation of laboratory results in donkeys. © 2017, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Serum protein fractions, hematological and biochemical variables of the Pêga donkey (Equus asinus) breed in the fi rst year of age

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2016

This study describes changes in serum protein fractions, hematological and biochemical variables of Pêga donkeys, an important Brazilian asinine breed, during their first year of life. Complete blood count, biochemical analysis and serum protein fractionation by electrophoresis were performed on blood samples taken from eight donkeys, three females and five males, collected on the day of birth, at 3rd , 7th , 15th days and monthly until 12 months of life. There were no age-related differences for CK, albumin, magnesium, potassium, chlorides, triglycerides, basophils, band and segmented neutrophils. Sodium concentration remained almost constant. The WBC curve ascended until five months, lymphocytes up to seven months, monocytes until six months, phosphorus rose during the first month, IgA until the third month, and then all previous parameters started to decrease. Urea and ionized calcium concentrations diminished until 15 days, then tended to increase. Eosinophils, total protein, GGT, AST, creatinine, IgG, transferrin, albumin (identified by electrophoresis), haptoglobin, 23 and 138 kDa molecular weight proteins showed an upward trend during this period. RBC, hemoglobin concentration, PCV, platelets, glucose, total calcium, cholesterol, ALT, AP, ceruloplasmin, α1-acid glycoprotein, 33 kDa molecular weight protein, indirect, direct and total bilirubin, tended to decrease during the first year of life. This is the first report on changes in serum protein fractions, hematological and biochemical variables of Pêga donkeys during the first year of life, and demonstrates that most of these parameters change during this period. The data obtained are useful for clinical routines and as a basis for future scientific investigations into the donkeys' physiology and metabolism.

Reference intervals for hematological and blood biochemistry reference values in healthy mules and hinnies

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2016
Comp Clin Pathol

Little scientific information is known regarding mules and even less is known about hinnies. Due to increased popularity of both as recreational animals which are still commonly found as working equids, there is a need for such basic information for practitioners and owners. The purpose of this study was to begin to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of clinically healthy mules and hinnies compared to those of their sires and dams (horses and donkeys of similar genotype, phenotype within species) used for hybrid offspring production. Such information will contribute to our understanding and attempts to improve management and disease diagnosis of hinnies and mules. Eighty-one healthy equids (n = 30 hinnies, 20 mules, 20 donkeys, and 11 horses) were sampled. Clinical data recorded age, gender, BCS, and temperature. Two 10-mL blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein, using “vacutainer” plain and EDTA tubes. These samples were analyzed for RBC, PCV, Hb, WBC, platelets, proteins, fatty acids, electrolytes, enzymes, and glucose. Average and standard deviations were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test the significant value. Findings were considered to be significant if P ≤ 0.05. When comparing all parameters among four groups of equids, differences were found for temperature, red blood cell lines, white blood cell lines, electrolytes, and enzymes. Differences in mules and hinnies were seen in RBC, WBC, magnesium, bilirubin, creatinine, and AST. The results are constricted to very few known populations of equid hybrids with similar genetics. In this study, hinnies and mules showed results that were closer to those of horses than those of donkeys. Some differences recorded in hinnies may be related to age: RBC, WBC, MCH, MCV, eosinophils, magnesium, total bilirubin, creatinine, and AST. Findings may help establish new, relevant hematological and biochemical parameters which may prevent medical misdiagnosis. Additional research is needed with larger populations of healthy mules and hinnies.

Serum enzyme activities and electrolyte concentrations of breeding donkeys (Equus asinus): Effect of sex, age, lactation and/or pregnancy

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016

Influence of sex, age in males and lactation and/or pregnancy in females on serum activities of four enzymes and concentrations of six electrolytes in 62 apparently healthy breeding donkeys comprising of 33 males and 29 females were studied. Statistical analysis revealed that out of 10 parameters: a) Sex affected activities of four enzymes namely, ALT, AST, LDH and y-GT: Significantly females showed significantly higher values of these enzymes; b) Age in males altered only two enzymes namely LDH and y-GT while electrolytes remained unaltered. Young foals aged less than 1 year showed highest values among these parameters whereas 3-7 year and above 10 year old donkeys showed the lowest values of LDH and y-GT, respectively; c) Lactation and/or pregnancy in females affected activities of 4 enzymes ALT, ALP, LDH and y-GT and concentrations of two electrolytes i.e., K and Cl. Non-pregnant dry animals showed significantly (P<0.05) lower activities of four serum enzymes i.e., ALT, ALP, LDH and y-GT than the rest of all physiological states of females under study except AST which remained unaltered. It is concluded that physiological states, performed by corresponding hormones, leading to mild or transitional stresses play the all important regulatory role which has substantial function in the maintenance of stable homeostasis. Key words: Donkey; serum; enzymes; electrolytes; sex; age, lactation; pregnancy

Morphological, biochemical and hematological characterization of endangered Balkan donkey breed

Article

Jan 2015

The aim of the study was to establish morphometric, biochemical and hematological values for the endangered Balkan donkey breed (Serbia) and to explore the possible age dependence of the parameters tested. Inter-breed similarity of morphometric parameters was assessed by comparing the data obtained for the Balkan donkey with morphometric measurements of several previously characterized domestic donkey breeds. The study population included 74 donkeys, divided in two age groups (group A ≤ 3 years; group B > 3 years). In total, 18 morphometric, 13 hematological and 14 biochemical parameters were assessed. Significant morphometric differences (p<0.05) in body length, head length, chest circumference and body weight were found between the two age groups. Significant differences in morphological parameters were revealed among the Balkan donkey and other donkey breeds (Catalonian, Croatian and Albanian), but results of cluster analysis demonstrated the smallest distance between the Balkan donkey and Albanian donkeys. The results of morphometric analyses showed consistency of the obtained values within the breed, and diversity as compared to other donkey breeds, and, thus, could be taken as referent for the Balkan donkey. Hematological and biochemical profiles obtained for the Balkan donkey were consistent with previous reports and within the recommended reference ranges. White blood cell, mid cell and granulocyte counts, showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values in donkeys under 3 years of age, while the only biochemical parameter affected by age was alkaline phosphatase. The information gained through characterization of the Balkan donkey breed provides a basis for conservation and development of the breed standard.

Serum Cortisol and Its Correlation with Leucocyte Profile and Circulating Lipids in Donkeys (Equus Asinus)

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The values for basal serum cortisol concentrations of horses are available in many studies. However, there are limited data about serum cortisol in donkeys. The present study aimed to determine the baseline values for serum cortisol, to evaluate the influence of age and pregnancy on its levels, and to correlate its values with leucocyte profile, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides. Serum samples were collected from 97 healthy donkeys. Cortisol was analyzed by chemo-luminescent assay. The median and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of serum cortisol measured and calculated in all donkeys were 5.64, 3.40, and 10.54 µg/dl, respectively. Females (n.91) were divided into three groups: Group A (young), Group B (adult), and Group C (pregnant at the 9th–11th months). The effect of age and physiological status was investigated by the Mann–Whitney test. Group C showed significantly higher levels than Group B (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found in Group B with monocytes (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = 0.30, p < 0.05), and in Group C with monocytes (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), basophils (r = 0.6, p < 0.05), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (r = −0.63, p < 0.05). Higher cortisol values related to late pregnancy are also found in this species. These preliminary results provide evidence for a relationship between cortisol and the immune system as well as cortisol and lipid metabolism modulated by age and pregnancy when parameters are within normal values.

Effects of the Physiological Status and Diet on Blood Metabolic Parameters in Amiata Dairy Donkeys

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Body weight changes and blood metabolic parameters in jennies feeding two different diets and in three physiological statuses were investigated (maintenance vs. pregnancy; maintenance vs. lactation). The relationships between blood metabolic profile and milk quality were also evaluated. Fourteen jennies were allocated to two groups (1: pregnant/lactating; 2: non-pregnant, non–lactating). Pregnant jennies and maintenance jennies (during the first 10-week measurement period) fed a diet consisted of ad libitum grass hay (diet 1); lactating jennies and maintenance jennies (during the last 10-week measurement period) fed ad libitum grass hay plus 2 kg/head/day of concentrate (diet 2). Blood sampling was performed on the jennies of both groups; individual milk samples were also collected during the first 70 days in milk. Higher blood NEFA (p < 0.05) were found in pregnant compared to maintenance jennies (diet 1) (68 vs. 37 µmol/L). Lactating jennies showed higher (p < 0.01) average blood NEFA (268 vs. 26 µmol/L) and glucose (66 vs. 55 mg/dL) compared to the maintenance (diet 2). Blood glucose was positively correlated to milk fat (p < 0.05), while negative significant correlations between de novo milk fatty acids and NEFAs were observed. Positive correlations between plasma B-HBA and somatic cell count (p < 0.01) were also found.

Some hematological and biochemical reference values of the thoroughbred Appaloosa horse breeds reared in Kyrgyzstan

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019
Comp Clin Pathol

The aim of this study was to determine the normal hematological and biochemical parameters of the Thoroughbred Appaloosa horse breeds which reared in Tong and Issık-Kul regions of Kyrgyzstan. Fifty-six (n = 56) healthy horse breeds in different ages (0–12 months and 1–5 years) and gender (n = 29 male and n = 27 female) were clinically examined and blood samples were taken. Red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, the count (#); the percentage (%) of the lymphocytes (lymph), monocytes (mid), granulocytes (gran); and the values of hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), blood clot cell count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), procalcitonin (PCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW-CV), and red cell distribution standard deviation (RDW-SD) were measured in the blood plasma samples. In addition, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), triglycerides (TG), total serum protein (TP), albumin (Alb), creatinine (Creat), urea (Urea), amylase (Amy), lipase (Lip), cholesterol (Chol), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values were also analyzed in the blood serum samples. Although PLT, MPV, PDW, and PCT values significantly changed between the age groups (P < 0.05), it was not found to be statistically different between the sex groups in terms of PLT, MPV, PDW, and PCT values (P > 0.05). However, Creat, DBil, and TBil values were detected significantly (P < 0.05) different between the sex groups; no determined statistical changes according to CPK, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TG, TP, Alb, Urea, Amy, Lip, Chol, LDH, GLU, VLDL, LDL, and HDL values (P > 0.05) were found. It was the first report for foals and 1–5 aged (adult) horses according to serum LDL, VLDL, and Lip values. Consequently, some hematological and biochemical values were determined and advised as reference values of the Appaloosa foals (0–12 months aged) and adult (1–5 aged) horse breeds in Tong and Issık-Kul region of Kyrgyzstan.

Observations of the hematological, hematochemical and eletroretic parameters in lactating donkeys (Equus asinus).

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

Preliminary Study of Hematological Parameters in Herzegovinian Donkey

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2016

Herzegovinian donkey is a very important animal resource of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There have been no works attempted at determining the normal values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to investigate some hematological parameters in Herzegovinian donkey. The research was performed on 30 apparently healthy donkeys (18 female and 12 male) of ages from 1 to 20 years. Blood samples (3 ml) were obtained by jugular vein puncture (vena jugularis externa) in vacuum tubes with EDTA. The mean value of hematocrit was 29.19 %, hemoglobin concentration 10.6 g/dl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 36.33 g/dl, white blood cells 9.33 x109/L, granulocytes (109/L) 5.45 x109/L, granulocytes (%) 59.47%, lymphocyte/monocyte (109/L) 3.89 x109/L, lymphocyte/monocyte (%) 40.53% and platelet cells 148.97 x109/L. Parameters were determined using an automated analyzer IDEXX QBC VET AutoRead. Data were analyzed by SPSS V 15. All hematological parameters (except platelet cells) were consistent with the recommended reference ranges for donkeys, and the values found in literature so far. Platelet cells values were much lower than in the literature for the other donkey breeds and the recommended reference ranges for donkeys. The slight differences found between our results and those reported in the previous works confirm the need for further studies to investigate the reference values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. This work is a contribution to the study of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey, and we expect these data to be applied to the further studies.

ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG CERTAIN HORSE BREEDS FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015

In the present study, for the first time we investigated the genetic diversity among horse breeds from Bosnia and Herzegovina: potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse, Arabian horse, Thoroughbred horse and crossbreeds, with special emphasis on the gene pool of potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse. In total, 138 animals were genotyped for 17 microsatellite loci. Compared to the other breeds, potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse showed quite a high genetic variability. The mean number of alleles was 14.1765. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.6589 and the expected heterozygosity was 0.8451. The mean value of polymorphic information content was 0.8286. The results of AMOVA test showed 8,44% of genetic variation among populations. The highest genetic variation within population was showed by potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse (27.13). The same breed showed the highest individual variation (17.35). Overall FST value showed high level of the genetic differentiation among breeds (8.87 %), and the pairwise FST values were all significant. Highest inter-group genetic differentiation was observed among Arabian horse and Thoroughbred horse (groups of pure breeds) and potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse. The results show that the potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse has a high in-breed variability, more than could be expected. In the gene pool of potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse, a part of the gene pool of other breeds is present. Also, these results show that there are very good preconditions for the revitalization of the gene pool of potential Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse. Keywords: Horse, genetic diversity, microsatellites

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN HERZEGOVINIAN DONKEY

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Amir Zahirovic

Herzegovinian donkey is a very important animal resource of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There have been no works attempted at determining the normal values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to investigate some hematological parameters in Herzegovinian donkey. The research was performed on 30 apparently healthy donkeys (18 female and 12 male) of ages from 1 to 20 years. Blood samples (3 ml) were obtained by jugular vein puncture (Vena jugularis externa) in the vacuum tubes with EDTA. The mean value of hematocrit was 29.19%, hemoglobin concentration 10.6 g/dl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 36.33 g/dl, white blood cells 9.33 x10 9 /L, granulocytes (10 9 /L) 5.45 x10 9 /L, granulocytes (%) 59.47%, lymphocyte/monocyte (10 9 /L) 3.89 x10 9 /L, lymphocyte/monocyte (%) 40.53% and platelet cells 148.97 x10 9 /L. Parameters were determined using an automated analyzer IDEXX QBC VET AutoRead. Data were analyzed by SPSS V 15. All hematological parameters (except platelet cells) were consistent with the recommended reference ranges for donkeys, and the values found in literature so far. Platelet cells values were much lower than in the literature for the other donkey breeds and the recommended reference ranges for donkeys. The slight differences found between our results and those reported in the previous works confirm the need for further studies to investigate the reference values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. This work is a contribution to the study of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey, and we expect these data to be applied to the further studies.

Preliminary study of hematological parameters in Herzegovinian donkey

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Herzegovinian donkey is a very important animal resource of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There have been no works attempted at determining the normal values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to investigate some hematological parameters in Herzegovinian donkey. The research was performed on 30 apparently healthy donkeys (18 female and 12 male) of ages from 1 to 20 years. Blood samples (3 ml) were obtained by jugular vein puncture (Vena jugularis externa) in the vacuum tubes with EDTA. The mean value of hematocrit was 29.19%, hemoglobin concentration 10.6 g/dl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 36.33 g/dl, white blood cells 9.33 x10 9 /L, granulocytes (10 9 /L) 5.45 x10 9 /L, granulocytes (%) 59.47%, lymphocyte/monocyte (10 9 /L) 3.89 x10 9 /L, lymphocyte/monocyte (%) 40.53% and platelet cells 148.97 x10 9 /L. Parameters were determined using an automated analyzer IDEXX QBC VET AutoRead. Data were analyzed by SPSS V 15. All hematological parameters (except platelet cells) were consistent with the recommended reference ranges for donkeys, and the values found in literature so far. Platelet cells values were much lower than in the literature for the other donkey breeds and the recommended reference ranges for donkeys. The slight differences found between our results and those reported in the previous works confirm the need for further studies to investigate the reference values of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey. This work is a contribution to the study of hematological parameters of Herzegovinian donkey, and we expect these data to be applied to the further studies.

Haematological and Biochemical Findings in Pregnant, Postfoaling and Lactating Jennies

Article

Dec 2015

Morphometric Study of Erythrocytes in Donkeys and Horses

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

The aim of this study was to examine morphometric values of erythrocytes in donkeys and horses. While the hematological and biochemical profiles of horses and donkeys have been previously documented in literature, there are no precise morphometric data regarding erythrocytes in donkeys. Given the increasing presence of donkeys in the world, the need exists to improve knowledge about this species. Balkan donkey is a large autochthonous breed found in Serbia. Blood cell parameters such as red blood cell count (RBC), Mean Corpuscular Volume or Mean Cell Volume (MCV) are well documented in horses. However, papers examining blood morphometry in donkeys, especially erythrocyte size, are scarce. The clinical examination in this study included a total of 72 horses and donkeys. All animals were adults, located in Vojvodina, Northern Province of Serbia. Blood samples were evaluated and analyzed using ImageJ program. Following the analysis of the morphometric diameters of erythrocytes in donkeys and horses, it can be concluded that donkeys have the largest erythrocyte diameters. The precise reason for this phenomenon is still unknown.

Shift in Circulating Serum Protein Fraction (SPF) Levels of Pregnant Jennies and Nutritional Related Aspects at Early-, Mid- and Late Gestation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

A viable tool for the monitoring of the systemic condition of the pregnant jenny may be the determination of serum protein fraction (SPF) levels, including metabolic profiling. Tissue development and composition of the growing fetus requires the mother to provide adequate nutrients to its body parts and organs. In this regard, body fluid distribution and strategic molecule transportation can be screened using SPF electropherograms and analysis of intermediate metabolites. The nutritional and health status of 12 jennies (age: 5–8 years; BW at the start: 135–138 kg; Body Condition Score, BCS [1 to 5 points] = 2.25–2.50; 4th month of gestation) were monitored throughout gestation (approximate gestation period 350–356 d). All animals were pasture-fed and were offered hay ad libitum. Individual blood samples were collected within the 4th, 7th, and 10th month following conception (ultrasound scanning). Serum biochemistry, in particular, the analysis of 6 fractions of serum proteins was carried out. The significant decrease in circulating albumin in jennies from mid- to late-gestation (p < 0.001) suggests a considerable role of dietary amino acids in the synthesis of protein for fetal tissue formation as well as body fluid distribution and blood pressure control of the jenny in those stages. Moreover, α1-globulin decreased significantly in late gestation (p < 0.047), corresponding to major organ development in the terminal fetus and supported by lipid transportation in the bloodstream of the jenny. Similarly, α2-globulin decreased in late gestation (p < 0.054) as haptoglobin, an important component for the transport of free circulating hemoglobin, is likely used for fetal synthesis. Mid-gestation, appears to be a crucial moment for adequate dietary nutrient supplementation in order to prevent homeostasis perturbation of jennies, as observed in this trial.

Biochemical profiles of Indian donkey population located in six different agro-climatic zones

Research

Full-text available

Feb 2016

To establish normal values of blood biochemical indices for different indigenous local donkey population available in various agro-climatic zones, blood samples were collected from 233 adult and apparently healthy donkeys. The samples were analysed for metabolites (albumin, total serum protein, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, urea, uric acid, triglyceride, creatinine) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus) to evaluate significant difference within and between populations. Confidence limit of each biochemical indices showed a close range as compared to their actual range observed under varied geographic areas. All the metabolites and minerals showed significant variations in their levels within and between donkey populations which could possibly be due to the differences in the nutritional status of donkeys, their managemental aspects and biochemical metabolism. In agro-climatic zone 1 (Spiti and Leh areas), having low vegetation cover with poor nutritious grasses for a limited period, levels of most of the biochemical profiles in donkey populations belonging to these areas were significantly lower than those in other zones (VI, IX, XII, XIV). This study indicated that normal biochemical values of different indices for a particular population should not be used as such for disease prognosis, diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of other donkey population belonging to other agro-climatic zone having different nutritional and managemental practices.

Effects of sex, age, and season on the variation of blood analytes in a clinically healthy ex situ population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.)

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Background A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sex, age, and season on blood analytes in a robust population size of ex situ bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) has not been investigated to date. Aim To define the variation in hematological and biochemical analytes of dolphins due to sex, age, and season. Methods 1,426 blood samples collected from 156 clinically normal dolphins consisting of 59 males and 97 females in which 37 analytes were measured were retrospectively identified. The dolphins were categorized by age, sex, and season, and categories were compared. Results About 23 (64%) analytes differed by age. The number of differences between adjacent age groups decreased with advancing age. MPV, glucose, BUN, globulins, GGT and Cl progressively increased with age, whereas Abs lymphs, total protein, ALP, CK and Ca progressively decreased with age. Three (8%) of analytes differed between sex, whereas 16 (44%) analytes differed by season. Female dolphins had higher median iron (33 µmol/L) than male dolphins (25 µmol/L). Female dolphins also had higher Abs lymphs and MCHC, but Abs lymphs and MCHC also differed between age and season, respectively. Sex inconsistently and relatively infrequently influences analytes. Delphinids of advancing age experience immune senescence and decreasing renal perfusion or clearance. Conclusions These results demonstrate the importance of considering the influences of sex, age, and season on blood data, provide a baseline for accurate interpretation of clinicopathological analytes of delphinids in managed care, and will be useful for investigations into health, disease, and stressors of wild delphinids.

The metabolic profile of Asinara (albino) and Sardo donkeys (pigmented) ( Equus asinus L., 1758) points to unequivocal breed assignment of individuals

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

This study pointed to explore if variations in circulating levels of metabolites in the blood stream of no. 25 feral donkeys occur in view of the different coat color between specimens of Asinara (albino, no. 8) vs. Sardo (dun-grey, no. 17) breed. All individuals involved in this investigation are living in the nature, at Mediterranean latitudes and roam in the same areas all over the National Park of Capo Caccia, where they feed on spontaneous vegetation sources. The study was conducted during the positive photoperiod of the boreal hemisphere (peak in the month of June, 2019) to maximize the effect of exposure to the natural sun radiation and thus elicit the coping ability of albino (Asinara) in comparison with pigmented donkeys (Sardo). The biochemical profile of all donkeys was used in a Discriminant Analysis (DA) to explore if circulating levels of metabolites could point to metabolic markers for breed assignment of individuals following a canonical discriminant analysis (CANDISC). The biochemical investigation included also the determination of the circulating Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, α-TOH), as an essential biologically active compound involved in antioxidant mechanisms, and its respective status (circulating α-TOH to total triglycerides and total cholesterol ratio). In the CANDISC, the distance between the two breeds was not significant. However, it pointed to different metabolites (UREA, total protein, total triglycerides, Zn) capable of describing biochemical patterns on each respective breed (Asinara vs. Sardo). The multivariate analysis DA carried out using 22 metabolites correctly assigned individuals to the two breeds in the 100% of cases. In view of such metabolic background, circulating α-TOH found in the bloodstream of Asinara vs. Sardo donkeys under free grazing conditions turned out to reach similar values (2.114 vs. 1.872 µg/ml, respectively, p = 0.676). It is worth noting that significant differences were observed as to circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.022) levels, in association with increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p = 0.076), both above the upper limit of the physiological range reported in other donkey breeds, and found in the totality of Asinara (albino) donkeys solely, still apparently clinically healthy.

Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Donkey (Equus asinus) during Colostrum Production

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

It is very important to analyze the hematological and biochemical profile in the donkey during the colostrum period, because these changes that bring us information about the health of the animals. The data obtained during the colostral period were compared with those obtained during the lactation period.The biochemical parameters have a high average value on the first postpartum day (the highest values) and they decrease on day 5 postpartum. On day 30, it can be observed that all biochemical parameters of the blood have lower mean values, some similar to those obtained from donkeys from lactations 1-4.

Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Donkey (Equus asinus) during Colostrum Production

Preprint

Jan 2020

Effect of age, sex, and season on the variation in blood analytes of a clinically normal ex situ population of killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Background The effects of sex, age, and season on blood analyte concentrations have not been investigated for the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Defining these changes provides background data for improving the care of managed populations and defines normal changes that could occur in wild counterparts. Objectives We aimed to define hematologic and serum biochemical variation by age, sex, and season for an ex situ killer whale population. Methods Blood samples collected from killer whales during normal wellness exams were retrospectively identified. Killer whales were categorized by age; calf (0‐2.9 years), juvenile (3‐10.9 years), early adult (11‐20.9 years), adult (21‐30.9 years), and aged (>30.9 years); sex; and season. Standard CBC and biochemistry were collated, and only samples without evidence of disease were used. A mixed effects maximum likelihood regression with animal identification (ID) as the random effects variable was used to compare groups with a significance set at P ≤ 0.01. Results All analytes differed by age, while only four differed by sex. Red blood cell parameters and associated renal analytes increased with age, while liver‐associated analytes and glucose decreased. Season affected 59% of the blood analytes. Conclusions Aged killer whales showed strong evidence of altered physiology as compared with younger animals. Anemia did not develop with age as was observed in one bottlenose dolphin population. Observed decreases in renal function could be caused by chronic disease or dehydration. Decreases in immune function parameters suggest immune senescence. These results provide background data for evaluating the health of managed and free‐ranging killer whales.

Serum biochemical reference values of Kyrgyz donkeys (Equus asinus)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019
Comp Clin Pathol

The aim of the study was to determine the some serum biochemical values of Kyrgyz donkeys and present the reference values. Fifty (50) healthy donkeys in different ages (6–24 months, 2–15 years, and > 15 years old) and gender (male and female) were clinically examined and blood samples were taken. Serum triglycerides (TG), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBil), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), creatinine (Creat), urea (Urea), amylase (Amy), lipase (Lip), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), cholesterol (Chol), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (Glu), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and indirect bilirubin (InBil) values were determined. Serum Ca values were found different (P < 0.05) among the age groups (younger, middle aged and older). TBil values were detected different between sex groups (P < 0.01). Serum creat values were determined higher in male donkeys than females (P < 0.01). Serum LDL values were found higher in younger than older donkeys (P < 0.05). It was the first report for donkeys according to LDL values. Serum CPK values were also detected higher in male donkeys and found significantly difference between younger and middle aged donkeys (P < 0.05). Consequently, some serum biochemical values of Kyrgyz donkeys were determined and advised as reference values for Tong region of Kyrgyzstan.

Survey of biochemical and oxidative profile in donkey foals suckled with one natural and one semi-artificial technique

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018
PLOS ONE

Dairy donkey milking procedures require separating foals from their dams for a few hours a day. Artificial suckling in this species is a good technique for improving milk production and foal welfare. The aim of the work is to compare the effect of two different diets on donkey foals when separated from jennies for milking procedures with and without a milk replacer. Forty newborn Martina Franca donkey foals were subdivided into two experimental groups. Both groups were separated from their respective dams from 8.00to 20.00to allow the jennies to be milked. During the separation, all the foals had access ad libitum to water, hay and feed. During the separation period, one group had the availability of a mechanical milk replacer dispenser, so foals were partially artificially suckled (AS), while the other group had no milk replacer available, and so were totally naturally suckled (NS). The AS group had milk replacer availability until 120±7d of life. Both groups were naturally weaned at 168±7d. Blood samples were collected weekly starting from birth until two wks after weaning (i.e. at 182d), from all the foals included in the trial. Almost all the analytes were influenced by suckling technique and age of foals. Alanine-aminotransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, NEFA, lipid hydroperoxides, serum proteins showed the greatest differences between the two experimental groups. Separating foals from their dams for 12hdaily for 24 weeks does not lead to pathological subclinical and metabolic conditions, thus confirming the high rusticity and resistance of the donkey.

Sciences Veterinary of Journal Alexandria Some Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Clinically Healthy Hassawi Donkey

Article

May 2017

Turke Mohamed Shawaf

Key words: Donkey, Hassawi, blood, haematology, serum The Hassawi donkey breed represents one of the most common native donkey breeds in the Middle East taking its name from the Al-Hasa region in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Due to the lack of information about the main haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Hassawi donkey breed, this study aimed at the determination of reference base-line values regarding haematological and biochemical parameters. Four physiological, sixteen haematological and twenty biochemical parameters were determined. In comparison to other donkey breeds, Hassawi donkey showed higher percentage of eosinophils 17.62 ± 1.92%, higher concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) 185.6 ± 6.55 IU/L, phosphorus (PHOS) 4.40 ± 0.21 mmol/l, magnesium (MG) 2.48 ± 0.08 mmol/l, calcium (Ca) 12.4 ± 0.09 mmol/l, Sodium (Na) 133.1 ± 0.39 mmol/l and potassium (K) 4.77 ± 0.1mmol/l, but lower concentration of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 31 ± 2.78 IU/l. The higher glucose (GLU) 80.82 ± 4.67 mg/dl values in the present study may be due to the date rich feeding of Hassawi donkey.

Some Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Clinically Healthy Hassawi Donkey

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Turke Mohamed Shawaf

Blood, metabolic and endocrine biomarkers in donkeys (equus africanus asinus) supplemented with different energy sources

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2016

Blood and endocrine biomarkers have rarely been described in donkeys. This study aimed to analyze the effects of isoenergetic supplementation with three energy sources for 8wk on blood and endocrine biomarkers in donkeys. Fifteen donkeys were used and divided into 3 groups (extruded feed (ExF), extruded feed plus corn (C+ExF), and corn (C) and were supplemented isocalorically. Blood samples were collected at three times (pre-test, 4 and 8 weeks after supplementation). After 8wk, there were not significant difference between the treatment but detected between the phase, where results showed decreased values of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, other cells, total plasma protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, GGT, AF and NEFA (P < 0.05) and increased values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, urea, AST and ALT (P < 0.05). Analyzing postprandial glucose and insulin results, it was not observed differences among the treatments for [glucose] (P > 0.05), however, differences were significant for [insulin] (P < 0.05). ExF group exhibiting the highest insulin concentration (P < 0.05). As for the experimental phases, there were differences for glucose (P < 0.05), with the highest mean concentration observed at the end of blood collection (+ 4 h). It was concluded that supplementation with three different combination of energy source in adult donkeys improve homeostasis of the energetic biomarker, reducing NEFA concentration without changes in post-prandial glucose but modifying post-prandial insulin, and increase immunological capacity associated with an increase in the lymphocyte number.

Biochemical profiles of Indian donkey population located in six different agro-climatic zones

Article

Full-text available

May 2016
Comp Clin Pathol

Reference intervals for biochemical and haematological parameters in mature domestic donkeys ( Equus asinus ) in the UK

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015
EQUINE VET EDUC

Reference intervals (RIs) for haematology and serum biochemistry for donkeys in a temperate climate have been previously published using blood sample results from the resident population of a large donkey shelter in the UK. Periodic review of reference intervals is recommended to ensure their applicability to the patient population and changes in laboratory methods and technologies. The current study aimed to revise the previously published haematology and serum biochemistry values for the adult domestic donkey (Equus asinus) in the UK in the light of a change in analytical equipment at the Donkey Sanctuary laboratory, but also to refine the demography of the sample population with respect to age, physiology and clinical history. Clinical pathology results from 138 clinically healthy mature (4-24years inclusive) female and castrated male donkeys selected from the resident population of the Donkey Sanctuary, were analysed retrospectively. The animals were blood sampled during the period February 2008 to June 2011 as part of a routine health screen prior to rehoming. Results for a total of 38 biochemical and haematological parameters were analysed including 3 previously unreferenced parameters in addition to those assessed in the previous study. The new reference intervals and median values show very poor transferability with recently derived reference intervals for non-Thoroughbred horses and only limited transferability with reference intervals previously published for donkeys in the UK. Of particular note is a marked reduction in the upper reference limit for triglycerides of 2.8mmol/l (from 4.3mmol/l) since this parameter is used to decide when donkeys are at risk of developing hyperlipaemia. This study demonstrates the value of intermittent review of reference intervals and refinement of study populations. Notwithstanding the caution with which reference interval data from different laboratories should be compared, the lack of transferability of results between donkeys and horses highlights the importance of use of species-appropriate reference intervals for clinical decision-making.

The Influence of age and sex on some blood parameters in healthy donkey in south Valley Egypt

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007

A total number of 140 Egyptian breed donkeys were used in this study. Animals are classified into two groups according to the sex. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups according to their ages. All animals were proved to be health by clinical and laboratory examinations. Two blood samples were collected from each donkey, one with anticoagulant and the other without anticoagulant for obtaining clear non-haemolysed serum. Various tests were conducted to measure the values of some blood contents. It was clear that total RBCs count, hemoglobin content and packed cells volume showed marked decrease with the increase of age. Significant difference in RBCs count between some groups and highly significant difference in Hb and PCV contents between another groups. Gradual elevation in the values of total leucocytes count from one month up to 10 years old was observed. Marked decrease in total WBCs count was reported in animals of both sexes on 10-20 years old. This denotes that Significant and highly significant differences appear in total WBCs count between animal groups. The biochemical parameters revealed highly significant difference in the total protein and albumin in some groups of male animals. Non significant fluctuation was observed in blood serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium regarding the age and sex factors. In conclusion, it was clear that both age and sex factors has a marked influence on some blood contents in Egyptian donkeys.

Hematology and clinical chemistry in mule foals from birth to two months of age: A preliminary study

Article

Dec 2023
J EQUINE VET SCI

The Influence of age and sex on some blood parameters in healthy donkey in south Valley Egypt

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Aug 2021

The Influence of age and sex on some blood parameters in healthy donkey in south Valley Egypt

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

The Influence of age and sex on some blood parameters in healthy donkey in south Valley

Clinical Pathology of Donkeys and Mules

Article

Dec 2019

Given the stoic nature of donkeys and their hybrids, it is important to consider the significance of diagnostic testing modalities that can provide objective health status information beyond the basic physical examination findings. However, clinical pathology assays are also fraught with significant limitations because the results for donkeys, mules, and hinnies can be difficult to interpret, and transference of data from the horse is not always applicable. This article presents considerations for sample collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation strategies for clinical pathology testing of donkeys and their hybrids based on the limited information available in the literature.

Observations of the Hematological, Hematochemical, and Electrophoretic Parameters in Lactating Donkeys ( Equus asinus )

Article

Feb 2018
J EQUINE VET SCI

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 female donkeys. Blood samples were collected and the following parameters evaluated: red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MON), eosinophil (EOS) and basophil (BAS) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and the haematocrit (HCT), alanine-aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), total proteins (TP), γ gamma-glutamyl-transferase (γ-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and electrophoretic profile. Age (≥2 years ≤ 3 (very young), >3 years ≤10 (young), >10 years ≤ 17 (adult)) and lactation (early lactation (≤ 3months), middle (>3 months ≤ 6) and late lactation (> 6 months)). Groups were independently analyzed using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis (post hoc test: Bonferroni’s or Dunn’s multiple test) tests; P was set as < 0.05. Very young animals had lower EOS than young and adult animals, in addition they showed the highest MON and RBC and the lowest MCV and GPT; MCHC was lower in adult compared to the very young group; MCH was higher in the adult compared to the very young group; Alpha 2-globulin values were greater in young compared with very young animals; MCH was higher in the late lactation group compared to early lactation; alpha 1-globulins and alpha2-globulins showed a significant increase from the early to the late lactation period. Values reported herein could provide a useful clinical guide and represent a basis for further research into monitoring the health status of lactating donkeys.

Aspects of Clinical Relevance in Donkeys

Chapter

Nov 2017

The effect of age and sex on serum proteins in the Pega donkey (Equus asinus)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

In this study sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to evaluate the influence of age and sex on serum proteins in 110 Pega donkeys, 79 females and 31 males, classified into three age groups (under one year – eight animals; one to three years – 33 animals and over three years old – 69 animals). SDS-PAGE allowed identification of 10 serum proteins, some with unknown functions. No age-related differences were observed (P > 0.05) for haptoglobin, α1-acid glycoprotein and 23 kDa molecular weight protein (MWP23) and no sex-related differences (P > 0.05) for immunoglobulin A, albumin, MWP23 and haptoglobin. With advancing age, immunoglobulin A levels decreased (P < 0.001), whereas immunoglobulin G levels increased (P < 0.001). The youngest donkeys showed the lowest albumin (P < 0.001) and 33 kDa molecular weight protein (MWP33) (P < 0.05) means. The oldest group showed a higher transferrin mean (P < 0.05) than the youngest one. Animals between one and three years had the highest mean (P < 0.001) for 138 kDa molecular weight protein (MWP138). Animals over three years showed higher ceruloplasmin levels (P < 0.05) than the one-to-three year old group. Males showed greater means of MWP138 (P < 0.05), ceruloplasmin (P < 0.05), α1-acid glycoprotein (P < 0.001) and MWP33 (P < 0.01). Females had higher transferrin (P < 0.001) and immunoglobulin G (P < 0.001) concentrations. Sex and age influenced the levels of the majority of proteins in the serum profile of Pega donkeys, including some acute phase proteins. Our results differ from those of previous studies in the effects of breed and environmental factors on some of the measured variables.

Comparing the physiological and biochemical parameters of mules and hinnies to horses and donkeys Amy K. McLean, PhD North Carolina State University Proceedings in the Donkey and Mule Welfare Symposuim, Hydra, Greece October 2015

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Oct 2014

Amy Mclean

Effect of age, sex, physical activity and meteorological factors on haematological parameters of donkeys (Equus asinus)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2014

The review examines the role of blood in homeostasis, diagnosis and treatment of disease as influenced by meteorological stress factors, age, sex and physical activity of the donkeys. Haematological parameters play a crucial role in clinical diagnosis of infectious and parasitic diseases, in assessing the responses of donkeys to treatment and in prevention of diseases. The changes in blood values are important in evaluating the responses of the animals to various physiologic conditions. In conclusion, haematological values of donkeys are largely influenced by age, sex, physical factors of the environment and physical activity, and consideration of the factors will aid accurate diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of equine diseases.

Changes in the cortisol and some biochemical patterns of pregnant and barren jennies (Equus asinus)

Article

Sep 2011

Changes in cortisol and some biochemical values are likely to occur during pregnancy in different species, although homeostatic mechanisms function to keep substrates in the blood at comparatively constant concentrations. There are no complete data for this important endocrine and metabolic status in jennies. Since metabolic functions are increased during pregnancy to satisfy the demands of the foetus, the placenta and theuterus, the purpose of the present study was to determine which physiological changes occur in plasma cortisoland total protein, creatinine, urea, metabolism in pregnant jennies and hence to compare these findings with those of barren jennies. The study was carried out in 24 healthy Ragusano jennies (10 pregnant and 14 barren).Blood samples were collected monthly from the jugular vein of pregnant and barren jennies in one year. As compared to barren jennies, pregnant jennies showed lower cortisol (P<0.05) and urea (P<0.05) values and higher creatinine (P<0.01) values. Total protein values and AST and ALT activities showed a similar pattern both in pregnant and in barren jennies, and did not differ significantly. The existence of significant differences in cortisol, creatinine and urea concentrations between pregnant and barren jennies showed the relevant involvement of the physiological state on the endocrine and biochemical homeostasis. These findings were confirmed by positive and significant correlations between cortisol and biochemical parameters.

Physiological monitoring of well-being for conservation of Arabian oryx, Oryx leucoryx

Thesis

Full-text available

Jan 2010

Mansoor Aljahdhami

Acidi grassi del latte di asina: Proprietà bio-nutrizionali ed extranutrizionali

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2003

Riassunto Vengono sottolineati il ruolo e l'importanza del latte di asina, le cui caratteristiche organolettiche e composizionali rivelano proprietà e funzioni sempre più nuove e interessanti, attraverso una disamina sulle peculiarità dei vari acidi grassi della frazio- ne lipidica con riferimento anche a quanto osservato sul latte della razza asinina Ragusana, ancora oggi discretamente presen- te in Sicilia. Emergono conoscenze che oltre a rimarcare il valore bio-dietetico e nutrizionale del latte di asina molto vicino al latte di donna, evidenziano aspetti di grande significato extranutrizionale, funzionale, addirittura di prevenzione per molte noxae dell'uomo. I meriti notevoli e polivalenti di questo latte vengono ritenuti abbastanza stimolanti per una riconsiderazione del ruolo zoo- tecnico dell'asino e per la inerente difesa e potenziamento. Summary

Composition and characteristics of ass'milk

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

Ass's milk yield and chemical composition were investigated in two lactations at d 28, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 135 and 150 after parturition. Milk yield per milking (averaging 740 mL) of 6 asses of Martina Franca (n = 3) and Ragusana (n = 3) breeds, which quickly adapted to the milking machine procedures, increased in the second (or third) milking per day but was unaffected by stage of lactation or breed. Year of lactation, stage of lactation, breed and milking time did not influence the gross composition of the milk, except for fat and protein contents. The overall average protein percentage (1.72g·100 g-1 of milk), showing a significant negative trend throughout lactation, was characterised by low casein (47.3% of crude protein) and whey protein contents (36.9% of crude protein). A specific whey protein profile was also found, being the relative percentage on total whey protein 4.48%, 6.18%, 29.85%, 21.03% and 22.56% for respectively lactoferrin, serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin, lysozyme and α-lactoalbumin. The low average fat content of ass's milk (0.3 g·100 g-1 of milk), showing a high individual variability, was significantly affected by the year of the study; the lipid fraction was also characterised by high levels of linoleic (average 8.15 g·100 g -1 of total fatty acids) and linolenic acid (average 6.32 g·100 g-1 of total fatty acids). The ash content of ass's milk (0.39 g·100 g-1 of milk) was constant throughout the experimental period and showed high levels of Ca and P, the ratio of which, ranging between 0.93 and 2.37, was on average 1.48.

Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1997

The 6th edition of a well-known and much used standard text in the field. This book covers all aspects of the biochemical abnormalities caused by various diseases and how they relate to the biochemical changes in the blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluids, other body fluids and in cells. The purpose is to provide the fundamental bases for understanding the biochemical changes which occur in disease processes and in turn to provide the rationale for applying this understandig to the diagnosis of the disease process. A substantial appendix is provided so that the user can quickly identify the reference ranges for a large number of animal species. Every veterinary school or college in the USA and throughout the world has a department or section which teaches and provides a clinical laboratory service to their in-house and out-patients. Private veterinary laboratories also provide this service to clients and patients. Every major pharmaceutical house has a group which studies animals in the course of their drug safety studies. New and developing studies include the deleterious effects of environmental toxicants to include wildlife and fishes. * An appendix is provided in the book so that the user can quickly identify the reference ranges for a large number of animal species.

[Hematologic parameters of the white donkeys of Asinara]

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1991

In 14 albino donkeys (6 males and 8 females) aged 1-12 years, about 25% of the whole population, 30 blood parameters were determined, with automatic equipment, monthly, for 4 months. No significant differences between sexes or compared with other donkey breeds were found, in spite of the particular characteristics of the population and of their environment.

Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on haematological values of the endangered Catalonian donkey

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1997
VET J

Clinical biochemical parameters of the endangered Catalonian donkey breed: Normal values and the influence of sex, age, and management practices effect

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1998
RES VET SCI

Twelve clinical biochemical parameters were determined in 97 animals of all age groups and both sexes of the endangered Catalonian donkey breed. Significant sex differences were observed for phospholipid concentration (P<0.01). Evaluating the effect of management practices on the various parameters showed significant differences for total bilirubin (P<0.001) and creatinine (P<0.05) concentrations and gamma-glutamyltransferase (P<0.05) activity. Moreover, it was observed that inorganic phosphorus concentration decreased with age (P<0.001), whereas albumin and triglyceride concentrations increased with age (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Comparison of biochemical ranges obtained for the Catalonian donkey breed with reference ranges for other breeds and populations (Mammoth, USA donkeys, UK donkeys, Indian donkeys and Poitou donkeys), indicated that most values were similar, with the exceptions of enzymatic activities mainly. The results reported in the present study could serve as reference ranges for donkey populations.

Interpretation of blood profiles in problem dairy herds

Article

Sep 1991

Blood profiles can be an important extension of the clinical evaluaton of herds with production or reproductive problems. Biochemical and haematological tests can be used to identify many factors involved in herd problems. However, other steps should also be taken to determine the nutritional and health status of a problem herd. For example, feed testing and ration evaluaton should be done along with the blood profile. Interpretation of profiles is most accurate if they are accompanied by clinical history and ration information. The clinician, the nutritionist and the clinical pathologist should work as a team.

Daily rhythms of the body temperature and some haematochemical parameters in donkey

Article

Jan 2003

The use of a metabolic profile test in dairy herds

Article

Aug 1970

Metabolie Profile Testing

Article

Jul 1988

Metabolic profiles of dairy cattle have been used to predict the occurrence of metabolic diseases, to diagnose or confirm the diagnosis of metabolic diseases, to assess fertility status, and to assess nutritional status. This article considers the usefulness of metabolic profiles for these purposes. The authors also address problems concerned with the acquisition and storage of samples in relation to accuracy of analytic measurements. Metabolic profiles may at times be useful. However, they are probably unnecessary on a routine basis and should be used only after an evaluation of nutrition and management by other means.

Metabolic profiling to evaluate nutritional and disease status

Article

May 1997

Methods of nutritional diagnostic evaluation, records analysis, animal and facilities evaluation, ration evaluation, and nutrient profile analysis on dairy cattle farms are reviewed.

Use and Limitations of Profiles in Assessing Health or Nutritional Status of Dairy Herds

Article

Dec 1978

A number of factors limit the usefulness of blood or metabolic profiles. These include sampling problems, low correlations with nutrient intake, inconsistent patterns in disease, and difficulties in interpretation. Despite these limitations, profiles properly used may serve as an adjunct to more conventional technology in alleviating some dairy herd problems. Their use appears justified when feed analysis, ration evaluation, disease testing, and checks on management do not alleviate herd problems. Considerable potential for misuse of profiles exists due to the complexities of interpretation.

Blood Metabolic Profiles: Their Use and Relation to Nutritional Status of Dairy Cows

Article

Dec 1978

Profiles of blood metabolites have been used widely to identify problem herds and to indicate dietary causes of disease or low production. Related herd survey studies and designed experiments are reviewed. An initial study of profiles and estimated nutrient intake of five "normal" and four "problem" herds was conducted between 1972 and 1974 to establish baseline values for blood metabolites. Profiles of blood metabolites for additional problem herds were obtained during 1974 through 1977. Variation due to herd of origin, production, stage of lactation, and season of year are important causes of variation in concentrations of metabolites in jugular blood of dairy cows. They need to be considered carefully in interpreting profiles of blood metabolites. Several relationships between dietary intake of nutrients and concentrations of associated components in jugular blood are significant. Concentrations of metabolites are of almost no practical use for individual cows because of extreme variations in diet required to generate abnormal concentrations of blood metabolites. Averages of glucose of blood and nitrogen in urea on seven to ten cows, adjusted for the factors mentioned above, have limited practical value in detecting inadequate energy and protein intake, respectively.

Equine Haptoglobin: Isolation, Characterization, and the Effects of Ageing, Delivery and Inflammation on Its Serum Concentration

Article

Jul 1992

Haptoglobin (Hp) was isolated from equine serum by ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Equine Hp which migrated to the alpha 2-globulin region in electrophoresis, contained 2 fractions with molecular weights (NW) of 108,000 and 105,000, and each fraction consisting of 2 subunits. Quantitative measurement of Hp in equine serum was performed by the single radial immunodiffusion method using anti-equine Hp serum. In clinically normal horses, the highest concentration of serum Hp was found in newborn foals and a high value was maintained until 12 months of age. The concentration then decreased with age. Normal Hp values were 5.25 +/- 2.36 mg/ml in foals (less than or equal to 12 months old), 2.19 +/- 1.54 mg/ml in adult horses (greater than or equal to 18 months old) and 3.62 +/- 0.81 mg/ml in all horses. Serum Hp concentration in mares during the perinatal period in comparison with the normal adult female was high for 4 months pre-partum, a passing increase at delivery, and then decreased at 2 weeks post-partum returning to normal within 1 month of delivery. In horses with experimentally-induced inflammation, serum Hp concentration began to increase immediately after treatment and reached the highest value, 1.5 to 9 times higher than those of pre-treatment at 2 to 5 days, then decreased within 4 weeks. It was also elevated in most cases of horses with clinically inflammatory signs.

Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus)

Article

Apr 1990

Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 217 donkeys ( Equus asinus ). Donkeys were classified on the basis of size, sex, age, and whether they were domestic or feral. Parametric (mean ± 2 sd ) and nonparametric (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) reference ranges were calculated for each analyte. For all donkeys, 26 of 46 analytes significantly departed from gaussian distribution. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in miniature donkeys was higher than that in other donkeys. Differential leukocyte counts in feral donkeys differed from those in other types in ways that suggested that the former had smaller parasite loads or experienced greater stress. Erythrocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts and fibrinogen, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and potassium concentrations decreased with age. Eosinophil counts, mean corpuscular volume, and plasma protein, serum protein, and serum globulin concentrations increased with age. Female donkeys had significantly ( P < 0.05) higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte and neutrophil counts than did male donkeys. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased with age, and females had higher values than did males of all age groups. An interaction between age and sex was observed for alkaline phosphatase activity, with a trend for decreased activity with age.

Metabolic profile testing

Article

Aug 1988
VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A

Metabolic profiles have been used in efforts to predict periparturient problems and fertility, to diagnose metabolic disease, and to assess nutritional status. Results have been varied. Until knowledge and technology provide improved blood constituent panels, the metabolic profile should not be the first step in the diagnostic process. Rather, such profiles should follow an assessment of management practices and an evaluation of diet. However, these profiles may help to confirm the diagnosis, to convince dairy farmers that management changes are desirable, or to monitor improvement in herd animals. At this point, their major contribution has been to increase our understanding of the factors contributing to changes in blood constituent concentrations, which, in turn, has led to more efficient means of diagnosis. Except in cases of gross mismanagement, these profiles do not offer a "quick fix." In many of the reported cases in which diagnosis of herd problems was attributed to the metabolic profile, the clinician should have been able to identify the problem before the profile was conducted. Profiles are to be recommended when the cause of an existing problem is still not identified or resolved after a complete evaluation. The profile may aid in identifying a factor that has been overlooked. Profiles are not for clinicians who do not have an interest in upgrading their understanding of the factors involved, or who do not have a source of knowledgeable advice.

[Normal values of the hematological, biochemical and enzymological indices of the donkey]

Article

Feb 1986
Vet Med Sci

Studied were a total of 85 (33 male and 52 female) donkeys of the Martina Franca breed of the domestic ass, aged from one to twelve years. Stated are the results for the normal values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, leukocyte formula, blood sugar, cholesterin, urea, total protein and protein fractions, some micro- and macroelements, and enzymes as tabulated in four diagrams. No differences have been established with regard to sex. It has been found that with young animals the normal values of hemoglobin and erythrocytes are lower than with adult ones. With aging the total count of leukocytes shows a lowering trend, while the percent of neutrophiles rises. The lymphocyte profile of the white blood picture of this breed animals has been shown to be combined with eosinophilia. The amount of total protein with young donkeys is lower than with older ones, however, the albumin-globulin ratio remains unchanged. It is also stated that the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and calcium is in reverse correlation with the age of the animals--inorganic phosphorus is higher and calcium is lower in young animals, and vice versa. So far as the enzyme activity is concerned the values of the investigated enzymes are generally lower in donkeys than in horses.

The Compton metabolic profile test

Article

Mar 1972
Proc Roy Soc Med

J M Payne

The metabolic profile test was designed as a diagnostic aid to show the presence or absence of ‘abnormal’ blood chemistry in dairy herds. The idea was not new. Blood chemistry had been used for many years to assess the metabolic status of individuals and groups of animals but a comparatively recent trend had been to link a number of these analyses together into a single package or multiphasic screening system. Parallel advances in this direction have been made in both human and veterinary fields and progress has been helped by the development of auto-analysers which can carry out several analyses simultaneously at relatively low cost.

Hematologic values of burros from birth to maturity: cellular elements of peripheral blood

Article

Dec 1969

Response of the Somali donkey to dehydration: Hematological changes

Article

Aug 1971
Am J Physiol

Intolerance to hydrolysed cow's milk proteins in infants: Clinical characteristics and dietary treatment

Article

Dec 2000

Multiple food intolerance in infants, including intolerance to extensively hydrolysed proteins (HP), is often difficult to treat. However, few data have been reported on clinical outcome and dietary treatment of these patients. To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with HP-intolerance and the long-term outcome of treatment with ass' milk. This study included 21 HP-intolerant infants (15 males, median age at diagnosis 2 months) treated with an ass' milk-based diet and 70 cow's milk (CM) intolerant infants (40 males, median age at diagnosis 3 months) treated with casein hydrolysate milk-based diet. All patients were followed-up for a median period of 4 years. Both HP-intolerance and intolerance to other foods were diagnosed according to the double-blind placebo-controlled procedure. Formal CM-challenges were conducted at yearly intervals until tolerance was demonstrated. At diagnosis and after one year of the respective diets, the following growth parameters were determined: relative weight for sex and age, relative weight for height and height z-score. During the study period, multiple food intolerance was documented in 21/21 HP-intolerant infants (ass' milk group) and in 20/70 infants with CM-intolerance but tolerating HP (casein hydrolysate group) (P < 0.0001). In the ass' milk group, the more frequent food intolerances were toward soya, oranges, tomatoes and fish; goat's milk intolerance was demonstrated in five out of six patients receiving this food, and sheep's milk derivatives intolerance in four out of seven; these patients tolerated ass' milk. During the study period 3/21 patients in the ass' milk group became ass' milk intolerant; they showed vomiting (one cases) or diarrhoea (two cases). A lower percentage (52%) of patients in the ass' milk group became CM-tolerant during the study period than in the casein hydrolysate group (78%) (P < 0.01) and the age of the children at CM-tolerance was higher in the ass' milk than in the casein hydrolysate-treated children (P < 0.05). At diagnosis, a higher frequency of cases with elevated serum total IgE and specific IgE to CM antigens (P < 0.01) was observed in the ass' milk group. No difference was recorded between the two treatment groups in any of the growth parameters considered either at diagnosis or during the follow-up. HP-intolerant patients showed a higher frequency of persistent food intolerance and of multiple food intolerance than patients tolerating casein hydrolysate. Ass' milk feeding was confirmed as a safe and valid treatment of the most complicated cases of multiple food intolerance.

“Normal” or Reference Values: Questions and Comments

Article

Feb 1998

John H Lumsden

Soy formulas and nonbovine milk

Article

Jan 2003
ANN ALLERG ASTHMA IM

Cow's milk allergy is frequently observed during the first year of life when nutritional requirements are critical. In those cases where breast-feeding is not available, a safe and adequate substitute to cow's milk should be offered. The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the clinical use of milk derived from vegetable proteins, such as soy, or from animals such as goat, mare, or donkey, or elemental diet in children with cow's milk allergy. MEDLINE searches were conducted with key words such as soy, goat's milk, donkey's milk, mare's milk, and elemental diet. Additional articles were identified from references in books or articles. Original research papers and review articles from peer-reviewed journals were chosen. Soy formulas are nutritionally adequate and can be used in children with immunoglobulin E-mediated nongastrointestinal manifestations of cow's milk allergy. Goat's milk is as allergenic as cow's milk. Mare's milk and donkey's milk may be used in selected cases of cow's milk allergy after appropriate modification to make them suitable for human infants. Elemental diets are usually restricted to the most severe cases of cow's milk allergy (ie, sensitivity to extensively hydrolyzed protein formulas). Vegetable formulas obtained from soy and milk derived from other mammals, such as mare or donkey, homemade preparations, and elemental diet may represent valid alternatives for children with cow's milk allergy. Extensive clinical trials are needed on the safety profile of any alternative mammal-derived milk. The choice of alternative milk should take into account the clinical profile of the child allergic to cow's milk, particularly as concerns age, severity of symptoms, degree of sensitivity to cow's milk proteins, and any multiple food allergies.

The use of metabolic profile test in diary herds

Jm Payne
Dew
Sm
Manston

Acidi grassi del latte d'asina:proprietà bio-nutrizionali ed extranutrizionali Interpretation of blood profiles in problem dairy herds. The bovine

Jan 1991
21-267

B E Salimei
Chiofalo

B, Salimei E, Chiofalo L (2003) Acidi grassi del latte d'asina:proprietà bio-nutrizionali ed extranutrizionali. Large Animals Review 9:21–26 Cote JF, Hoff B (1991) Interpretation of blood profiles in problem dairy herds. The bovine Practitioner 26:7–11

Clinical biochem-istry of domestic animals Academic press Metabolic profiles: their use and relation to nutritional status of dairy cattle Normal or reference values: questions and comments

Jan 1978
1652-1670

Harvey Jw Jj
Ml

JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML et al (1997) Clinical biochem-istry of domestic animals. Academic press, San Diego Ca, USA Lee AJ, Twardock AR, Bubar RH et al (1978) Metabolic profiles: their use and relation to nutritional status of dairy cattle. J Dairy cattle 61:1652–1670 Lumsden JH (1998) Normal or reference values: questions and comments. Vet Clin Path 27:102–106

Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum bio-chemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus) Fig. 3 A young male, 6-months-old Ragusana donkey SPE. The SPE percentage fractions were: albumin 41

Jan 1990
408-413

Mae D Jg
Merida
Pd

JG, Mae D, Merida PD et al (1990) Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum bio-chemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus). Am J Vet Res 51:408–413 Fig. 3 A young male, 6-months-old Ragusana donkey SPE. The SPE percentage fractions were: albumin 41.9%, alpha 1 globulin

Soy formulas and non-bovine milk The metabolic profile test The use of metabolic profile test in diary herds

Jan 1970
97-101150

Ma
Giampietro Pg
E Galli
Payne
Jm
Dew
Sm
Manston

MA, Giampietro PG, Galli E (2002) Soy formulas and non-bovine milk. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 89(Suppl 1):97–101 Payne JM, Payne S (1987) The metabolic profile test. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK Payne JM, Dew SM, Manston R et al (1970) The use of metabolic profile test in diary herds. Vet Rec 87:150–158

Use and limitations of profile in assessing health or nutritional status in dairy herds Hematologic values of burros from birth to maturity: cellular elements of peripheral blood

39-050

Adams Rs Stout Wl
Dc

Fax: +39-050-2216813 Comp Clin Path (2005) 14: 5–12 DOI 10.1007/s00580-005-0544-8 References Adams RS, Stout WL, Kradel DC et al (1978) Use and limitations of profile in assessing health or nutritional status in dairy herds. J Dairy Scie 61:1671–1679 Brown DG, Cross FH (1969) Hematologic values of burros from birth to maturity: cellular elements of peripheral blood. Am J Vet Res 30:1921–1927

Haematobiochemical parameters. The Donkey Sanctuary Equine haptoglobin: isolation, characterization, and the effects of ageing, delivery and inflammation on its serum concentration Metabolic profiling to eval-uate nutritional and disease status

Jan 1992
435-44237

Ed
Fleming
Dept
T Communication Taira
T Fujinaga
Okumura

ED, Fleming J (2004) Haematobiochemical parameters. The Donkey Sanctuary, Vet. Dept, personal communication Taira T, Fujinaga T, Okumura M et al (1992) Equine haptoglobin: isolation, characterization, and the effects of ageing, delivery and inflammation on its serum concentration. J Vet Med Sci 54:435–442 Van Saun RJ, Wustenberg M (1997) Metabolic profiling to eval-uate nutritional and disease status. Bovine Practitioner 31:37– 42

Comparative studies on biochemical indices in different breeds of equines Metabolic profile testing

Jan 1988
26-30391

Ak
Jp Varshney
Uppal

AK, Varshney JP, Uppal PK (1994) Comparative studies on biochemical indices in different breeds of equines. Indian Vet Jour 71:26–30 Ingraham RH, Kappel LC (1988) Metabolic profile testing. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2:391–411

Comparative studies on biochemical indices in different breeds of equines

Jan 1994
26

A K Gupta
J P Varshney
P K Uppal
AK Gupta

Haematobiochemical parameters. The Donkey Sanctuary, Vet

E D Svendsen
J Fleming

Hematologic parameters of the white donkeys of Asinara

Jan 1991
577

G M Cubeddu
P P Bini
B Floris
GM Cubeddu

Metabolic profiles: their use and relation to nutritional status of dairy cattle

Jan 1978
1652

A J Lee
A R Twardock
R H Bubar
AJ Lee

Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus)

Jan 1990
408

J G Zinkl
D Mae
P D Merida
JG Zinkl

The use of metabolic profile test in diary herds

Jan 1970
150

J M Payne
S M Dew
R Manston
JM Payne

Reference ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Ragusana donkeys from Sicily (Italy)

Abstract

No full-text available

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