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FULL PAPER
Mycoscience (2008) 49:126–131 © The Mycological Society of Japan and Springer 2008
DOI 10.1007/s10267-007-0399-8
T. Shirouzu (*)
Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba,
1278–294 Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
Tel. +81-268-74-2002; Fax +81-268-74-2016
e-mail: shirouzy@sugadaira.tsukuba.ac.jp
Y. Harada
Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
Takashi Shirouzu · Yukio Harada
Lignicolous dematiaceous hyphomycetes in Japan: fi ve new records for
Japanese mycofl ora, and proposals of a new name,
Helminthosporium
magnisporum
, and a new combination,
Solicorynespora foveolata
we found fi ve newcomers to the Japanese mycofl ora:
Corynespora trichiliae M.B. Ellis, Diplococcium stoveri
(M.B. Ellis) R.C. Sinclair, Eicker & Bhat, Ellisembia follic-
ulata (Corda) Subram., Monodictys melanopa (Ach. ex
Turner) M.B. Ellis, and Paratomenticola lanceolata (Cooke)
M.B. Ellis. In the following, morphological characters of
these species are described and illustrated, and their cul-
tural characteristics on artifi cial media are also reported. A
new name, Helminthosporium magnisporum for H. gigas-
porum Shirouzu & Y. Harada, and a new combination,
Solicorynespora foveolata (Pat.) Shirouzu & Y. Harada for
Helminthosporium foveolatum Pat., are proposed.
Methods of fungal observation and cultural studies fol-
lowed Shirouzu and Harada (2004). The fungal specimens
studied were deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of
Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Fungi
(HHUF). The collector’s name, T. Shirouzu, is abbreviated
as T.S. Pure cultures were established by single conidial
isolation. All strains treated in this study were deposited in
MAFF Genebank, National Institute of Agrobiological
Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
Descriptions of species examined
1. Corynespora trichiliae M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 76:23,
1960. Fig. 1
Colonies on the natural substratum effused, dark brown,
hairy. Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate,
pale brown, 2.5- to 4.5-μm-wide hyphae. Stromata immersed,
globose to subglobose, black, pseudoparenchymatous, 20–
32.5 μm high, 25–50 μm wide. Conidiophores macronema-
tous, mononematous, single or fascicle, straight or fl exuous,
smooth-walled, septate, brown, with 0–1 cylindrical prolif-
eration, 108–300 μm long, 4.5–5 μm wide at the apex, 5.5–
8.5 μm wide at the base. Conidiogenous cells monotretic,
integrated, apical, cylindrical, with a single apical conidiog-
enous pore. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, straight or slightly
curved, obclavate, smooth, straw-colored, paler toward the
Received: July 30, 2007 / Accepted: November 5, 2007
Abstract Through investigations on dematiaceous hypho-
mycetes on dead ligneous plant substrata, mainly in north-
ern Japan, fi ve species were newly added to the Japanese
mycofl ora: Corynespora trichiliae, Diplococcium stoveri,
Ellisembia folliculata, Monodictys melanopa, and Parato-
menticola lanceolata. Morphological characters with line
drawings and cultural characteristics of these anamorphic
fungi are reported. A new name, Helminthosporium mag-
nisporum for H. gigasporum, and a new combination, Soli-
corynespora foveolata for H. foveolatum, are proposed.
Key words Dematiaceous hyphomycetes · Japanese myco-
fl ora · Lignicolous · New combination · New name
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to enrich the inventory of
microfungi, especially saprophytic hyphomycetes, in Japan.
The most extensive study of this fungal group in this country
is Matsushima’s works (Matsushima 1975, 1981, 1983, 1985,
1987, 1995, 1996, 2001). He reported more than 600 species
of this group of fungi including about 200 new species,
based on materials mainly collected from central to south-
ern areas of Japan. Although collection localities of his
materials also included some places in the northern part of
Japan, the materials from these districts were relatively few,
6% of the total collections.
In this study, to enrich the fl oristic list of saprophytic
hyphomycetes in northern Japan, we investigated lignico-
lous dematiaceous hyphomycetes, which are easily found on
dead branches of trees or culms of bamboos. As a result,
127
apex, with hyaline gelatinous sheath at the apex when fresh,
conicotruncate at the base, 5–7-distoseptate, 42.5–65 × 7.5–
11 μm (mean, 51 × 10 μm, n = 50), 1.5–2.5 μm wide at the
apex, dark brown, and 3–5 μm wide at the base.
Material examined: Campus of Iwate University,
Morioka City, Iwate Pref. (141°08′ E, 39°42′ N), on dead
branches of Spiraea thunbergii Siebold ex Blume, Mar. 28,
2003, T.S. (HHUF 28239, MAFF 240274).
Cultural characteristics: Conidia germinated from its
apical and/or basal cell on water agar (WA) at 20°C in a
12-h photoperiod after 24 h. Colonies on potato dextrose
agar (PDA) at 20°C were panniform, Olive (1E3; Kornerup
and Wanscher 1978) to Olive Grey (1E2), White (1A1) near
the margin, 31–33 mm in diameter after 20 days. Conidio-
phores were formed on the margin of V-8 juice agar (V8A)
discs with mycelia incubated on a WA plate. Conidia bearing
an apical sheath were formed on the conidiophores for 7
days.
Notes: In our collection, C. trichiliae has somewhat
shorter conidia (42.5–65 μm) in comparison with the origi-
nal description (53–74 μm; Ellis 1960), and the fresh conidia
bear a gelatinous sheath around the apical part. The latter
characteristic, a gelatinous sheath, was not described by
Ellis (1960). However, we thought this character cannot be
used as a stable criterion of the identifi cation because it was
lost in senescent conidia. The range of conidial length of
our and Ellis’s material overlapped well, and other morpho-
logical traits of our fungus satisfy the description of C. trich-
iliae. This fungus is reported as a newcomer to Japanese
mycofl ora.
2. Diplococcium stoveri (M.B. Ellis) R.C. Sinclair, Eicker
& Bhat, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85:736, 1985. Fig. 2
≡ Spadicoides stoveri M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 131:22,
1972.
Colonies on the natural substratum effused, black. Myce-
lium immersed, composed of branched septate hyaline to
pale brown, 2.5- to 3.5-μm-wide hyphae. Stromata superfi -
cial, dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous, 12–20 μm high,
50–190 μm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, mono-
nematous, single, straight or fl exuous, smooth-walled,
septate, brown, paler toward the apex, 142.5–250 μm long,
4.5–5 μm wide at the apex, 6–9.5 μm wide at the base.
Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, cylindrical, ter-
minal and intercalary, each with hyaline conidiogenous
pores. Conidia acropleurogenous, solitary or in 2–5 chains,
Fig. 1. Corynespora trichiliae (HHUF 28239). A Conidia. B Conidio-
phore with developing conidium. C Developing conidium. D Conidio-
phore. Bar 40 μm
Fig. 2. Diplococcium stoveri (HHUF 27964). A Conidiophores with
catenate conidia. B Conidia. C Stroma. D Conidia of a synanamorph
on V8A discs. E Conidiophore of a synanamorph on V8A discs. Bar
40 μm
128
straight or curved, cylindrical, rounded at the apex, smooth,
brown, sometimes paler toward the apex, 1–5(–6)-eusep-
tate, 15–50 × 5–7.5 μm (mean, 27 × 6 μm; n = 50).
Material examined: Kudoji Mt., Hirosaki-City, Aomori
Pref. (140°25′ E, 40°31′ N), on dead branches of Morus
australis Poir., Oct. 8, 2002, T.S. (HHUF 27964, MAFF
240275).
Cultural characteristics: Conidia germinated from the
apical and basal cell on WA at 20°C in a 12-h photoperiod
after 24 h. Colonies on PDA at 20°C were lanose, Dark
Green (30F8), velvety and White (1A1) near the margin,
25–26 mm in diameter after 20 days. Sporulation occurred
at the margin of V8A discs with mycelia incubated on WA
plate for 10 days. Occasionally, conidia were produced from
the conidiogenous cell borne directly on vegetative hypha.
A phialidic synanamorph was formed together with the
Diplococcium anamorph on the same hypha on V8A discs,
and its characters are described next.
Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single,
clavate or cylindrical, septate, pale brown. Conidiogenous
cells monophialidic, integrated, cylindrical, terminal, with a
narrow collarette at the apex, 11–15 × 5–5.5 μm. Conidia
solitary, aggregated at the apex of conidiogenous cells,
straight or curved, elongate, cylindrical, tapering toward
both ends, truncate at the base, hyaline, 0–4-septate, 25–
32.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm, with a 2.5-μm-long setula at the apex and
a point adjacent to the base.
Notes: Spadicoides S. Hughes and Diplococcium Grove
share similar conidiogenesis and features of conidiophores
and conidia. For separating these two genera, Wang and
Sutton (1982) used the unbranched conidiophores as an
important character of Spadicoides. Sinclair et al. (1985),
however, adopted the catenation of conidia to separate
these genera, and they removed four Spadicoides species,
including S. stoveri, to Diplococcium. Twenty-one species
were accepted in the review of Diplococcium by Goh and
Hyde (1998). To date, among the accepted 21 Diplococcium
species, only D. spicatum Grove has been reported from
Japan (Matsushima 1975). In this study, D. stoveri is added
as a newcomer to the Japanese mycofl ora.
3. Ellisembia folliculata (Corda) Subram., Proc. Indian
Natn. Sci. Acad. B58:183, 1992. Fig. 3
≡ Helminthosporium folliculatum Corda, Icon. Fung. 1:12,
1837.
≡ Sporidesmium folliculatum (Corda) E.W. Mason & S.
Hughes, in Hughes Can. J. Bot. 31:609, 1953.
For other synonyms, see Hughes (1958).
Colonies on the natural substratum effused, black.
Mycelium superfi cial or immersed, composed of branched,
septate, pale brown to brown, 2- to 4-μm-wide hyphae.
Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, arising
from small stroma, erect, single or fascicles, straight or fl ex-
uous, cylindrical, smooth, brown to dark brown, 1–4-septate,
27.5–60 μm long, 3–4 μm wide at the apex, 5 μm wide at the
base. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, termi-
nal, determinate, cylindrical, conicotruncate at the apex.
Conidia acrogenous, solitary, usually cylindrical, occasion-
ally obclavate, rounded at the apex, conicotruncate at the
base, straight or slightly fl exuous, olive-brown to reddish-
brown, 6–11-distoseptate, 45–70 × 10–11 μm (mean, 53 ×
10 μm; n = 30), 3–4.5 μm wide at the base.
Materials examined: Moiwa Mt., Sapporo City, Hok-
kaido (141°19′ E, 43°01′ N), on dead culms of Sasa senanen-
sis (Franch. & Sav.) Rehder, Oct. 12, 2003, Y. Harada
(HHUF 28256, MAFF 240276); Shiretoko Mt. Pass, Rausu,
Menashi-gun (145°03′ E, 44°04′ N), on dead culms of
S. kurilensis (Rupr.) Makino & Shibata, Sept. 8, 2003,
K. Tanaka and S. Hatakeyama (HHUF 28250); Nishimeya,
Nakatsugaru-gun, Aomori Pref. (140°07′ E, 40°34′ N), on
dead vines of Vitis coignetia, Sept. 11, 2003, T.S. and
N. Asama (HHUF 28253).
Cultural characteristics: Conidia germinated from the
base on WA at 20°C in a 12-h photoperiod after 24 h. Colo-
nies on PDA at 20°C were velvety, Brownish-Grey (6E2–
6F2) near the center, White (1A1) toward the margin,
27–29 mm in diameter after 20 days. Sporulation had not
occurred.
Notes: Ellisembia folliculata has been collected on dead
wood of various tree species from Czechoslovakia, England,
United States (Ellis 1958), and New Zealand (Hughes
1978). There is no record of this species from Japan accord-
ing to our literature review. Dark pigmentation at septa of
the conidia described by Ellis (1958) was not remarkable in
Fig. 3. Ellisembia folliculata (HHUF 28256). A Conidia. B Conidio-
phores. Bar 20 μm
129
our materials. Although Ellis (1958) succeeded in conidio-
genesis on PDA, we failed to induce sporulation on both
PDA plates and V8A discs with mycelia incubated on WA
plates.
4. Monodictys melanopa (Ach. ex Turner) M.B. Ellis, More
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 43, 1976. Fig. 4
≡ Spiloma melanopum Ach., Methodus 10 t.l f.3, 1803;
Turner, Spec. Lichen brit.: 29, 1839.
≡ Sporidesmium melanopum (Ach. ex Turner) Berk. &
Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2:5, 1850.
Colonies on the natural substratum effused, black.
Mycelium superfi cial or immersed, composed of branched,
septate, hyaline to pale brown, 2- to 6-μm-wide hyphae.
Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, pale
brown. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, deter-
minate, pale brown. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, muri-
form, composed of globose 5- to 7.5-μm-diameter cells,
ellipsoidal or obovoid, straight or fl exuous, in lower 3/10–
7/10 part (almost 5/10 part) straw-colored to pale brown,
in upper remaining part black, (17.5–)22.5–40(–50) × 15–
25.5 μm (mean, 31 × 19 μm; n = 30).
Material examined: Near Mawarizeki Reservoir, Tsuruta,
Kitatsugaru-gun, Aomori Pref. (140°23′ E, 40°44′ N), on
dead branches of Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de
Vriese, Nov. 20, 2003, Y. Harada and T.S. (HHUF 28262,
MAFF 240277).
Cultural characteristics: Conidia germinated by produc-
ing one or more germ tube from straw-colored part of
conidia on WA at 20°C in a 12-h photoperiod after 24 h.
Colonies on PDA were lanose, irregular margin, Brown
(6E4) near the center and Light Grey (1D1) toward the
margin, Yellowish-White (4A2) near the margin, 23–24 mm
in diameter after 20 days. Sporulation occurred at the
margin of V8A discs with mycelia incubated on WA plate
for 10 days.
Notes: When Ellis (1976) made this combination, he
described this fungus as occurring on bark of apple trees.
The present fungus was also collected from dead branches
of a crabapple, Malus toringo. Dark coloration in almost
half of the conidia is an important feature of this
species.
5. Paratomenticola lanceolata (Cooke) M.B. Ellis,
More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 175, 1976 (as
lanceolatus). Fig. 5
≡ Helminthosporium lanceolatum Cooke, Grevillea 12:29,
1883 (as Helmisporium).
≡ Sporidesmium lanceolatum (Cooke) S. Hughes, Can. J.
Bot. 36:808, 1958.
Colonies on the natural substratum effused, dark brown,
velvety. Mycelium immersed, composed of branched,
septate, hyaline to pale brown, 2- to 4-μm-wide hyphae.
Stromata absent. Conidiophores formed from the vegeta-
tive hypha, macronematous, mononematous, erect, usually
fascicles occasionally single, fl exuous, smooth, septate,
Fig. 4. Monodictys melanopa (HHUF 28262). A Conidia. B Conidio-
phore with conidium. C Developing conidium on conidiogenous cell.
Bar 20 μm
Fig. 5. Paratomenticola lanceolata (HHUF 28259). A Conidia.
B Conidiophores. Bar 40 μm
130
brown to dark reddish brown, sometimes paler toward the
base, 50–135 × 8–10 μm. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic,
sympodial, integrated, terminal becoming intercalary, cylin-
drical, denticulate, brown to dark reddish brown, 13.5–
25 × 8.5–10 μm; denticule cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 × 2.5–3 μm,
conicotruncate at the apex. Conidia solitary, obclavate,
straight or slightly fl exuous, pale brown to brown, paler
toward the apex, (6–)7–13-distoseptate, 55–125 × 7.5–
10.5 μm (mean, 88 × 9 μm; n = 30), tapering gradually to 3–
5 μm wide near the apex, with a dark brown to black,
2.5–3.5-μm-wide scar at the base.
Materials examined: Nishine, Iwate-gun, Iwate Pref.
(141°04′ E, 39°52′ N), on dead vines of Berchemia racemosa
Siebold & Zucc., Oct. 19, 2003, T.S. and K. Tanaka
(HHUF 28259, MAFF 240278); Mohei Pond, Hirosaki-
City, Aomori Pref. (140°26′ E, 40°34′ N), on dead vines of
B. racemosa, Oct. 25, 2003, K. Tanaka and N. Asama
(HHUF 28260).
Cultural characteristics: Conidia germinated from the
scar on WA at 20°C in a 12-h photoperiod after 24 h. Colo-
nies on PDA at 20°C were panniform, Dark Grey (1F1),
White (1A1) toward the margin, 15–16 mm in diameter
after 20 days. Conidiophores were formed from a vegetative
hypha. Sporulation occurred at the margin of V8A discs
with mycelia incubated on WA plate for 10 days.
Notes: The genus Paratomenticola M.B. Ellis consists
of two species, P. lanceolata and P. georgiana Crane &
Schoknecht. This genus was erected by Ellis (1976) based
on H. lanceolatum, which was collected from bark of
Berchemia sp. (Cooke 1883). We found this species on dead
vines of B. racemosa gathered from two places. It is consid-
ered that this fungus preferentially occurs on Berchemia.
The number of conidial septa in Ellis’s description (5–9
septa; Ellis 1976) is somewhat fewer than in our specimen
[(6–)7–13]. However, according to our observation based
on natural and cultural materials, it is thought that the
number of septa is a changeable character. Other features
of our specimen almost coincide with Ellis’s description.
Paratomenticola lanceolata is the fi rst record of this species
from Japan.
6. Helminthosporium magnisporum Shirouzu & Y. Harada,
nom. nov.
≡ Helminthosporium gigasporum Shirouzu & Y. Harada,
Mycoscience 45:19, 2004 (Nom. invalid. Art 53.1) (replaced
synonym).
Culture: MAFF 239278 from holotype.
Notes: Helminthosporium gigasporum Shirouzu & Y.
Harada (2004) is a later homonym of H. gigasporum Berk.
& Broome (Berkeley and Broome 1875).
7. Solicorynespora foveolata (Pat.) Shirouzu & Y. Harada,
comb. nov.
≡ Helminthosporium foveolatum Pat., Journ. de Bot. 5:321,
1891 (as Helmisporium) (basionym).
= Helminthosporium cantonense Sacc., Philipp. J. Sci. 18:604,
1921 (as Helmisporium).
≡ Corynespora foveolata (Pat.) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot.
36:757, 1958.
Culture: MAFF 240273 from HHUF 27965.
Notes: The genus Solicorynespora R.F. Castañeda &
W.B. Kendr., characterized with solitary, euseptate conidia
produced monotretically, was established by Castañeda
Ruíz and Kendrick (1990). Up to the present, many Corynes-
pora species having euseptate conidia were transferred to
this genus (Castañeda Ruíz and Kendrick 1990; Delgado-
Rodríguez et al. 2003; Castañeda Ruíz et al. 2004). In this
study, we moved this fungus to the genus Solicorynespora
based on having solitary, monotretic, euseptate conidia.
This fungus was reported on dead branches of woody trees
and dead culms of bamboos in Japan (Shirouzu and Harada
2004, as Corynespora foveolata).
Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Kazuaki Tanaka, Faculty of Agricul-
ture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, for collecting samples and
kindly reviewing the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Noritaka Asama
and Mr. Satoshi Hatakeyama for collecting samples.
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