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Omega-3 fatty acids in freshwater from South Brazil
Abstract
Lipid and fatty acid levels in the edible flesh of 17 freshwater fish from Brazil’s southern region were determined. Analyses
of fatty acid methyl esters were performed by gas chromatography. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid, accounting for 50–70% of total saturated acids. Oleic acid (C18:1θ9) was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid (C18:2θ6), linolenic acid (C18:3θ3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The data revealed that species such as truta, barbado, and corvina
were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5θ3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6θ3), and that most freshwater fish examined were good sources of PUFA θ3.
... Relatively abundant amounts of n-3 PUFA were found in marine organisms, both vegetals (algae, microalgae and phytoplankton) (Simopoulos, 1991) and animals (fish, crustaceans and mammals) (Ackman, 1967 and1989). However, small amounts of n-3 PUFA were found in freshwater organisms, both animals and vegetals (Andrade et al., 1995;Maia et al., 1994 and. Freshwater fishes are also of interest because they seem to have a greater capacity than marine fishes to elongate and desaturate the shorter fatty acids, synthesized by algae or plants, into the longer EPA and DHA (Bell et al., 1986;Henderson and Tocher, 1987;Linares and Henderson, 1991), to convert food of lower nutritional value into food of higher nutritional value. ...
... Stearic acid (C18 : 0) presented inferior values in bolti filet varying from 5.17 to 9.26 %. Concerning the monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (18 : 1n-9) presented high percentage (17.3-31.5 %), close to the other researchers, 33.2 % for Parona signata (Mendez et al., 1996), 41.8 % for Syprinus carpio (Andrade et al., 1995). Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the outstanding results were linoleic acid (C18 : 2n-6) 23.4 % and linolenic acid (C18 : 3n-3) 5.16 %. ...
... Mendez et al. (1996) did not detect the presence of C18:3n-3 in several species of Plata river. Andrade et al. (1995) found values inferior to 2.50 %, and in some species it was not detected. However, Maia et al. (1998) found 19.1 % in the species B. cephalus from the Amazon river. ...
This study was carried out to determine the fatty acids composition, cholesterol levels and quality attributes in muscle tissue (filet) of bolti (Tilapia nilotica) fingerlings as affected by feeding different sources and levels of lipids during 90 days. Corn oil and cod liver oil were added to the feeding regime (2 %, 4 % and 6 %) alone or as mixtures (1 : 1, w/ w). The total lipids and cholesterol contents were found in the range of 2.55-8.14 g/100 g and 42-53 mg/100 g fish, respectively. All feeding treatments presented oleic acid C18:1n-9, as predominant fatty acid followed by linoleic C18 : 2n-6, palmitic acid C16 : 0 and stearic acid C18 : 0, respectively. The highest amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids was detected when a mixture of 1 % corn oil and 1 % fish oil was enclosed in the fish diet. Concerning quality parameters (pH, TVN, TMA and TBA), there were no effects for dietary fat levels and sources on the quality attributes of the fish flesh.
... Lower PUFA contents have been reported in spotted sorubim (P. corruscans) and dourado (S. braziliensis) by Andrade et al. (1995), 20.66 and 30.93%, respectively. Ramos Filho et al. (2008) also reported lower PUFA values in four fish species from Pantanal, with averages of 0.30% for dourado and 17.33% for spotted sorubim. ...
... levis (25.78 g/100 g total fatty acid). The predominance of linoleic acid has previously been observed in other freshwater fish species, reaching a maximum of 21.92% (Andrade et al., 1995;Luzia et al., 2003) and 11.3% in Mylossoma aureum from the Amazon floodplain (Mortillaro et al., 2015). ...
... The observed total ω3 content was higher than those reported for some native freshwater fish species. Andrade et al. (1995) observed a total ω3 content of 6.34% in mandi (Pimelodus maculatus), 4.81% in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 4.28% in cascudo abacaxi (Megaloancistrus aculeatus), 3.60% in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), 2.43% in piapara (Leporinus elongatus) and 1.38% in pacu (Colossoma mitrei). Moreira et al. (2001) observed lower values such as 3.06% in piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) and 3.61% in piraputanga (Brycon microlepis). ...
The aim of the present study to determine the proximate composition (moisture, ashes, proteins and lipids), fatty acid profiles, cholesterol concentrations of five species of pacu-pevas from the Cuiabá river and the rivers of the Alto Paraguai basin in the Pantanal region of the state of Mato-Grosso. My. paraguayensis and My. orbignyanum were found to contain significantly higher fractions of protein (20.16 and 19.79%, respectively; p<0.05) than the other pacu-pevas species. Mt. maculatus had the highest total lipid concentration (10.36%; p<0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations varied between 23.13 and 41.16%, and saturated fatty acid concentrations were between 26.57 and 40.82%. Oleic (ω-9) (29.89 to 35.07%), linoleic (ω-6) (11.36 to 25.78%) and palmitic acids (14.81 to 19.78%) predominated in all studied species. Mp. levis had the highest ω-6 concentration (28.24%), and My. paraguayensis had the highest linolenic (ω-3) acid concentration (13.67%). Cholesterol concentrations varied between 10.96 and 19.61 mg/100 g in the species studied. All species had high nutritional quality in terms of the fatty acids content, as indicated by the ω-6:ω-3 ratio, low thrombogenicity indices and high hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratios. The studied species are therefore good sources of dietary protein, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
... Regarding lipid content classification [43], CO, LF and PCO were considered very low (<2% fat) and BC and PL low (2-4% fat) fat fishes. Similar lipid content results were observed in different Brazilian freshwater fish species by Andrade et al. [44] for Prochilodus lineatus (3.68%), Leporinus friderici (2.60%) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (1.27%) purchased from fish markets in the state of Paraná and Inhamuns et al. [11] for Cichla sp. (0.8-2.1%) sampled during different seasons in the Amazon Basin. ...
... [11], Prochilodus spp. [8] and P. corruscans [44]. ...
... Therefore, high values of these PUFA in human diets are desirable. These high DHA and EPA values are similar to those observed by Ö zogul, Ö zogul and Alagoz [54] in Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio, Siluris glanis, Tinca tinca, Sander lucioperca; Memon et al. [19] in L. rohita, C. mrigala, C.catla as well as by Andrade et al. [44] in P. lineatus, L. friderici, P. corruscans and Inhamuns et al. [11] in Cichla sp.. Among the evaluated fish species, CO presented the highest (p < 0.05) total n-3 and EPA+DHA content, in addition to the highest (p < 0.05) DHA proportion. ...
The proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of five Brazilian freshwater fish species, namely Brycon cephalus (BC), Cichla ocellaris (CO), Prochilodus lineatus (PL), Leporinus friderici (LF) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (PCO), were investigated. CO and LF exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) moisture content, as well as one of the lowest (p < 0.05) lipid values, whereas BC presented the lowest (p < 0.05) moisture and, alongside PL, the highest (p < 0.05) lipid content. The predominant FAs in the evaluated fish species were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids. BC and CO presented high n-3 PUFA content, especially DHA, and demonstrated superior nutritional quality indices compared to the other evaluated fish species. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed among these species, suggesting they possess similar nutritional lipid values. Thus, BC and CO were proven to be an excellent matrix with relevant lipid quality, desirable for human health. © 2017 Rodrigues et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
... South American silver croaker (Plagioscion squamosissimus), granulated catfish (Pterodoras granulosus), spotted sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans), and trahira (Hoplias malabaricus). Since these fish have an important source of n-3, their intake could be a strategy to increase n-3 in the diet and, perhaps, to prevent the development of depressive symptoms 29,30 . ...
... To evaluate the consumption of n-3-rich fish, we collected data on the weekly frequency of n-3-rich fish consumption (number of days per week). A list of n-3-rich fish was created based on a food composition table and on studies conducted at the national and regional level 29,30,33 . The list included salmon, tuna, sardines, anchovy, trout, South American silver croaker, and local n-3-rich fish (granulated catfish, spotted sorubim, and trahira). ...
This study aimed to verify the association between the consumption of omega3-rich (n-3) fish and depressive symptoms in older adults living in Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional analysis with data from the second wave of the EpiFloripa Aging cohort study (2013/2014) including 1,130 individuals aged 60 years or older. The presence of depressive symptoms was measured by the 15-items Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and the consumption of n-3-rich fish by a question of weekly frequency. The minimum set of variables for adjustment was defined using directed acyclic graph (DAG). Poisson regression with robust error variance was applied (adjusted by Model 1: demographic and socioeconomic variables, Model 2: added behavioral variables, Model 3: added health variables). We identified the prevalence of depressive symptoms in 19% of older adults and 51.8% reported eating n-3-rich fish once a week. Models 1 and 3 showed an inverse association between n-3-rich fish and depressive symptoms. However, the association was reduced when behavioral factors (leisure-time physical activity) were included in Model 2. These findings suggest that n-3-rich fish intake tends to be associated with depressive symptoms in older adults. However, other factors, such as physical exercise, are as pivotal as n-3 fatty acids in preventing the development of depressive symptoms.
... Thus, the species bred in aquaculture may also show variations in composition, but in this case several factors are controlled and therefore can be more accurately predicted. Table 2 shows the mean proximate composition of tilapia fillets according to several authors (Andrade et al., 1995;Puwastien et al., 1999, Izquierdo 1999Visentainer et al., 2005;Yanar et al., 2006;Gonzales and Brown., 2006;Aparecida Pereira et al., 2007;Perea et al., 2008). ...
... While several researchers have reported a value of 0.7 to 8.5% in total lipids (Andrade, 1995;Visenti et al, 2005), others report values of up to 16.7% (De Castro, 2007). A number of factors influence the concentration of lipids in tilapia such as water temperature, stage of life, environmental salinity, food type, species, among other factors. ...
The tilapia is a fish that in recent years has been gaining ground in cultivation and sale in the Papaloapan region. Also, this fish has excellent nutritional properties: it is high in protein, lipids, vitamins and minerals, besides having a pleasant taste (due to its lipid content). It is remarkable the ease with which tilapia can be grown in ponds or artificial farms since it is a species that is well adapted to the natural environment. Due to all of the above, it must increase its consumption in the Papaloapan region as well as in regions where it is not yet produced in order to maximize the enormous benefits that this type of fish offers.
... Na região Sul, Andrade et al. 29 Nos lipídios totais do tecido muscular pode existir uma grande variedade de substâncias orgânicas lipossolúveis, que são distribuídas em três principais classes: lipídios neutros, fosfolipídios e glicolipídios. Foram identificados 64, 71 e 46 ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais de pacu (P. ...
No Brasil tem ocorrido crescimento vertiginoso na criação de peixes de cativeiro de água doce; no entanto existem poucos estudos sobre identificação e quantificação de ácidos graxos em pescados provenientes de cativeiro. Sabe-se que entre diversos fatores, a dieta alimentar do peixe é o fator determinante sobre sua composição lipídica, especialmente quanto aos componentes de ácidos graxos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de efetuar a revisão de vários estudos, com o intuito de obter um panorama sobre a composição dos ácidos graxos em pescado e, ainda, quanto à influência da dieta sobre a composição de ácidos graxos dos peixes capturados em ambiente natural e dos cultivados em diferentes sistemas. A maioria dos estudos aponta que a composição de ácidos graxos em peixes marinhos apresenta maiores proporções de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3 (AGPI- ω 3) do que os peixes de água doce. O ácido graxo palmítico e o oléico atingem os mais altos níveis no pescado de água marinha e de água doce. Na maioria dos peixes, o DHA, o EPA e a-linolênico são as maiores fontes de AGPI ω 3, enquanto o linoléico e o araquidônico contribuem como fonte de AGPI ω 6.
... Andrade et al. [42] reported PUFA percentages ranging from 20.66 % in "pintado" to 30.93 % in "dourado". Lower values were presented by Ramos Filho et al. [28] for four Pantanal fish species (ranging from 0.30 % to 17.33 %). ...
This study analyzed ten fish species (three farmed and seven wild‐caught) to determine their centesimal composition (assessed by AOAC methods) and lipid profile (analyzed by GC‐MS). Notably, "tambatinga" (farmed) and "piraputanga" (wild‐caught) stood out with 28.66% and 26.44% protein content and 2.32% and 3.71% lipid content, respectively. Across all species, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by linoleic acid. The sum of PUFAs ranged from 17.84% in "matrinchã" to 7.85% in "piraputanga". SFA varied from 49.93% in "tambacu" to 39.90% in "matrinchã", while MUFAs ranged from 44.34% in "palmito" to 38.39% in "tambaqui". "Matrinchã" had the highest average ω6 acid content (16.83%), while "cachara" had the highest average for ω3 acids (5.73%). "Piraputanga". "cachara", and "pincachara" exhibited the lowest ω6 levels. The analysis shows that fish have excellent nutritional values (proximate compositions) with few differences between species. "Pacu", "matrinchã", and "cachara" (wild‐caught) demonstrated positive attributes, while "pincachara" (farmed) exhibited the highest nutritional quality in terms of fatty acid fraction. Based on quality indices (H/H), "pacu", "matrinchã" and "pincachara" are recommended choices for a healthy diet. This study adds valuable insights into the nutritional composition of fish species, which is essential for promoting regional development and local aquaculture.
... A piscicultura é, entre as atividades da pecuária brasileira, uma das que mais se desenvolvem. Considerando o pescado como alimento de excelente valor nutritivo e a pesca como uma atividade significativa do setor de produção, estudos sobre a fisiologia de peixes são de grande interesse científico 1-3 , apesar do reduzido números de pesquisas sobre o efeito da dieta na composição da carcaça [4][5][6] . ...
A dieta exerce efeito pronunciado na composição das carcaças de peixes. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido muscular de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas a dietas com diferentes teores de óleo de soja (OS). Os peixes foram alimentados por 21 dias com ração contendo 5,98% de lipídios totais (LT) oriundos de ração comercial, sem adição de óleo de soja (A), dieta com adição de 2% (B) e 4% de óleo de soja (C). Não houve diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre os teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e LT (0,98% a 1,08%) dos tecidos musculares resultantes dos tratamentos. Foram separados e identificados até 25 ácidos graxos, com diferença significativa (p < 0,05) na maioria deles, dependendo da dieta. Os majoritários em ordem decrescente foram: 16:0, 18:1n9, 18:2n6, 18:0, 20:4n6 e 22:5n6, independentemente do tratamento. A adição de OS na ração comercial mostrou perspectivas de promover o crescimento dos animais, sem afetar a composição centesimal e a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido, em função dos altos teores de poli-insaturados, indicando ser uma matéria-prima satisfatória para incorporação parcial na ração.
... Like any other fish species, C16:0 (palmitic acid) is abundant among all saturated fatty acids in all cold-water fishes. Irrespective of their habitat and physiological condition, whether they are wild-captured or farmed, male or female, etc., in almost all evaluated fishes, palmitic acid is abundant in their muscle tissue (Alasalvar et al. 2002;Andrade et al. 1995;Grigorakis et al. 2002;Jabeen and Chaudhry 2011;Sarma et al. 2013;Swapna et al. 2010). ...
Global harvest of aquatic biota which includes flora and fauna both, through capture fisheries has already reached its maximum potential, or has shown offshoot in some cases. Capture fisheries is now stagnant, and therefore, in order to fulfil the need for growing worldwide population, culture fisheries have come up with a promising way. To further increase the production and sustainability of culture fisheries, various tools and techniques of biotechnology can be used. Aquatic biotechnology, which has both basic and spin-off applications, can help aquaculture producers increase output, efficiency, profitability, and sustainability. Genomic and proteomic research such as whole genome sequence (WGS) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) of economically important cultured fish could have an impact on fish genetic resource development and management as well. In genetically modified (GM) and gene knockout (GKO) fishes, economically important features such as improved growth, enhanced muscle mass, cold tolerance and disease resistance can be further improved. Cryopreservation of gametes (sperms and eggs) and embryos could open up new commercial possibilities for endless seed and fry production, as well as healthier and better-conditioned fish and brood stock management. It could also help with ex situ genome conservation in threatened and endangered species. Biotechnological interventions in intensive aquaculture have shown a considerable potential in using bioremediation and probiotics to regulate effluents, toxicants, and pathogens in the environment. Therefore, molecular tools can be used to minimize the impact of intensive aquaculture in environmental pollution.KeywordsAquatic biotechnologyBiotechnological interventionsGene knockoutBrood stock genetic managementProteomeMarker-assisted selection
... Like any other fish species, C16:0 (palmitic acid) is abundant among all saturated fatty acids in all cold-water fishes. Irrespective of their habitat and physiological condition, whether they are wild-captured or farmed, male or female, etc., in almost all evaluated fishes, palmitic acid is abundant in their muscle tissue (Alasalvar et al. 2002;Andrade et al. 1995;Grigorakis et al. 2002;Jabeen and Chaudhry 2011;Sarma et al. 2013;Sharma et al. 2010;Swapna et al. 2010). ...
The world is still fighting to eradicate the problem of malnutrition on the one hand, and on the other, lifestyle diseases are growing alarmingly due to overnourishment with unhealthy food and a sedentary lifestyle. The world at present needs both nutritious and functional food to deal with this dual burden of nutrition. There is a need to expand the quality of food availability in every corner of the world. Over time, more health foods are being supplied to local and global food markets. Fish, among others on the list of nutritional and functional food, is a promising nutritional package that has a potential to reach the plate of every individual because of its diversity, variety, and wide range of affordability. Aquatic habitats of the Indian Himalaya harbor fishes of immense nutritional and functional value. Among these, Tor spp., Neolissochilus spp., Schizothorax spp., Barilius spp., Crossocheilus spp., and Garra spp., along with Cyprinus carpio and Oncorhynchus mykiss, are some of the important food fishes of the Indian subcontinental Himalaya. These fishes are a good source of protein, balanced amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese). Their overall nutrient richness contributes significantly to the daily requirements of humans of all ages, sex, and different physiological conditions.KeywordsIndian Himalayan fishesMahseerSnow troutRainbow troutNutrient composition
... The importance of oleic acid is related to its properties in preventing cardiovascular diseases and its beneficial effect on cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases, in addition to its ability to facilitate wound healing [55,56]. High levels of oleic, and also arachidonic, acid have been reported as a characteristic property of freshwater fish oils [57]. ...
Fishes are an important component of human nutrition, mainly acting as source of essential fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The increase in their consumption has led to a growth of fishes waste; therefore, the disposal and recycling of waste has become a key issue to address, in accordance with circular economy principles. The Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys moli-trix and Cyprinus carpio fishes, living in freshwater and marine environments, were collected at mature and immature stages. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of liver and ovary tissues were investigated by GC-MS and compared with edible fillet tissues. The gonadosomatic index, the hypocholester-olemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were measured. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be abundant in the mature ovary and fillet of both species, with a polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio ranging from 0.40 to 1.06 and a monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio between 0.64 and 1.84. Saturated fatty acids were found to be highly abundant in the liver and gonads of both species (range 30-54%), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (range 35-58%). The results suggested that the exploitation of fish wastes, such as the liver and ovary, may represent a sustainable strategy for the achievement of high value-added molecules with nutraceutical potential.
... In this study, palmitic acid has the highest levels among the primary saturated fatty acid in all seasons. Therefore, researchers have suggested that palmitic acid, the highest in fish's fatty acid composition, is due to its role in fatty acid metabolism [29], [30]. Similar results suggesting that palmitic acid is the essential saturated fatty acid were found by Kandemir [31] and Turchini et al. [32] for the species Tinca tinca, by Konar et al. [33] for the species Capoeta trutta and Barbus rajanorum mystaceus, and by Kaya and Turan [34] for anchovy. ...
In this study, total lipid and fatty acid profiles of Barbus tauricus samples which were obtained from Melen River Basin during winter, spring, and summer seasons, were evaluated. Total lipid levels were determined 2.27%, 2.37%, and 4.34% in winter, spring, and summer, respectively. The study also determined that the carbon count of 30 fatty acids, composing total fat compositions of B. tauricus caught in Melen Basin, ranges among 12-24. The major fatty acids of B. tauricus are palmitic acid and stearic acid from SFA; palmitoleic acid, trans oleic acid, oleic acid and erucic acid from MUFA and linoleic acid, alfa linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from PUFA. The study is the first one on lipid and fat profiles of B. tauricus, one of the species living in Duzce Melen Basin and having high economic importance, and aimed to investigate total lipid and fatty acid profiles according to the season.
... In the SFA group, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most prominent fatty acid found in all body parts of jade perch followed by stearic acid (Table 1). This is in agreement with previous studies that reported both palmitic acid and stearic acid were the most dominant saturated fatty acids in freshwater species such as truta, barbado, corvine (Andrade et al. 1995), rainbow trout (Haliloğlu et al. 2002), tilapia (Kwetegyeka et al. 2008), red-tailed brycon, peacock bass, and three spot leporinus (Rodrigues et al. 2017). ...
The study aimed to quantify fatty acids in the edible body parts (skin, dorsal muscle, and belly muscle) and inedible body parts (head, bone, and visceral fat) of the jade perch, Scortum barcoo, for nutraceutical purposes. Results showed that the head and skin contained the significantly highest levels of omega-3 at 44.96 ± 3.64 mg FA/g tissue and 40.51 ± 2.07 mg FA/g tissue. Comparatively, bone and skin contained the highest level of omega-6 at 24.02 ± 5.53 mg FA/g tissue and 23.32 ± 5.65 mg FA/g tissue. The head was found to contain the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids at 66.6 ± 3.94 mg FA/g tissue, whereas bone contained the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids at 55.54 ± 10.70 mg FA/g tissue. The highest saturated fatty acid level was found in visceral fat at 51.69 ± 6.51 mg FA/g tissue. Docosahexaenoic acid was found to be the highest among omega-3 composition at 91.5 ± 0.56 mg FA/g tissue, followed by eicosapentaenoic acid at 54.0 ± 0.18 mg FA/g tissue in both edible and inedible body parts. Examination confirms that jade perch is a fatty fish containing high amounts of fatty acids even in the inedible parts, which indicates good potential to be used for animal feed application.
... The general dominance of leucine agreed with Elagba et al. (2010) and Geba et al. (2016). In previous studies, Andrade, Rubira, Matsushita, and Souza (1995) and Fuczyñska and Borejszo (2008) stated that the most dominant SFAs in freshwater fish were palmitic acid and stearic acid, while palmitoleic and oleic acids were the major MUSFAs. ...
The nutritional value versus toxicity was conducted in muscles, gonads, livers, and skin of Tetraodon lineatus from Lake Nasser, Egypt, during 2018. Its overall moisture was 74.92 ± 2.27 muscles, 72.45 ± 2.887 gonads and 35.49 ± 5.55 % livers. The livers recorded the highest crude protein (23.66 ± 3.48%) and total lipids (36.45 ± 6.32%). The annual total protein in muscles was 16.91 ± 2.54%, while the annual total lipids were 3.39 ± 1.05 %. Leucine was the most abundant (0.548 mg/g) ˃ isoleucine (0.284 mg/g) of the essential amino acids. Sixteen fatty acids were recorded (12: SFAs, 4: MUSFAs), with butyric acid predominating. Assessment of tetrodotoxin (TTX) as mouse per unit (MU/g), gave the highest toxic abundant for skin (53.13%) ˃ gonads (34.6) ˃ muscles (12.9) and no detection in the livers. The average toxicity in all organs is at a low level and lower than the maximum permissible limits (<100 MU/g) despite strongly toxic samples. The abundance of all toxic samples was in summer (44.8%) and spring (36.8), followed by winter and autumn (9.2 each one). Muscles, gonads, and livers showed no response to toxicity tests during winter. On the contrary, muscles were highly contaminated with TTX in summer (25%) and spring (22.2). The findings confirmed that T. lineatus has a good nutritional value, toxicity restrictions in specific organs and seasons, recommending its better utilization with more studies to confirm its safety for human consumption.
... This finding is in agreement with other studies carried out on different Mediterranean fish as reported by Ben Rebah et al., (2009). In fact, according to Andrade et al., (1995), palmitic acid is the key part of fish lipid metabolism. There were significant differences among seasons and sexes (p>0.05), which is in accordance with the results found by Bulla et al., (2011) ...
... The lack of information related to the nutritional composition of Brazilian freshwater fish species from Serrasalmidae family associated with the fact that tambacu is a hybrid makes difficult the comparison of our results with those in the literature. Considering fish farmed in Brazil, similar values of lipids were reported for Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus mesopotamicus X Colossoma macropomum (Castro et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2018;Sousa et al., 2019), while Piaractus mesopotamicus has been usually reported with higher lipid content than C. macropomum and P. mesopotamicus X C. macropomum (Andrade et al., 1995;Nitz et al., 2019). Moreover, some authors observed similar ash content between P. mesopotamicus and C. macropomum (Nitz et al., 2019;Sousa et al., 2019). ...
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the proximate composition and fatty acids (FA) profile of four fish species Piaractus mesopotamicus (PM), Colossoma macropomum (CM), Piaractus mesopotamicus X Colossoma macropomum (PC) and Piaractus brachypomus (PB). Fish fillets were analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality indices. In general, PM and PB presented lower moisture content (73.75 ± 0.07 and 70.47 ± 0.16) and higher lipid content (4.34 ± 0.81 and 9.23 ± 1.16), respectively (p < 0.05). Although all species presented the same PUFA>MUFA>SFA pattern, PM and PB showed higher total n-3 FA values (mainly DHA and EPA), while CM had the lowest one (p < 0.05). Moreover, PM and PB exhibited superior nutritional quality indices, presenting the highest h/H ratio and the lowest IA and IT ratio (p < 0.05). A similar nutritional profile was observed for CM and PC. Therefore, PM and PB represent an excellent source of high-quality lipids, demonstrating that these freshwater fish species can be considered optimal for human consumption.
... This fatty acid has exogenous origin and usually reflects the diet consumed by fish. Andrade et al. [29] showed that in South Brazil, C16:0 and C18:0 were the most dominating SFAs noted in freshwater fish, whereas, C16:1 and C18:1 were common among MUFAs. The highest quality of PUFAs in all fish species was associated with n-3 PUFAs compounds, including eicosapentaenoic acide (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), as the major components. ...
... As shown by study on lipid and fatty acid comparison of marine and freshwater fish that found higher omega 6 content on freshwater fish than marine fish [27]. Among saturated FA, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the highest FA found in each sample, this finding was in line with a study about freshwater fish from Greece and south Brazil that found palmitic acid as one of the dominant fatty acids in the sample [28,29]. The most dominant MUFA found in both samples were oleic acid (C18:1). ...
Barbonymus balleroides or barb fish is a freshwater fish that threaten by overexploitation and overfishing in their natural habitat. Our continuous investigation showed that fat content of barb fish that has been maintained in our pond facility for more than 1 year was decreasing. Since fatty acid (FA) is important property for farmed fish therefore it is essential to evaluate fatty acid profile of flesh and byproduct of captive Barb Fish. Captive fishes were originated from two different locations, Serayu River, Banjarnegara and Cipunagara River, Cianjur. FA composition of flesh and byproduct of fishes were analyzed using Gas Chromatography. Result showed that both flesh and byproduct of both origin contained good quality of FA particularly omega 3 and omega 6 and other beneficial unsaturated fat, omega 9. However captive barb fish showed lower FA composition than wild barb fish that could be influenced by its feed and other environmental parameter. The high composition of FA in barb fish byproduct indicated its potency to be utilized further for nutrition source. This study showed the needed to make further improvement in barb fish cultivation so that it could produces high quality farmed fish.
... Hence, Clarias gariepinus fed with different oil diets under the condition of this study was not a lean fish. The concentration of the protein content was within the range previously reported for freshwater fish from both temperate (Henderson & Tocher, 1987) and tropical (Andrade, Rubira, Matsushita, & Souza, 1995) regions. The lipid content also fell within the range previously detected in fish by Mendez, Gozalez, Innocent, Giudice, and Grompone (1996). ...
... These values are greater when compared to those found by Andrade et al. (1995) in the fish species Cyprinus carpio (5,4%), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (20,7%), Brycon cephalus (13,8%) e Brycon orbignyanus (7,2%). Palmitic acid (C16: 0) was the predominant fatty acid, followed by palmitoleic acid (C16: 1). ...
The incentive for fish consumption by the population increased its captive breeding production and consequently, increased the demand for feeds. This study aimed at evaluating the use of Spirulina microalga as source of protein, in place of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, on the productive performance and fatty acid profile of Hungarian carp fingerlings (Cyprinos carpio). In order to carry out this experiment, a basal ration formulated with soybean meal and dehydrated yeast (Control), and other rations formulated with the Spirulina microalga substituting yeast at 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels. 280 Hungarian carp fingerlings with 50 days and average initial live-weight of g were used. The microalgae enriched rations increased linearly the weight gain and the specific growth rate of the fingerlings. The saturated fatty acids represent more than 50% of the lipid content. In relation to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, an increasing rise was observed as the protein substitution of the ration by the microalgae increased.
... According to "Steffens (1997)" C18:1 is a typical MUFA in fish tissues. The high amounts of C18:1, C16:1, and AA had been identified as a typical content of freshwater fish species oils " Andrade et al., 1995". In our study, the level of oleic acid, palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acids were determined higher than other fatty acids. ...
Fatty acid compositions of the muscle lipids and its seasonal variations in Scardinius erythrophthalmus (rudd) and Squalius cephalus (chub) in Sapanca and Terkos Lake, were examined using a gas chromatographic method. Palmitic acid is saturated fatty acid and the other dominant fatty acid is stearic acid in both species. SFA contents in rudd were between 26.79% and 41.54% in all seasons. Oleic acid C18:1 ω9 was identified as the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in both fishes for four seasons. It was found that chub had a high amount of C18:1 (15.09% to 28.56 %) in all seasons compared to rudd. It was noticed from the present data that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6ω3) was predominant PUFA in muscle lipids of rudd. According to these data, it can be concluded that both freshwater fishes are a good sources for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA.
... High amounts of 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, and AA are characteristic for freshwater fish. 29 The 18:1n-9, one of these components, is the most abundant compound in fish (45%-58% of total MUFAs). ...
... The DHA content in H. malabaricus, when its freshwater origin is considered, is higher than many other economically important freshwater fishes, including Nile tilapia (Vieira et al., 2012), common carp Cyprinus carpio (Živić et al., 2014), sábalo Prochilodus lineatus (Luzia, Sampaio, Castellucci, & Torres, 2003), pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Martino, Cyrino, Portz, & Trugo, 2002), peacock bass Cichla sp. (Inhamuns, Franco, & Batista, 2009), and spotted pim Pimelodus maculatus, threespot leporinus Leporinus friderici, and dorado Salminus brasiliensis (Andrade, Rubira, Matsushita, & Souza, 1995). ...
We describe key production-related traits of trahira (Hoplias malabaricus), an aquaculture candidate species, in a semi-intensive fish farming system. We quantified growth from hatch through grow-out at two stocking densities and evaluated fillet protein, lipids and fatty-acid content. We made 2430 observations of growth and morphometrics on 270 juvenile fish allocated to four fish ponds, two at 5 fish/m2 (90 animals) and two at 10 fish/m2 (180 animals) through 11 months. The fish reached an average length of 27.5 cm (±0.38) and 27.0 cm (±0.24), and weight of 263.0 g (±10.54) and 246.7 g (±6.89), respectively, at the low and high densities. There was no significant difference in weight (P > 0.05) between the densities for any of the parameters assessed, and hence the same growth curve applied to both densities (A = 292.9; B = 28.1; and K = 0.65). Standard length, however, differed significantly (P
... This finding is in agreement with other studies carried out on different Mediterranean fish as reported by Ben Rebah et al., (2009). In fact, according to Andrade et al., (1995), palmitic acid is the key part of fish lipid metabolism. There were significant differences among seasons and sexes (p>0.05), which is in accordance with the results found by Bulla et al., (2011) ...
This study investigates the impact of season and sex variations on the total lipid contents and fatty acid composition of Scomber scombrus fillets from the Middle East Coast of Tunisia in order to dertermine the most favorable periods for consumption, and to see if the nutritional quality of the meat depends on the sex of the animal. The effect of fishing season induced significant changes in the lipid profile, and the highest values for total lipids were obtained in the spring for females with 13.2% and for males with 18.9%. The highest values for proteins were obtained in the summer for females with 22.0% and for males with 21.8%. Protein content variations were not significant (p > 0.05). The n-3/n-6 ratio showed a significant level, indicating a tendency toward n-3 fatty acid accumulation in mackerel fillets mainly represented by DHA, whose values were high during the study period for both sexes, except in autumun, which is the period of mackerel gonad maturation, when DHA decreased significantly (p < 0.05), reaching 23.2 and 34.0% for males and females, respectively. It was concluded that Scomber scombrus has high levels of proteins, lipids, and fatty acid contents mainly n-3 PUFA. DHA sex variations were not significant (p > 0.05). The Atherogenicity index (AI) and Thrombogenicity index (TI) were calculated. In our study the AI index was comprised between 0.3 and 0.6 for males and between 0.4 and 0.5 for females. The TI index values ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 for males, and was about 0.6 for females.
... According to the UK Department of Health, an ideal proportion of n-6/n-3 is recommended at 4.0 (HMSO, 2001). So, a ratio greater than 4.0 was considered harmful to human wellbeing (Andrade et al., 1995). In the present study, n-3/n-6 ratio is greater than 2 and the n-6/n-3 ratio is lower than 1. ...
This study reveals information for the first time about the total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid composition (FA) of Mactra stultorum (M. corallina). Three edible organs (foot, mantle and adductor muscle) were the subjects of this research in order to determine the most favorable periods for their consumption in relation to seasonal variability. The results showed lower lipid content in the adductor muscles in summer (12.73 ± 2.55 mg/g dry matter); while a higher content was observed in winter (28.97 ± 3.50 mg/g dry matter). However, similar lipid contents were observed in the mantle and foot tissues among the seasons. The fatty acid composition of Mactra stultorum adductor muscles, mantle and foot was dominated by saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) and reached higher levels during summer in the foot (26%), mantle (21%) and adductor muscles (25%). Among PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) showed significant variation among seasons with high levels recorded during winter and spring. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) did not show any remarkable variation among seasons for the three studied tissues. Seasonal changes in fatty acids were observed for all samples, reaching a maximum level in winter or spring.
... PUFA/SFA ratio stability, revealing that fish is a good source of PUFAs (Andrade, Rubira, Matsushita, & Souza, 1995) ranged from 2.183 in initial day to 2.381 in fifth day and also into 2.088 in ninth day. However, the ratio of uncoated samples varied from 2.254 in the first day of storage to 2.809 in the last storage period of the study. ...
The effect of coating with Lactobacillus rhamnosus‐loaded poly[vinyl] alcohol and sodium alginate‐based nanofibers (LR) and also poly(vinyl) alcohol and sodium alginate‐based nanofiber (PS) on fatty acid stability of fish fillets was tested. LR and PS dope solutions were successfully electrospun. Scanning Electron Microscopy images of nanofibers, with 60.09 nm < diameter of nanofibers <522.1 nm, were defined to be smooth, cylindrical, and ultrafine. Thermal decomposition of LR and PS were determined as higher than 200 and 300 °C, respectively by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Nanofibers could be used to keep the stability of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)s such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in fish fillets. Besides PUFAs, the rapid changes in predominant Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) value like oleic acid in fish fillets coated with LR and PS were successfully limited as compared to the uncoated samples. Polyene index and predominant saturated fatty acids values (C16:0, C18:0, and C14:0) of the samples coated with LR and PS were found to be more stabile. Furthermore, the sharply decrease in ω‐3/ω‐6 ratio of fish fillets was limited. Loading LR to PS provided higher atherogenic and thrombogenic index. The use of probiotic bacteria‐loaded polymer‐based characterized nanofibers has been determined to be a new application for the fatty acid stability of fish.
Practical applications
Applied tests revealed differences between the fatty acid profile of uncoated and coated samples. Enrichment of PS and NaAlG‐based nanofibers with Lactobacillus rhamnosus provided better stable in terms of PUFA and MUFA in fish fillets.
... However, because of their high fat (oil) content (>5%) which means a high calorie content per unit of protein, they may not necessarily be an ideal source of animal protein for use in some controlling diets. The concentrations of the protein content were within the range previously reported freshwater fish from both temperate (Henderson and Tocher, 1987) and tropical regions (Andrade et al., 1995). ...
Protein, fat, moisture, carbohydrate, ash and fibre content in the bodies of 6 fish species, Cynoglossus senegalensis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Carasssius carassius, Hydrocynus lineatus, Citharinus macrolepis and Synodontis nigrita, were investigated. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed significant differences in the values of the six parameters in the six fishes studied (P<0.01). In terms of percentages, Protein content was highest in C. senegalensis (75.43 ± 0.20 %) and lowest in C. macrolepsis (64.25 ± 0.01 %). Fat content was found to be highest in S. nigrita (25.10 ± 0.30 %) and lowest in C. senegalensis (19.53 ± 0.20 %), moisture content was highest in S. nigrita (23.52 ± 0.02 %) and lowest in C. senegalensis (21.08 ± 0.01 %). Carbohydrate content was found to be highest in C. macrolepis (4.38 ± 0.02) and lowest in H. lineatus (1.52 ± 0.02 %). Ash content was highest in C. macrolepis (3.75 ± 0.02 %) and lowest in C. carassius (1.20 ± 0.20 %) while fibre content was highest in H. lineatus (2.30 ± 0.10 %) and lowest in C. senegalensis (1.09 ± 0.20 %).
... Palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and EPA were predominantly, SFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively. Several previous studies also support our results that palmitic acid and the oleic acid are predominant SFA and MUFA (Ackman, 1980;Ackman, 1989;Jaben and Chaudhry 2011;Andrade et al., 1995;Özogul et al., 2007;Mahmoud et al., 2007). Bulut (2010) studied on C.gibelio population living in Seyitler Dame Lake (Afyon, Turkey) and reported that C. gibelio had high ∑PUFA content (40.93%) compared to ∑SFA (23.34%) and ∑MUFA (31.27%) in winter. ...
Essential fatty acids have a crucial function in human health and hence there is a growing interest in fatty acids
profile and nutritional quality of fish, originating from both marine and freshwater resources. This research was
performed to identify the seasonal changes in nutritional quality, fatty acids composition and energy contents of
Prussian carp inhabiting in Lake Çıldır, Turkey. The fatty acids profile showed, monounsaturated fatty acids ranging
from 44.82% in the spring to 41.28% in the autumn. The content of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) was changed
from 30.35% (summer) to 29.40% (autumn). The highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was observed
in summer (25.02%) and the lowest in spring (21.52%). Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic acid,
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Lipid quality indexes were within the range of
recommended levels for human health. According to the results, biochemical composition of Prussian carp is similar
in all seasons, in terms of fatty acids, the autumn season can be the most suitable season for consumption. Despite
being an underutilized fish species for its taste, odour, high string structure and unpleasant textural features, Prussian
carp has a good quality by means of protein and essential fatty acids.
... Hàm lượng palmitic và oleic chiếm chủ yếu trong cơ thịt cũng đã được Stickney [25] nghiên cứu đối với cá nheo Mỹ và khẳng định rằng trong thành phần acid béo của cá nheo cũng chứa chủ yếu là acid oleic và palmitic, trong đó hàm lượng oleic > palmitic với tỉ lệ lần lượt là palmitic (10 -18 %) và oleic (30,6 -59,5 %). Hàm lượng palmitic và oleic cũng được xác định là những thành phần có mặt chủ yếu trong một số loài cá nước ngọt sông Nile [18,26,27], Khác với cá Tra, nghiên cứu của Jabeen & cộng sự [17] đối với cá chép, cá trôi Ấn và rô phi, cho thấy palmitic có hàm lượng cao hơn oleic với palmitic (32 -46 %) và oleic acid (13 -23 %). Hàm lượng các acid béo này cũng có mặt nhiều trong cơ thịt của một số loài cá biển tại Malaysia với palmitic (19 -32 %), oleic từ 7 -14 % [19], cá mú chấm cam với palmitic (21,11 %), oleic chiếm 21,4 % [10]. ...
Tra catfish juveniles of three different sizes (4 - 10 g, 30 - 40 g and 100 - 200 g) were obtained from The National Breeding Center for Southern Freshwater Aquaculture (Tien Giang province). Fish were fed commercial diet and starved for 12 h, and then collected for lipid and fatty acid analyses. The results indicated that crude lipid and moisture content of the whole body tissue from different size groups of Tra juveniles ranged from 2.73 to 6.72 % and 77.95 to 81.59%, respectively. Fatty acid composition were characterized by SFA (42 – 48 %), MUFA (34 –39 %), HUFA (4.8 - 10.3 %) and PUFA with 17.3 - 18.3 % of the total fatty acids. The ratio of n-3/n-6 and SFA/PUFA were 2.33 - 2.75 and 0.27 - 0.31, respectively. The most abundant saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acids (28.60 - 35.84 %) and palmitic (23.27 - 29.34 %). Among polyunsaturated fatty acid, LOA was found with the highest concentrations of (7 - 13.4 %) followed by DHA (2.15 - 2.64 %), ARA (0.68 - 6.28); LNA (0.61 - 1.2 %) and EPA (0.68 - 0.79 %).
... Palmitoleic acid was the second most abundant MUFA (5.2 and 6.5% in farmed and wild fish, respectively) in the present study. The high levels of oleic, palmitoleic, and arachidonic acids had been reported as a characteristic property of freshwater fish oils (Andrade et al. 1995). Guler et al. (2008) found oleic acid and palmitoleic to be a primary and secondary MUFA in the carp in all seasons (15.1-20.3 and 5.1-13.2%, ...
Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of fillets from farmed and wild common carp were assessed in the course of four seasons. Ten wild and ten0 farmed fish were collected in the middle month of each season (except summer due to unavailability of wild fish) during the year. Lipid and protein contents of the samples decreased from summer to spring (protein: 17.6 ± 0.3–15.9 ± 1.6; 18.2 ± 0.1–17.9 ± 1.4%, in the farmed and wild carp samples, lipid (5.1 ± 0.2–1.5 ± 0.5; 3.8 ± 0.6–2.8 ± 0.9%, respectively; P > 0.05), moisture content of both samples increased in this period (76.7 ± 1.4–81.4 ± 0.4, 75.5 ± 0.6–78.5 ± 0.2 in the farmed and wild carp, respectively). Protein content of wild carp fillet was higher (17.7 ± 0.8% protein vs. and 16.2 ± 1.2%) and moisture content was lower than those of the farmed counterparts (77.65 ± 0.6 vs. and 79.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.05). In all seasons, MUFA were higher than SFA and also the PUFA. In the wild carp fillet, PUFA was higher than SFA in winter and spring but in the farmed carp it was higher in all seasons except the spring. Palmitic, oleic, and DHA were the major SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in the wild carp fillet, respectively. In the farmed carp fillet, the major SFA and MUFA were similar to those in the wild one but linoleic acid was the major PUFA in all seasons. ω-3/ω-6 PUFA ratios in the wild carp fillet were higher than in the farmed counterparts.
... The high oleic, palmitoleic and arachidonic acids levels have been often seen in freshwater fish oils. (Andrade et al., 1995;Aggelousis and Lazos, 1991).In this study, it was also seen that the vaccenic acid (C18:1n7) content in muscle of C. antalyensis was also high in all seasons, ranging from 4.64% to 7.06%. However, vaccenic acid content was at minimum level in autumn while at maximum levelin winter in both genders. ...
In this study, the total protein and lipid contents and fatty acid composition of endemic freshwater fish Capoeta antalyensis was investigated according to the variation in seasons and gender. Total protein content (%) of C. antalyensis varied from 63.80% to 78.15% and total fat content from 4.57% to 21.29% in different seasons. The palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in the muscles of C. antalyensis. The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in muscles of both genders was higher in spring and autumn, while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio was higher in winter. The ratio of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) content in the muscles reached the highest level in spring in males and in summer in females. The ratios of n-3 PUFAs to omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6 PUFAs) in muscles of C. antalyensis of both genders changed from 3.29 to 5.44 as the seasons changed. Total fat and fatty acid contents were found to be at the lowest level in both genders during winter. This shows that nutritional content of C. antalyensis species is quite affected by variation in seasonal conditions.
... In our earlier work we also found that tropical fish can be equally important to temperate fish in terms of PUFA content (Zenebe et al. 1998a). Data on the fatty acid content of tropical fish are scarce and are mostly limited to fish from South America (Clement & Lovell 1994, Andrade et al. 1995. ...
... C16:1 ω-7 was the second most abundant MUFA in the present study. The high levels of C18:1 ω-9 and C16:1 ω-7 were reported to be a characteristic of freshwater fish [38]. ...
Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate quantitative and qualitative fatty acid profiles of the gonad and liver tissue of female
Methods
Total lipids were extracted with 5 mL of chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v). Samples containing gonad and liver lipid were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography (GC).
Results
The major saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in both gonad and liver tissue. Oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1 ω-7) were the prominent monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ω-6), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 ω-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 ω-3) and docoesahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3). The ratio of ω-3/ω-6 ranged from 1.55 to 3.44 and 1.18 to 2.71 in the gonad and liver tissue, respectively.
Conclusion
The findings of this study will be useful for understanding the seasonal distribution of fatty acid composition in the liver and gonad of spiny eel.
... The work of Justi et al [1] showed that fatty acid composition of freshwater fish was characterized by linoleic (C18:2n-6), a-linolenic (C18:3n-3) and EPA (C20:5n-3). The present determination showed that the n-6 PUFA compositions were mainly linoleic (C18:2) and arachidonic (AA, C20:4n-6) acids; while the n-3 PUFAs were found mostly to be C20:5 (cis-5,8,11,14,17) (or EPA) and C22:6n-6 (or DHA) and on the average higher than some reported in literature [1,29]. Among the Study Rivers, fishes from LR and AR showed higher values of EPA and DHA than those of SR and TR. ...
... C18:1 n-9 has exogenous origin and usually reflects the type of diet of the fish [29]. The high levels of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid have been reported as a characteristic property of freshwater fish oils [30,31]. ...
Fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions have been determined in muscle tissues of Silurus triostegus. The distributions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions were found to be different among total lipid, PL and TAG fractions from lipids in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus in all seasons. Triacylglycerol contained a lower proportion of PUFA and a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA than PL while PL contained higher proportion of PUFA than proportion of MUFA and SFA compared to TAG. Triacylglycerol and PL fatty acid compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female fish species were found different. The most abundant fatty acids in the investigated seasons were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It was shown that the total lipid content and FA compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus were influenced by reproduction period and season.
... C18:1 n-9 has exogenous origin and usually reflects the type of diet of the fish [29]. The high levels of oleic acid and palmitoleic acid have been reported as a characteristic property of freshwater fish oils [30,31]. ...
Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the lipid levels, fatty acid profiles (especially EPA and DHA which play an important role in the prevention of a wide variety disorders such as; coronary heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, breast and colon cancer, Alzheimer disease, inflammation and autoimmune disorders) and n-3/n-6 ratio of some freshwater fish in Ataturk Dam Lake.
Methods: Samples of 12 fish species from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Turkey) were investigated for their fat content and fatty acid composition (Aspius vorax, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Liza abu, Acanthobrama marmid, Barbus xanthopterus, Cyprinion macrostomum, Carassius auratus, Calcalburnus mossulensis, Capoeta trutta, Mastacembelus simack, Chondrostoma regium). Total lipids were extracted with 10 ml of chloroform-methanol (2/1v/v). Samples containing muscle lipid were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography (GC).
Results: The lipid content of species ranged from 0.78% to 2.51%. The highest lipid content was found in female C. trutta (2.51%). The major SFAs were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) were the prominent MUFA. The dominant PUFAs were linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6), linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6), eicoesapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docoesahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFAs ranged from 1.22 to 4.71.
Conclusion: In this study, the fatty acid composition varied between different species In addition, the highest n-3/n-6 ratios were observed in female C. trutta, C. mossulensis, C. regium and A. vorax. Therefore, these species are economically important fish considering n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios.
... Our results show that palmitic acid 16:0 is the predominant fatty acid in SFA family [19][20][21]; in fact, palmitic acid is the key metabolite in fish species [22] its rate seemed to be constant through the sampling Means with the same letter in the raw are not significantly different. [24], in addition the analyzed specimens diet composition show that this fish species is typically carnivorous feeding essentially by small fish species as (Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus) crustacean mainly represented by (mysidacea and euphosiacea) and mollusks as (Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris) personal unpublished. ...
... This concurs with the present study (Table 1). According to Andrade et al. (1995), the most dominant saturated acids in freshwater fish from south Brazil were palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0), whereas palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids were the major component among monounsaturated fatty acids. Among saturated and monounsaturated acids in the fish studied, palmitic acid was the highest, followed by oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) and stearic acid (C18:0) ( Table 1). ...
... A number of studies incorporated certain features regarding the nutritional assessment of worldwide freshwater fishes Gopakumar, 1977, 1978;Sen et al., 1976Sen et al., a, b, 1977Chetty et al., 1989;Olsen et al., 1990;Aggelousis and Lazos, 1991;Ayala et al., 1993;Gopakumar, 1993;Ackman, 1995;Andrade et al., 1995;Rahanam et al., 1995;Lilabati and Viswanath, 1996;Zenebe et al., 1998;Ackmen et al., 2002;Rasoarahona et al., 2004;Zuraini et al., 2006;Swapna et al., 2010;Jakahr et al., 2012;Dey et al., 2015). However, comprehensive study of lipid classes and fatty acids of SIS species from India are not available except Labeo bata (Ackmen et al., 2002) and Amblypharyngodon mola (Dey et al., 2015). ...
The identification of factors associated with low 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentration can help to suggest more specific interventions for older adults. In this cross-sectional study of older adults from southern Brazil, we hypothesized that some sociodemographic, behavioral, and health factors positively or negatively influence the 25(OH)D concentration in this population. The analysis was performed using data from the second wave of the EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study (2013–2015). Serum 25(OH)D were classified according to the guidelines of the Endocrine Society. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relative risks of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health factors in each 25(OH)D category. A total of 574 older adults (63-93 years) participated in this study. The prevalence of insufficiency (21-29 ng/ml) was 43.7%, and that of deficiency (≤20 ng/ml) was 23.5%. In the adjusted analysis, female sex, higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C ≥160mg/dL), obesity by adiposity (body fat percentage – %fat) and body mass index (BMI) presented higher relative risks for insufficiency than for sufficiency. For those with deficiency, the associated factors were female sex, disability in 4 or more activities of daily living (ADLs), LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL, and obesity by %fat and BMI. A protective factor against insufficiency and deficiency was active leisure-time physical activity (PA). Our results demonstrated that being female and having modifiable factors, such as high levels of LDL-C, obesity, and disability on ADLs, were negatively associated with hypovitaminosis D. On the other hand, leisure-time PA was positively associated with adequate serum vitamin D concentration.
Seasonal variations (spring and autumn) of the fatty acid composition of common carp from aquaculture (cyprinid - warm water fish farm) and open waters (Prespa Lake) from Macedonia were examined. Aquaculture carp contain almost similar saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (25.95% - spring and 30.77% - autumn) compared to open water carp (25.84% - spring and 31.91% - autumn). Palmitic acid was the major SFA in both aquaculture and open water carp. Regarding monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, it is significantly higher in both seasons in aquaculture (63.27% - spring; 59.85% - autumn) compared to open water carp (48.11% - spring; 54.12% - autumn). Oleic acid was identified as the major MUFA. In both seasons, the value of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is significantly higher in open water (26.17% - spring; 13.97% - autumn) compared to aquaculture carp (10.90% - spring; 9.39% - autumn). The most optimal results in terms of nutritional value of fish meat were found in open water carp, in the spring, due to high PUFA content, especially linoleic (n-6), as well as EPA and DHA (n-3) fatty acids. This is the result of diet, because carp consumes phyto and zooplankton from the lake's benthos, which are especially rich in essential fatty acids.
This study investigated the concentrations of some accumulated trace metals (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) and fatty acids in liver and muscle tissues of mirror and scaly carp varieties (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) living in Keban Dam Reservoir (Elazig), which is the second‐largest artificial lake in Turkey that hosts commercially valuable and preferred fish varieties for human consumption. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) method was used to analyse the concentrations of trace elements. Fatty acid levels were measured in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) device, using a flame ionization detector (FID). Considering the two fish varieties and tissues that were studied, the mean metal concentrations (μg g⁻¹) were found in the following ranges: Fe 12.32–49.97, Mn 0.12–0.62, Zn 10.45–86.59 and Cu 2.74–11.86. Although the lowest levels were detected in the muscle tissue for all the metals examined, the levels in the liver tissue were significantly higher. According to the results of the analyses on fatty acid concentrations, the mean total saturated fatty acid levels in the muscle tissue of the scaly carp and mirror carp varieties were found to be 31.07 and 31.43 (%), respectively, whereas these values for the liver tissue were consecutively 22.36 and 22.08 (%). Successively, the mean total levels of unsaturated fatty acids were determined as 68.93 and 68.40 (%) in the muscle tissue and 77.64 and 77.92 in the liver tissue. This study, with the finding that the trace (metallic) element accumulation rates were below the upper limits of the tolerable range, and the examined fish varieties were rich in fatty acids, shows that mirror carp and scaly carp living in Keban Dam Reservoir are highly nutritious for human diets.
Muscle fatty acid profiles and PCB contents of the detritivorous species Prochilodus lineatus and its diet (stomach contents, settling particles and sediments) were analysed from reference and polluted areas of the Paraná-Rio de la Plata basin, to evaluate the alterations produced by opportunistic feeding on sewage discharges. Overall muscle fatty acid composition was dominated by saturated and monounsaturated 16 and 18 carbon (18 C-FA) components with reduced long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Compared to sediments, settling particles and stomach contents were enriched in lipids and had a similar fatty acid composition. Opportunistic feeding on sewage detritus at Buenos Aires resulted in enhanced PCB and triglyceride accumulation, with higher proportions of 18 C-FA and lower proportions of 16:1 and LC-PUFA compared to fish from northern pristine reaches of the basin. Mid-Paraná showed intermediate values reflecting mixing of the North stock with migrating Buenos Aires P. lineatus identified by their lipid and contaminant profile. According to multivariate analyses, this geographical variation of fatty acid composition was strongly influenced by PCB concentration. Prochilodus lineatus assimilates the energy subsidy of sewage inputs through enhanced lipogenesis with dominant 18 C-FA and significant amounts of valuable LC-PUFA. This lipid alteration facilitates the bioaccumulation of PCBs which in turn may reinforce the adipogenic effect of sewage feeding.
The present study determined variations in total fatty acid composition of pike (Esox lucius) in Eber Lake throughout the year, using gas chromatograph (GC). The most predominant fatty acids (SFA) found in pike was palmitic acid (14.78 - 18.13%)(5.38 - 7.99%) and the dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 16.04 - 24.29%), linoleic acids (LA, 2.52 - 4.15%), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, 5.05 - 8.33%), and arachidonic acids (AA, 4.34 - 9.78%). The total PUFA content was higher than both total SFA and total MUFA throughout the year. While PUFA content was highest in June when lake water and nutrients are most abundant, SFA and MUFA contents were lowest. By months, the omega-3/omega-6 ratio was 3.65, 0.97, 2.73, 2.76 and 3.48 in November, February, April, June and August, respectively. Fatty acid composition in the muscular tissue of pike and omega-3/omega-6 ratio differed according to month and were particularly affected by spawning.
Fat in male and female squillid meat and squillid heads was extracted with diethyl ether by means of rapid fat extractor instead of Soxhlet extractor respectively. Fat was dissolved with 1 mL of benzene and diethyl ether V/V, 1:1), hydrolyzed and esterified with potassium hydroxide and methanol. After centrifugation, fatty acid esters in upper benzene and ether layer were separated and determined by a 60 m x 0.32 mm i.d. fused silica capillary column coated with cross-linked PEG-20M and determined by hydrogen flame ionization detector. The injector and detector temperature was 250°C, the column temperature was programmed from 170°C to 175°C at 5°C/min (4 min), and then from 175°C to 190°C at 10°C/min. Forty-five peaks were identified by gas chromatography-mass specrometry. C16:0 is the predominat saturated fatty acid. C16:1 is the most abundant monunsaterated fatty acid. C18:4, C20:5 and C22:6 are predominat polyunsaturated fatty acids. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in male and female squillid meat and squillid heads were 74.7%, 71.5% and 74.3%, of which, the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids were 49.3 %, 42.1 % and 51.5 %, the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were 30.2%, 25.2% and 29.7%, respectively.
Meat quality of Indian major carps and catfishes varies by age , rearing systems and feed consumed. The paper presents the fatty acid profiles in edible muscle of freshwater cultivable Indian major carps Calla catta (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu), and catfish Clarias batrachus. A quantitative difference between fatty acids in muscle tissue was investigated between the various fish species and to review the factors influencing fatty acids content and composition . This study would also help to identify long term sustainable ways for increasing the beneficial fatty acids in carp and catfish flesh during fish culture as they represent the most important dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes.
This study was carried out to determine the fatty acids composition, cholesterol levels and quality attributes in muscle tissue (filet) of bolti (Tilapia nilotica) fingerlings as affected by feeding different sources and levels of lipids during 90 days. Corn oil and cod liver oil were added to the feeding regime (2%, 4% and 6%) alone or as mixtures (1:1, w/w). The total lipids and cholesterol contents were found in the range of 2.55-8.14 g/100 g and 42-53 mg/100 g fish, respectively. All feeding treatments presented oleic acid C18:1n-9, as predominant fatty acid followed by linoleic C18:2n-6, palmitic acid C16:0 and stearic acid C18:0, respectively. The highest amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids was detected when a mixture of 1% corn oil and 1% fish oil was enclosed in the fish diet. Concerning quality parameters (pH, TVN, TMA and TBA), there were no effects for dietary fat levels and sources on the quality attributes of the fish flesh.
The aim of the investigation was to determine the changes in fatty acids profile and chemical quality indices of Red Tilapia fillets during frozen storage at -18°C. The fish were filleted by hand. The prepared fillets were then placed to the polyamide pouches and stored at -18°C for 150 days. Fatty acid profile, sensory properties and chemical quality indices were determined for a five month period. Results showed that 29 fatty acids were identified in the fresh and frozen samples. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found higher than saturated fatty acids (SFA) in fresh samples but after 150 days of frozen storage this ratio became reverse. Oleic acid and Linoleic acid were the major MUFA (mono unsaturated fatty acids) and PUFA in fresh and frozen samples, respectively. The ratio of n3/n6 decreased from 0.59 to 0.49. The thiobarbituric acid value (TBA. Mg malondialdehyde/kg) increased significantly (p<0.05) throughout the storage time from 0.03 to 1.26. Peroxide value (PV), Total volatile bases (TVB-N) and pH value also increased but were well within the limit of acceptability.
Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of fillets from farmed and wild common carp were assessed in the course of four seasons. Ten wild and ten0 farmed fish were collected in the middle month of each season (except summer due to unavailability of wild fish) during the year. Lipid and protein contents of the samples decreased from summer to spring (protein: 17.6 ± 0.3-15.9 ± 1.6; 18.2 ± 0.1-17.9 ± 1.4%, in the farmed and wild carp samples, lipid (5.1 ± 0.2-1.5 ± 0.5; 3.8 ± 0.6-2.8 ± 0.9%, respectively; P > 0.05), moisture content of both samples increased in this period (76.7 ± 1.4-81.4 ± 0.4, 75.5 ± 0.6-78.5 ± 0.2 in the farmed and wild carp, respectively). Protein content of wild carp fillet was higher (17.7 ± 0.8% protein vs. and 16.2 ± 1.2%) and moisture content was lower than those of the farmed counterparts (77.65 ± 0.6 vs. and 79.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.05). In all seasons, MUFA were higher than SFA and also the PUFA. In the wild carp fillet, PUFA was higher than SFA in winter and spring but in the farmed carp it was higher in all seasons except the spring. Palmitic, oleic, and DHA were the major SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in the wild carp fillet, respectively. In the farmed carp fillet, the major SFA and MUFA were similar to those in the wild one but linoleic acid was the major PUFA in all seasons. ω-3/ω-6 PUFA ratios in the wild carp fillet were higher than in the farmed counterparts.
Unlike arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid, C20:4omega-6, A.A.), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5omega-3, E.P.A.) does not induce platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.), probably because of the formation of thromboxane A3 (T.X.A3) which does not have platelet aggregating properties. Moreover, E.P.A., like A.A., can be utilised by the vessel wall to make an anti-aggregating substance, probably a delta17-prostacyclin (P.G.I3). This finding suggests that, in vivo, high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. could lead to an antithrombotic state in which an active P.G.I3 and a non-active T.X.A3 are formed. Eskimos have high levels of E.P.A. and low levels of A.A. and they also have a low incidence of myocardial infarction and a tendency to bleed. It is possible that dietary enrichment with E.P.A. will protect against thrombosis.
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
Lipid and fatty acid levels in the edible flesh of 6 freshwater finfish, 60 marine finfish, 9 molluscs, 3 crustaceans, and 6 fish roes from the New Zealand fishing area were determined. Marine wax esters were detected in the fillet of orange roughy (Hoplosthetus atlanticus), black oreo dory (Neocyttus rhomboidalis), and smooth oreo dory (Pseudocyttus maculatus), and in all finfish roes studied. The commonly found distribution of the major fatty acids moieties (i.e., C16:0, C18:l n‐9, C20:5 n‐3, and C22:6 n‐3) in marine oils was observed in all species examined except orange roughy. The n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of each species is given.
1.1. The fatty acid composition of oils from four North American fresh-water fish (sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens; tullibee, Coregonus artedii; maria, Lota lota; alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus) were compared with recent data for oils from two marine species (Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus; cod, Gadus morhua).2.2. In the oils from fresh-water species the total C16 fatty acids were higher than in the marine species. The total C18 fatty acids were also higher but possibly less definitive as a means of distinguishing fresh-water triglyceride oils from those of marine origin.3.3. Ratios among particular fatty acids and among various types of fatty acids were compared for biochemical significance. Palmitic acid was about 60 per cent of total saturates in both fresh-water and marine oils. Total di- and tetraenoic acids were twice as high in the fresh-water oils as in the marine oils; total trienoic acids were three to four times as high. It is suggested that extension of these to the marine-type fatty acids 20:5 ω3, 22:6 ω3, etc. is not normally obligatory in fresh-water fish.4.4. The ratio of total linolenic to total linoleic types of acids was lower in the fresh-water oils, suggesting a basic difference in dietary availability of these two acids.
Proximate analysis and fatty acid composition of eight commercially important species of Lake Superior fish were determined. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid, accounting for 68–79% of total saturated acids. Oleic acid (C18:1) was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids. Brining, smoking and refrigerated storage caused a reduction in total lipid, but only a small loss in n-3 fatty acids. The data revealed that most Lake Superior fish examined were excellent sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids with very high levels of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.
A quick, reliable and very inexpensive method is described for the analysis of fatty acids derived from soybean lipids. The
method involves extraction of soybean lipids with petroleum ether, followed by hydrolysis of lipids with KOH/MeOH (0.5 M)
for 5 min at 100 C followed by esterification with aq. HC1 (36%)/MeOH (4:1, v/v) for 15 min at 100 C. No problems were encountered
with the esterifica-tion procedure in the presence of water and the procedure gave results comparable to die more conventional
BF3/MeOH reagent. The aq. HCI/MeOH reagent is several hundred times cheaper than BF3/MeOH, and does not compromise the efficiency of the reagent.
The fatty acid composition of body lipids was determined by GLC for 14 species of saltwater fish, three species of freshwater
fish and four species of shellfish. In addition, liver lipids of two species and egg lipids of one species were analyzed for
comparison with the fish body lipids. The various species ranged from lean to fatty and contained from 0.7~15.5% oil in the
tissues. Certain major fatty acids were found to vary widely among the species, as follows: 1.6~8.0% myristic, 9.5~33.4% palmitic,
2.0~11.2% palmitoleic, 5.2~29.1% oleic, 0.7~10.5% eicosenoic, 5.0~21.5% eicosapentaenoic, 0.2~11.6% docosenoic and 5.9~26.2%
docosahexaenoic acids. Analyses of two separate mullet-oil samples illustrated the wide differences that are possible for
a single species caught during different seasons. Significant differences in the amt of particular fatty acids were found
in comparing freshwater-fish analyses with analyses for marine fish. Oysters and scallops showed large amt of pentaenoic and
hexaenoic acids in their oils.
Death from cardiovascular disease is rare among Eskimos. Haemostasis was investigated in twenty-one Greeland Eskimos and twenty-one age and sex matched Danish controls. Platelet lipid analysis demonstrated that a high consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as cis 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5]) by Eskimos increased the proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the platelets. The Eskimos had a significantly longer bleeding-time due to a reduction in platelet aggregation. It is suggested that C20:5 in the platelets is converted by the vascular-wall tissue to an anti-aggregatory prostacyclin. Partial dietary substitution of arachidonic acid by eicosapentaenoic acid may reduce the incidence of thrombotic disorders, including myocardial infarction.
and Summary The fatty acid content and composition of 18 species of freshwater fish filets were determined. The fat content and composition
varied with anatomical location. The anterior ventral regions of trout and salmon contained more lipids than the posterior
dorsal sections. Marked variations in fatty acid composition between species were observed. Palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic
(C16:1), oleic (C18:l), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 ω3), and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 ω3) were the most abundant fatty acids. The
fatty acids were tabulated according to the number and positions of the double bonds. Significant quantities of ω6 C18:2 and
C20:4 fatty acids were found in several species.
ALTHOUGH earlier studies1 2 3 suggested that dietary fish had some properties that could potentially prevent coronary artery disease, it was not until the epidemiologic studies of Bang et al.4 and Dyerberg et al.5 in the mid-1970s that the association became noteworthy. These researchers reviewed reports of a low prevalence of atherosclerosis among Eskimos in Greenland and subsequent documentation of an age-adjusted mortality from myocardial infarction among the Greenland Eskimos that was approximately 1/10th that among Danes6 or North Americans, despite a diet as high in fat and cholesterol as that of the Danes or Americans. The striking difference between the diets . . .
There is growing evidence that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), abundant in marine organisms, may reduce the development of cardiovascular disease. Because of this, results of laboratory animal and human volunteer feeding trials (using fatty fish, fish oils, or purified n-3 PUFAs) that have examined similar biochemical and metabolic parameters are compared. The limited data reveal that laboratory animal and human volunteers show many similar responses in certain parameters (ie, serum lipids, lipoproteins, trigacylglycerides, cholesterol, etc), to the consumption of n-3 PUFAs. The biochemical and metabolic changes observed are generally consistent with reduced development of cardiovascular disease. However, comparisons between species are limited because relatively few comparable feeding trials have focused on the effects of fish oils on thromboxane, prostacyclin, platelet aggregation, etc. Limitations of the studies and needed research are discussed.
Fifteen healthy volunteers were put on a mackerel and herring diet, consisting of a prescribed daily isocaloric regimen in a cross-over design, for 2 weeks. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA - C20:5, n-3) was predominantly incorporated into cholesterol esters, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3) appeared more in serum triglycerides, indicating that the function of the latter may be different from that of EPA. After mackerel ingestion, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity were significantly decreased, returning to basal levels 3 months later. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) remained unchanged at the end of the mackerel diet. Generally, after the herring diet the differences were minor, only LCAT activity being significantly decreased. A markedly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the end of the mackerel period could be observed. After herring diet a slight diminution of blood pressure was not significant. Accordingly, plasma noradrenaline was only significantly decreased at the end of the mackerel period. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in serum had no differences before, during and after the study. From the data presented it can be said that a mackerel diet exerts a beneficial influence on cardiovascular risk.
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.