No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for laser pulse compression: Higher order phase derivatives
Abstract
An exact, and explicit, expression for the second derivative of the generalized multiple-prism angular dispersion is provided. This corresponds to the third derivative of the generalized exit angle with respect to the refractive index (∇
n
3
φ
2,m
). Higher derivatives, in abstract notation, are also given. The generalized equations are presented in a format applicable to practical prismatic configurations utilized in laser pulse compression schemes in the femtosecond domain. Exact values, as a function of the refractive index, are given for the first, second, and third angular derivatives for compensating double-prism and four-prism configurations of practical interest.
... can be applied to restate the generalized multiple-prism dispersion as[49,50]( ) ...
... the third and higher derivatives are given by Duarte[39,50]. Observing the progression of the higher derivatives a generalized expression can be found to be ...
... Next, the attention was focused on higher order dispersions as needed, and applied, in prismatic pulse compressors for femtosecond lasers. In this regard, recent results obtained by Duarte[39,50]have been extended to obtain a succinct and elegant general equation for the generalized multiple-prism dispersion valid up to the rth derivative ...
Optics originally developed for tunable organic dye lasers have found applications in other areas of optics, laser optics, and quantum optics. Here, the salient aspects of the physics related to the cavity linewidth equation and the effects of intracavity beam expansion and intracavity dispersion on this equation are reviewed. Additionally, the generalized multiple-prism dispersion equation is applied to direct-vision prisms, also known as Amici prisms, to calculate dispersion configurations of practical interest. Then, the higher derivatives of the multiple-prism dispersion equation applicable to laser pulse compression are considered. From this perspective, a new compact and generalized equation for higher-order phase derivatives is introduced for the first time. Furthermore, it is shown how the N-slit interferometric equation, derived from quantum principles using Dirac's notation, gives rise to generalized versions of the diffraction grating equation and the law of refraction. The nexus between the N-slit interferometric equation and the cavity linewidth equation is also illustrated. Finally, various optical and quantum optical applications that have benefited from these developments are highlighted.
... Eq. (4.7) can be restated as[87] ...
... the third derivative is given by Duarte[87]) )( ...
... and the fourth derivative is given by[87]) ...
Tunable organic dye lasers, usually referred simply as dye lasers, were the first broadly tunable lasers. Besides this awesome intrinsic feature, dye lasers emit directly in the visible spectrum and in their liquid state are uniquely suited to efficiently generate large pulsed average powers and large single-pulse energies. Other aspects of operational versatility include the ability to lase in the continuous wave (CW) regime and in the femtosecond-pulse regime. Consequently, organic dye lasers have served as pioneering vehicles for the development of essential laser physics. This is particularly true in the areas of tunable narrow-linewidth emission and femtosecond-laser emission. In this review we examine the essentials of cavity dispersion physics that make these emission modes possible, characteristics that have enabled a plethora of very successful and innovative applications. This review also examines developments in highly-efficient tunable single-longitudinal-mode organic solid-state dye lasers. A perspective on possible future trends, including miniature devices, is also provided.
... To numerically determine the GDD and third-order dispersion (TOD) of our BPC, we used a toolbox. 14,15 It determines GDD and TOD for some central wavelength λ 0 based on a prism compressor's geometry (Fig. 5), involving quantities such as incidence angle ϑ 0 , prism apex angle α, distance from apex to ray 1 (l 1 ), and distance from apex to ray 2 (l 2 ). (L/2) is the length projection perpendicular to the incident prism face, for the length from the prism's apex to the corner of CCM. ...
... Here, GDD and TOD are given by 14 where P = 2[n(λ)P AB + P BC + n(λ)P CD + P DE ]. An extensive phase delay analysis for two prisms has been done in Ref. 15. ...
A novel characterization method to measure the pulse duration of ultrafast near-IR pulses is introduced, which uses simple tabletop optics, is relatively inexpensive, and is expected to work in a broad wavelength range. Our diagnostic tool quantitatively characterizes the laser pulse duration of any near-IR wavelength assuming a Gaussian pulse shape with a linear chirp. We negatively prechirp near-IR pulses with a home-built broadband pulse compressor (BPC) and send this prechirped beam through a cell filled with a low-molar solution of a fluorescent dye in a liquid. After two-photon absorption, this dye fluoresces in the visible, and we record this visible signal as a function of the propagation distance in the liquid cell. We calibrate the group velocity dispersion (GVD) of our home-built BPC device against the known GVD of the compressor of our 800 nm laser and confirm this value using geometric considerations. Now knowing the GVD of BPC and the recorded visible signal for various amounts of negative chirp, let us extract the smallest pulse duration of the near-IR pulse from this visible signal. As a useful corollary, our analysis also enables the direct measurement of the GVD for liquids and the indirect measurement of the absorption coefficient for liquids in the near-IR range, in contrast to indirect GVD measurements that rely on methods such as the double derivative of the refractive index.
... It is possible to compensate the temporal chirp in vortex pulses using normal dispersion compensation techniques. Such techniques to compensate dispersion includes prisms [33], semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors SESAMs, among others but specifically multilayer interference coatings, such as chirped mirrors [34] (CMs) are a compact solution with a much larger bandwidth and custom compensation of high order dispersion [35]. In addition computer optimized designs of multilayer structures have been demonstrated [36]. ...
A new device concept - the reflective spiral phase converter - is presented. The converter can be used for generation of ultrashort optical vortices and takes advantage of spiral phase plate to impose the vortex phase, and of a multilayer structure to compensate the dispersion acquired by incident pulse. We use (3+1)D numerical analysis of the spatio-spectro-temporal properties of ultrashort vortex pulses to quantify the effects of chromatic dispersion and propagation geometry, and characterize the efficiency of the device by checking the purity of the modes generated. Results of case studies in UV-VIS-NIR spectral ranges are presented. The proposed device allows to surpass the limitations of bandwidth from standard SPPs while keeping the pulse width and shape as undistorted as possible so it can widely be used for generation of ultrashort optical vortices.
... It means that all outgoing wavelengths from the back surface of last prism must be parallel. In this condition, the scanning of whole wavelength range can be possible (Duarte and Piper 1983;Duarte 2006Duarte , 2009. ...
12 mJ, 10-Hz green pulses from frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used for pumping Rhodamine 6G in a dye laser based on multiple-prism beam expander. In order to increase the stability of the output pulse, a unique dye cell with variable dimensions of active medium was designed and constructed. By using multiple-prism dispersion theory, conditions for zero-dispersion in two and four-prism beam expander configuration was calculated. In the case of two-prism configuration, tuning range of dye laser was 565–595 nm and the linewidth of pulse at 580 nm was about 1.8 nm and it is in good agreement with the calculated amount of 1.6 nm. Furthermore, using four-prism configuration tuning range of 570–585 nm was measured and the linewidth of output pulse at 575 nm was reduced up to 0.33 nm. This value may be further improved up to 0.22 nm according these calculations. In this arrangement, creation of parasitic modes, aberration in two dimensions and most of the alignment problems with the lens telescopes were resolved.
Organic dye lasers have the distinct privilege of being the first broadly tunable lasers. This broad tunability, directly in the visible spectrum, made the dye laser a pioneer in a plethora of revolutionary laser applications from fundamental physics to astronomy. Further, the liquid state of its gain media made it possible to demonstrate laser oscillation at high average powers, and with unsurpassed high-energy single pulse generation, in the visible spectrum. This chapter highlights high-performance dye lasers in the liquid state as well as high-performance solid-state organic dye lasers. Emphasis is given to laser characteristics and laser physics-technology aspects of high-efficiency narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators.
Spatial and temporal chirp will effects a pulse both in space and in time domains. So effectively controlling and utilizing the spatial and temporal chirp has great significance. In this manuscript, firstly the dispersion properties of the prism pair is theoretical analyzed, and the phase delay second derivative expression of the thin prism is obtained. Then a setup is demonstrated to experimentally investigate the spatial and temporal properties of the femtosecond pulse beam. The spatial chirp and temporal chirp effects on the femtosecond pulse beam are experimentally obtained. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the group delay dispersion due to prisms is always negative, and the pulse beam can be compressed or broadened by the prism pair based on changing the prisms referring parameters.
High-performance narrow-linewidth tunable lasers are an essential tool for atomic vapor laser isotope separation also known as AVLIS. In this article a description is given of a successful research effort, carried out at Macquarie University in the 1980-1984 period, to develop efficient high-power narrow-linewidth tunable lasers in the visible. Part of this effort was supported by the then Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC). The published literature is cited and some peripheral episodes are revealed for the first time.
The performance of ultra-short pulse propagation through single-mode fiber (SMF) is degraded due to linear and nonlinear phenomena like fiber loss, group velocity dispersion (GVD), and self-phase modulation (SPM). Since diffraction phenomena and transmittance functions of the optical devices affect the magnitude and phase of a propagated ultra-short pulse, it is necessary to build-up an approach in order to optimize such limitations. In the paper, a simulation of Gaussian pulse propagation through SMF and 2-f line spatial configuration is presented. The effects of GVD and SPM are generated by split-step Fourier method (SSFM) to solve the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE). For the spatial configuration, Fresnel's approximation and the transmittance functions for optical elements such as gratings and lens are considered. To manipulate and recover spectral phases of the ultra-short pulse, an approach applied over a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) as a phase modulator and spectral filter is proposed. The preliminary results show that the ultra-short pulse propagation in SMF is affected in presence of GVD and SPM just at the same time. In the second simulation, the interaction for a propagated ultra-short pulse through a 2f-line spatial configuration is described. The input spectral phases were manipulated by a LC-SLM at the Fourier's plane, obtaining a flat phase. In the third simulation, the spectral components from a pulse were filtered by fixed masks, implemented on the LC-SLM as a low-pass and band-pass filter, respectively.
It provides a transparent, and methodical, introduction to Dirac's bra ket notation.
It introduces quantum mechanics via Dirac's notation with an emphasis on practical applications.
It uses Dirac's notation to derive basic aspects of quantum mechanics such as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Schrodinger's equation.
It illustrates the interferometric quantum origin of diffraction, refraction, and reflection.
It provides a transparent introduction, via Dirac's notation, to the probability amplitude of quantum entanglement.
It explain applications of quantum entanglement to communications, cryptography, and teleportation.
A self contained book that uses mainly first year calculus and algebra tools while avoiding specialized mathematical techniques.
It illustrates theoretical principles via the use of worked out examples.
Ultrashort pulses have broad bandwidth and power, which are useful to TX and RX with optical fiber. When a pulse generator is connected to SMF, dispersion and nonlinear effects can be presented such as GVD and SPM. These phenomena cause problems like decreasing the signal power and acquiring undesired frequency components. To compensate these effects, a hybrid method is proposed by means of optimal control, genetic algorithm and fuzzy clustering techniques, consequently to find the appropriated values of the parameters that allow optimizing the pulse. The results of the simulation displayed a reduction of bandwidth plus an increase in the signal amplitude, and thus both effects were mitigated.
Continuously mode-locked lasers combine a broad bandwidth with a fine comb structure that enables high resolution spectroscopy. Independent control of the pulse duration, center of gravity of the spectrum, the mode position, and spacing are essential for spectral applications and metrology. Exact analytical expressions are derived for the first, second, and third order dispersion in a cavity with a pair of intracavity prisms. The influence of cavity controls such as tilt and translation of the end mirror on the frequency comb parameters are analyzed and calculated.
Femtosecond spectroscopy with 250 fs temporal and 150 nm spatial
resolution is made possible by combining near-field scanning optical
microscopy with ultrafast pump-probe techniques. Femtosecond-resolved
near-field microscopy allows transport studies in nanostructured materials
as well as the study of carrier dynamics in single nanostructures with
unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Measurements on single
nanostructures are a powerful means for the characterization of the
inhomogeneity of nanostructure ensembles. We describe the design and
performance of femtosecond near-field scanning optical microscopes and give
examples of typical femtosecond-resolved near-field experiments on
semiconductor nanostructures.
We show that pairs of prisms can have negative group-velocity dispersion in the absence of any negative material dispersion. A prism arrangement is described that limits losses to Brewster-surface reflections, avoids transverse displacement of the temporally dispersed rays, permits continuous adjustment of the dispersion through zero, and yields a transmitted beam collinear with the incident beam.
A misaligned stretcher or compressor in a chirped pulse amplification laser introduces residual angular dispersion into the beam, resulting in temporal distortion of the pulse. We demonstrate that an imaging spectrograph is capable for measuring the angular dispersion of a laser beam by an accuracy of 0.2 μrad/nm. Using this technique, the analytical expressions of residual angular dispersion of misaligned prism and grating compressors are experimentally proved. Temporal degradations of short pulses due to angular dispersion are studied by measuring the temporal stretch of 16-fs pulses, while the issues of contrast deterioration are also discussed. It is proved that the simultaneous measurement of angular dispersion and pulse duration offers the most precise alignment procedure of prismatic and grating compressors.
Die Laserspektroskopie gewinnt immer größere Bedeutung bei der Untersuchung von Atomen und Molekülen. W. Demtröder stellt jetzt die Neuauflage seines Lehrbuchs vor, das die Brücke schlägt zwischen den klassischen Werken über Optik und Spektroskopie und den modernen Beiträgen zur Laser- spektroskopie. Er erläutert die verschiedenen Techniken, die instrumentelle Ausrüstung und die Bedeutung der Laserspektroskopie für ein detailliertes Verständnis der Struktur und Dynamik von Atomen und Molekülen und illustriert sie anhand konkreter Beispiele. Ein ausführliches Literaturverzeichnis weist den Weg zur Originalliteratur. Die vorliegende 5. Auflage wurde grundlegend neu bearbeitet.
Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena serves as an introduction to the phenomena of ultrashort laser pulses and describes how this technology can be applied in areas such as spectroscopy, medical imaging, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum physics. Combining the principles with experimental techniques, the book serves as a guide to designing and constructing femtosecond systems. The second edition has updated and expanded its content, and includes more examples of ultrashort sources and a more comprehensive fundamentals chapter. Diagnostic techniques and applications involving sensors, mode-locked lasers, and imaging have been fully revised to include current technologies. Written in a tutorial style, this book is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as engineers and scientists working in the areas of optics, spectroscopy, optical imaging, photochemistry, and ultrafast science and engineering. *Provides an easy to follow guide through "faster than electronics" probing and detection methods *THE manual on designing and constructing femtosecond systems and experiments *Discusses essential technology for applications in micro-machining, femtochemistry, and medical imaging.
Chapters will provide self-contained treatment of the topic as much as possible to allow the reader to go directly to the appropriate chapter to deal with a particular topic of concern. This sharp focus is necessary to maintain the emphasis, and to make this a practical reference. The knowledge and experience will integrate aspects of laser oscillators, laser amplifiers, laser systems, engineering of rugged laser cavities, design and engineering of laser-based instrumentation, and design of highly reliable laser systems for material processing applications. * Provides a sharp focus practical aspects of reference material. * Offers an approach that will be simple, direct, and focused only on lasers and optics * Integrates aspects of laser oscillators, laser amplifiers, laser systems, engineering of rugged laser cavities, design and engineering of laser-based instrumentation, and design of highly reliable laser systems for material processing applications.
The multi-pass dispersion of multiple-prism beam-expanded pulsed dye lasers is calculated. A multi-pass formula for linewidth of pulsed dye-laser oscillators including an arbitrary number of prisms is given. The results are applicable to cavities incorporating gratings in Littrow or non-Littrow configurations. Good agreement is found between measured and calculated laser linewidths.
We demonstrate that a combination of prisms and diffraction gratings can provide not only quadratic but also cubic phase compensation of ultrashort optical pulses. We obtain compressed pulses as short as 6 fsec.
Measurements are presented on mode-locked ring dye lasers that demonstrate the role of self-phase modulation in the saturable absorber dye. The resulting bandwidth increase plays an essential role in ultrashort-pulse generation, because it leads to intracavity-pulse compression in the presence of normally dispersive components. The role of various intracavity components (glass, coatings) in intracavity compression is analyzed. As opposed to extracavity compression, measurements of pulse amplitude and phase show that the nonlinear-phase modulation can be completely compensated. The interaction of the light pulse with the absorbers is analyzed using Maxwell-Bloch equations. Next, the steady-state solution for the problem of pulse propagation is found through an infinite periodic medium containing all the essential intracavity elements (bandwidth-limiting filter, amplifier, absorber, dispersive component). The condition that the solitary pulses be unchirped enables the determination of the optimum intracavity dispersion, which, in agreement with the experimental data, leads to the shortest pulses.
The single pass dispersion of multiple-prism beam expanders of interest for practical pulsed dye laser cavities is calculated. The theory is extended to enable evaluation of the overall (outward and return pass) dispersion of multiple-prism-grating combinations. It is found that although the contribution to overall dispersion from the prisms can be minimized (though not eliminated for practical expanders) by arrangement of the prisms in compensating pairs, it is in any case small (≈2%) compared to the contribution to dispersion from the grating in practical cavities. Formulae for dispersion of multiple-prism-grating combinations including up to four prisms arranged in additive or compensating configurations are given; the dispersion of an arbitrary number of prisms arranged in conjunction with a grating can also be calculated. The implications for output linewidth of pulsed dye lasers incorporating prism beam expanders are discussed.
A simple expression is obtained for the wavelength-dependent optical path length through a completely general N-prism sequence. Once the prisms’ rotational orientations are fixed, a one-time calculation yields analytic expressions for the group-delay dispersion and cubic dispersion. The technique can be generalized for higher dispersion orders. As an example, expressions for Proctor–Wise prism sequences [Opt. Lett. 17, 1295 (1992)] constructed from a variety of glasses are produced. The analytic expressions for this sequence permit an exhaustive search of relative prism translations. The arrangement that produces the smallest cubic dispersion for a given group-delay dispersion and total optical path is found.
A generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory is utilized to provide a numerical description of dispersive behaviour in prismatic arrays designed for laser pulse compression. In addition, there is an assessment of the effect on overall dispersion caused by either beam deviations or by geometrical perturbations of the prisms.
We have developed an instrument for optically measuring carrier dynamics in thin-film materials with ∼150 nm lateral resolution, ∼250 fs temporal resolution, and high sensitivity. This is achieved by combining ultrafast pump-probe laser spectroscopic techniques, which measure carrier dynamics with femtosecond-scale temporal resolution, with the nanometer-scale lateral resolution of near-field scanning optical microscopes (NSOMs). We employ a configuration in which carriers are excited by a far-field pump laser pulse and locally measured by a probe pulse sent through a NSOM tip and transmitted through the sample in the near field. A novel detection system allows for either two-color or degenerate pump and probe photon energies, permitting greater measurement flexibility over earlier published work. The capabilities of this instrument are proven through near-field degenerate pump-probe studies of carrier dynamics in GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well samples locally patterned by focused-ion-beam (FIB) implantation. We find that lateral carrier diffusion across the nanometer-scale FIB pattern plays a significant role in the decay time of the excited carriers within ∼1 μm of the implanted stripes, an effect which could not have been resolved with a far-field system. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
Solid state lasers have undergone a renaissance since the development of reliable and cheap laser diodes which can be used as pump sources. The result is compact, efficient laser sources which are attractive for a wide range of applications. This review summarizes the properties of laser diodes which are advantageous for pumping solid state lasers and describes the diverse laser materials and configurations of solid state lasers reported in the literature.
Closed analytical formulae are given for the residual angular dispersion resulted from the non-parallel surfaces of both a grating pair and a prism pair pulse compressor. Accurate measurements of the angular dispersion of pulses leav-ing the misaligned pulse compressors agree well with the first principle simulation curves. The corresponding lengthen-ing of the transform limited 18 fs pulses was also determined. Finally, it is experimentally proved that by simultaneous monitoring of angular dispersion and pulse duration, the stretcher–compressor system of a chirped pulse amplification laser can be aligned very precisely.
A generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory, applicable to pulse compression schemes in femtosecond dye lasers, is described. The equations can be utilized to determine the dispersive characteristics of any multiple-prism arrangement. Also, the difference in dispersive values resulting in the use of various prism materials, including ZnSe, is compared.
The wavelength-dependent thermal refractive index gives an extra degree of freedom for adjustment of higher-order dispersion
of a prismatic pulse compressor. The effect allows of fine tuning of both intracavity and extracavity dispersion of ultra-fast
oscillators. The calculations have been carried out using a new and rather handy formalism, which describes the operation
of a prism pulse compressor as a linear function of the ratio of the total glass path in the prisms and the prism apex distance.
The validity of theoretical calculations is supported by experimental evidence.
A generalized interference equation derived using the Dirac formalism is applied to characterize interference and/or diffraction phenomena in either the near or the far field. Comparison of numerical calculations with measurements illustrates the usefulness of the equation.
The design of a pulsed dye laser cavity incorporating a double-prism beam expander is described and operating characteristics compared with those of single-prism systems. Narrow spectral linewidths (δλ = 0.008 Å) are achieved at relatively high efficiency (> 10%) for coumarin 500 dye solutions. Background superfluorescence in the output is low and the cavity is free from external coupling effects.
The literature of multiple prism beam expanders is cited in reference to modified Brewster telescopes.
A 40-stripe diode array was actively mode locked in an external cavity containing a single-mode optical fiber and a six-prism sequence to provide self-phase-modulation and tunable dispersion compensation. By making the total cavity group-velocity dispersion strongly negative, a solitonlike pulse-shaping process could be created. Pulses as short as 650 fs with a time-bandwidth product of 0.47 were generated. This study extends new techniques developed for mode locking solid-state lasers to diode-based systems.
A sequence of four quartz prisms can be used to obtain large negative group-velocity dispersion with reasonable prism spacings and a small residual cubic phase. For a given value of the second-order dispersion and assuming minimal prism insertion, the third-order dispersion is 20% less than that of prism pairs that have been used in Ti:Al(2)O(3) lasers. A mode-locked Ti:Al(2)O(3) laser that includes the prism sequence generates pulses with intensity autocorrelations as short as 33 fs. Spectral bandwidths as large as 80 nm can also be obtained. A measurement of the dispersion of the laser shows that the cubic phase is approximately that of the prism sequence and the laser rod.
Closed-form analytical solutions are obtained for a passively mode-locked laser for the case in which self-phase modulation and group-velocity dispersion, in addition to the more conventional mechanisms of saturable absorption and gain, shape the laser pulses. Provided that the self-phase modulation and group-velocity dispersion are related in a manner similar to that which causes soliton formation in optical fibers, this additional pulse shaping can reduce the pulse duration below the limit otherwise set by the laser bandwidth.
The introduction of a glass prism in a ring dye laser is shown to provide simultaneous wavelength selection and pulse compression.
We propose a new approach to imaging astrometry, the uniaxial crystal interferometer (UCI). It uses the extremely sensitive dependence of the polarization phase change on the incident angle in uniaxial crystals. This is further combined with very sensitive polarization measurements. The polarization-coding is used for a fine-scale angle determination, and is simultaneously combined with a crude measurement through a standard telescope. Further, achromatic anamorphic prisms will amplify five to tenfold the resolution which is estimated to reach the scale ratio of large interferometers. Because the fine angular information is superimposed on the light at an early stage the optical system tolerances are relieved to the level of a standard low-weight optical imaging system. We also suggest solutions to make the system achromatic. Overall the system may cover sky segments of the order of fractions of a degree square and reach a resolution of tens of microas, even for faint stars.
Design and operating characteristics are reported for high prf copper laser-pumped rhodamine 590 dye-laser oscillators using simple Littrow-mounted or grazing-incidence grating cavities incorporating double-prism beam expanders. Conversion efficiencies from the 2-W, λ510.6-nm pump beam at the λ575-nm peak of the dye tuning band are 4–5% for linewidths in the subgigahertz range down to 650 MHz at a pulse repetition frequency of 8 kHz. Background amplified spontaneous emission intensity is low, typically 1% of tunable laser intensity for the Littrow-grating cavity and only 0.1% for the grazing-incidence grating cavity.
- B Proctor
- F Wise
B. Proctor and F. Wise, Opt. Lett. 15, 1295 (1992)
- K Osvay
- P Bombi
- A P Kovács
K. Osvay, P. Bombi, A. P. Kovács, Z. Bor, App. Phys. B. 75, 649 (2002)
- D W Hughes
- J R M Barr
D. W. Hughes and J. R. M. Barr, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25, 563 (1992)
- K Osvay
- A P Kovács
- Z Heiner
- G Kurdi
- J Klebniczki
- M Csatári
- Ieee J Selec
K. Osvay, A. P. Kovács, Z. Heiner, G. Kurdi, J. Klebniczki, and M. Csatári, IEEE
J. Selec. Topics Quantum Electron. 10, 213 (2004)
- G Y Sirat
- K Wilner
- G Neuhauser
G. Y. Sirat, K. Wilner, and G. Neuhauser, Opt. Express 13, 6310 (2005)
- F J Duarte
- J A Piper
- F.J. Duarte