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Paecilomyces lilacinus, a potential biocontrol agent on apple rust mite Aculus, schlechtendali and interactions with some fungicides in vitro
Abstract and Figures
The apple rust mite Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a main pest in apple-growing areas in Ankara, Turkey, and chemical control applications have
some limitations. Entomopathogenic fungi have a potential for biological control of mites. In this study, an entomopathogenic
fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes), was first isolated from the mite cadavers on Japanese crab apple leaves and
pathogenicity of the fungus was observed in different inoculum densities and relative humidities. The pathogen caused up to
98.22% mortality of the mite population. The effects of some fungicides on the entomopathogenic fungus were determined in
in vitro studies. Carbendazim, penconazole and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides on mycelial growth of P. lilacinus, with EC50 values under 3 µgml−1. In spore germination tests, captan, mancozeb, propineb were the most effective fungicides, followed by tebuconazole, penconazole,
nuarimol and chlorothalonil. Sulphur could not inhibit the conidia germination totally at 5,000 µgml−1. Copper oxychloride and fosetyl-al prevented conidia formation at concentrations above 1,000 µgml−1.
KeywordsApple-Entomopathogenic fungi-Turkey
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... Effective Eriophyidae population suppression has been achieved using several strains of EPF in other crops through foliar applications in laboratory and field trials [181]. To date, only one study has been published on EPF control in apple rust mites [182], and there are no reports for EPF efficacy on pear rust mites. Ninety-eight percent apple rust mite mortality, 6 days after the application of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) to apple leaves, was observed in laboratory bioassays [182]. ...
... To date, only one study has been published on EPF control in apple rust mites [182], and there are no reports for EPF efficacy on pear rust mites. Ninety-eight percent apple rust mite mortality, 6 days after the application of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) to apple leaves, was observed in laboratory bioassays [182]. However, high humidity levels resulted in higher spore concentration than might be experienced in the field, indicating that applications after rainfall may be beneficial (as observed by Yagimuma [183]). ...
Growers of organic tree fruit face challenges in controlling some pests more easily suppressed by broad-spectrum insecticides in conventionally managed orchards. In recent decades, there has been a move towards organically growing varieties normally reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides (e.g., Gala), often to meet retailer/consumer demands. This inevitably makes crop protection in organic orchards more challenging, as modern varieties can be less tolerant to pests. In addition, there have been substantial reductions in plant protection product (PPP) approvals, resulting in fewer chemical options available for integrated pest management (IPM)-maintained orchards. Conversely, the organic management of fruit tree pests involves many practices that could be successfully implemented in conventionally grown crops, but which are currently not. These practices could also be more widely used in IPM-maintained orchards, alleviating the reliance on broad-spectrum PPP. In this review, we evaluate organic practices, with a focus on those that could be incorporated into conventional apple and pear production. The topics cover cultural control, biological control, physical and pest modifications. While the pests discussed mainly affect European species, many of the methods could be used to target other global pests for more environmentally sustainable practices.
... Our insect cages were maintained at 56% RH in the insectary, whereas the Conviron A1000 growth chamber used to house the 500 mL containers was maintained at 65% RH. Some studies have shown that slight increases RH can improve the activity of fungal entomopathogens on their hosts [37][38][39][40] . By increasing RH from 50 to 70% mortality of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari previously infected with B. bassiana at 1 × 10 6 conidia/mL increased from 69 to 87% 40 . ...
... By increasing RH from 50 to 70% mortality of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari previously infected with B. bassiana at 1 × 10 6 conidia/mL increased from 69 to 87% 40 . By increasing RH from 60 to 70% mortality of apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali Nal.) increased from 39 to 53% after treatment with Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson at 1 × 10 5 conidia/mL and from 76 to 89% after treatment at 1 × 10 8 conidia/mL 39 . ...
Kuschelorhynchus macadamiae is a major pest of macadamias in Australia, causing yield losses of up to 15%. Our previous studies have shown the weevil is susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The aim of this study was to investigate horizontal transmission of both fungal species to healthy weevils from both infected adults and weevil cadavers. In a confined environment the mortality of healthy adults caused by the transmission of conidia from live fungus-infected adults was < 50%. Under similar experimental conditions, the mortality of healthy adults reached 100% when exposed to conidiated cadavers. However, when conidiated cadavers were used in more spacious environments (insect cages), the mortality of adults was < 80%. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that all healthy adults had conidia attached to all external parts of the body. This suggests that although the conidia were readily transferred to the adults, the lower mortality in the larger insect cages could be the result of an unfavourable environmental factor such as low humidity. The presence of conidia attached to all the adults indicated that they did not show any discriminatory behaviour such as avoidance of conidiated cadavers infected by these two fungal species. The results from this study show that there is potential for enhanced control of adult K. macadamiae via transmission from either fungus-infected adults or conidiated cadavers and this could strengthen sustainable pest management in macadamias.
... Fr. and Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. [55][56][57] The second category of compounds are those where the formulated products were compatible (BI ≥ 66) with the fungi at rates up to 100% of their full field concentrations. These included acephate, trichlorfon and indoxacarb for both species, and sulfoxaflor and spinetoram for B. bassiana only. ...
Background
Integrating fungal biocontrol agents into crop protection programs dominated by synthetic pesticides is an important first step towards developing an integrated pest management (IPM) program; however, their successful integration relies on an understanding of how their performance may be impacted by the remaining agrochemicals deployed for managing other pests and diseases. In this study we tested 10 formulated pesticides used in macadamia production at different concentrations to determine their effects on the germination, mycelial growth and sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. Further tests with laboratory‐grade actives of the noncompatible pesticides were conducted to determine whether any antagonistic effects were caused by the active constituent or by formulation additives.
Results
At their registered concentrations, formulated trichlorfon, acephate and indoxacarb were compatible with M. anisopliae, whereas B. bassiana showed compatibility with formulated trichlorfon, acephate, indoxacarb, sulfoxaflor and spinetoram. Bioassays using laboratory‐grade active constituents indicated that the adverse impact of formulated beta‐cyfluthrin on both fungal species and that of formulated methidathion on B. bassiana is probably due to components of the emulsifiable concentrate formulations rather than their active constituents. Diazinon was the only insecticidal active that showed high toxicity to both fungal species. The two fungicides, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin, were toxic to both fungal species at all tested concentrations.
Conclusion
Our results identify which pesticides used on macadamias in Australia are compatible and incompatible with entomopathogenic fungi. Future studies on pesticide degradation rates will help define the spray intervals required to eliminate these adverse effects.
... P. lilacinum was determined to cause infection in many insect, nematodes and acari species (Anonymous, 2011). There are few literature records about effects of entomopathogenic fungi originating in our country on the pest groups of economical significance in our country [whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) and citrus wooly aphid (Planococcus citri)] (Gökçe & Er, 2005;Kılıç & Yıldırım, 2008;Boztaş et al., 2009;Demirci & Denizhan, 2010;Demirci et al., 2011). ...
Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) should be considered a high-risk quarantine pest. These ambrosia beetles are very polyphagous. It attacks many deciduous trees, probably all in its distribution range. Chemical control of them is very difficult and expensive due to its protected breeding sites and its resistance to many insecticides. In this study, it is searched the effects of entomopathogenic fungi, [Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus)] on the BTBB and PBB adults in three conidial suspensions (10 6 , 10 7 and 10 8 cfu ml-1) in laboratory conditions. The data for mortality was recorded after 2, 4, 6 and 8 days intervals. The mortality rate was found respectively after 8 days %94.72 for Xylosandrus germanus and %100 for Xyleborus dispar in 10 8 cfu ml-1. It will be appropriate that the results obtained from this first study performed in laboratory conditions should also to be tried in the field conditions for the control of ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar. It is hoped that the study will be helpful in the control strategies of this beetle species that will be put forward in a future time. It is seen that after having obtained hopeful results from this study, making similar works on the other beetle species are also necessary.
... Further study was needed to find the compatibility level at low concentration. In vitro effects of some fungicides on P. lilacinum, which was pathogenic on apple rust mite, were investigated (Demirci and Denizhan 2010). Protectant fungicides, captan, propineb, and mancozeb were effective against conidial germination. ...
The demand for food and energy of the rising population and unfavorable climatic changes necessitate yield increase in the reducing cultivable areas. This requires a reduction in environmental pollution that not only exerts hazardous effects on plants but also on poultry, livestock and humankind. Integrated pest and disease management is a solution that not only can lead to the increased crop yield and reduced environmental pollution, but also to the ecofriendly growth of economy in less developed countries. Integrated management requires more precise information on the effects of agricultural inputs on the population and biological activity of biological agents used in biological control of plant pests and diseases, biostimulation, as well as biofertilization. Here, we focus on the effect of pesticides on biological control fungi.
Kepenekci, İ., Alkan, M., Oksal, E., Evlice, E., Erdoğuş, D. 2014. Pre-studies on the effect of entomopathogenic fungus [Purpureocillium lilacinumTR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus)] on the larval stage of great spruce bark beetle[Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)]. 2nd Symposium of Turkey Forest Entomology and Pathology Symposium Proceedings 448-453 pp. (English). ISBN: 978-605-4610-46-4.
Kepenekci, İ., Alkan, M., Oksal, E., Evlice, E., Erdoğuş, D. 2014. Entomopatojen Fungus [Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus)]’un Dev Kabuk Böceği [Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)]’nin Larvalarına Etkisi Üzerine Ön Çalışmalar. II. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 7-9 Nisan 2014, Antalya, 442-447 (Turkish).
Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.
Fossil fuels and chemical pesticides could probably be blamed for future human downfall. Therefore, the global dependence on fossil fuels must be reduced immediately due to climate change, environmental issues, and health complications. The latter two negative effects could also be rendered by chemical pesticides. Among renewable energy alternatives, liquid biofuels have higher compatibility with the current fuel infrastructures and engines (i.e., transportation, storage, and engine systems), and hence, are very promising for transportation sector. Bioethanol, a liquid biofuel, is an ideal gasoline extender and is widely used in many countries in blended form with gasoline at specific ratios to improve fuel characteristics and engine performance. Although the bioethanol production industry has long been operational, finding suitable and sustainable feedstock is still an active field of study. The consumption of food/feed commodities such as sugarcane and corn (i.e., the first-generation bioethanol) has raised food vs. fuel debate. Alternatively, scientists have concentrated on the second-generation bioethanol, which consumes wastes such as lignocelluloses. However, huge amounts of hydrolytic enzymes, particularly cellulases, are required that contribute to high bioethanol production cost. Fungal biocontrol agents are superb producers of these enzymes, while at the same time they could be used as effective biological pesticides for sustainable agriculture. In this chapter, a novel viewpoint is put forward for sustainable direct production of bioethanol from lignocellulose by fungi, which could easily be separated at the end of the process and be exploited as biological control agents. For this purpose, several promising species within Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Pichia, and Trichoderma along with two species including Aspergillus oryzae and Pochonia chlamydosporia are comprehensively evaluated and scrutinized. The characteristics of these fungi could be further improved and harnessed for a dual production of biocontrol agents and bioethanol, improving the economic and environmental feasibilities of lignocellulose-based bioethanol production.
Adult mites Balaustium murorum collected from a wild population died in laboratory storage containers and became mouldy. The fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum (predominate isolate) by 98% internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (Bt2a/Bt2b) BLAST match to authentic strains from soil. Larvae, deutonymphs, and adults could be artificially infected by topical application with a 10⁷/ml spore inoculum, resulting in rapid dehydration and an increased mortality. This strain of P. lilacinum was more virulent to larvae than post-larval stages. Post-treatment, P. lilacinum was re-isolated internally with high frequency from cadavers. This P. lilacinum has a 25°C optimal growth temperature, 20–35°C thermal growth range, 0.997 aw optimal water activity (aw), and a minimum 0.96 aw to produce spores. Results indicate that infection with P. lilacinum can occur for population control, most likely during periods of moderate temperature and frequent rainfall. Because P. lilacinum is commercially available as a nematocide, application of P. lilacinum may reduce the effectiveness of Balaustium for plant pest control. This strain P. lilacinum UAMH 11932 is pathogenic to B. murorum and it has been deposited at the University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Toronto, CAN.
A new species, Phyllocoptes pyrivagrans, was described from pear in Chiba Prefecture. Aculus fockeui (NALEPA and TROUESSART) and Aculus schlechtendali (NALEPA), new to Japan, were redescribed from peach in Yamanashi Prefecture, and from apple in Aomori Prefecture, respectively. © 1985, JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY. All rights reserved.
Population development of Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Acarina: Eriophyidae) was investigated in three different locations (Kecioren, Besevler and Kalaba) in Ankara, on Malus floribunda L. (Rosasacae) during 2004 - 2006 years. Two-year of observations revealed that A. schlechtendali individuals were hibernates in deutogyne stage in the crevices and hiden places of the trees. They began to move to the blossoms of the plants at the beginning of may. Deutogynes laid their eggs on the feeding place of the youngs. In general higher eriophyoid protogyne populations were observed during May and June all three locations of the study area. The data show that the deutogyne population reached its peak by the end of May and after this, the deutogyne population levels become lower whereas protogyne population showed small rate of increas around the same time but reached its peak by mid June. Deutogyne population has been seen in low population density during the summer months. During surveys on predators of Aculus schlechtendali two phytoseiids, one stigmaeid, and one tydeid mite species, and 14 Cocinellidae species were recognized as natural enemies. Beside this, taxonomic characteristics and distribution of this eriophyid species were indicated.
Apple scab is the most serious disease in Northern Ireland Bramley orchards. As a result, as many as 14 fungicide sprays can be applied each season to control the disease. Anystis baccarum is a commonly occurring predatory mite in the orchards. The effects of three commonly used fungicides (captan/penconazole, mancozeb and dithianon) on A. baccarum and the pest mite Aculus schlechtendali were investigated. On the mancozeb treated trees there were fewer A. baccarum and more A. schlechtendali compared to the other treatments, although the latter result was probably due to the condition of the leaves in this treatment. Dithianon had no detrimental effect on A. baccarum.
The fungal parasites of eriophyid mites are briefly reviewed; the nomenclature of Botrytis eriophytis (Massee) is reconsidered and a new combination made under Paecilomyces Bainier. P. eriophytis is shown to infect a tetranychid and eriophyids other than Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westwood), from which it was originally isolated.
In apple orchards of the commercial fruit growing areas of British Columbia, nine fungicides gave the following results in the control of mites: a fungicide schedule consisting of four to seven sprays of lime-sulphur gave excellent control of Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), but one spray applied at the pink stage gave control for only 2 months. Three summer sprays of elemental sulphur did not affect M. ulmi, but controlled Tetranychus telarius (L.) and Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.). A schedule of ferbam gave good control of Eotetranychus carpini borealis (Ewing). Four to seven sprays of captan favoured increases in numbers of M. ulmi and E. carpini borealis. M. ulmi also increased in numbers after five applications of ziram. A schedule of glyodin did not control any species; in some cases the numbers of M. ulmi and E. carpini borealis increased after applications of this fungicide. A schedule of maneb controlled M. ulmi and V. schlechtendali, delayed the peaks in populations of T. telarius and E. carpini bor...