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DOI: 10.2478/s11686-010-0020-8
© W. Stefan´ski Institute of Parasitology, PAS
Acta Parasitologica, 2010, 55(2), 177–187; ISSN 1230-2821
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae)
a branchial parasite of the grouper Epinephelus howlandi
(Serranidae, Epinephelinae) from off New Caledonia
Jean-Paul Trilles1*and Jean-Lou Justine2,3
1Équipe Adaptation écophysiologique et Ontogenèse, UMR 5119 (CNRS-UM2-IFREMER), CC. 092, Université de Montpellier 2,
Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; 2UMR 7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Case postale 52, 57, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France; 3Aquarium des Lagons, B.P. 8185, 98807 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
Abstract
The cymothoid isopod Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov., a branchial parasite of the blacksaddle grouper Epinephelus howlandi (Ser-
ranidae, Epinephelinae) from the coral reef of New Caledonia (Southwestern Pacific), is described and figured. Within the genus,
E. epinepheli shows some similarity with E. raynaudii and E. myripristae. The ovigerous female of E. epinepheli can be dis-
tinguished from E. raynaudii by a less ovate body; cephalon deeply immersed in pereonite 1; eyes almost concealed by the
amphicephalic processes; pereonites 3–7 distinctly decreasing in size (width and length); pleonites 1–5 distinctly increasing
in width; and pleotelson larger. E. epinepheli can be distinguished from E. myripristae by the anterior margin of the cephalon
being rounded in dorsal view and all pleonites being visible. E. epinepheli is the first species of Elthusa reported from the host
genus Epinephelus.
Résumé
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. (Isopoda, Cymothoidae), parasite branchial du mérou Epinephelus howlandi du récif corallien de
Nouvelle-Calédonie, est décrit et représenté. A l’intérieur du genre, E. epinepheli est morphologiquement proche des deux espèces
E. raynaudii et E. myripristae. Par rapport à E. raynaudii, la femelle ovigère de E. epinepheli est caractérisée par un corps moins
ovale, un céphalon profondément inclus dans le péréonite 1, des yeux presque entièrement dissimulés par les processus am-
phicéphaliques, des péréonites dont la taille (largeur et longueur) diminue nettement du troisième au septième, des pléonites
dont la largeur augmente nettement du premier au cinquième et un pléotelson plus grand. Le bord antérieur arrondi de son cé-
phalon et le fait que tous les pléonites soient visibles permet de distinguer E. epinepheli de E. myripristae. E. epinepheli est le
premier Elthusa signalé sur des poissons du genre Epinephelus.
Keywords
Isopoda, Cymothoidae, Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov., Epinephelus howlandi, New Caledonia
Introduction
The genus Elthusa Schioedte et Meinert, 1884 was established
for the single species Elthusa emarginata (Bleeker 1857), type
species by monotypy, but the Latin diagnosis given by the
Danish authors did not allow an accurate definition of this
genus, nor its separation from other related genera. Elthusa has
most recently been redefined and revised, at least provisionally,
by Bruce (1990) and 28 nominal species are recognized (Trilles
and Justine 2006). Several species remain incompletely de-
scribed, and the hosts for many species are still unknown
(Trilles 1994, Trilles and Justine 2006). Most species are known
from the Pacific or from the Indo-Pacific area (Kensley et al.
2004, Trilles and Justine 2006), including E. parabothi Trilles
et Justine, 2004 and E. arnoglossi Trilles et Justine, 2006 from
New Caledonia. Only four species have been reported from the
Atlantic Ocean, including the recently described E. alvara-
doensis Rocha-Ramírez, Chávez-López et Bruce, 2005, from
the coast of Central Veracruz, Mexico. There are no records
from the Mediterranean (Trilles and Justine 2006).
*Corresponding author: jean-paul.trilles@univ-montp2.fr
Jean-Paul Trilles and Jean-Lou Justine
178
Cymothoid isopods have rarely been reported from
groupers (Teleostei, Serranidae, Epinephelinae). Three species
were collected attached to the body walls, Anilocra dimidiata
Bleeker, 1857 from Epinephelus sp. (Monod 1934), A. gigan-
tea (Herklots 1870) from Epinephelus sp. (Bruce and Harrison-
Nelson 1988) and A. laticauda Milne Edwards, 1840 from
Fig. 1. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Aand B. Ovigerous female, holotype.A– dorsal view, B– lateral view. Cand D. Male. C– dorsal view,
D– lateral view. E– manca larva 2, dorsal view. Scale bars = 5 mm (A, B), 4.5 mm (C, D), 0.5 mm (E)
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. from New Caledonia 179
Fig. 2. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Ovigerous female. A– cephalon and first pereonite; B– frons, ventral view; C– antennule; D– antenna;
E– mandible; F– maxillule; G– maxilla; H– maxilliped; I– maxilliped article 3 apex; J– brood pouch; K– sternite 7 (a, fleshy lobe;
b, remainder of penes); M– uropod
Jean-Paul Trilles and Jean-Lou Justine
180
Fig. 3. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Ovigerous female. A-F– left pereopods 1–6 respectively, lateral view; G-H– left pereopod 7 (G, lateral
view; H, medial view)
Upeneus martinicus (Richardson 1905), Epinephelus guttatus
(Hochberg and Ellis 1972) and Cephalopholis fulva (Trilles
and Vala 1975). Nerocila arres Bowman et Tareen, 1983 was
reported from the caudal fin of Epinephelus tauvina (Bowman
and Tareen 1983) and Cymothoa borbonica Schioedte et Mein-
ert, 1884 from the mouth of the same fish species. This record
of Elthusa epinepheli is the first record of a gill-attaching cy-
mothoid from groupers.
While examining groupers from New Caledonia (South-
western Pacific) for metazoan parasites during 2003–2008, we
collected a new species of Elthusa from a grouper of the genus
Epinephelus, E. howlandi (Günther). In this article, we describe
all stages (ovigerous female, male and manca larva 2) of the
new species.
Materials and methods
More than 400 groupers belonging to 28 species, including 23
specimens of Epinephelus howlandi, have been examined for
gill parasites over a 7-year period in New Caledonia (Justine et
al., submitted). The parasitized fish (308 mm in fork length, 496
g in weight) was collected by line on 27 June 2006 (off
Nouméa, in the centre of Récif Toombo, 22°26΄10˝S,
166°33΄00˝E). Isopods were removed alive from the right gill
chamber of the fish and measured for total length (TL) and max-
imum width (W). All measurements are in millimetres. Parasites
were preserved in 70% ethanol. Mouthparts and appendages
were carefully dissected and figures were drawn using a cam-
era lucida. Specimens are deposited in the collections of the
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Fish
taxonomy is according to Froese and Pauly (2009).
Results
Family Cymothoidae Leach, 1814
Genus Elthusa Schioedte et Meinert, 1884
Elthusa Schioedte et Meinert, 1884: 337; Nierstrasz, 1915: 96;
Nierstrasz, 1931: 128; Bruce, 1990: 254; Trilles, 1994: 164.
Livoneca Bleeker, 1857: 21.
Lironeca Miers, 1880: 465.
Type species: The type species is Livoneca emarginata
Bleeker, 1857, by monotypy (Schioedte and Meinert 1884).
One of Bleeker’s type specimens, reported and figured by
Schioedte and Meinert, held in the collections of the Rijksmu-
seum von Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, is now apparently lost
and not available (Trilles 1979). One female syntype extant in
this museum is too fragile for dissection (Bruce 1990). Another
is held in the collection of the MNHN, Paris, under registra-
tion No. 241 (Trilles 1976). Several additional specimens
were recently collected by Trilles and Randall from two species
of Parupeneus (Teleostei, Mullidae) and the species is being
redescribed.
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. (Figs 1–7)
Description
Ovigerous female. Body about 2 times as long as wide,
widest at pereonite 3, very weakly twisted to the right side.
Dorsum weakly vaulted at the level of pereon and pleon
(Fig. 1A, B).
Cephalon about 1.3 times as wide as long, sub-triangular,
deeply immersed in pereonite 1, anterior margin rounded in
dorsal view and ventrally flexed, forming lobe between bases
of antennae, posterior margin rounded. Eyes small, about 0.2
times width of cephalon, black, set close to the margin of
cephalon (Fig. 2A, B).
Pereon broad, about 0.9 as wide as long. Pereonite 1
longest, 2–7 progressively decreasing in length. Posterior mar-
gin of pereonite 7 slightly rounded. Coxal plates of pereonites
2–7 conspicuous in dorsal view.
Pleon about 3.5 times as wide as long; all pleonites visible
but pleonite 1 narrower than others and partially concealed by
pereonite 7, pleonites 1–5 progressively widest towards pos-
terior, 2–4 entirely conspicuous in dorsal view and subequal in
length, 5 slightly longest with posterior margin very broadly
rounded, nearly straight. Pleotelson hemispherical, slightly
asymmetrical, about 1.35 times as wide as long, 2.3 times
longer than pleon, posterior margin rounded.
Brood pouch very prominent in lateral view, made up of
five pairs of alternatively overlapping oostegites arising from
sternites 1 to 4 and 6 (Fig. 2J); anterior pair partly overlapping
mouth parts (Fig. 2B); sternite 7 with 2 distal submedian
fleshy lobes and remainder of penes (Fig. 2K).
Antennule with 8 articles, not extending to posterior of
cephalon but extending to posterior of eyes, basal article not
contiguous. Antenna, slightly longer than antennule, com-
posed of 10 articles, nearly reaching posterior margin of
cephalon, with bases wide apart (Fig. 2C, D).
Mandible without setae and spines, prominent molar, in-
cisor acute but reduced, palpal article 1 slender and longest,
palpal article 3 longer than 2. Maxillule with 3 terminal spines.
Maxilla medial and lateral lobes each with 2 spines. Maxilliped
article 3 with 2 blunted spines and oostegial lobe bearing
some plumose setae (Fig. 2E-I).
Pereopods almost similar with anterolateral carina on ba-
sis increasing in size from pereopod 1 to 7, distinctly dilated
merus, propodus short and dactyli short extending to middle
of carpus (Fig. 3A-H).
Pleopods with all rami lamellar, decreasing progressively
in size, exopod larger than endopod; all pleopods without
coupling hooks on medial margin of peduncle; pleopod 2
without appendix masculina; endopods 2–5 with small, simple
proximomedial lobe, increasing in size from pleopod 2 to 5
(Fig. 4A-F).
Uropods short, right and left uropods differing in size,
rami unequal, exopod shorter than endopod, apices blunted
pointed (Fig. 2M).
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. from New Caledonia 181
Jean-Paul Trilles and Jean-Lou Justine
182
Fig. 4. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Ovigerous female. A-D– left pleopods 1–4 respectively, posterior view; E-F– left pleopod 5 (E, poste-
rior view; F, anterior view; c, proximomedial lobe). Male. G– antennule, H– antenna, I– mandible palp, J– maxillule, K– maxilla apex,
L– maxilliped, M– maxilliped article 3 apex, N– sternite 7 (a, penes; b, pleopod 1), O– uropod
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. from New Caledonia 183
Male. Smaller than female; body bilaterally symmetrical,
about 2.5 times as long as wide, lateral margins straight; dor-
sum weakly vaulted (Fig. 1C, D).
Cephalon about 1.8 times as wide as long, distinctly im-
mersed in pereonite 1, anterior margin forming broad sub-
truncate rostrum, posterior margin rounded.
Pereon 0.4 times as wide as long. Pereonite, 3–7 subequal
in length; posterior margin of pereonite 7 slightly rounded.
Coxal plates 2–7 conspicuous in dorsal view.
Pleon about 3.2 times as wide as long, posterior margin of
pleonite 5 weakly bisinuate. Pleotelson about 0.6 times as
long as wide, posteriorly broadly rounded. Elongate paired
penes on posterior margin of sternite 7 (Fig. 4N).
Antennule and antenna similar to female, without setae, but
antenna proportionally longer than in female and composed of
11 articles (Fig. 4G, H).
Mandible palp, articles decreasing in size from 1 to 3, article
3 slender and shortest. Maxilla with 2 large curved spines each
on medial and lateral lobe. Maxilliped article 3 with 2 or 3 (ac-
cording to the right or left body side) recurved spines (Fig. 4I-M).
All pereopods similar to those of female with anterolateral
carina on basis increasing in size from 1 to 7 but merus pro-
portionally less dilated than in female (Fig. 5A-H).
Pleopod rami lamellar, exopod larger than endopod,
without coupling hooks on peduncle. Pleopod 2 with appen-
dix masculina about 0.6 times as long as endopod. Simple
Fig. 5. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Male. A-F– right pereopods 1–6, respectively (A-C, lateral view; D-F, medial view); G-H– right
pereopod 7 medial and lateral view, respectively
Jean-Paul Trilles and Jean-Lou Justine
184
Fig. 6. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Male. A-E– left pleopods 1–5 respectively, posterior view (a, proximomedial lobe). Manca larva 2.
F– antennule, G– antenna, H– mandible palp, I– maxillule, J– maxilla, K– maxilliped
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. from New Caledonia 185
Fig. 7. Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. Manca larva 2. A-F– pereopods 1–6 respectively, lateral view; G– pleonites 4–5, pleotelson, uropods;
H-K– left pleopods 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively, posterior view
Jean-Paul Trilles and Jean-Lou Justine
186
proximomedial lobe particularly conspicuous in pleopods
4–5 (Fig. 6A-E).
Uropods about 0.6 times as long as pleotelson, rami weakly
unequal, bluntly rounded, exopod slightly longer than endopod
(Fig. 4O).
Manca larva 2 (pullus 2). The specimen illustrated in Fig-
ure 1E is at the intramarsupial stage 2 (manca larva 2 or pul-
lus 2), just before spawning. It shows 7 pereonites but only 6
pereopods, an enlarged semi-circular cephalon, ovate pereon
and narrowed pleon with pleonites 1–5 decreasing progres-
sively in width towards posterior. Posterior margin of pleotel-
son rounded, with sparse plumose setae (Fig. 7G).
Antennule composed of 6 articles extending to the middle
of pereonite 1, with simple spiny short seta on antero-distal
margin of article 4, large seta on the postero-distal margin of
article 5 and four similar setae on article 6. Antenna slightly
longer than antennule, composed of 10 articles, with plumose
seta on antero-distal margin of articles 4–5, two spiny setae on
the antero-distal margin of article 5, spiny seta on the antero-
distal margin of article 9 and tuft of four fine setae on distal
margin of article 10 (Fig. 6F, G).
Mandible palp with small seta on lateral margin of article
2 and palpal article 3 with 4 setae increasing gradually in
length along disto-lateral margin. Maxillule with 3 terminal
spines and maxilla with 3 spines on medial lobe. Maxilliped
article 3 with 2 recurved spines (Fig. 6H-K).
All pereopods similar with acute dactyli, increase slightly
in length from pereopod 1 to 6, with spines or setae on pereo-
pods 2–6: pereopod 2, 2 small setae on posterior margin of
propodus; pereopod 3, 1 spine on ischium and 2 on propodus;
pereopod 4, 1 spine on ischium, 4 on merus, 2 on carpus and
3 on propodus; pereopod 5, 1 spine on ischium, 4 on merus, 3
on carpus and 3 on propodus; pereopod 6, 2 spines on ischium,
2 spines and 1 seta on merus, 3 spines and 1 seta on carpus and
3 spines on propodus (Fig. 7A-F).
Pleopods 1–4 have peduncles with coupling hooks and
lamellar rami with long plumose setae. Pleopod 5 with only
1 short seta on peduncle and rami without setae (Fig. 7H-K).
Uropod rami extending beyond posterior of pleotelson;
both rami subequal in length; apices of both rami rounded, with
plumose setae on posterior margin (Fig. 7G).
Type-host: Epinephelus howlandi (Günther) (Serranidae).
Type-locality: Off Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Site: Branchial cavity.
Type-material: Female holotype (ovigerous with many
manca larvae 2 in the brood pouch; TL = 37 mm), Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, MNHN-IS 6257, male
(TL = 20 mm), MNHN-IS 6258, off Nouméa, in the centre of
Récif Toombo, 22°26΄10˝S, 166°33΄00˝E, New Caledonia, 27
June 2006. Parasitological number MNHN JNC 1886.
Etymology: Epithet taken from the host genus.
Remarks
Bruce (1990) recognised 25 species of Elthusa Schioedte et
Meinert, 1884, most of which had been previously accommo-
dated in Livoneca Leach, 1818. With the description of Elthusa
epinepheli sp. nov., 29 species are now recognised. Most (25)
are known from the Pacific or Indo-Pacific area and only four
species are reported from the Atlantic Ocean (Trilles and Jus-
tine 2006).
Elthusa epinepheli is the third species of Elthusa reported
from New Caledonia (the others are E. parabothi Trilles et Jus-
tine, 2004 and E. arnoglossi Trilles et Justine, 2006) and the
first collected from gills of groupers of the genus Epinephelus
(Serranidae, Epinephelinae).
Elthusa epinepheli can be considered uncommon. Epi-
nephelus howlandi in New Caledonia had a surprisingly low
diversity of gill parasites, with only two species of monoge-
neans and apparently – an exceptional fact – no copepod
(Hinsinger and Justine 2006a, b). Absence of copepods and
presence of this isopod suggests that some unknown biogeo-
graphical or biological feature differentiates E. howlandi from
the other groupers in this locality.
The new species can be easily distinguished from the fol-
lowing five species, Elthusa arnoglossi Trilles et Justine,
2006, E. nanoides (Stebbing, 1905), E. propinqua (Richardson,
1904), E. samariscii (Shiino, 1951) and E. sigani Bruce, 1990,
all of which are distinctly asymmetrical. The remaining species
have a bilaterally symmetrical body or are only weakly asym-
metrical. Of these, only two species, Elthusa myripristae
Bruce, 1990 and E. raynaudii (Milne Edwards, 1840) show
some similarity to E. epinepheli. E. myripristae can be easily
separated by the cephalon, which has a distinct medial rostral
point and pleonite 1, which is totally concealed by pereonite
7, and therefore is not visible in dorsal view. E. epinepheli can
be separated from E. raynaudii by a number of characters, in-
cluding: female body slightly more twisted to one side, more
elongated and less ovate, pereonites 3 to 7 decreasing distinctly
in width and length, pleonites increasing distinctly in width
from 1 to 5, pleotelson bigger (width and length) and slightly
asymmetrical, cephalon more deeply immersed in pereonite 1
and eyes almost concealed by the amphicephalic processes, an-
tenna composed of 10 articles (11 in E. raynaudii), mandible
palp without setae (5 and 2 setae on disto-lateral margin of ar-
ticles 2 and 3 respectively in E. raynaudii), maxillule with 3
spines (4 in E. raynaudii), pereopods 5–7 with carina most pro-
nounced forming a more prominent boss, dactyli smaller, all
pleopods without coupling hooks on medial peduncle margin
and endopods 3–5 with proximomedial lobe (with coupling
hooks and without proximomedial lobe in E. raynaudii); male
body with cephalon more deeply embedded in pereonite 1,
pleon proportionally shorter and wider than in E. raynaudii,
pleonite 1 more concealed by pereonite 7 and pleotelson larger
and distinctly dissimilar in shape, antenna with 11 articles in-
stead of 13, mandible palp without setae and maxillule with
only 3 spines instead of 6.
Acknowledgements. Lenaïg Hemery and Géraldine Colli, students,
participated in the fishing operations and parasitological survey.
Napoléon Colombani (IRD) provided safe navigation and excellent
Elthusa epinepheli sp. nov. from New Caledonia 187
fishing skills on board R/V Coris. Angelo di Matteo provided tech-
nical help. Ian Beveridge kindly edited the English.
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