Content uploaded by Francis Willis Matthew Robert Schwarze
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Francis Willis Matthew Robert Schwarze
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Penetration of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) in coniferous wood pre-treated with Physisporinus vitreus
Abstract
The permeability of Norway spruce wood can be reduced to 1–5% of that of green timber when dried, resulting in only slight radial penetration of chemical solutions. We investigated the penetration of the biocide 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, (IPBC) in Norway spruce and Scots pine sapwood when applied in a water-based coating system. Penetration of both untreated wood and specimens pretreated with the white-rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus was analyzed by the absence or presence of blue staining after incubation with Aureobasidium
pullulans and Sclerophoma pithyophila. The qualitative results were compared with quantitative data obtained by chemical analysis. It was assumed a pre-treatment with Physisporinus vitreus could make the surface of the substrate more porous and improve the penetration of fluid substances. All analytical investigations of the samples were done after an outdoor weathering period of 6 months. From a practical point of view the performance of the coated substrate is more relevant after a certain aging procedure then right after the application. The chemical measured uptake of IPBC for Scots pine was similar for all samples at the surface. The penetration depth was higher for those samples with a pre-treatment with Physisporinus vitreus. The colonization pattern of the samples by blue-stain fungi depended upon the pre-treatment but did not show a clear correlation between IPBC-content and staining. The cross-section of the samples with pre-treatment was completely stained, the cross-section of the samples without pre-treatment did show a distinctive blue stain-free zone. In Norway spruce, the chemical measured uptake of IPBC was similar for all samples at the surface independent of the pre-treatment. The penetration depth was higher for those samples with a pre-treatment with Physisporinus vitreus. But a clear visible colonization by blue-stain fungi was only observed for the samples with a pre-treatment with Physisporinus vitreus. The samples without pre-treatment were locally stained across the entire cross-section. As with the Scots pine, a clear correlation between IPBC-content and blue staining was not visible, following comparison of the samples with and without pre-treatment with Physisporinus vitreus. The results suggest that not only the presence of IPBC influences colonization by A.
pullulans and S.
pithyophila, but also a range of other factors in wood pre-treated with P. vitreus.
... For years, wood-decaying fungi in biotechnological applications have been studied for their effects on increasing wood permeability in the forest products industry. Although some of these studies have discussed hyphal growth rate, fungal hyphae penetration velocity-capacity, and effects of Physisporinus vitreus in wood using different technological systems or models , Lehringer et al. 2010, Fuhr et al. 2012a, Fuhr et al. 2012b, Fuhr et al. 2013, Schubert et al. 2013, Gilani et al. 2014, Schubert et al. 2014, Gilani and Schwarze 2014, some studies (Schwarze et al. 2006, Lehringer et al. 2009, Lehringer et al. 2010, Volkmer et al. 2010, Humar et al. 2012, Emaminasab et al. 2016, Chang et al. 2020) also focused on increasing the permeability in wood portions (sapwood/heartwood) of refractory tree species. Lehringer et al. (2010) have revealed that improvement in the permeability and activity of P. vitreus was higher in the sapwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies); however, a notable effect was also recorded in the heartwood. ...
... In addition, to the best of our knowledge, it appears that studies that have evaluated the effect of bioincising on the new generation Cu (copper) preservatives leaching in the wood are limited. Volkmer et al. (2010) have reported that pretreating Norway spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) woods with P. vitreus for 4 weeks resulted in an increased uptake of the biocide 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC). Subsequent weathering tests showed that P. vitreus caused significant leaching in Norway spruce and Scots pine woods after the samples were exposed to outdoor for 6 months. ...
... It is believed that the increase in solvent (water) uptake in this study may also be related to water condensation in the capillary spaces within the cell walls as a result of P. vitreus activity, which can simultaneously rot in the wood; however, it should be noted that different rates and the number of cell wall components remaining from the fungal activity may be related to their components' water retention or binding capacity (pectin > hemicellulose > cellulose > lignin) (Ek et al. 2009). Volkmer et al. (2010) have emphasized that pretreatment with P. vitreus enhances the uptake of water in wood samples, thus causing an increase in wood moisture and promoting colonization by blue-stain fungi. ...
Since the treatability of Oriental spruce wood (Picea orientalis) with preservative solutions is difficult and considered as a refractory wood species, this study was intended to bring its treatability class by a bioincising process to the level of sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a desirable wood species for the forest products industry. Bioincising process by Physisporinus vitreus fungus was applied to wood samples from sapwood and heartwood portions of spruce wood. The samples with two different weight loss groups (5–10 % and 10–15 %) in the bioincising process were used to detect changes in treatability with wood preservative solutions caused by the fungus. The bioincised and unincised control samples were treated with either micronized copper quat (MCQ) or alkaline copper quat type D (ACQ-D) wood preservative solutions by either dipping or vacuum methods. Following impregnation with the preservative solutions, the effects of the bioincising process on CuO (copper oxide) retention, and the leaching of Cu (copper) element were determined. The results showed that CuO retention levels increased after the bioincising process. Moreover, there was greater CuO retention in the spruce heartwood samples compared to the spruce and Scots pine sapwood samples. Amount of Cu element released from the Scots pine sapwood samples was found to be lower than that from the spruce sapwood and heartwood samples after the bioincising. process. The results suggest that the bioincising process by P. vitreus in refractory wood species might improve the treatability of wood by Cu-based wood preservatives.
... However, the use of them is not always desired due to operating costs and qualities of treated wood [17,23]. The biological method is a potential technique to improve wood treatability by the application of enzymes [24][25][26], bacteria [27][28][29], and fungi [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. An increase in wood permeability is supposedly induced by the selective degradation of pit membranes in the bordered and halfbordered pits, entailing only negligible changes in the tracheid cell wall [33,38]. ...
Desired retention and depth into wood are necessary for wood preservatives to provide long-term durability. In general, heartwood of wood is difficult to treat, and bioincising was investigated as a potential technique to improve the treatability of refractory wood and heartwood. In order to study the effects of bioincising treatment with white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor on the pore structure and treatability of radiata pine heartwood, this research conducted tests of mass loss, microscopic structures, pore structure parameters, uptake, and penetration of preservative of radiata pine heartwood specimens incubated by T. versicolor for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The results showed that the optimal inoculation time of T. versicolor bioincising on radiata pine heartwood was 4 to 8 weeks. At this time, the retention of injected preservatives increased by 5.01%–17.73%, the penetration depth of preservatives increased significantly, and the corresponding mass loss was 3.04%–6.45%. The results of microstructure and pore structure showed that T. versicolor entered the adjacent tracheids via apertures, with less impact on the cell wall, mainly degrading pit membranes and ray parenchyma cells early in the inoculation of radiata pine heartwood. As the structures impeding fluid flow were connected, the porosity of the wood and the range of the main pore size distribution increased significantly, thus increasing the treatability of radiata pine heartwood.
... Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the kinetic parameters to predict changes in the IPBC content during thermal processing. At present, there are many reports on the application of IPBC as a mildew agent in wood [16,[21][22][23] but few focus on the influence of thermal processing for the content and properties of IPBC. Although the thermal instability of IPBC has been reported, the specific thermal degradation kinetics and degradation mechanisms are not clear. ...
The thermal degradation kinetics and degradation products of IPBC during the heating process are investigated herein. Experiments were conducted at isothermal conditions from 60 °C to 150 °C. The remaining IPBC content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at specific time intervals for each test, and the kinetic model of IPBC thermal degradation was established. The thermal degradation products of IPBC were studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC−MS/MS). The results showed that thermal degradation of IPBC occurred at 70 °C, and the degradation rate increased significantly from 70 °C to 150 °C. The thermal degradation kinetics of IPBC conformed to the first-order reaction and from 60 °C to 150 °C. Seven degradation products such as prop-2-yn-1-yl ethylcarbamate and methyl N-butylcarbamate were identified and the degradation reaction pathway and the mechanism of IPBC were proposed, which involved deiodination, demethylation, deethynylation, deethylation, and hydroxylation processes.
... Physisporinus vitreus is a fungal species with an ability to penetrate the sealed pits of the wood microstructure, which are important cellular elements in fluid flow. This fungus is a well-known species used for bioincising of refractory wood species (Schwarze et al. 2006, Lehringer et al. 2009a, Schubert et al. 2009, Lehringer et al. 2010, Volkmer et al. 2010, Fuhr et al. 2012a, 2012b, Gilani et al. 2014, Gilani and Schwarze 2015, Schubert et al. 2014. Schwarze et al. (2006) have reported that P. vitreus can colonize sapwood and heartwood and can improve the permeability. ...
Bioincising is a biotechnological process to improve the permeability of wood by biological organisms. In recent years, there has been a great interest to determine the changes in the anatomical structure of wood as a result of bioincising process. In this study, the effects of bioincising by Physisporinus vitreus on the pit structure and permeability of Picea orientalis L. sapwood and heartwood were studied. Bioincised and non-bioincised samples were then treated with micronized copper quaternary and Celcure AC-500 wood preservatives by either dipping or vacuum method. The copper distribution and amount of copper retained in treated wood were evaluated by SEM-EDX and ICP-OES, respectively. The area of copper fixation in treated wood was also measured by the ArcGIS software package. The effects of P. vitreus activity were examined in the wood microstructure after bioincising by light microscope and SEM analyses on radial sections. After the bioincising, a significant increase was observed in the uptake of wood preservatives by vacuum, particularly in heartwood. The measurements on bordered pit, crossfield pit, and ray tracheid bordered pit dimensions in the microstructure of wood indicated that the degradation of pits was the most important factor in improved penetration and uptake of preservative solutions employed.
... Physisporinus vitreus is a fungal species with an ability to penetrate the sealed pits of the wood microstructure, which are important cellular elements in fluid flow. This fungus is a well-known species used for bioincising of refractory wood species (Schwarze et al. 2006, Lehringer et al. 2009a, Schubert et al. 2009, Lehringer et al. 2010, Volkmer et al. 2010, Fuhr et al. 2012a, 2012b, Gilani et al. 2014, Gilani and Schwarze 2015, Schubert et al. 2014. Schwarze et al. (2006) have reported that P. vitreus can colonize sapwood and heartwood and can improve the permeability. ...
ABSTRACT
Bioincising is a biotechnological process to improve the permeability of wood by biological organisms. In recent years, there has been a great interest to determine the changes in the
anatomical structure of wood as a result of bioincising process. In this study, the effects of
bioincising by Physisporinus vitreus on the pit structure and permeability of Picea orientalis
L. sapwood and heartwood were studied. Bioincised and non-bioincised samples were then
treated with micronized copper quaternary and Celcure AC-500 wood preservatives by either
dipping or vacuum method. The copper distribution and amount of copper retained in treated
wood were evaluated by SEM-EDX and ICP-OES, respectively. The area of copper fixation in treated
wood was also measured by the ArcGIS software package. The effects of P. vitreus activity were
examined in the wood microstructure after bioincising by light microscope and SEM analyses on
radial sections. After the bioincising, a significant increase was observed in the uptake of wood
preservatives by vacuum, particularly in heartwood. The measurements on bordered pit, crossfield
pit, and ray tracheid bordered pit dimensions in the microstructure of wood indicated that the
degradation of pits was the most important factor in improved penetration and uptake of
preservative solutions employed.
... Enzymes (Durmaz and Yıldız 2015), bacteria (Kobayashi et al. 1998, Hansmann et al. 2002, Yıldız et al. 2012, and blue-stain fungi (Lehringer et al. 2010, Danihelová et al. 2018 have been used to increase the permeability of wood. The promise of wood-decaying fungi for this purpose has also been tested for years (Schwarze et al. 2006, Lehringer et al. 2009a, Lehringer et al. 2010, Volkmer et al. 2010, Fuhr et al. 2012, Humar et al. 2012, Emaminasab et al. 2016, Chang et al. 2020. Lehringer et al. (2010) investigated the effects of Physisporinus vitreus used for biotechnological purposes in the microstructure of Norway spruce wood. ...
Even though oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.), a common species in the East Black Sea Region of Turkey, is used in a wide range of applications, its wood has low permeability. This study investigated the degradation effects of the bioincising process to improve its treatability with wood preservatives on the microstructure of oriental spruce wood. Test samples were previously subjected to bioincising by Physisporinus vitreus fungus, and the bioincised samples were examined under both a light microscope and scanning electron microscope to observe the effects of the bioincising on the anatomical properties. Bordered pits on the longitudinal tracheid radial walls, piceoid-type cross-field pits, ray tracheid bordered pits, and ray tracheid cell walls in the earlywood and latewood regions within a growth ring were particularly subjected to anatomical evaluations. In the study, the degradation intensity in the samples after the bioincising was well correlated with the weight losses occurred. Splits and factures were determined on the tori of bordered pits on the tracheid cell walls while tears and cracks were present on the pit apertures. The results also show that P. vitreus, a Type I and II white rot fungus, may cause a Type I soft rot.
Application of nanomaterials is gaining tremendous interest in the field of wood science and technology for value
addition and enhancing performance of wood and wood-based composites. This review focuses on the use of
nanomaterials in improving the properties of wood and wood-based materials and protecting them from
weathering, biodegradation, and other deteriorating agents. UV-resistant, self-cleaning (superhydrophobic)
surfaces with anti-microbial properties have been developed using the extraordinary features of nanomaterials.
Scratch-resistant nano-coatings also improve durability and aesthetic appeal of wood. Moreover, nanomaterials
have been used as wood preservatives for increasing the resistance against wood deteriorating agents such as
fungi, termites and borers. Wood can be made more resistant to ignition and slower to burn by introducing nano-
clays or nanoparticles of metal-oxides. The use of nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles in wood-based products
has attracted huge interest in developing novel materials with improved properties. Nanocellulose and lignin
nanoparticles derived/synthesized from woody biomass can enhance the mechanical properties such as strength
and stiffness and impart additional functionalities to wood-based products. Cellulose nano-fibres/crystals find
application in wide areas of materials science like reinforcement for composites. Incorporation of nanomaterials
in resin has been used to enhance specific properties of wood-based composites. This review paper highlights
some of the advancements in the use of nanotechnology in wood science, and its potential impact on the industry.
One strategy for improving the treatability of refractory wood species is biological incising, and its efficiency depends on how the microorganisms modify the porous structure of the wood. Evaluation of the bioincised wood treatability on a micro-scale can thus help to better understand the treatability enhancing mechanisms. In the present study, the biodegradation pattern and micro-scale treatability of Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) heartwood were determined after bioincising with the white-rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Karsten isolate 136 and bacterium Bacillus subtilis UTB22. Oven-dried specimens with dimensions of 50 mm × 25 mm × 15 mm (L × T × R) were incubated with the microorganisms at (23±2) °C and (65±5) % relative humidity for six weeks. The control and exposed wood blocks were then pressure treated by 1 % fluorescent dye (fluorescein)-containing water to study the treatability pattern under a fluorescence microscope. The longitudinal and tangential air permeability and compression strength parallel to the grain of the specimens were also determined at the end of the incubation period. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies showed that degradation by B. subtilis UTB22 was limited to the pit membranes, but the cell walls were also degraded to some extent by P. vitreus. The fungus caused a higher mass loss compared to the bacterium, whereas the permeability enhancing ability of the bacterium was more pronounced. The fluorescent dye tracer also showed that higher treatability with more uniformity was obtained by B. subtilis UTB22. The improvement in treatability by both microorganisms was mainly due to the degradation of the earlywood tracheids.
Based on comprehensive light microscopy of naturally and artificially colonized wood, an attempt was made to address the question as to whether the Physisporinus vitreus fungus has other degradative strategies which might explain its association with the moist substrate. For this purpose, Norway spruce wood naturally infected with P. vitreus was employed. Wood blocks were incubated for six weeks. After incubation, the final wood moisture content and the loss of dry weight of the test blocks were measured.
Zusammenfassung Wasserbasierte Beschichtungssysteme auf Holzbauteilen sind einem verstärkten Befall durch Schimmel-
und Bläuepilze ausgesetzt. Durch einen gezielten Einsatz von Bioziden ist es möglich, einen Befall
auf und unter der Beschichtung zu kontrollieren. Jodpropinyl-N-butylcarbamat (IPBC) ist eines der wichtigsten
Biozide für den Filmschutz von wasserbasierten Systemen in Europa. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde
das Diffusionsverhalten von IPBC untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass eine Diffusion des IPBC aus
der Grundierung in die Deckschicht erfolgt. Die Verteilung des Wirkstoffes in der Deckschicht ist relativ
gleichmässig. Die Eindringung in das Holzsubstrat (Fichte) ist mit 250 µm sehr gering und
die nachgewiesene Wirkstoffmenge in diesem Bereich variiert deutlich. Das Diffusionsverhalten von IPBC
ist an einen Wasserdampfstrom und ein notwendiges Konzentrationsgefälle in der Beschichtung gekoppelt.
Durch Bewitterungsversuche wurde nachgewiesen, dass bereits nach dreimonatiger Bewitterung nur noch 30%
IPBC in der Deckschicht nachgewiesen werden konnten.
The present study shows that isolates of P. vitreus have an extraordinary capacity to induce substantial permea-bility changes in heartwood of P. abies without causing significant losses in impact bending strength. The deg-radation of pit membranes by P. vitreus is an important aspect that could also have significant benefits in wood protection processes. Further studies are currently in progress with the objective of optimising the uniformity of wood colonisation and duration of incubation, so as to improve the permeability of water-borne wood preser-vatives or hydrophobic substances applied by brushing, dipping and impregnation.
Beschichtete Holzfassaden unterliegen während ihrer Lebensdauer einem Alterungs- und Abbauprozess. Dieser ist durch unterschiedliche materialspezifische, klimatische und biologische Einflussfaktoren gesteuert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Besiedlung von beschichteten Holzfassaden durch Schimmel- und Bläuepilze eingehend untersucht. Durch die Analyse und Korrelation ausgewählter chemischer und physikalischer Parameter des Systems Holz-Beschichtung wurden Rückschlüsse hinsichtlich einer biologischen Anfälligkeit gezogen. Es wurden verschiedene Beschichtungssysteme auf Holz appliziert, die jeweiligen Parameter untersucht und in Bezug zur biologischen Anfälligkeit gegenüber Schimmelpilzen gesetzt. Das Versuchsprogramm war insgesamt über 3 Jahre angelegt, wobei die Analysen abschnittsweise innerhalb eines Jahres durchgeführt und ausgewertet wurden. Am Ende jedes Projektabschnittes erfolgte jeweils aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen eine Optimierung der Beschichtungssysteme hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung. Mit dieser Versuchsdurchführung wurden 2 generelle Ziele angestrebt: 1. Ermittlung allgemeiner physikalischer und chemischer Zusammenhänge bei beschichteten Holzfassaden in Bezug auf deren biologische Anfälligkeit 2. Entwicklung eines biozidarmen, dauerhaften Beschichtungssystems für Holzfassaden mit hoher Resistenz gegenüber einer Besiedlung durch Schimmelpilze Im Rahmen der Studie wurde eine Vielzahl von Beschichtungssystemen untersucht, welche durch die Projektpartner (Lack- und Farbenindustrie) bereitgestellt wurden und dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik auf diesem Gebiet entsprechen. Die Industrienähe der Untersuchung führte zu einer relativ heterogenen Variation der Beschichtungen. Als Substrat wurde aufgrund ihrer wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung mehrheitlich Fichte verwendet. Die Ergebnisse und Abhängigkeiten sind in direktem Zusammenhang mit den untersuchten Varianten zu sehen. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass bereits geringfügige Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung zu abweichenden Ergebnissen führen können. Da das Verhalten der Holzfassaden im Gebrauch beurteilt werden sollte, wurden die beschichteten Holzproben verschiedenen Alterungsverfahren unterzogen (natürliche und künstliche Bewitterung, künstliche Verschmutzung, Wechseldampfbelastung). Dadurch wurden die klimatischen Einflussfaktoren in ihrer Wirkung auf die biologische Beständigkeit der Proben untersucht. Zur physikalischen Beschreibung des beschichteten Holzes wurden folgende Themen schwerpunktmäβig untersucht: Mechanik der Beschichtung (Härte, Glasübergangstemperatur, Haftfestigkeit, Rissentwicklung) Hygroskopisches Verhalten des Systems Beschichtung Holz (Wasserdampfdiffusion, Wasseraufnahme) Morphologie der Oberfläche (Rauigkeit, Oberflächenspannung, Sporenhaftung) Durch den Einsatz von Nanopartikeln in der Deckschicht wurde mittels einer gezielten chemischen Modifikation versucht, die Oberflächeneigenschaften der Beschichtung zu beeinflussen, um deren Anfälligkeit gegenüber einem mikrobiologischem Befall zu reduzieren. Als biozider Wirkstoff wurde vorrangig die organische Substanz IPBC untersucht. Dabei wurden Transport- und Abbauvorgänge des Biozids in der Beschichtung analysiert und beschrieben. Mit Hilfe der FT IR Technologie wurde die Oberfläche bezüglich auftretender chemisch-struktureller Veränderungen untersucht. Die Bewertung der physikalischen und chemischen Parameter der Beschichtung erfolgte durch Bioanalysen. Unter Laborbedingungen wurden die beschichteten Proben bei verschiedenen Klimabedingungen einer definierten Anzahl von Schimmelpilzsporen ausgesetzt. Nach einer Inkubationszeit von 6 Wochen erfolgte die Beurteilung des Bewuchses gemäβ einem vorgegebenen Schema. Zeitlich parallel dazu erfolgte die Bewertung des biologischen Bewuchses an Dauerproben, welche dem natürlichen Klima ausgesetzt waren. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Untersuchungen konnten wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die Besiedlung von beschichteten Holzfassaden durch Schimmelpilze gesammelt werden. Prinzipiell hat sich dabei herausgestellt, dass sich die Erkenntnisse aus den (im Vergleich zu den natürlichen Bedingungen) verschärften Labortests nur begrenzt auf relevante Praxisbedingungen übertragen lassen. Coated wooden facades underlie during their lifecycle an aging and degradation process. This process is determined by different factors: material porperties, climatic conditions and biological attack of microorganism. The main focus of this thesis was to analyze the colonization of coated wooden facades by mildews and blue stain fungi. The goal was to find correlations between certain chemical and physical parameters and the susceptibility of the surface for colonization by the fungis. In this study the different coatings systems were applied, the particular parameters were analyzed and compared with the susceptibility of the surface towards mildews and blue stain fungis. The practical work was running over 3 years. The tests were done year wise corresponding to program. After each year there was an optimization of the coating systems (concerning there chemical composition) based on the test results. With this test program two major objectives should be achieved: 1. Determination of general chemical and physical Correlation towards the biological susceptibility of coated wooden facades. 2. Development/optimization of a durable coating system for wooden facades with low biocid content and high resistance against the colonization by mildews The analyzed systems were supplied by the industrial partners and represent the state of the art of wood coating material. The industrial background of this study led to a quite heterogenic variation of the coatings. Because of its economical meaning in middle Europe spruce were used as substrate in the most of the cases. All results are directly connected to the specific coating systems. Small changes in the coating formulation will surly lead to different conclusions. The behavior of the wooden facades should be evaluated with respect to the practical use. Thats why different aging procedures were applied (natural and artificial weathering, artificial pollution of the surface, changing vapor flow). This procedure should show the influence of the climatic parameters towards the biological resistance of the probes. With respect to the physical behavior of the system coating-wood the following topics were investigated: Mechanics of the coating (hardness, glas-transition-temperature, adhesion, crack development) Hygroscopic behavior of the system coating-wood (water vapor diffusion, water consumption) Morphology of the surface (roughness, surface tension, spore adhesion) With the help of nanoparticles in the top coat it was tried to modify the surface properties in order to reduce the susceptibility of the surface towards a microbiological attack. As the main biocid substance IPBC were used and analyzed. The diffusion and degradation process of IPBC in the coating were described and investigated. With the FT-IR technology it was attempted to analyze certain changes in the chemical structure of the surface (biocid degradation, polymerization reactions). The evaluation of the physical and chemical properties was done by the bio tests. The samples were inoculated by a specified number of spores and incubated under different conditions in the laboratory. After 6 weeks of incubation the samples were evaluated following a specified scheme. A weathering test under natural conditions was running parallel and the evaluation of the colonization by fungis was done accordingly. Within this study valuable results could be achieved concerning the colonization by mildews of coated wooden facades. Generally it can be pointed out, the extreme conditions during the laboratory tests do not correlate very good with the experiences from the field trials.
The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was Norway spruce, al- though neither species could be treated to the standards of the American Wood-Preservers'Association for dimension lumber without incising. Treatment was better with ammonia-based solutions, reflecting the ability of these systems to overcome the effects of pit as- piration and encrustation, and their ability to swell the wood to improve permeability. The results indicate that successful treatment of both species will require the use of incising. In addition, further research will be required to identify suitable schedules for success- fully treating Norway spruce with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate.
Preservative Treatment of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce.’’ For Meddelande, Svenska Damp-ProofingAssociation
- R Rhatigan
- C Freitag
Rhatigan,R, Freitag, C, ‘‘Preservative Treatment of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce.’’ For. Prod. J., 54 91–94 (2004) 22. Meddelande, Svenska Damp-ProofingAssociation, El-Kasmi,S,Morrell, JJ, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 7 (6) 721–726, 2010 726
Methods of Applying Preservatives
- Britishwood Preserving
- Manual
BritishWood Preserving BWPA Manual: Methods of Applying Preservatives. BWPA, London, UK (1988
Blue Stain Resistance of Exterior Wood Coatings as a Function of their Typology
- J Van Acker
- M Stevens
- C Brauwers
- V Rijckaert
- E Mol
Preservative Treatment of Spruce and Other Refractory Species
- E F Baines
- J Saur
Preservative Treatment of Spruce: Possibilities and Requirements
- J Boutelje