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Prevalence and Seasonal Distribution of Dengue Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Ae. Aegypti) is a cosmo-tropical, urban, peri-domestic mosquito, was established as the primary indigenous vector of recent urban dengue virus outbreaks in Jeddah and Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Dengue virus activity has never been reported in Al-Madinah. An entomological survey was carried out to document prevalence and seasonal distribution of Aedes mosquitoes for the first time in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Western Saudi Arabia. Adult Aedes were collected for a year from July 2008 to June 2009, using standardized sampling with overnight; Black Hole UV trap produces CO2 and morning; knockdown Spray-sheet method. Ae. aegypti was the only identified Aedes mosquito species in all surveyed residential areas in Al-Madinah. A total of 463 Ae. aegypti adult mosquitoes were identified; 300 (64.8%) females and 163 (35.2%) males. It was abundant year round with varying density among months; it peaked at April. Density of Ae. aegypti intra-domiciliary was higher than extra-domiciliary stations and inflated by a greater proportion of female mosquitoes. Non-fed females were significantly outnumbered blood-fed females. These results necessitate further epidemiological surveillance, and implicate regular strict monitoring of Ae. aegypti in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, to overrule the possibility of Ae. aegypti establishment in Al-Madinah
... This provides a viable transportation route for A. aegypti formosus from Africa to Saudi Arabia. The presence of A. aegypti formosus in Saudi Arabia has been suggested previously (El-Badry & Al Ali, 2010), and the argument put forward that divergent mtDNA clades in Saudi Arabia support this (Khater et al., 2021). However, the presence of both these clades throughout Africa as well as other tropical countries (Bennett et al., 2016) means such conclusions cannot be drawn from mtDNA. ...
... Aedes aegypti, Aedes formosus, Arabian Peninsula, genetic diversity, microsatellites, mosquitoes, population genetics, Saudi Arabia the widespread use of air-conditioning systems, the water containers of which provide common breeding sites for A. aegypti, results in a high abundance of adult A. aegypti inside houses (Ali et al., 2021;Khater et al., 2021). A. aegypti is abundant year-round with density reported to peak in April in Madinah (El-Badry & Al Ali, 2010), January to March in Makkah (Aziz et al., 2012), December and January in Jeddah (Mahyoub, 2015), and November and December in Jazan (Alahmed et al., 2010). ...
The Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) mosquito is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika and is well established today all over the world. The species comprises two forms: the ancestral form found throughout Africa and a global domestic form that spread to the rest of the tropics and subtropics. In Saudi Arabia, A. aegypti has been known in the southwest since 1956, and previous genetic studies clustered A. aegypti from Saudi Arabia with the global domestic form. The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic structure of A. aegypti in Saudi Arabia and determine their geographic origin. Genetic data for 17 microsatellites were collected for A. aegypti ranging from the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia on the border of Yemen to the north‐west in Madinah region as well as from Thailand and Uganda populations (as representatives of the ancestral African and global domestic forms, respectively). The low but significant level of genetic structuring in Saudi Arabia was consistent with long‐distance dispersal capability possibly through road connectivity and human activities, that is, passive dispersal. There are two main genetic groupings in Saudi Arabia, one of which clusters with the Ugandan population and the other with the Thailand population with many Saudi Arabian individuals having mixed ancestry. The hypothesis of genetic admixture of the ancestral African and global domestic forms in Saudi Arabia was supported by approximate Bayesian computational analyses. The extent of admixture varied across Saudi Arabia. African ancestry was highest in the highland area of the Jazan region followed by the lowland Jazan and Sahil regions. Conversely, the western (Makkah, Jeddah and Madinah) and Najran populations corresponded to the global domesticated form. Given potential differences between the forms in transmission capability, ecology and behaviour, the findings here should be taken into account in vector control efforts in Saudi Arabia.
... According to Forattini, the city surroundings favours Aedes aegypti, whereas rural and suburban areas favour Aedes albopictus. 12 This environmental affect would possibly additionally be related to the ecology, biology, and behavior of these species, which have outstanding qualities however sharing exclusive qualities. The urban surroundings favours Aedes aegypti, which permits the female to feed on human blood inside houses. ...
Background: There are various varieties of habitats that have specific characteristics of water for the breeding of mosquito. A house-to-house cross-sectional entomological survey used to be carried out at per domestic area to become aware of larval breeding sites. Aedes aeygypti used to be primary vector and Aedes albopictus used to be predominant species in container-breeding habitats. Most breeding habitats have been category into excessive stage of larval density. Turbidity, pH, TOC, magnesium, calcium and sodium is amongst the characteristics that indicates a significant difference with larval density and species composition respectively. This study personal based entomological research and funding carried out by corresponding author. Students of zoology department of Rajshahi university involved in this research. Students were working as a research assistant for this study. Aim of this study was to assess determination of prevalence, density and breeding place of Aedes mosquito in Rajshahi city corporation. Methods: This observational study carried out 30 wards in Rajshahi city corporation areas have been surveyed in department of communicable diseases control, director general of health services, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Duration of study 3 years. Total 3 surveys were conducted in each year; pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon total 9 surveys conducted by this 3 years survey period. Data entered in MS excel and statistical analysis done by SPSS trial version. Results: This study shows that according to breeding area of 2020-2022. Here, total surveyed household were 8100. Total positive Wet container were 474 and positive place were 473 in these three years survey. Conclusions: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are properly established inside urban places. Meteorological variables additionally affected mosquito populations. Characteristics of mosquito breeding area can affect larval density and give impact quality of life.
... Furthermore, the KSA is host to a highly mobile and transient population of expatriates, workers, and pilgrims undergoing the Umrah and the Hajj. As infected travelers return from endemic areas or travel between regions of the KSA with established populations of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus, local viral transmission can easily be introduced [8,9]. ...
Since 1994, dengue fever (DF) transmission rates have increased significantly in Saudi Arabia (KSA). Climatic, geographic, and demographic conditions make KSA especially suitable for DF’s spread. Still, there are insufficient strategies for controlling the Aedes species that transmit DF virus (DENV). To develop effective management strategies, it is necessary to identify Aedes species and the ecological habitat of larvae in Makkah Al-Mokarramah, KSA. We conducted a longitudinal survey of Aedes mosquitoes in 14 localities from January 2015 to December 2015. World Health Organization (WHO) inspection kits for larvae were used to detect and sample larvae, along with pictorial keys. A total of 42,981 potential Aedes larval breeding sites were surveyed. A total of 5403 (12.6%) sites had at least one water source positive for Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes. Among the total of 15,133 water sources surveyed within the sampled sites, 1815 (12.0%) were positive for Aedes aegypti. Aedes aegypti was the only Aedes species identified in the course of the survey. The presence of such a large immature population may indicate an imminent outbreak of DF in the near future unless proper implementation of control and elimination of Aedes aegypti are undertaken. Additionally, the adaptation of Aedes aegypti to the arid climate of Makkah needs further investigation.
... Mosquitoes are dipterans of the family Culicidae and are important in public health because of the bloodsucking habits of the females and transmission of important human diseases such as yellow fever, malaria, filariasis, and dengue [1]. Mosquitoes have three subfamilies namely, Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchintae. ...
Mosquito borne diseases have continued to ravage man and his animals despite efforts to curb its spread. The use of chemicals has been the main thrust for control of all life stages of mosquitoes. Increased resistance to commonly used insecticides has called for renewed effort for vector control. Environmental management for vector control is one of the new strategies developed to tackle the menace of vectors. Manipulation of abiotic factors has widely gained acceptance due to laboratory and semi-field trials and findings. In this chapter, we reviewed literatures on some critical abiotic factors and their effects on bionomics and biological fitness of immature and adult life stages of mosquito species. We also looked at prospects for developing protocols based on these findings.
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
Adulticidal Activity of Combrentum micratum leaf extract against Female An. gambiae (Culucidae: Diptera) Aminu M. A. et al., DUJOPAS 8 (4a): 180-191, 2022 181 Abstract Adulticidal activity of Combrentum micratum was carried out against Anopheles gambiae. Combretum micratum leaves were obtained from Goron-maje town, Dambatta Local Government Area in Kano Nigeria State. The prepared test concentration of plant extract was volumetrically diluted in methanol solvent using standard method. One (1) mL Combretum micratum was diluted in methanol and prepared using 2, 4 and 6% concentrations respectively. Each test concentration was repeated four (4) times and each replicate was subjected to different volunteers to nullify any effect of repellent on their kin. Volunteers were asked to follow the testing protocol. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended percentage protection in relation to concentration and method was used. Combretum micratum extracts was evaluated for their repellent activities against adult female Anopheles gambiae using the human bait technique. The results showed that C. micratum had adulticidal activity against Anopheles mosquitoes tested with strong repellency actions on volunteers A, B, and C with complete protection time (CPT); A (30.73%), B (33.33%) and C (16.66%) when compared to the control employed. For all the treated groups, methanol extract showed low biting activity compare to control with highest biting deterrence recorded for each concentration 0.2mL, 0.3mL and 0.4mL respectively. The findings in this study has revealed that the extracts from the leaves of C. micratum possessed potent effect on repellency against adult female Anopheles mosquitoes and may therefore serve as a potential source for the control of adult mosquitoes
A review of the extant literature reveals the extent to which the spread of communicable diseases will be significantly impacted by climate change. Specific research into how this will likely be observed in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is, however, greatly lacking. This report summarises the unique public health challenges faced by the GCC countries in the coming century, and outlines the need for greater investment in public health research and disease surveillance to better forecast the imminent epidemiological landscape. Significant data gaps currently exist regarding vector occurrence, spatial climate measures, and communicable disease case counts in the GCC - presenting an immediate research priority for the region. We outline policy work necessary to strengthen public health interventions, and to facilitate evidence-driven mitigation strategies. Such research will require a transdisciplinary approach, utilising existing cross-border public health initiatives, to ensure that such investigations are well-targeted and effectively communicated.
Adulticidal activity of Combrentum micratum was carried out against Anopheles gambiae. Combretum
micratum leaves were obtained from Goron-maje town, Dambatta Local Government Area in Kano
Nigeria State. The prepared test concentration of plant extract was volumetrically diluted in methanol
solvent using standard method. One (1) mL Combretum micratum was diluted in methanol and
prepared using 2, 4 and 6% concentrations respectively . Each test concentration was repeated four (4)
times and each replicate was subjected to different volunteers to nullify any effect of repellent on their
kin. Volunteers were asked to follow the testing protocol. The World Health Organization (WHO)
recommended percentage protection in relation to concentration and method was used. Combretum
micratum extracts was evaluated for their repellent activities against adult female Anopheles gambiae
using the human bait technique. The results showed that C. micratum had adulticidal activity against
Anopheles mosquitoes tested with strong repellency actions on volunteers A, B, and C with complete
protection time (CPT); A (30.73%), B (33.33%) and C (16.66%) when compared to the control
employed. For all the treated groups, methanol extract showed low biting activity compare to control
with highest biting deterrence recorded for each concentration 0.2mL, 0.3mL and 0.4mL respectively.
The findings in this study has revealed that the extracts from the leaves of C. micratum possessed
potent effect on repellency against adult female Anopheles mosquitoes and may therefore serve as a
potential source for the control of adult mosquitoes
Adulticidal activity of Combrentum micratum was carried out against Anopheles gambiae. Combretum
micratum leaves were obtained from Goron-maje town, Dambatta Local Government Area in Kano
Nigeria State. The prepared test concentration of plant extract was volumetrically diluted in methanol
solvent using standard method. One (1) mL Combretum micratum was diluted in methanol and
prepared using 2, 4 and 6% concentrations respectively . Each test concentration was repeated four (4)
times and each replicate was subjected to different volunteers to nullify any effect of repellent on their
kin. Volunteers were asked to follow the testing protocol. The World Health Organization (WHO)
recommended percentage protection in relation to concentration and method was used. Combretum
micratum extracts was evaluated for their repellent activities against adult female Anopheles gambiae
using the human bait technique. The results showed that C. micratum had adulticidal activity against
Anopheles mosquitoes tested with strong repellency actions on volunteers A, B, and C with complete
protection time (CPT); A (30.73%), B (33.33%) and C (16.66%) when compared to the control
employed. For all the treated groups, methanol extract showed low biting activity compare to control
with highest biting deterrence recorded for each concentration 0.2mL, 0.3mL and 0.4mL respectively.
The findings in this study has revealed that the extracts from the leaves of C. micratum possessed
potent effect on repellency against adult female Anopheles mosquitoes and may therefore serve as a
potential source for the control of adult mosquitoes
Adulticidal Activity of Combrentum micratum leaf extract against Female An. gambiae (Culucidae: Diptera) Aminu M. A. et al., DUJOPAS 8 (4a): 180-191, 2022 181 Abstract Adulticidal activity of Combrentum micratum was carried out against Anopheles gambiae. Combretum micratum leaves were obtained from Goron-maje town, Dambatta Local Government Area in Kano Nigeria State. The prepared test concentration of plant extract was volumetrically diluted in methanol solvent using standard method. One (1) mL Combretum micratum was diluted in methanol and prepared using 2, 4 and 6% concentrations respectively. Each test concentration was repeated four (4) times and each replicate was subjected to different volunteers to nullify any effect of repellent on their kin. Volunteers were asked to follow the testing protocol. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended percentage protection in relation to concentration and method was used. Combretum micratum extracts was evaluated for their repellent activities against adult female Anopheles gambiae using the human bait technique. The results showed that C. micratum had adulticidal activity against Anopheles mosquitoes tested with strong repellency actions on volunteers A, B, and C with complete protection time (CPT); A (30.73%), B (33.33%) and C (16.66%) when compared to the control employed. For all the treated groups, methanol extract showed low biting activity compare to control with highest biting deterrence recorded for each concentration 0.2mL, 0.3mL and 0.4mL respectively. The findings in this study has revealed that the extracts from the leaves of C. micratum possessed potent effect on repellency against adult female Anopheles mosquitoes and may therefore serve as a potential source for the control of adult mosquitoes
Dengue verus (DEN-2) was first isolated from a fatal case of dengue haemorhagic (DHF) in an adult in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 1994. A surveillance system for dengue was established in 1994 and since then clinical, virological, serological and RT-PCR techniques were used to confirm dengue cases and, as a guide, to implement vector control measures in risk areas. During February 1994-December 2002, a total of 1,020 suspected clinical cases were examined by laboratory methods. Dengue virus infection was confirmed in 319 (31.3%) cases, 209 by virus isolation and the rest by serological techniques. DEN-2, and DEN-3 were detected between 1994 and 2002 in that order of frequency. Using IgG immunoflorescent assay or haemagglutination - inhibition (HI) test, the prevalence of dengue reactive antibodies in the suspected group was confirmed in 515 (50.5%) of the 1,020 samples tested. The application of reverse transciptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on culture-positive blood samples gave a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and allowed rapid diagnosis within one day. All cases that were diagnosed by laboratory methods as dengue had leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes, ALT-AST. There were only two fatal cases; one of dengue haemorrhagic fever and another of dengue shock syndrome. It can be said that: (i) three dengue serotypes (DEN 1, 2 and 3) were detected in Jeddah; (ii) nearly all cases were non-complicated, 99.4% of them were of dengue fever; (iii) prevalence of dengue antibodies was in 50.5% of all suspected cases; and (iv) RT-PCR is a rapid, sensitive and effective method for diagnosis. Limited rains, active case-finding and effective anti-mosquito measures helped to bring the disease under control and were probably responsible for the very small numbers of new indigenous dengue cases after the 1994 outbreak.
The Aedes mosquito species are capable of maintaining the circulation of viruses only by the strategy of transovarial transmission and diapause of eggs. It is found that when the transovarial transmission is inhibited, the survival time of the presence of viruses in a given mosquito habitat is limited from above by the eggs lifetime. In contrast, when the transovarial transmission is turned on, the infection persistence time may largely exceed both the eggs lifetime and flooding period depending upon the production rate of infected eggs. We present a simple model allowing the derivation of analytical expressions of the infection persistence time.
Identification keys are provided for female adults and fourth stage larvae of the mosquito species likely to transmit dengue viruses in 4 regions of the world. The keys are illustrated with Auto-Montage(R) photomicrographs, allowing optimum depth of field and resolution. Species included for the Afrotropical Region are: Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), Ae. (Stg.) africanus (Theobald), Ae. (Stg.) albopictus (Skuse), Ae. (Stg.) luteocephalus (Newstead), Ae. (Stg.) opok Corbet and Van Someren, Ae. (Diceromyia) furcifer (Edwards), and Ae. (Dic.) taylori Edwards; for the South Pacific Islands and Australian Region: Ae. (Stg.) aegypti, Ae. (Stg.) albopictus, Ae. (Stg.) cooki Belkin, Ae. (Stg.) hebrideus Edwards, Ae. (Stg.) hensilli Farner, Ae. (Stg.) polynesiensis Marks, Ae. (Stg.) rotumae Belkin, Ae. (Stg.) scutellaris (Walker), and Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse); for the Oriental Region: Ae. (Stg.) aegypti, Ae. (Stg.) albopictus, and Oc. (Fin.) niveus subgroup; and for the American Region (North, Central and South America, including the Caribbean Islands): Ae. (Stg.) aegypti, Ae. (Stg.) albopictus, and Oc. (Gymnometopa) mediovittatus (Coquillett).
Dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. In 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 25,000 deaths annually. The reasons for this resurgence and emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the waning years of the 20th century are complex and not fully understood, but demographic, societal, and public health infrastructure changes in the past 30 years have contributed greatly. This paper reviews the changing epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever by geographic region, the natural history and transmission cycles, clinical diagnosis of both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, serologic and virologic laboratory diagnoses, pathogenesis, surveillance, prevention, and control. A major challenge for public health officials in all tropical areas of the world is to devleop and implement sustainable prevention and control programs that will reverse the trend of emergent dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Considerable attention has recently been drawn at a global level to the serious threat to humans by the new, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Among the infectious vector-borne diseases, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, plague, malaria, leishmaniasis, rodent-borne viruses and arboviruses are considered to be persisting, and sometimes re-emerging, with serious threats to human health. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, dengue, malaria and leishmaniasis are the significant vector-borne diseases. This article discusses the role of vectors in the re-emergence of malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue fever and their control.
Samples of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) were collected in three principal habitats, domestic, peridomestic and feral, in the Rabai area in eastern Kenya. The samples from the domestic habitat represent the population of the domestic form, A. a. aegypti, and the feral samples from tree holes from Bejumwa Forest represent the feral subspecies, A. a. formosus (Wlk.). The peridomestic samples from steps cut into trunks of coconut palms most probably represent hybrids between the domestic and the feral forms. These samples were brought to the laboratory where they reproduced in high numbers, and crosses were made between the three populations. Adults of the parental populations and those resulting from the crosses were marked with different colours of fluorescent pigments, released in the peridomestic habitat in the Rabai area and subsequently recaptured in biting catches on man in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. The results indicate that domesticity, particularly house-entering behaviour, in A. aegypti is genetically controlled and is a product of the action of several genes. The gene action in terms of house-entering behaviour is additive as can be clearly seen from the recapture data for the various crosses. The percentage entering houses was highest among mosquitoes of the form from inside houses (the domestic A. a. aegypti population (D)) and the percentages decreased progressively through the peridomestic (P) and hybrid forms to the feral population of A. a. formosus (F) in the following manner: D (45·)DP (15 ·5), PD (13·9), P (9·8), DF (5·7), FD (73·), PF (1·5), FP. (0·6) and F (0·6).The recaptures outdoors were in the reverse order, the highest percentage being for F (187·) and the lowest for D (8·5), DP (8·0) and PD (7·7). The data suggest that the larvae from the peridomestic habitat may represent hybrids between the domestic and feral formsA model for the inheritance of behavioural characters in mosquitoes is presented. On the basis of isolating mechanisms and partial hybridisation, it is concluded that A. a. aegypti and A. a. formosus have developed as geographically isolated allopatric populations. This supports the existing polytypic concept of speciation in A. aegypti. Spatial distribution, non-random mating and the existing series of isolating mechanisms indicate that the domestic type form has been introduced into East Africa, most probably on ships.
In order to understand adquately the dynamics of vector-borne disease, one must understand how and why vector populations change over time. We describe a long-term, cooperative study of seasonal fluctuation in populations of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Puerto Rico. During each month of the first 3 years of the project, A. aegypti was found breeding in all five communities studied. Mosquito density was positively correlated with rainfall, the relationship being more marked in the dry, south-coastal part of the island. Discarded tires and animal watering pans were the two most common larval breeding sites. In general, houses in Puerto Rico harbor more potential A. aegypti breeding sites than those in other tropical locations, probably because Puerto Rico is relatively more affluent.
One hundred and eighty premises in each of three distinct economic income levels within the urbanized area of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana were inspected for artificial containers producing mosquitoes. Census tracts, and their accompanying descriptive statistics were used to objectively quantify each of the income levels studied. Differences, presumably due to living conditions associated with income level, were found for the amount, type and condition of the containers encountered in each area, as well as between species composition and the extent of production. Overall, low income areas produced more mosquitoes than either of the other two areas, mainly as a result of the types of containers present.