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Case Study Research Design & Methods
... Reige (2003) indicates that case study research techniques can establish construct validity, and an acceptable degree of reliability if they are able to maintain a chain of evidence, using multiple sources of evidence, and give full account of the situation based on the case study protocol (Reige, 2003, p. 79). These are important elements for the case study framework developed by Yin (2004) and used in this thesis. ...
... The dominantly qualitative nature of this research requires paying specific detail to the transcription and management of data collected. The second principle of Yin's (2004) framework in building a case study after identifying the sources was to create a database that captures the evidence generated: "The only essential characteristic of the notes are that they may be organised, categorised, complete, and available for later access" (Yin, 2004, p. 103). ...
... The data presented under each proposition followed a theory-building structure based on an interpretive content analysis approach (Yin, 2004) to categorically reveal a new part of the theoretical argument being made: "If structured well, the entire sequence produces a compelling argument that can be most impressive" (Yin, 2004, page 154). Data captured was categorised and presented to illustrate the responses as they emerge following a grounded approach to construct key findings. ...
This thesis examines how investing in tourism education was explored as an attractive national development policy in Yemen, where this education would provide the human capital needed for the sector to grow. This examination adopted a dual lens, namely the lens of policy makers responsible for the creation of this educational process as well as that of the students involved. The underlying thought for this research can be summed up in the simple notion: How successful is an educational institution in creating human capital for the tourism sector as seen by both the policymakers and the young people engaged? Responding to this question requires considering the intended goals of both policymakers and students, seen as to accelerate national development and individual wellbeing respectively. Investigating this question is important, particularly given Yemen’s developmental status as a Least Developed Country (LDC) experiencing recurrent cycles of instability, and based on the human capital premise that investing in education contributes positively to achieving development outcomes across the board. For this research, I used a purpose-built vocational training institute as a case study to understand more about how tourism education as an instrument to achieve development goals was understood, formulated, and executed. I relied on official documentation as well as primary data collected through interviews and focus group discussions to build the case study. Those interviewed included high-level officials and other experts as key informants, as well as students who were also engaged through in-depth focus group discussions. The collection of primary data from students enrolled in the institution was useful not only in understanding their perceptions towards the human capital development process through the institution, but also to learn more about issues that potentially contributed to the frustrations that were expressed in the Arab spring events of 2011. My research indicated that the conceptual framework used to guide policymaking in the case of NAHOTI was rather under informed and missed several important elements, thereby limiting the contributions of tourism education to development goals as intended. For example, an evaluation of evidence-based policy options was largely absent, and the process excluded taking into account the views and priorities of the young people despite their central role and contributions to the success of this process. This led to a range of complications that affected the viability of tourism education as a development instrument as evident in the case study. Furthermore, the research revealed another dynamics relating to expectations on returns to investment in education at both the public and private levels. For instance, the students’ expectations from the case study institution were based on their employability interests towards improving their economic prospects, and therefore they viewed the educational process in the institution largely as a means to an end in terms of improving their access to the labour market. This did not only affect their potential contributions to the tourism sector, but also added to their frustrations and disenfranchisement with governance processes at large. Finally, this research concludes with a number of findings and policy implications for the prospects of investing in human capital for development. It also proposes a range of recommendations to maximising the potential contributions of students in building human capital, through adopting a number of participatory and inclusive social dialogue measures within human capital development frameworks.
... The research objective, i.e., to investigate the use of agile practices in a company having both distributed offices as well as teleworking arrangements, has been investigated via an exploratory holistic case study [42] making use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. ...
... CTO. All interviews were conducted using an interview guide [42], lasted on average roughly one hour, and were recorded for post analysis. All but one interview, which was performed through a Slack-call (Ukraine developer), were conducted face-to-face in a meeting room. ...
... In this section, we will discuss the threats to the validity of this study following the basic scheme that distinguishes among construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability [42]. Internal validity will be skipped, for with this empirical study based on qualitative data we are not attempting to proving logical relationships among the concepts presented. ...
Background: Agile and distributed software development are two trends that continue to increase rapidly in today's software industry. Even though the benefits achievable by combining them are potentially many, the intrinsic challenges of such marriage often lead to severe complications that can jeopardize the successful completion of software projects. Method: To investigate empirically how these two trends can coexist without compromising on the agile core values and principles, we conducted an exploratory holistic case study. Focusing on the development team of a Danish SME having both distributed offices as well as teleworking arrangements, we showcase (the evolution of) their practices. Results: The case is an example of the effective application of the agile reflective culture that allowed the company to evolve to a level in which the col-location restrictions of agile software development are overcome by a continuously evolving software process geared towards reducing waste to achieve speed and simplicity. Conclusions: Even though results need to be considered carefully due to the single nature of the reported case, we highlight five elements that have been fundamental in such journey: agile servant-leader, agile team, trust, virtual work environment, inspect & adapt, and reduce waste. Extensive information is provided to frame the context and to allow meaningful future comparisons.
... Semi-structured interviews were chosen to ensure the openness of the conversation, while allowing the topics of interest to be fully explored [36]. All interviews have been carried out using the interview guide proposed by Yin [45]. Each interview lasted about one hour and was recorded for post analysis. ...
... We discuss the threats to the validity of this study following the basic scheme that distinguishes among construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability [45]. Internal validity will be skipped, for with this study as we, based on qualitative data, not attempt to prove logical relationships among the concepts presented. ...
... Reliability. To ensure reliability [45] and to reduce the risk of single-researcher bias, all eld activities, but three interviews, were performed by at least two researchers. With regards to the data analysis, this was initially performed by two researchers until the coding scheme stabilized and, afterwards, meetings were arranged including often up to four researchers to discuss, clarify, and proceed in the generation of clusters and themes. ...
Even though agile methods have been flourishing in the last decades, their implementation in (globally) distributed arrangements still present hard challenges. Due to this tension, practices are either modified or added to compensate with the additional control required by the setup. In this paper, we present a case study about a company that managed to incrementally design a process that does not compromise the foundations of the agile philosophy by embracing the characteristics of distributed development. We show how a virtual work environment has been crafted by continuously improving practices and carefully selecting technologies to allow each team member to fully participate regardless of the actual physical location. Aware of the single nature limitation of the reported case, we present extensive information to frame the context allowing meaningful comparisons by researchers and providing concrete examples for practitioners.
... For BMS (cf. Yin, 2009;Ghauri, 2004), the most relevant strand of patternmatching-related literature comes from the applied field of programme evaluation (e.g. Marquart 1989;1990). ...
... Yin 2009). Figure 2 demonstrates the parallels between the general theory of pattern matching and the characteristics of Yin's (2009) explanatory case study design. ...
... While there is an initial definition of research questions, and preferably an a priori specification of a tentative analytical framework or initial template (cf. King 2014;Yin 2009), this translates into more basic theoretical patterns than in the case of an explanatory case study design. The emphasis is on exploration and theory building based on the patterns that emerge from the collected data (cf. ...
In this chapter, the focus is on the demonstration of how pattern matching principles can be used in the design and implementation of qualitative research. Pattern matching aims at externalising implicit mental models and assumptions as much as possible. This helps the readers of the qualitative piece of work to retrace the thought processes of the investigators and to better understand how and why they arrived at the presented conclusions. Fundamentally, pattern matching involves the comparison of a predicted theoretical pattern with an observed empirical pattern. The underlying assumption is that human beings make sense of the world by comparing what they observe externally to internal mental models (Hammond 1966a). As a consequence, even in cases where the pattern match is not made explicit, it is still present to a certain degree. At the same time, the purposeful application of the pattern-matching logic will result in a more rigorous and structured research process and write-up as it requires systematic planning, including as much advance conceptualisation work as possible and detailed documentation throughout the entire project.
... For this article, the informants were learners, teachers and head teachers in three schools in deep, rural area: Nandi of Kenya. The triangulation of sources provided different points of view and enhanced the validity of the findings (Stake 1995;Yin 2003). The data were collected while the learners were in their first term of standard eight, when they had had experiences with different languages from when they enrolled in preprimary school for three years, and for at least seven years in primary school. ...
... This pre-knowledge enhanced the validity and reliability of the findings (cf. Miles and Huberman 1994;Yin 2003). During the analysis process, the data were examined, and an overall understanding was developed (cf. ...
The connection between multilingualism and the school curriculum continues to engender debates on language preferences because of the potential to influence the amount of learning among learners. To understand language preferences among multilingual learners and their implications for the selection of the medium of instruction (MoI) in a multilingual country, data were collected through questionnaires and interviews among learners, teachers and head teachers in deep, rural Kenyan primary schools. These schools are located away from urban centres, with little or no basic infrastructure, hence the concept of "deep ruralness". The participants were purposively sampled from among learners, teachers and head teachers to examine how learners' affiliations with multilingualism could explain the preferred MoI, and the ways through which schools implement the use of an MoI in the curriculum. The findings show that Kiswahili and English were used as the MoI, even when the curriculum recommended indigenous languages and English. Moreover, learners' multilingual affiliations and their spontaneous languages were their indigenous languages and Kiswahili. Based on these findings, we claim that the indigenous language, Kiswahili and English should be used as the languages of instruction in Kenyan schools.
... Data triangulation: A major strength of case studies is the possibility of using many different sources of evidence [16]. This issue was taken into account through the use of surveys and interviews with different types of participants from different environments with various levels of skills and experience, and through the use of several observations as well as feedback from those involved in the study. ...
... Internal validity is only a concern for an explanatory case study [16]. Internal validity focuses on establishing a causal relationship between students and educational constraints. ...
Extreme Programming (XP) has been called one of the most successful methods in software development. XP comprises a set of practices designed to work together to provide value to the customer. During the XP lifecycle, developers and customers regularly encounter situations in which they need to make decisions or evaluate factors. This affects the development process and team productivity. We propose to use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a means to systematize and streamline the decision process. AHP eliminates conflict because it elaborates input from every member of the team. Thus, the adoption of AHP can help accomplish XP values and fulfill team needs. This paper presents an example of applying the AHP to decide which testing technique to adopt depending on a series of project-specific parameters.
... A case study research methodology 11 was used for gathering data on the development of family medicine and primary care in selected countries. This method is ideal for capturing a process or phenomenon, and for understanding how family medicine implementation works and why it works in a particular way. ...
... This method is ideal for capturing a process or phenomenon, and for understanding how family medicine implementation works and why it works in a particular way. 11 Study coinvestigators in Canada, Brazil, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Kenya, and Mali were selected through a convenience sample. They included members of the Global Health Committee of the College of Family Physicians of Canada and international collaborators of several academic Canadian Family Medicine Departments. ...
Background and objectives:
There is a limited evidentiary base on the development of family medicine in different contexts and countries. The lack of evidence impedes our ability to compare and characterize family medicine models and identify areas of success that have led to the effective provision of care. This paper offers a comparative compilation and analysis of the development of family medicine training programs in seven countries: Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Kenya, and Mali.
Methods:
Using qualitative case studies, this paper examines the process of developing family medicine programs, including enabling strategies and barriers, and shared lessons. An appreciative inquiry framework and complex adaptive systems thinking inform our qualitative study.
Results:
Committed partnerships, the contribution of champions, health policy, and adaptability were identified as key enablers in all seven case studies. The case studies further reveal that some enablers were more salient in certain contexts as compared to others, and that it is the interaction of enablers that is crucial for understanding how and why initiatives succeeded. The barriers that emerged across the seven case studies include: (1) resistance from other medical specialties, (2) lack of resources and capabilities, (3) difficulty in sustaining support of champions, and (4) challenges in brokering effective partnerships.
Conclusions:
A key insight from this study is that the implementation of family medicine is nonlinear, dynamic, and complex. The findings of this comparative analysis offer insights and strategies that can inform the design and development of family medicine programs elsewhere.
... In this research, we employ exploratory case studies in collecting data. A case study should be regarded if the research is focused on the studying of answers the 'how' and 'why' questions ( Yin, 2003). The case study method was chosen because the cases can generate and gather the indepth ideas of participants from those target family SMEs. ...
... The reliable sources for case studies consisted of documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant-observation and physical artifacts ( Yin, 2003). In this research we adopted the structured interview method. ...
... The small student sample may have also affected the credibility of our results (e.g. ANOVA analysis), affecting conclusion validity referring to the degree to which conclusions we reach about relationships in our data are reasonable, and internal validity (the extent to which observed causal relationships exist within the data and whether our inferences are valid) [18]. Not all students that attended the courses answered the questionnaire of the study and it was not possible to have the view of the PM of 2 teams. ...
Software Engineering education requires exposing students to real-world problems providing a framework to simulate real-world conditions. For this purpose, computer science students usually work in teams with each member undertaking a specific role. In this paper, we are discussing our experiences when adopting a different approach to teaching software engineering courses. In an attempt to provide students the possibility to develop different skills at each education level, we brought together undergraduate and postgraduate students in the same team with postgraduates adopting the role of a software project manager. Different roles were assigned to the undergraduate students in the team by the project manager, but all students worked towards the same goal. We present in this paper the approach followed and how we applied it, we discuss the exchange of skills among the team members, and finally, a discussion is provided on the lessons learned from our side and the students' point of view.
... All this has been done in order to get acquainted with the territory and to acquire some basic metacommunicative competence (Briggs, 1986), i.e. some basic social-cultural and socio-linguistic competence, before starting the interviews. Throughout the case-studies I have, following Yin (1989), tried to use as many types of sources as possible, within reasonable limits. Written material of several kinds, interviews and direct observations have been used, often and whenever possible pertaining in one sense or another to the same phenomena. ...
The purpose of the thesis is to investigate, from different perspectives, the functions of accounting. This is done from accounting theoretical, philosophical, historical and contemporary empirical perspectives respectively. Accounting has long been a social practice that fulfils a variety of functions in organisational life. Still, accounting theories postulate a single function for accounting when investigating its properties, or when suggesting improvements in existing practice. The different functions that are assigned to accounting by different theoretical approaches are explored in the thesis. Apparently, the inconsistencies between different perspectives cannot be resolved within a common conceptual or theoretical framework for accounting. To shed light on the heterogeneity of accounting theory, a philosophical framework for inquiry is elucidated, mainly developed from insights that draw upon language philosophy. Two fundamental results that are important for the remaining investigation are: the need to understand the meaning and functions of accounting both as the result of historical processes and in terms of contextual contingencies. The former leads to a synoptic study of historical forms of accounting practice and the latter to a collection of contemporary case-studies of accounting in different settings. After thematising and discussing functions of accounting that have recurrently popped up during the investigations, the thesis re-addresses the problem of functional conflict in accounting practice and the lack of a common theoretical framework, this time to show how that accounting has no essence and that harbouring functional tensions is also what makes it a living and versatile practice. However, it is also a practice that will be the constant battleground over meaning, not least since the way it is performed influences resource-allocation and, ultimately, daily action.
... Thus, the Box acted as a technology probe [28] allowing us to collect insights on how practices were carried out during the intervention. Since washing clothes is a practice consisting of rich household routines and various social norms, we view each family as a separate case that is highly unique with quite complex social and physical structures [72]. Finally, we position our work as a research through design [18,75] study, as the design itself (the Box) is means to do research on an area of interest (shifting for sustainability). ...
Within sustainable HCI research, we have witnessed a growing interest in studying interaction designs that support households to 'shift' energy usage to times when it is sustainably favourable. In this paper, we investigate shifting through a purposely provocative and scripted design, which challenges the idea that renewable electricity is an always-available resource for households to consume. To do so, we made electricity for washing laundry either free or not available. We conducted a detailed qualitative study with four families that experienced our intervention for a month. We present five themes that illustrate how families adapted, reflected, and formed new routines and expectations related to washing practices. We discuss the broader implications of combining scripting and provocation as a means to intervene, disrupt and understand energy consuming practices within the home.
... We studied one database product. While generalization to other software products is not possible for obvious reasons, the software system represents a critical case [33] of a relational database management system. Our experimental framework could, therefore, be applied to other projects with well-designed and controlled experiments. ...
Although software does not consume energy by itself, its characteristics determine which hardware resources are made available and how much energy is used. Therefore, energy efficiency of software products has become a popular agenda for both industry and academia in recent years. Designing such software is now a core initiative of software development companies aiming toward social responsibility. Meanwhile, however, devel- oping environmentally sustainable software products is a challenge in that performance, functionality and energy consumption can reflect conflicting goals. In this paper, our ob- jective is to analyze the effects of different features on energy consumption of the IBM DB2, a commonly used database product. The empirical work focuses on three features. We executed a workload in preconfigured software with some features enabled or disabled and with different numbers of users. To compare the different scenarios, three sets of green metrics were utilized. The metric set identified various parts of the software system where energy is consumed. Our findings may suggest that the conflicts among software system performance, functionality, and energy consumption can be mitigated by choosing a combination of features that interact in a way that improves energy efficiency. Index Terms energy consumption, green metrics, energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, software feature interaction, database.
... I elaborate on the three readings of farming as/for/from within planning after introducing the key cases as critical incidents (Flanagan 1954). Adopting a case study research method (Stake 1995;Yin 2009), I investigated two key cases-the community struggles in Choy Yuen Village and Ma Shi Po. Critical incidents are defined as "either outstandingly effective or ineffective with respect to attaining the general aims of the activity" (Flanagan 1954, 338). ...
This article presents an alternative approach to understanding urban farming. Through the lens of feminist theories of regenerative politics, it demonstrates that urban farming can be rearticulated as/for/from within a transformative planning practice. Drawing on planning practices in the less studied terrain of Hong Kong—the New Territories bordering mainland China—this article illustrates how urban farming can be seen as an enabling, cross-scale practice that nurtures the micro-politics of democracy in everyday life to reconnect and regenerate theories, practices, and boundaries.
... All of the companies are global actors. We applied design research in the form of an exploratory case study, including case design, data collection techniques and approaches to data analysis (Yin 2013). ...
Perceived quality (PQ) is one of the most important product attributes in the automotive industry that defines successful automotive design. This paper presents a new approach regarding PQ assessment by examining PQ decomposed into a structure with the top-down approach to the level of basic ("ground") attributes, covering almost every aspect of car quality perception from the engineering viewpoint. The paper proposes a novel method for PQ attributes relative importance ranking, resulting in the PQ balance of the vehicle, within the given conditions. The proposed method helps to reach the equilibrium of the vehicle's quality equation from the perspective of design effort, time and costs estimations. The authors introduce the Perceived Quality Framework (PQF), which is the taxonomy system for PQ attributes and the core of the attributes importance ranking method. The research outcomes are based on findings of qualitative exploratory study that includes the European and North American premium and luxury automotive manufacturers. To validate the proposed method, an industrial pilot study was performed with one of the automotive companies to examine the PQ attributes importance ranking obtained from automotive industry professionals. The results can significantly improve PQ assessment during all stages of product development.
Available at https://engrxiv.org/p5ytr/
... Hence, we sought to generalize the ex-ante framework through testing it by means of several novel sources of evidence. Consequently, in the β-Cycle consisting of two separate loops, we conducted additional interviews, and workshops and participant observations [51]. The workshops helped us further to explore the nature of BUCs in the asylum process. ...
The public sector presents several promising applications for blockchain technology. Global organizations and innovative ministries in countries such as Dubai, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, and Germany have recognized these potentials and have initiated projects to evaluate the adoption of blockchain technology. As these projects can have a far-reaching impact on crucial government services and processes, they should involve a particularly thorough evaluation. In this paper, we provide insights into the development of a framework to support such an evaluation for the German asylum process. We built this framework evolutionarily together with the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. Its final version consists of three levels and eighteen categories of evaluation criteria across the technical, functional and legal domains and allows specifying use-case specific key performance indicators or knockout criteria.
... La réalisation de monographies, ou étude de cas, est adaptée à cette finalité. Robert K. Yin (2003), auteur de référence en la matière, recommande l'étude de cas pour répondre aux questions « comment ? », mais aussi « pourquoi ? ...
... Responses to open-ended survey questions, field notes, and thought book data were analyzed through an iterative thematic coding procedure (Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw 1995). Because the various methods of data collection were carried out at different times, probed different concepts, and differed in depth, the various sources were triangulated to identify themes across each method and to uncover unique insights (Yin 2003). Selected examples and quotes from all three data types are used for illustrative purposes to highlight key themes identified in the analysis. ...
Burn festivals are participatory, non‐commodified festivals based in self‐expression, creativity, and community and are structured in the model of the original Burning Man festival, established in 1986. This study addresses reflexive identity processes among participants within the context of a regional burn festival. Building on prior research addressing identity processes in counter‐cultural social spheres we conceptualize a regional burn festival as a site for identity construction and maintenance. Specifically, we examine participants’ (1) involvement within this culturally subversive community as it may facilitate reflexive identity processes, (2) discursive and interactive negotiations of authenticity and who/what invokes the “spirit” of Burning Man, (3) conceptions of the relevance that this community and its guiding principles hold to participants’ everyday lives, and (4) politicized sensibilities and forms of lifestyle‐based action. Further, we specify the mechanisms through which identity is formed and elucidate the tensions involved in maintaining consistency between one's beliefs and actions while participating in festivals and living in the day‐to‐day “default” world.
... The focus of the research was on the choice between two concrete alternatives namely; ready-mixed concrete and site-batched concrete. To understand the problems around the study purpose, a case study research was adopted14 . A case study research design is defined as the practical reviews that explore an existing issue in detail and within its actual setting, particularly when the border between the phenomenology15 settings is not apparent . ...
In certain parts of the world, especially in a developing country such as South Africa, the determinant of either project failure or success is found in the quality of decisions and actions. In particular, project team decisions often lead to poor project performance. The procedure used to make project decisions has come under scrutiny on many occasions, especially in relation to concrete work. The purpose of this study to report on how to reduce the manifestation of poor decisions that always produce defects and rework in concrete tasks. The case study research design was used in the study with the aim of understanding how choosing by advantages (CBA) would chart a pathway for solutions to poor decision-making. The case studies were developed on actual projects and had multiple team perspectives. The data analysis involves triangulation of multiple sources of evidence from interviews and on-site observations. The research sought answers to “what are the causes of defects and rework in the concrete task; and how the decision-making mechanism is defining the completion of the concrete task?” To answer the research questions, multiple case studies were adopted to gain an in-depth understanding regarding the decision-making method chosen when working with concrete tasks while introducing the application of CBA method. The results show that decision-making process among the project team often leads to poor project performance regarding concrete tasks. The results also show that lack of experience (poor working experience), and lack of education in concrete task influences poor performance, although team decisions are influenced by the concrete placement methods, specification, cost, quality and time. Future research is needed to monitor and evaluate the project team decision-making process through the CBA frame model. The study proposes that it is time to expose site
management and workers to structured decision-making tools such as CBA. Such exposure through education and training will revise negative concrete task completion outcomes in the near
future. Project teams keen on improving their concrete decisions can use the CBA frame model.
... El marco para la realización de la investigación es el estudio de dos casos bajo el método comparado. Se trata de una investigación empírica que estudia un fenómeno contemporáneo dentro de su ambiente en la vida real, especialmente cuando los límites entre el fenómeno y su contexto no son evidentes (Duverger, 1972;Yin, 2003). El método comparativo se define como el análisis de un número reducido de casos (de dos a menos de 20). ...
Este artículo analiza las implicaciones en la docencia y la investigación derivadas del retiro por jubilación de los académicos en dos universida-des públicas mexicanas, la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) y la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), en el contexto de la regu-lación del trabajo académico vigente. La investigación se realiza desde el estudio de dos casos analizados bajo el método comparado, con base en una metodología mixta. El trabajo concluye que, en general, las universi-dades no han diseñado una estrategia institucional para planear la salida de los académicos que se retiran por jubilación y la entrada de quienes habrán de sustituirlos. Se asume que este proceso ocurre de forma natural y afecta de manera diferenciada a la docencia y a la investigación, según sea el perfil que las instituciones hayan construido históricamente. This article analyzes the implications on teaching and research following the retirement of academics at two public Mexican universities, the Autonomous Metropolitan University (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM) and the Autonomous University of Chapingo (Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, UACh), in the context of current regulation of academic work. The research paper examines two cases, analyzed under the comparative method, based on a mixed methodology. The conclusion is that, in general, the universities have not designed an institutional strategy to plan the departure of academics upon their retirement , and the entry of their replacements. This process is assumed to take place naturally and to affect teaching and research in different ways, depending on the profile developed over time by the institutions.
... A case study approach was undertaken to see if the overall pre-project planning methodology outlined in the model was valid. Yin (1988) outlines several methods of performing case study analysis. In one of these methods, pattern matching, the researcher compares a "pattern with an existing one .... (if) the patterns coincide, the results can help a case study to strengthen its internal validity." ...
Pre-project planning has a significant impact on the outcome of a construction project. CII assembled task force #39 to study pre-project planning in the construction of capital facilities. This source document presents a pre-project planning model that is the culmination of the first objective in a three-phased research project, using IDEF0 methodology.
... Unlike quantitative methodologies, the case study method is ideal for this research question given that we seek to study a complex social phenomena, have no possibility of controlling the events that unfolded, and are interested in answering "how" and "why" questions. 13 In order to minimize bias and increase the validity of our findings, we triangulated across various sources of data that were drawn from different sources and at different times. 14 This included archival data, World Bank strategies and reports, peerreviewed literature, as well as relevant reports and statements from the media, NGOs, other international organizations, and civil society monitoring World Bank activity. ...
While the World Bank has integrated rights-based principles in the implementation of some health programs that it finances, it continues to deny a formal legal obligation for human rights. Employing thematic and discourse analyses, this study analyzes the ways in which rights-based approaches are incorporated into World Bank health development discourse, examining achievements, obstacles, and opportunities. We describe the evolution of human rights discourses in the World Bank's health engagement, beginning at the time of its establishment before it was formally involved in health sector lending. We find five key institutional factors that challenge the advancement of rights-based approaches in the World Bank's health work: unresolved legal obligations stemming from the institution's founding documents, the World Bank's economist-dominated culture, its staff's lack of knowledge about human rights application and policy, opposition by some country stakeholders, and competition with emerging development banks. Despite this, there are three opportunities for integrating right to health approaches within the World Bank: internal research activity supporting human rights commitments in development, pressure exerted by NGOs and civil society through their monitoring of the institution, and the establishment of the Nordic Trust Fund, which serves to increase staff awareness of human rights and its application to their work. Given the World Bank's historical legal resistance to a rights-based approach, we end by arguing for an ethical demand for health equity, which may be effectuated by a policy framework rather than a legal "right to health" approach.
... In order to obtain an in-depth and holistic understanding of the complex and dynamic behaviour of L2 WTC, the current study adopted a multiple case mixed method approach. The case study approach suited the aims of the present study, for it allowed us to investigate "how" and "why" questions regarding learners' L2 WTC (Duff 2008;Merriam 1988;Yin 2009) and to gain a comprehensive understanding of the variables and their role in determining students' communicational behaviour in a bounded context such as a Business Communication (BC) class in the Pakistani university context. ...
The present study was designed to explore the situational variables and their interaction determining the willingness to communicate (WTC) in English (L2) of six postgraduate business students in a university classroom in Pakistan. While much research has been undertaken to examine trait-like psychological antecedents, only a few studies have examined the nature of the interaction between situational variables affecting L2 WTC in a classroom context. Adopting the Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) framework, the present study utilised classroom observations, learners’ diaries, stimulated recall interviews and biographic questionnaires to collect the data over 10 weeks. The study results showed that participants’ L2 WTC emerged as a result of the complex, dynamic and non-linear interaction between contextual, psychological, linguistic and physiological factors. The current study reinforces the theoretical shift from positivist and process-oriented approaches towards DST. Pedagogically, this study strongly proposes pre-service and in-service teacher training for Pakistani English language teachers to understand the complex and fluctuating nature of L2 WTC and not misinterpret learners’ silence as an unwillingness to communicate.
... Practice of authentic leadership does not always demonstrate the straight direction to how BRAC HRD plays significant leadership role because this leadership is a complex process that always seek for the development of quality that helps leaders to create a trustworthy environment (Northouse, 2010, p.221). Besides, in this research, single case study has been chosen but single case study does not provide the compelling result as like as multiple case studies (Yin, 2013). ...
... This introductory chapter has five sections. The first sketches out key contours of the national context in an effort to demonstrate that, in some ways, for the study of social environmental conflicts, Mexico represents an "extreme" case (in the methodological sense of Yin 2009) and also an anomaly in the Latin American context. The second section presents a theoretical model to explain the multiplication of social environmental conflicts in the neoliberal era, taking as a point of departure Marx's model of "original accumulation". ...
Tetreault, McCulligh, and Lucio provide a panoramic description of social environmental conflicts in Mexico and the alternatives that are being constructed from below in rural areas. They argue that, for the study of social environmental conflicts, Mexico represents both an “extreme” case and an anomaly in the Latin American context. A theoretical model is presented to explain the multiplication of social environmental conflicts in the neoliberal era, taking as a point of departure Marx’s model of “original accumulation”. In connection with this model, the authors point to the policies and agencies that promote projects that imply the commodification and privatization of natural resources in Mexico. In this way, an argument is made that, in the context of a regulatory framework subordinated to the imperative of creating favorable conditions to attract and retain private and foreign investment, the imposition of mega-development projects, maquiladora industrialization, and natural resource exploitation have generated objective conditions of environmental crisis and injustice in multiple and diverse local settings throughout Mexico, even though not all give rise to open environmental conflicts.
... Each state had multiple sites within it, so in all there were 18 sites in the study. While the broader study utilizes a mixed-methods approach to understand systems change, we focus here on a secondary analysis of the qualitative data. 1 Qualitative research is particularly germane to questions of process ( Maxwell 2005) and exploration ( Yin 1994). As Maxwell (2005, 23) states "a major strength of qualitative research is getting at the processes that lead to outcomes, processes that experimental and survey research are often poor at identifying." ...
This article examines the strategies and processes pursued by one foundation aimed at accelerating systems change reform efforts in four states. The findings suggest four strategies the Foundation employed in reform efforts: partnering with state policy actors to accelerate systems change efforts, providing technical assistance to support implementation, leveraging the reputation of the Foundation toward systems change goals, and facilitating the dissemination of innovation to states and localities. This study contributes to the literature by documenting the combination of strategies the Foundation applied in their effort to advance systems change, and by exploring the perspective of system professionals on what Foundation activities were viewed as more or less successful. Because systems change entails both policy and operational change, this study suggests foundation strategies need to harness both traditional approaches, such as targeting policy change, as well as approaches less traditionally used that may require new skill sets for foundations, including field building activities that enable system professionals to implement the change effectively.
... The robot safety standards (ISO 10218-1 [5] and ISO 10218-2 [6]) also have tabulated a list of significant hazards whose purpose is to inform risk assessors of probable inherent dangers associated with robot and robotic systems. Therefore, a case study [10] is used to investigate the characteristics of hazards and the associated risks that are relevant for collaborative operation. The study is focused on a collaborative assembly station, where large industrial robots and operators are to share a common workspace enabled through the application of a systematic and standardized risk assessment process followed by risk reduction measures. ...
... We used a research strategy of a mixed-methods case study, with qualitative and quantitative methods [4,19]. ...
Previous studies have presented approaches to teach programming based on contexts close to students, such as games, robotics, and media. Those contexts may turn learning easier and more motivating. Media manipulation is one of such contexts relevant to teenage students, for their thorough use of image applications and social networks. In this work, we design and evaluate a spiral approach to teach programming to ninth-grade students of a middle school in Brazil's countryside. The approach is contextualized by media, i.e., image creation and manipulation, and we use the Python language with turtle graphics and JES tools to support it. Results point out to the influence of context and tools on learning, significant changes of perception about computing, high motivation to learn how to code, as well as a positive correlation between learning and motivation.
... Durante a análise de dados, houve a preocupação de validar as informações para que o resultado alcançado fosse o mais próximo possível da realidade. De uma maneira geral, este trabalho pode ser classificado como um Estudo de Caso Explanatório ou Causal, pois o tipo de questão da pesquisa é da forma "como" e "por quê", o controle sobre os eventos muito reduzido e o foco temporal está em fenômenos contemporâneos dentro do contexto de vida real ( YIN, 1994). ...
RESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as estratégias do enfrentamento do risco de demanda
utilizado pelas empresas americanas “low cost/low fare” com o posicionamento e a estratégia da Azul, a mais recente Companhia do gênero criada no Brasil e co-ligada à
Americana Jet Blue. A presente analise está voltada para o entendimento das condições que influenciam de maneira mais destacada o planejamento estratégico das empresas para a detecção de oportunidades de alto retorno, compatíveis com suas competências, em ambientes de risco elevado. Serão abordados os conceitos do risco como chave para uma estratégia competitiva e o papel da incerteza na definição e implantação do planejamento estratégico. Na continuidade serão apresentadas, em resumo, as principais características das empresas de aviação “low cost/low fare” estadunidenses.
Palavras chaves: Empresas Aéreas, low cost/low fare, risco, objetivos amplos, objetivos centrais.
... Some threats could affect the validity of the results of our empirical study and they should be taken into account in future investigations (Yin 1984;Kitchenham et al. 1995). ...
We present a method and tool (ePAD) for the detection of design pattern instances in source code. The approach combines static analysis, based on visual language parsing and model checking, and dynamic analysis, based on source code instrumentation. Visual language parsing and static source code analysis identify candidate instances satisfying the structural properties of design patterns. Successively, model checking statically verifies the behavioral aspects of the candidates recovered in the previous phase. We encode the sequence of messages characterizing the correct behaviour of a pattern as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulae and the sequence diagram representing the possible interaction traces among the objects involved in the candidates as Promela specifications. The model checker SPIN verifies that candidates satisfy the LTL formulae. Dynamic analysis is then performed on the obtained candidates by instrumenting the source code and monitoring those instances at runtime through the execution of test cases automatically generated using a search-based approach. The effectiveness of ePAD has been evaluated by detecting instances of 12 creational and behavioral patterns from six publicly available systems. The results reveal that ePAD outperforms other approaches by recovering more actual instances. Furthermore, on average ePAD achieves better results in terms of correctness and completeness.
Based on theoretical debate and empirical evidence, both raised in the context of State Reform and Modernization of Public Management processes, this paper proposes a model of synthesis and analysis that allows characterizing such processes. Using a case study methodology, this research demonstrates the usefulness of such a model to the Chilean case, during the 1990-2006 period. There is evidence of particular features of these processes of reform and modernization in the Chilean experience. Said conclusion is based on data collected through the application and analysis of 37 interviews to key actors involved in those processes as well as the collection and analysis of official documents. This article identifies, describes and explains the variables that define the Policy of Modernization of Public Management in the Chilean experience.
The list of individuals who participated in the Inter-University Case Program (ICP) reads like a who’s who list of public administration titans. In one form or another, scholar-practitioners like Dwight Waldo, Paul Appleby, Harold Stein, and Frederick C. Mosher played a part in the success of the program. This article examines the ICP with an epistemological eye. The era of the ICP was a period when scholars thought that the complexity of government prevented the development of general administrative principles and also prevented the use of conventional scientific methods to generate knowledge in the field. They believed instead that the strength of the ICP case studies was in their detail. Instead of presenting an idealized world of public organizations, the cases left the blemishes intact and presented a more realistic view of government: a government that was heavily political and, at times, even irrational. The goal of the cases was to teach decision-making skills, though generalization and theory development were important but subordinate objectives. Generalization of knowledge from the case studies was a difficult, but not impossible, task. The development of general principles was not possible, but, without disregarding context, the case studies allowed scholars to observe general tendencies at work in public organizations. Today, as public administration has once again found its theories to be challenged by a changing world, the case study remains an important tool for linking theory in the sphere of academia and practice in the real world of administration.
I denna artikel undersöker René León-Rosales och Aleksandra Ålund de processer som villkorar och möjliggör framväxten av en subjektsposition som aktivist bland ungdomar tillhörande en postmigrant-generation inom den svenska urbana rättviserörelsen som kallats den nya ”förortsrörelsen”. Artikeln utgör en fallstudie av Megafonen, en ungdomsledd organisation grundad i Husby som var central för framväxten av förortsrörelsen. I fokus står den unga aktivisten ”Jasmines” livsberättelse. Empiriskt baseras artikeln på material insamlat sedan 2014 genom deltagande observation, videoinspelningar, intervjuer samt texter, video och bilder hämtade från internet och pressen. Författarna undersöker relationen mellan individuella och kollektiva lärandeprocesser samt transcenderande identitetsprocesser förankrade i rörelsens ”platskamp” i rasifierade urbana landskap. Genom begreppet ”aktivistiskt medborgarskap” belyser artikeln förortsrörelsens platskamp som ett samtida uttryck för medborgarskapande genom vilket unga vuxna politiserar sina erfarenheter av marginalisering och diskriminering och kräver sin rättmätiga plats i samhället.
Ländliche Räume unterliegen starken Veränderungen. Abgesehen von wenigen wachsenden Regionen sind sie meist und insbesondere in den neuen Bundesländern von Abwanderung, Alterung und damit verbundenen Konsequenzen wie einer beständig bedrohten Infrastrukturausstattung gekennzeichnet. Diesem Peripherisierungsszenario stehen Forderungen nach mehr bürgerschaftlichem Engagement seitens bundespolitischer Akteure einerseits und die Tendenz der EinwohnerInnen ländlicher Gemeinden zur Selbstresponsibilisierung andererseits gegenüber.
La littérature en GRH a longuement discuté les évolutions intervenues dans le champ des carrières en opposant le modèle classique de la carrière organisationnelle au modèle de la carrière nomade, censé répondre au nouveau contrat psychologique qui lie les travailleurs aux organisations du XXI e siècle. Désormais, il s’agirait pour les gestionnaires RH d’attirer des talents dont ils savent que le passage dans l’organisation sera limité dans le temps. Le développement sans précédent des formes de travail au projet, à mi-chemin entre l’emploi salarié et le statut d’indépendant, semble donner raison à cette conception « moderne » de la carrière.
Toutefois, une observation plus fine des évolutions en cours sur le marché du travail montre que les carrières des travailleurs au projet ne sont pas seulement le fruit des initiatives individuelles de travailleurs offrant leurs talents sur le marché. Elles passent souvent par des structures d’intermédiation qui, en offrant diverses formules de sécurisation, deviennent des partenaires incontournables de la gestion des trajectoires professionnelles.
À partir d’un travail conceptuel sur la notion d’intermédiaire du marché du travail et sur la base de multiples études de cas contrastées sur le marché du travail belge, notre article montre la diversité des formes que peut prendre ce travail d’intermédiation et dégage deux « types idéaux » reflétant des conceptions opposées de la sécurisation des transitions professionnelles : la première considère les travailleurs au projet comme des « quasi-salariés »; la seconde comme des « quasi-indépendants ». Nous montrons, ensuite, en quoi ce jeu triangulaire conduit à une remise en cause de la gestion des carrières en tant qu’attribut régalien de la fonction RH.
While expert knowledge is a crucial resource for large science-based companies, management of the specific population of experts remains a sensitive issue for the HRM. In order to recognize and retain these employees, companies traditionally implement a dual ladder—a career management tool that proposes an alternative technical career track to the managerial one, thus allowing recognition of an expert status in the organization. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that the implementation of a dual ladder does not bring the expected results. While previous research has investigated the individual aspirations of experts as possible reasons for their dissatisfaction with this managerial tool, we show the importance of the collective dimension of expertise and claim that the latter is insufficiently supported by HRM practices.
Drawing on a case study in a large multinational firm, we explore the consequences of individualized practices on expert work and discuss the role of HRM in dealing with so-called “hero-based” management. The findings show that individualized practices could endanger the learning and innovation capacities of the firm and compromise processes such as decision making and problem solving. It could also jeopardize the continuity of expertise from a long-term perspective as younger generations refuse to align with a “hero-based” culture. Despite such a strategic challenge, HR managers experience difficulties in reinforcing the collective dimension of expertise. This opens up new perspectives for the HRM function that could lead the management of experts towards new horizons by supporting the fragile equilibrium between “agency” and “communion” in expertise processes.
The objective of this article is, through an empirical study, to further understanding of the actions and decisions taken in the context of Lean implementation projects carried out under joint regulation (Lévesque and Murray, 1998) agreements. We, therefore, attempt to identify factors that may facilitate the organizing work involved in joint regulation of Lean projects to allow workers to develop a broader range of health-minded work methods and habits.
Our assumption is that factors which influence joint regulation, such as the union’s capacity for action, management’s attitude and the purpose of the change, also influence the occupational health outcomes of Lean projects. We believe that the organizing work involved in joint regulation (actions and decisions) has an impact on these factors and influences the occupational health outcomes. Our research question is therefore this: What are the actions and decisions involved in joint regulation of Lean implementation projects that lead to closer correspondence with enabling organization criteria?
This empirical study was exploratory in nature and had a multiple case study design. Two cases of lean projects were documented through eight individual interviews and the collection of documents.
The main results indicate that, while joint regulation appears essential in terms of meeting enabling organization criteria, it alone is insufficient to explain the health effects of Lean projects. All stakeholders need to define the project goals, modes of assessment and management rules, both cooperatively and transparently, and through their involvement in decisions regarding all processes.
Attracting highly skilled workers (HSWs) is a major element for the economic development of many countries, especially developing countries. However, the general international mobility of workers is from developing countries to developed ones. Historical evidence has indicated that Korean and Taiwanese firms scout for highly skilled Japanese workers (either retired or soon‐to‐retire) to accrue knowledge and achieve catch‐up. Therefore, this article investigates how highly skilled Japanese workers have been scouted by firms in Korea and Taiwan. Aimed at producing evidence rather than testing hypotheses, the findings of this article provide practical information for firms in developing countries on attracting HSWs for their growth. In addition, this article provides insights into the international mobility of HSWs from a developed country to developing countries, which has not been examined in the previous literature.
The purpose of this research is to identify the quality of CPO in the palm oil Factory at PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro. The analysis was carried out by processing the data of free faty acid, water level, and impurity level. Descriptive analysis was applied in this reaserch by using six sigma the use of six sigma aimed to identify if the quality which was produces by the company has relied on the standard wanted by the consumer.
The result reported that the quality of free faty acid remained at level of 1,3 sigma with DPMO value 317500 products that were underqualified as decided by SNI. The improvement that can be applied as in fish bone diagram was to the human resources, the propellents, and the machines. The analysis result at water quality sigma level has been at level 3 of sigma but with DPMO value by 2700hence, having analysed by Fish Bone Diagram, machinery was the factor that sould be improve in order to improve the sigma level. Meanwhile, impurity content has approximentely reached level 4 sigma, in this case reaching the company’s target that expect the CPO quality above 3 level sigma. Therefore, at impurity content, it was unnecessary to find the problem about the quality inapporiateness with the consumer’s standart (SNI).
Research suggests that some communities are more resilient than others in the face of the same external stress. Both the local effects of and local responses to the 2008 financial collapse and economic recession have been geographically variegated. Drawing upon two case studies in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (Spain), this paper aims to understand why some historically deprived neighborhoods are proving more resilient than others in facing the effects of the Great Recession. We conclude that neighborhood resilience, strongly influenced by the precrash context and by socially produced conditions of vulnerability, operates in each community according to at least three context‐specific and interdependent factors: built environment, social capital, and civic capacity. We focus on civic capacity—understood as neighborhood ability to mobilize different sectors of the community to act in a coordinated fashion around matters of community‐wide importance—and demonstrate that it is a significant resource contributing to neighborhood resilience.
p>Breast cancer and cervical cancer are the highest female cancers in Indonesia. Both of these cancers become one of the main problems in health. From 2007 Up to 2014, the program has been running at 1,986 Puskesmas in 304 districts/ cities located in 34 provinces in Indonesia, including southern Lampung regency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of prevention / early detection program of breast cancer and cervical cancer. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, research time July to December 2016. Technique of collecting data using documentation study, interview, observation, and active participation, using protocol research, Data analysis is done by testing the prevalence of data, classify data according to sub focus and Research question, merging of data in matrix or table form and triangulation strategy to describe the result of analysis and research findings. The results of the implementation of early detection of breast cancer and cancers of the womb of Rahim 2016, CBE Implementation 75% according to SOP, Implementation of IVA 86.3% according to SOP and from target 28.138 (20%) WUS only reached 14.821 (52.67%), and found lesions White (Accetowhite) 357 (2.49%) and CBE positive 198 (1.34%). Recommendations addressed to the Health Department, head of Puskesmas and cancer detection operators in the process of cancer detection are expected in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) so that the expected program objectives can be achieved.</p
L’évaluation d’implantation d’une nouvelle offre de services en santé mentale dans un centre de santé et de services sociaux démontre que le processus de changement doit être accompagné de la création d’espaces réflexifs au sein des équipes de travail afin de créer des conditions favorables à l’implantation. La complexité organisationnelle est un enjeu avec lequel il faut composer. Le rôle de la collaboration recherche-pratique dans ce processus d’implantation du changement est souligné afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux de la création d’espaces réflexifs dans une organisation. Alors que les espaces réflexifs prévus dans la planification initiale ne se sont pas concrétisés, l’interaction continue entre la recherche et la pratique a permis d’actualiser sous une forme inattendue les mécanismes réflexifs dans l’organisation en changement grâce aux espaces de collaboration mis en place et aux mécanismes d’application des connaissances portés par la posture épistémologique, la création d’alliances et le fonctionnement par cycle.
Unsere Vision einer neuen Kultur des gemeinsamen Lernens und Wissen-Teilens in virtuellen Communities of Practice (CoP) leitet uns bei dem Versuch, den gegenseitigen Austausch von Wissen zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis im Bereich Sozialer Arbeit weiterzuentwickeln. Konkret haben wir ein Netzwerk gegründet, das es Personen aus Praxis und Wissenschaft sowie Studierenden ermöglicht, kollaborativ und online eine Fallsammlung von Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit aufzubauen, zu diskutieren und zu nutzen. Auf der Online-Plattform des Netzwerks sind bereits etwa 60 Schlüsselsituationen ausführlich dokumentiert. In diesem Beitrag erläutern wir Inhalt und Struktur einer Schlüsselsituation sowie den Aufbau der virtuellen CoPs und des Netzwerks. Wir schildern zudem wie unsere Lösung in der Online-Lehre genutzt werden könnte und werfen zum Schluss einen Blick auf bevorstehende Entwicklungen.
The objective of the article is identify how the intellectual capital (IC) generates value to an organization through Knowledge 2.0 Transfer Process (KTP-2.0) [12] based on the Social Business model [3]. KTP-2.0 allows the display of COOPIN 2.0 [13] that was developed in three phases, initially was to implement workshops and leisure activities with the employees of Colombian Information Technology Company, then KTP-2.0 and the COOPIN 2.0 was displayed, in which the IC was measured through indicators associated that are reflected in the formation of social networks. The participation obtained from contributions of knowledge through different agents; interactivity from the definition of communication protocols and the cooperative work supported on social media. In the results obtained, each one of the IC indicators, allow identifying the value generated to the organization, as a result of the deployment of KTP-2.0 based on the model of business set up by the social business.
The mining governance in China features a dilemma: on the one hand, there are various issues inherent in China’s mining institutions: 1) an outdated nature of the current legislation, 2) ambiguity in the regulations, and 3) administrative fragmentation of responsible authorities. On the other hand, China has witnessed a fast growing mining industry. Therefore, this study aims to explain this phenomenon by adopting the theories and conceptual framework on institutional function and credibility.
It concluded that the institutions of mining land expropriation and environmental protection in China have emerged as an ‘empty institution’, that is largely ineffective and ignored, but simultaneously socially accepted and little contested. But the MIDR has become non-credible institutions, which exhibits as lacking of focus on underground mining and national compensation standard, and unclear distribution of the liability at the macro level, and the forced resettlement, high tensions and conflicts, and concerns with future livelihood at the micro level.
The book argues that it is the non-enforcement of mining land expropriation and environmental regulations that are conducive to economic development. At the early operational mining stage, mining activities had contributed as a complimentary livelihood, therefore the farmers would tolerate some risks. When the environmental degradation and land loss does not threaten the livelihood of the local community to a great extent, only a mild reaction is expected. However, there are inherent risks in the empty institution that has a tendency to evolve into a non-credible institution. When the function of access to land as their subsistence was disrupted by land subsidence and ineffective resettlement schemes, the resistance to mining increased.
There are many competing understandings of the implications of sustainable development for companies. Some companies talk about the ‘sustainability’ in terms of the company itself while others have seen sustainability in terms of the company’s responsibility to contribute to the sustainability of the economic and social systems within which the company and its products or services are part. When the managers of a company takes on board the second perspective and its ambition this often involves a fundamental review of what the company is doing to create value and that may in turn lead to a transition to a new approach to business.
Around the world there is an increasing number of projects that use the design process to co-create outcomes beyond the provision of physical infrastructure. This chapter explores the role of the design process in supporting developments embedded in social-ecological systems (SES). Two case studies are presented as precedents to explore the Benefit Driven Design Process (BDDP). BDDP is a set of activities that recognise and use their ‘regenerative’ and ‘transformational’ capacity to support collective and individual actions towards more inclusive, resilient and beneficial interactions between the systems that converge in a project. The enabling activities identified in the case studies are then applied and adapted to a project in Nepal. The chapter concludes by discussing the potential of applying BDDPs towards the development of eco-cities.
Access to people, goods, ideas and services is the basis of economic development in cities. The better this access, the greater the economic benefits through economies of scale, agglomeration effects and networking advantages. The way in which cities facilitate accessibility also impacts directly on other key aspects of human development, social inclusion and well-being. Accessibility is created through a complex interplay of urban form and transport systems. Thus, governing urban accessibility requires moving beyond conventional urban transport considerations linked to mobility and movement. Such a re-framing implies a far greater recognition of urban form characteristics like land use, distribution of densities and urban design, in addition to transport characteristics like infrastructures, service levels and travel speeds. A new interface between these characteristics has emerged as a result of shared mobility systems, putting additional pressure on city governments to act as system integrators. Based on a literature review, empirical insights from a global survey and the case-study cities of London, NYC and Berlin, this paper explores the institutional capacities of shifting from governing urban transport to urban accessibility. The evidence shows that there are entrenched misalignments which may impact negatively on the capacity to pair planning and policies essential for delivering better accessibility. Furthermore, it is clear that “hierarchies” and “networks” are not mutually exclusive when it comes to integrated governance of accessibility. The findings also suggest that cities may be better equipped to integrate shared mobility and consider mobility as a service than to pursue more wide-ranging metropolitan accessibility policies.
This article discusses the process of establishing a framework for retrofitting an existing structure to become a demonstration project for sustainable building and a facility to inspire responsible environmental behaviour in the community. It involves a disused log cabin at the Eastern Institute of Technology (EIT), Napier, New Zealand, which was previously used as an office and an artist-in-residence living space. The building is located on a site that has strong historic, cultural, and spiritual associations with local indigenous Māori. The research discusses the process of creating a brief for this specific building, given the wide, and sometimes conflicting, body of knowledge about what a sustainable building might be. There has been little architectural research into the effect of demonstration retrofitted sustainable buildings on educating people about what is possible. This project aims to fill this gap through producing such a demonstration building and measuring its effect on those involved in terms of the environmental values they hold. This article describes and discusses the first step in this process. This involved how design students went about creating a brief and design for the building, and the effect of the students’ involvement with the project on their environmental values. Interviews with these students highlighted the importance of living sustainably, valuing ecological, and organic living practices.
Available at: http://svenvoelpel.jacobs-university.de/peer-reviewed-articles/
Most business models are based on traditional ways of strategy formulation and implementation, leading to incremental and not disruptive change in the nature of business and industry practices. The ‘red queen effect’ refers to the red queen’s advice in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass in which she says, in order to stay in a (competitive) place you have to run very hard, whereas to get anywhere you have to run even harder. In today’s knowledge and mobile environments we know that businesses cannot survive by just running harder, but rather by running differently and ‘smarter’ than competitors. The article suggests a sense-testing tool for managers to enable disruptive innovation of business models through corporate examples and case study evidence.
This article highlights the importance of considering the proper level of aggregation when estimating neighborhood effects. Using a unique nonrural subsample from a large national survey (the American Housing Survey) at three time points that allows placing respondents in blocks and census tracts, this study tests the appropriate level of aggregation of the structural characteristics hypothesized to affect block-level perceptions of crime and disorder. I find that structural characteristics differ in their effects based on the level of aggregation employed. While the effects of racial/ethnic heterogeneity are fairly robust to the geographical level of aggregation, the stronger effects, when measured at the level of the surrounding census tract, suggest more dispersed networks are important for perceived crime and disorder. In contrast, economic resources only show a localized effect when aggregating to the block-level and differ based on the outcome; higher average income reduces disorder but increases crime, most likely by increasing the number of attractive targets. Additionally, the presence of broken households has a localized effect for social disorder but a more diffuse effect for perceived crime. These findings suggest the need for neighborhood studies of crime rates, as well as the broader neighborhood effects literature, to consider the mechanisms involved when aggregating various structural characteristics.