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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
... A starch indicator (2 ml) was then added and titrated until the colour changed from blue to colorless and the titre value was recorded. The DO was then calculated in mg/L (Clesceri et al., 1998;Rice et al., 2012). Winkler's method was used for BOD 5 determination. ...
... A colour change from pale to yellow was followed by adding a 2 ml starch indicator and was further titrated until a colour change from blue to colorless and the titre value was recorded. BOD 5 in mg/L was calculated as the difference between DO 1 and DO 5, as described by Clesceri et al. (1998) and Rice et al. (2012). ...
... Turbidity was determined using a spectrophotometer model 257 at 430 nm (Clesceri et al., 1998;Rice et al., 2012). Distilled water was used as blank. ...
This study assesses variations in phytoplankton abundance, composition, and distribution in the Hadejia River in relation to key limnological characteristics across both spatial and temporal dimensions. Over a period of six months in 2018, water samples were collected from the river and analyzed for environmental variables alongside the quantification and identification of phytoplankton using standard protocols. pH and temperature measurements were conducted in situ. Results indicated significant variations (P < 0.05) in pH, temperature, turbidity, nitrate, and phosphate levels across different months, although no significant differences were observed between sampling stations. The highest nitrate value (5.41 mg/L) and phosphate levels (6.55 mg/L) were recorded in August at Station B (STB). 693 Phytoplankton individuals from five divisions were identified, with peak abundance, composition, and distribution observed during the dry season. Key species such as Selenastrum bibraianum, Tetraedron regulare, Tabellaria flocculosa, Gomphosphaeria lacustris, Microcystis aeruginosa, Rhabdoderma lineare and Tabellaria fenestrate were consistently present throughout the study period. Shannon_H diversity index values for Cyanophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Euglenophyta ranged between 1.34-2.02, while Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta exhibited reduced diversity (1-1.32) and species richness (0.55-0.68) at STB. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the selected environmental variables strongly influenced phytoplankton abundance and diversity, with the exception noted for Microcystis aeruginosa, Gomphosphaeria lacustris, Rhabdoderma lineare, and Chlamydomonas ehrenbergii. These results suggest deterioration in water quality, particularly at STB, possibly due to anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, this study provides valuable baseline data for future research endeavors aimed at monitoring and managing the ecological health of River Hadejia.
... In order to examine the plant variety in both terrestrial and aquatic settings, we used random quadrat sampling [11]. This method entails physically counting all the species that are present in a certain area of the ecosystem being studied. ...
... Nessler's tubes with up to 50 ml of capacity were filled, and the results were compared to a standard reference in order to establish the color of the water samples. By immediately examining and evaluating the water samples' color as seen by the naked eye in the field, the color was visually recorded [11]. ...
... To assess the odor of the water samples, 100 ml of each sample was collected in a 250 ml bottle. A stopper was then inserted into the bottle, and the contents were vigorously shaken for a duration of three seconds [11]. ...
In this study, the different habitats of Eloorkkara region, Ernakulam district Kerala were studied to gain insight into the ecological processes, species interactions, and resilience of these ecosystems by examining the influence of seasonal variations on water quality, species composition, and ecological dynamics. The survey included both monsoon seasons including southwest and northeast along with winter and summer seasons which significantly shaped resource availability and habitat conditions. Through extensive data collection and analysis, the study characterized the seasonal variations in water quality parameters and assessed the abundance, diversity, and species composition of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The findings underscored the importance of considering seasonal dynamics in conservation and management strategies, providing a basis for informed decision-making and habitat preservation efforts. The physicochemical characteristics of water and soil of Eloorkkara region varied across all the seasons and all the parameters were coming below the range suggested by WHO. Scoparia dulcis L species consistently demonstrates high diversity index (Simpson value: 0.767, Shannon value: 1.53) across all seasons and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, commonly known as water hyacinth, exhibit varying diversity indices across different seasons. The study contributes to our understanding of the unique biodiversity and ecological integrity of the Eloorkkara region, emphasizing the need for further research and ongoing monitoring to address knowledge gaps and evaluate the long-term impacts of human activities and climate change on these ecosystems. By recognizing the intricate interplay between seasons and habitats, this study promotes the sustainable conservation and management of the Eloorkkara region's natural resources.
... Using a conventional approach as documented in AOAC [59] and Lenore et al. [60] the following parameters were measured: pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Temperature was measured using electrometric method [61][62][63]. ...
... Water samples were tested for total acidity and total alkalinity using a standard method (Titrimetric method). The total suspended solid (TSS) was calculated using a gravimetric technique [59,60]. TDS was measured directly using a HANNA (Model HI 9811-5) multimeter that had been pre-calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. ...
... Utilizing the Nephelometric Method, turbidity was assessed. Sulphate (SO 4 2− ) was determined using Turbidimetric Method [59,60]. The EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) Titrimetric Method was used to determine total hardness [59,60]. ...
As the impacts of climate change continue to be felt around the world, understanding the effects on groundwater quality and quantity has become an important area of investigation. As a global source of water that contributes to preserving the environment, a better understanding of the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on these systems is crucial; though studies connected to groundwater quality in this era of environmental crisis are at infancy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on groundwater quality in a coal enriched environment of developing city of west African sub-region with particular reference to Enugu, a coal city in Nigeria. Three residential areas (Abakpa, Achara, and Independence Layout) were randomly selected from high, medium, and low neighbourhood densities in the metropolis. Within the period spanning from April 2018 to March 2019, a physiochemical analysis was conducted on twelve deep wells utilizing weighted arithmetic index method. This technique was implemented in order to facilitate the assessment of the degree of water quality by translating a number of variables to just one metric value. The results of the investigation showed that the groundwater resources in the study region are mildly acidic, presumably as a result of the presence of pyrite, which is a byproduct of coal weathering, and chloride-ion-charged rains. Additionally, noticeable distinctions in the properties of water samples were observed between the dry and rainy seasons. Specifically, just 1% of the sampled water had excellent ratings, while 58.3% were considered good, 29.1% were deemed poor, and 8.3% of samples were categorized as very poor. The study concluded that coupled with climate crisis, seasonal precipitation patterns affect groundwater resources by reducing recharge, discharge, and the overall quality of water. These results have important implications for the management of groundwater resources in the region and highlight the need for continued monitoring and assessment of water quality in the face of ongoing environmental changes.
... We analyzed the moisture, organic, and inorganic contents of the pig blood using the Standard Methods, with the analysis temperature set at 105 °C for moisture and 550 °C for organic matter [17]. In addition, we measured the salt content using Standard Methods and the total lipid content using the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction method [18]. ...
... We analyzed the moisture, organic, and inorganic contents of the pig blood using the Standard Methods, with the analysis temperature set at 105 • C for moisture and 550 • C for organic matter [17]. In addition, we measured the salt content using Standard Methods and the total lipid content using the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction method [18]. ...
Livestock blood, typically considered a waste byproduct of the slaughter industry, has the potential to be a valuable resource in the environmental and agricultural industries owing to its high protein content. This study reports the mechanisms involved in developing a continuous process capable of processing 5 tons/day of livestock blood into high purity amino acid liquid fertilizer and dried protein feedstuff simultaneously. Large-scale processing units were fabricated for the ultrasonic pretreatment and solubilization of proteins, enzymatic degradation of dissolved proteins for amino acid conversion, solid-liquid separation using a membrane filter press to produce high purity amino acid liquid fertilizer, and microwave drying of the solid component to produce dry protein feedstuff. The main processing units were integrated into a continuous, efficient system. The final amino acid liquid fertilizer and dry protein feedstuff contained >20% amino acids and approximately 78% protein, respectively. An economic feasibility analysis of the integrated system based on an annual processing capacity of 3000 tons of livestock blood yielded a total annual profit of 17.4 million euros (5812 euros/ton). This study presents an efficient and profitable approach to repurposing the waste generated by slaughterhouses toward agriculture and feed production.
... coli); beginning in 1999, the USGS began monitoring for both fecal and E. coli. Escherichia coliform concentrations were measured using the Colilert Quantitray method by Idaho Department of Health and Welfare and reported as most probable number (MPN) per 100 mL (Eaton et al. 1999). The MPN is considered equivalent to colonies per 100 mL. ...
... A subsample of the composite was passed through a glass-fiber filter, which was wrapped in foil, placed on dry ice, and delivered to the laboratory. Chlorophyll-a and ashfree dry weight were analyzed by the BOR Pacific Northwest Regional Laboratory, using spectrophotometry (standard method 10200H, Eaton et al. 1999). ...
In less than two centuries, the lower Boise River below Lucky Peak Dam in southwestern Idaho has been transformed from a meandering, braided, gravel-bed river that supported large runs of salmon to a channelized, regulated, urban river that also provides irrigation water to more than 1,300 km 2 of land. The construction of three large dams in the upper basin dramatically altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the lower river. Flows are no longer sufficient to mobilize bed sediments and have allowed cottonwood trees and alien hardwoods to stabilize parafluvial surfaces, thereby narrowing sections of the river channel. Cadastral survey notes of 1867 and 1868 were used to recreate features associated with the lower Boise River Valley and identify characteristics of the river channel prior to dam construction and urbanization. Gravel and sand bars, historically present throughout the river, which are necessary to maintain biodiversity and productivity, are currently scarce. Sloughs were a dominant feature on the floodplain of the late 1800s, but today have been converted to irrigation canals, drains, or residential and commercial land uses. Flow alterations, water quality degradation, and habitat loss due to urbanization near the lower Boise River have resulted in macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages dominated by tolerant and alien species.
... Liquid samples comprising 10 mL were extracted from the reactor at specified times to examine the efficiency of degradation. To analyze organic content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured using the APHA 5220 D standard method) [55] (closed reflux, colorimetric method. In short, the aqueous solution samples are digested for two hours at 150 °C in a strong oxidizing medium of potassium bichromate and sulfuric acid. ...
... Liquid samples comprising 10 mL were extracted from the reactor at specified times to examine the efficiency of degradation. To analyze organic content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured using the APHA 5220 D standard method) [55] (closed reflux, colorimetric method. In short, the aqueous solution samples are digested for two hours at 150 • C in a strong oxidizing medium of potassium bichromate and sulfuric acid. ...
We have developed an innovative thin-film nanocomposite membrane that contains cellulose acetate (CA) with small amounts of TiO2-decorated graphene oxide (GO) (ranging from 0.5 wt.% to 2 wt.%) sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-like thin films. The PTFE-like films succeeded in maintaining the bulk porosity of the support while increasing the thermal and chemical robustness of the membrane and boosting the catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles. The membranes exhibited a specific chemical composition and bonding, with predominant carbon–oxygen bonds from CA and GO in the bulk, and carbon–fluorine bonds on their PTFE-like coated sides. We have also tested the membranes’ photocatalytic activities on azithromycin-containing wastewaters, demonstrating excellent efficiency with more than 80% degradation for 2 wt.% TiO2-decorated GO in the CA-GO-TiO2/PTFE-like membranes. The degradation of the azithromycin formulation occurs in two steps, with reaction rates being correlated to the amount of GO-TiO2 in the membranes.
... Use an electronic spreadsheet, a calculator, or instrument software to find the slope and intercept of the calibration curve by least squares linear regression. Calculate the NO 3 --N concentration from the following equation 18 ...
... Set the spectrophotometer at 625 nm in the measurement of benzene-isobutanol extracts and at 690 nm for aqueous solutions. Measure color photometrically at 690 nm and compare with a calibration curve, using a distilled water blank 18 . ...
Plastic waste at sea has been a primary environmental concern for years. The degradation of plastics into small pieces leads to the formation of nanoplastics (NPs) (less than 100 nm) that can enter the environment. Polystyrene is one of the most common plastics, a product of the polymerization of styrene monomers. In this study, the toxic effects of amino polystyrene (PS-NH 2) NPs with sizes 90 (PS-NH 2-90), 200 (PS-NH 2-200), and 300 (PS-NH 2-300) nm with four different concentrations after 72 hours on viability, activity of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH), carbonyl protein and sulfhydryl protein and antioxidant activity assay by DPPH reagent on the Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. In all enzymatic assays, except the glutathione (GSH) and sulfhydryl protein, the size of 90 nm showed lowest value. Intriguingly, flow cytometry assessment showed a substantial reduction in the viability at PS-NH 2-90 treated samples for 72 h which means that as the size of the nanoplastic decreases, its toxicity will increase. The toxicity effect of 90 nm NPs with a concentration of 200 mg/L on the microalgae C. vulgaris (with a concentration of 25000 Cells/mL) with the aim of bioremediation of nitrate (with a concentration of 50 mg/L) and phosphate (with a concentration of 6 mg/L) were investigated. According to the obtained results, NPs with a concentration of 200 mg/L with a size of 90 nm have the highest toxicity on the nitrate and phosphate bioremediation by the C vulgaris with a concentration of 25000 Cells/mL.
... Table 2 indicates the chemical characteristics of different types of wastewater. The experiments were carried out according to the colorimetric procedure [23]. Table 3 illustrates the chemical characteristics of superplasticizers.The superplasticizer used is NSG-SH7(brand name) based on the carboxylate and prepared by NSG company. ...
... In the laboratory, samples were oven dried at 105°C for at least 12 hours before grinding to fine powder and sieving to remove coarse particles. A 0.5g fine sediment was transferred to acid precleaned conical flask and mixed with 2ml of strong acid mixture (nitric acid, HNO3 and hydrochloric acid, HCl) in a ratio of 1 to 3, according to standard methods for the analyses of water and wastewaters (Arnold et al.,1992). The mixture was heated and during the heating, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added until a clear solution was obtained. ...
Heavy metal pollutants, Lead (Pb), Copper(Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Nickel (Ni) were examined in sediments in seven selected sites in the Northern part of Lake Victoria and compared to reported levels and internationally acceptable limits, stated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to guide management and mitigation efforts. Sediment samples from Murchison bay, Kalangala and Bunjako bay had high concentrations of heavy metals above internationally acceptable levels in unpolluted sediments. In Murchison, Napoleon, Bunjako and Berkeley sites, the concentrations of the heavy metals, although within the acceptable limits appeared to be much closer to the thresholds for un-polluted sediments compared to the concentrations of heavy metals in Kagera, Hannington and Kalangala which had the least polluted sediments. The concentrations of metal pollutants were highest in sites receiving urban effluents, followed by sites draining river catchments and least in those draining only agricultural hinterlands. These concentrations increased from inshore to offshore stations in relatively open bays and decreased from inshore to offshore stations in most closed bays, indicating signature of the influence of exposure of the sites to inflows and wind mixing regimes. Management of the heavy metal pollutants should therefore put most emphasis on bays or sites that receive urban effluents and those that drain large agricultural catchment areas.
... For providing precise data, the samples were analyzed in triplicate and the average values were given in the results. The chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) of the landfill leachate were measured according to the standard methods [21]. ...
... Samples were taken to the laboratory and analyzed using the gravimetric method with a vacuum filtration set, following the process described. The formula from Clesceri et al. (1998) was utilized to calculate the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ...
Water pollution within mountainous watersheds is recognized as one of the foremost environmental challenges of our era. Extensive research has confirmed that major causes of this pollution are various human activities in natural areas, such as urban expansion, mining operations, and changes in land use. Similar human-induced impacts can be seen in the Coruh River Basin (CRB) as a result of the building of large dams and roads, mining operations, and urban growth. A thorough investigation is essential to determine the impact of these disturbances on the current surface water quality and to predict the level of water pollution. We chose three sub-watersheds, Murgul Creek Watershed (MCW), Fabrika Creek Watershed (FCW), and Hatila Creek Watershed (HCW), within the CRB to assess the effect of disturbances on surface water quality and forecast the level of water pollution. Since each sub-watershed has different land use types and human impacts on it, we expect a different level of water quality status in the three sub-watersheds. Overall, the results demonstrated that apart from the negative impacts of land use type differences on surface water resources, the human-induced degradation clearly has negative impact on the water quality, particularly for some sampling locations and times. In addition, the results revealed that most of the surface water quality parameters in the HCW (mostly forested land) were significantly better than those in the MCW and FCW (both affected by human-induced degradation). The average ammonium concentration were 1.15 mg/l, 0.15 mg/l, and 0.06 mg/l for Murgul, Fabrika, and Hatila Creeks, while the mean nitrate was 2.51 mg/l, 3, 25 mg/l, and 1.79 mg/l, respectively. Moreover, TDS and conductivity values were also measured significantly higher in Murgul (216 mg/l; 443.89 μS/cm) and Fabrika Creeks (175 mg/l; 205.64 μS/cm) than Hatila Creek (111 mg/l; 133.43 μS/cm). Given the identification of certain water quality parameters surpassing critical threshold values, it becomes evident that mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic factors and enhancing land management practices within the study area are imperative.
... The pH value was measured by the multi-parameter analyzer Consort C863 (Consort, Belgium) with a glass pH electrode. The samples of wastewaters were then analyzed in terms of dry matter and total suspended solids using Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater [27]. ...
Wastewaters, as the major waste stream of the wine industry, are usually disposed in crude form due to the lack of sustainable treatments, which poses rising environmental threat. Considering biodegradability, nutrients content and other specific characteristics, winery wastewaters are suitable for utilization in xanthan production. In this study, the screening of local wild-type Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves, for xanthan production on medium containing wastewaters from rose wine industry, with initial sugar content of 25 g/L, was performed. Bioprocess success was estimated based on the quantity and quality of separated biopolymer. Additionally, composition of collected wastewaters was determined, and the obtained data indicate the importance of their proper management. The results of screening experiments suggest that applied X. euvesicatoria isolates have a statistically significant effect on xanthan concentration in cultivation medium, its molecular weight, as well as on apparent viscosity of xanthan aqueous solution. According to the obtained results, xanthan concentration varied from 4.0 g/L to 10.0 g/L, while the values of average molecular weight of xanthan and apparent viscosity of its solution ranged from 2.5 ∙ 105 g/mol to 8.5 ∙ 105 g/mol and from 40 mPa ∙ s to 60 mPa ∙ s, respectively. The results from this study suggest that X. euvesicatoria PL2 isolate showed the greatest potential for xanthan production on medium containing wastewaters from rose wine industry because of determined quantity of good-quality biopolymer. Further research is necessary in order to improve proposed bioprocess as sustainable biotechnological solution for winery wastewaters utilization.
... were determined using spectroscope analytical techniques (UV/Vis Spectrophotometery -JENWAY™, 6305) at a wavelength of (220 -280 nm) according to standard methods for (Eaton et al., 2005). ...
During and after flooding, human exposure to bacteria, microorganisms and chemical pollutants through contaminated water causes epidemic disease outbreaks. Unprecedented torrential rainfall with high intensity and dam failure created major floods, inundating the wells and allowing sewage-contaminated water to enter the wells. In this study, groundwater samples were collected immediately after the flood stage (September 2023) from seven different regions in Derna city to determine heavy metals concentration, microbiological and physico-chemical properties. The results showded that the concentrations of the studied heavy metals ranged between (0.0010-0.070µg/g), (0.0001-0.0012µg/g), (0.002-0.09µg/g) and (0.003-0.012µg/g) for Pb, Cd, Fe, and Cu, respectively. The concentrations of metals were very much below the permissible limits defined by WHO. Additionally, a chemical analysis of the samples revealed that the water varied from neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and (E.C) ranged between (926-2056 μs/cm), which indicates little increase in the proportion of water salinity. The results also showed the values of parameters; most of them exceeded the maximum allowed limit in drinking water: TDS, TH, TA, and Cl-ranged (463-1028) (250-760), (228.4-380.3), and (290-406), whereas other parameters were within the limits allowed: TOC, Ca 2+ , Na + , and NO 3-ranged (12.9-15.8), (63-235), (21.38-42.19) and (1.04-2.86), parameters expressed in mg/L,. respectively. With regard to microbiological characteristics, the total bactria count was determined by microbiological examination to be (>100 cfu/100ml). As well as, Escherichia coli, a hazardous bacteria pathogen, which was found in some of the samples analyzed.
... Total phosphorus analyses were also conducted at the ISTE-UNIL using the ascorbic acid molybdate blue method (Eaton et al. 1995). An amount of 100 mg for each sample powder was mixed with 0.5 ml of MgNO 3 (1 M) into decontaminated glass bottles in order to degrade organic matter. ...
The mechanisms and palaeoenvironmental conditions leading to and occurring through the Coniacian-Santonian Ocean Anoxic Event 3 (OAE3) are poorly known, particularly with regard to the marine phosphorus cycle and the climatic conditions in general. To explore further these issues, two famous locations have been studied: Olazagutia (Spain) and Ten Mile Creek-Arbor Park (Texas, USA), located in different palaeogeographic areas and deposited at different palaeodepths. Their study is based on mineralogy (bulk and clay), geochemistry (stable isotopes, organic matter, phosphorus and major element), and high-resolution biostratigraphy (nannofossils) to infer changes in climate and primary productivity across OAE3. The investigated sections were both previously proposed as candidates for the base Santonian global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP). The Olazagutia section was ratified in 2013, where the base of the Santonian was defined by the first appearance datum (FAD) of the inoceramid Platyceramus undulatoplicatus . Both sections, deposited in oxygenated conditions, record the δ ¹³ C patterns which characterised the Coniacian-Santonian OAE3 interval, in particular the positive carbon-isotope excursions comprising the K2, Michel Dean and Bedwell events. New nannofossil biostratigraphy for both sections is presented including new occurrences. Significant diachronism of marker taxa is observed between the Spanish and Texan sections. Based on a weathering index and mineralogy, similar climate changes are observed in all sections. The climate shifted synchronously from relatively drier to warmer and wetter conditions above the Coniacian-Santonian boundary (C-S boundary) from the Michel Dean event to above the Bedwell event during the early Santonian. Fluctuations in total phosphorus contents appear mainly to have been driven by changes in detrital input and consequently by climate change in Spain and Texas. Several bentonite layers were observed in Texas close to the Coniacian-Santonian boundary, but only one located 7m above the C-S boundary provided sufficient well-preserved zircon minerals, and gives an age of 86.24 ± 0.12 Ma based on U-Pb geochronology, consistent with an early Santonian age.
Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7268133
... were determined using spectroscope analytical techniques (UV/Vis Spectrophotometery -JENWAY™, 6305) at a wavelength of (220 -280 nm) according to standard methods for (Eaton et al., 2005). ...
During and after flooding, human exposure to bacteria, microorganisms and chemical pollutants through contaminated water causes epidemic disease outbreaks. Unprecedented torrential rainfall with high intensity and dam failure created major floods, inundating the wells and allowing sewage-contaminated water to enter the wells. In this study, groundwater samples were collected immediately after the flood stage (September 2023) from seven different regions in Derna city to determine heavy metals concentration, microbiological and physico-chemical properties. The results showded that the concentrations of the studied heavy metals ranged between (0.0010-0.070µg/g), (0.0001-0.0012µg/g), (0.002-0.09µg/g) and (0.003-0.012µg/g) for Pb, Cd, Fe, and Cu, respectively. The concentrations of metals were very much below the permissible limits defined by WHO. Additionally, a chemical analysis of the samples revealed that the water varied from neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and (E.C) ranged between (926-2056 μs/cm), which indicates little increase in the proportion of water salinity. The results also showed the values of parameters; most of them exceeded the maximum allowed limit in drinking water: TDS, TH, TA, and Cl-ranged (463-1028) (250-760), (228.4-380.3), and (290-406), whereas other parameters were within the limits allowed: TOC, Ca 2+ , Na + , and NO 3-ranged (12.9-15.8), (63-235), (21.38-42.19) and (1.04-2.86), parameters expressed in mg/L,. respectively. With regard to microbiological characteristics, the total bactria count was determined by microbiological examination to be (>100 cfu/100ml). As well as, Escherichia coli, a hazardous bacteria pathogen, which was found in some of the samples analyzed.
... The TS and VS of the sediment were determined according to Standard Methods (Greenberg et al., 1992). The pH of the overlaying water and sediment samples were measured with a pH meter (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland), which was calibrated using pH buffer solutions at pH 4 and 7. ...
Shrimp are commonly cultured in earthen aquaculture ponds where organic-rich un-eaten feed and faeces accumulate on and in the sediment to form anaerobic zones.Since the pond water is rich in sulphate, these anaerobic conditions eventually lead tothe production of sulphide. Sulphides are toxic and even lethal to the shrimp that liveon the pond sediment, but physicochemical and microbial reactions that occur duringthe accumulation of organic waste and the subsequent formation of sulphide in shrimppond sediments remain unclear. Molybdate treatment is a promising strategy to inhibitsulphate reduction, thus, preventing sulphide accumulation. We used an experimentalshrimp pond model to simulate the organic waste accumulation and sulphide formationduring the final 61 days of a full shrimp growth cycle. Sodium molybdate (5 and 25 mg/LNa2MoO4.2H2O) was applied as a preventive strategy to control sulphide productionbefore oxygen depletion. Molybdate addition partially mitigated H2S production in thesediment, and delayed its transfer to the bulk liquid by pushing the higher sulphide con-centration zone towards deeper sediment layers. Molybdate treatment at 25 mg/L sig-nificantly impacted the overall microbial community composition and treated samples (5and 25 mg/L molybdate) had about 50% higher relative abundance of sulphate reducingbacteria than the control (no molybdate) treatment. In conclusion, molybdate has thepotential to work as mitigation strategy against sulphide accumulation in the sedimentduring shrimp growth by directly steering the microbial community in a shrimp pond system.
... The pH was measured using a FiveGo F2 pH meter (Me ler Toledo, Greifensee, Swi erland). Standard methods were employed to determine concentrations of TS and VS [23]. Concentrations of dissolved N-NH4 + were assessed by filtering the samples through a filter with a 0.22 µm pore size and employing a Gallery Plus sequential analyzer (Thermo Fisher, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France). ...
Biogas upgrading via biomethanation has been extensively studied recently, but the influence of organic loading rate on process performance remains to be fully understood. This is particularly significant because both organic loading rate and hydrogen injection can lead to volatile fatty acid accumulation during anaerobic digestion. This study investigated the impact of a wide range of organic loading rates (from 1.25 to 3.25 g VS/L/d) on hydrogen consumption rates, organic acid accumulation, and microbial communities during in situ biomethanation. It also provided kinetics data and metabolite production data for different control reactors, including anaerobic digestion, ex situ biomethanation, and endogenous control reactors. Hydrogen was injected into parallel batch reactors using digestate from a semi-continuous lab-scale reactor subjected to increasing organic loading rates (1.25–3.25 g VS/L/d) as an inoculum. The inoculum was well adapted to each tested organic loading rate. The batch experiments were replicated following a 12 h hydrogen starvation period to assess the stability of hydrogen consumption rates. High organic loading rate values resulted in increased hydrogen consumption rates, peaking at 68 mg COD/L/h at an organic loading rate of 3.25 g VS/L/d (maximum value tested), with no significant organic acid accumulation despite the high hydrogen partial pressures. The hydrogen consumption rates were maintained after the starvation period. Furthermore, the addition of an organic substrate did not impact the hydrogen consumption rate (i.e., the in situ and ex situ rates were similar). A higher organic loading rate resulted in higher relative abundances of hydrogenotrophic methanogens (i.e., Methanospirillum sp.). This study highlights that increasing the organic loading rate can accelerate the rate of hydrogen consumption during in situ biomethanation, consequently reducing both capital and operational costs.
... A gas volume meter was used to measure daily biogas production, and the methane content was determined using gas chromatography (Zhejiang Fuli analytical Instrument Co., Fuli GC9790 II, China) equipped with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) and a Porapak Q packed column (stainless-steel 10'1/8".085") following the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater by APHA [28]. ...
Nowadays, an anaerobic filter is used in treating various wastewaters that is more effective for denitrification and organic removal. The Anaerobic Filter with Inoculum, Soft and Hard Packing Medium (AFISH) and Double-Filling Aerobic Baffle (DFAB) reactors were continuously operated for 120 days with a short Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) in the range of 1 and 2 days at an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 0.58 and 1.08 gCOD/(l.d) by daily feeding the influent Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration between 1169 and 250 mg/l. After treating the sample wastewater in the new AFISH reactor, the effluent flowed into the DFAB reactor for further treatment to determine the treatment effectiveness of the novel AFISH and DFAB reactors at a short HRT of 1 to 2 days. The influent COD was reduced to 376 mg/l to 250 mg/l in a novel AFISH effluent and further dropped to 220 mg/l to 102 mg/l following DFAB reactor treatment. The COD removal in the AFISH reactor was around 67% when HRT was about 1 day, and a high COD value of 78% was removed during the HRT of 2 days, while in the DFAB reactor, the capability of treatment reached between 40% and 57% of the COD removed at the HRT of 1 and 2 days. The concentration of NH4-N in the effluent of the novel AFISH reactor was significantly lower than the effluent of the DFAB reactor, with NH4-N concentrations ranging from 157 mg/l to 330 mg/l. However, the treatment of vegetable bio-slurry from the Internal Circulation (IC) reactor by the novel AFISH and DFAB reactors satisfied the secondary wastewater discharge standard in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard. Therefore, this novel process is one method beneficial for current and further research development that can be applied for industrial wastewater treatment processing and provides science information to those interested in research in the future.
... The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen by using colorimetric or spectroscopic methods. This standard method is well described by Eaton et al. (2005). ...
... The American Public Health Association's standard methods were employed for the analysis of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) [28]. The determination of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content was carried out using a Leco CNS-928 elemental analyzer (LECO corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA). ...
Cereal straw stands out as one of the most abundant and globally distributed agricultural residues. Traditional applications cope with a limited amount of production, leaving the remainder in the field for natural decomposition. Managing cereal straw through controlled biological transformation under anaerobic conditions holds the potential to generate added value in the form of bioenergy. However, the lignocellulosic composition of these substrates poses challenges for organic degradation, often requiring energy-intensive pretreatments. A detailed study with a comprehensive calculation of the overall energy balance of the integrated process is proposed, aiming to provide real added value and replicability. Three scenarios for wheat straw transformation were investigated, incorporating two preliminary pre-treatment stages—mechanical milling and physicochemical steam explosion. Three conditions of pretreatment were essayed, varying the time exposure of the steam explosion. The subsequent energy integration analysis revealed that the process was optimized by up to 15% in the final energy balance when the steam explosion was set to 10 min. The macromolecular composition determination revealed that the thermal pretreatment reduced the lag phase of the hydrolysis step through hemicellulose breakdown.
... All water samples were analyzed for turbidity (FTU), conductivity (µS cm −1 ), pH (H + ), Total Organic Carbon (TOC (mg/L)), Cl (mg/L), SO 4 (mg/L), NO 3 -N (mg/L), NH 4 -N (mg/L), Ca +2 (mg/L), Mg +2 (mg/L), K + (mg/L), Na + (mg/L), Mn (mg/L), Fe (mg/L), Al (mg/L), and NO 2 -N (mg/L). Water quality sampling, preservation, and analytic protocols were performed in accordance with standard methods [22]. ...
Habitat restoration and creation within human-altered landscapes can buffer the impacts of climate change on wildlife. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) is a coal surface mine reclamation practice that enhances reforestation through soil decompaction and the planting of native trees. Recently, wetland creation has been coupled with FRA to increase habitat available for wildlife, including amphibians. Our objective was to evaluate the response of pond-breeding amphibians to the FRA by comparing species occupancy, richness, and abundance across two FRA age-classes (2–5-year and 8–11-year reclaimed forests), traditionally reclaimed sites that were left to naturally regenerate after mining, and in mature, unmined forests in the Monongahela National Forest (West Virginia, USA). We found that species richness and occupancy estimates did not differ across treatment types. Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and Eastern Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) had the greatest estimated abundances in wetlands in the older FRA treatment. Additionally, larger wetlands had greater abundances of Eastern Newts, Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), and Green Frogs (L. clamitans) compared to smaller wetlands. Our results suggest that wetland creation and reforestation increases the number of breeding sites and promotes microhabitat and microclimate conditions that likely maximize the resilience of pond-breeding amphibians to anticipated climate changes in the study area.
... Total phosphorus (TP) in soil was determined by the molybdenum blue method (Murphy and Riley 1962) following persulfate digestion and flow injection analysis (Eaton et al. 2005). Soil was sampled using a profile sampler at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-50 mm. ...
Phosphorus (P) runoff is a major factor contributing to water quality decline in waterways and waterbodies of coastal Western Australia (WA). Soils with naturally low P retention or those with increased P saturation from P application have higher risk of P loss via leaching or runoff. Substantial research has been carried out to minimise P loss via leaching and runoff through modifications of soil P retention capacity. We review literature of P retentive soil amendments, natural clays and tillage of soil to lift clay to the surface to increase P retention and reduce P loss from poorly retentive sandy soils and P stratified soils, and which have been tested for efficacy and safety. This review includes published research, previously unpublished trial data, research in unpublished reports and published research in limited circulation with particular emphasis on the Swan Coastal Plain due to unabated P loss and limited uptake of soil amendment in the region to combat it. Key findings are that amending leaching sands with bauxite residue from alumina refining, neutralised used acid (NUA from mineral sands processing) and clay, as well as tillage or mixing of P stratified soils have been shown to be very effective at reducing P loss. Increases in plant productivity have been found, depending on conditions such as soil pH and soil test P. For the materials tested, soil amendment did not lead to undue uptake of trace elements or concerning levels of radiation. Trials of NUA have shown Mn is close to acceptable limits or slightly exceeds them and is the subject of further research to determine application rates and field conditions required to minimise Mn or other contamination. The P retentive effect of soil tillage is restricted to soils with high P levels in the soil surface and higher P retention below the surface, reachable by soil tillage equipment.
... With the intention to examine organic load of water, the water quality parameters like total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured [34]. ...
Twenty four bacterial strains having potential capability to decolorize and degrade textile dye Navy Blue CBF, were isolated from activated sludge samples; amassed from azo dye contaminated sites of a local textile Industry of Faisalabad. Out of these, three potent strains were selected owing to their great decolorization potential. Various parameters like dye concentration , pH, temperature, and incubation time period were optimized to develop maximum dye decolorization. The most suitable pH and temperature for selected bacterial strain were 6.0-7.5 and 30-35˚C, respectively, while dye concentration and incubation time were found to be 100 ppm and 144 h, respectively. Against Navy Blue CBF dye, maximum decolorization activity obtained in this study was around 90% under the optimized conditions, using the dye as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Effects of additional carbon (2-10 mg/100 mL) and nitrogen sources (2-10 mg/100 mL) on color removal potential were also evaluated. A decrease in decolorization potential of the bacterial strains with all the carbon sources (23-27% decoloriza-tion) and nitrogen sources (23-31% decolorization) was observed. Water quality parameters like total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured before and after the microbial treatment of dye. Under optimum conditions, significant reduction in TOC and COD by three bacterial strains was noticed as compared to untreated ones. UV-vis and FTIR analyses were carried out before and after decolorization process which indicated the biodecolorization and biodegradation of Navy Blue CBF dye into nontoxic metabolites.
... Aiming to preserve the characteristics of collected sewage, the sample bottles were placed inside a cooler with ice during transportation. The analysed parameters were: temperature, pH, total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), filtered COD (CODf), total solids (TS), total fixed solids (TFS), volatile solids (VS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) in accordance with the procedure described in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Eaton et al., 2005). ...
Increasing of energy demand and climate change have hampered sustainable development. This article aimed to study the potential of biogas recovery for energy generation from compact wastewater treatment plants in buildings. Three buildings were selected and an economic feasibility analysis was carried out. The net present value (NPV) was positive and the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) was higher than the minimum attractive rate in five of six cases, showing that energy savings were sufficient to cover implementation, operation, and maintenance costs, with two to four years of payback time for biogas structures. The anaerobic reactor was responsible for the main expenditure, which indicates the importance of developing low-cost and compact units for decentralized wastewater treatment. Finally, the results indicate that biogas may be a promising and viable energy source in residential buildings.
... Every few days, the contents of the additional bioreactors were characterized in terms of their content of DM (after drying at 105 • C) and OM (loss on ignition at 550 • C); additionally, the supernatants were characterized in terms of pH, TA, and their concentrations of COD, N-NH 4 , VFA, and P-PO 4 . These analyses were performed according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater [27]. ...
The mushroom agroindustry generates a huge amount of waste from mushroom production (WMP). The composition of WMP is not standardized but differs mainly in terms of organic matter (OM) content and OM biodegradability. This makes WMP management, including anaerobic digestion (AD), a significant challenge. A potential solution could be co-digestion of WMP with municipal sewage sludge (SS), especially SS generated in small rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Therefore, this study investigated mesophilic methane production (MP) from WMP, SS, and mixtures of SS and WMP at ratios of 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 (w/w OM). Even though the maximum cumulative MP from WMP was relatively low (approx. 60 NL/kg OM), co-digesting WMP with SS increased both MP and the methane content of the biogas: with 30%, 50%, and 70% shares of SS, MP increased almost 2, 2.5, and 3.3 times, and the methane content increased to 61%, 62%, and 64%, respectively. As the SS content was increased, the kinetic coefficients of MP and OM removal decreased (from 0.211 to 0.146 d−1 and from 0.215 to 0.152 d−1), whereas the initial rate of MP and of OM removal increased (from 12.5 to 36.8 NL/(kg OM·d) and from 0.51 kg OM/(m3·d) to 0.59 kg OM/(m3·d), respectively). The effectiveness of OM removal (EOMrem) was lowest with WMP only, at 46.6%. When the SS content of the mixtures was increased to 30%, 50%, and 70%, EOMrem also increased to 55.3%, 60.1%, and 64.9%, respectively. The relationship between maximal MP and the overall OM removed was such that both increased simultaneously. The higher values of EOMrem and, consequently, the lower final contents of OM with more effective MP indicate that the organics were degraded more efficiently. These results suggest that co-digestion may be a profitable solution for simultaneously utilizing both of these waste products, increasing the efficiency of biogas production to such an extent that it would be profitable to conduct AD on mushroom farms. This is a flexible approach that allows varying proportions of WMP and SS to be used, depending on the availability of both substrates and the energy needs of the mushroom farm. However, it should be borne in mind that a higher share of WMP results in lower gas productivity.
... Table 5 provides the pieces of apparatus and/or the methodology employed for the analysis of wastewater parameters. The process of sample preparation and analysis adhered to the established standard methods delineated in Clesceri et al. (1998) for the scrutiny of water and wastewater samples. ...
Landfill leachate contributes to groundwater pollution. The Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) is a sustainable in-situ method to remediate groundwater. Finding cost-effective and efficient reactive materials is a key problem with PRBs. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the applicability of two composite reactive media beds derived from several waste materials (building waste, sludge, sea sand, iron particles, bagasse, saw dust, bio char, fly ash and coconut coir pith) for PRBs to treat groundwater contaminated by landfill leachate. The study comprised two identical laboratory-scale PRB reactors: an experimental reactor and a control reactor. Each reactor included two reactive media beds in series. In the experimental reactor, one of the two beds was filled with a composite reactive media derived from waste materials with high particle densities, while the other was filled with waste materials of low particle densities. In contrast, both the beds of the control reactor were filled with Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). The experimental PRB demonstrated removal rates of 97.08 ± 0.11% (Pb), 65.01 ± 2.14% (Mn), 55.03 ± 1.06% (Fe) and 78.34 ± 1.58% (COD). The control reactor achieved removal rates of 99.26 ± 0.08% (Pb), 94.46 ± 1.13% (Mn), 80.23 ± 0.93%(Mn) and 98.83 ± 0.14% (COD). The shear strength reductions were 19%, 27%, and 11% for the high-density, low-density, and GAC beds, respectively. The associated reductions in hydraulic conductivity were 24%, 12%, and 35%. The waste-derived reactive media possess multiple properties sourced from different materials and can address the removal of multiple contaminants simultaneously, comparable to GAC.
... The total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) of the filtered sludge were determined by following the protocol of APHA [45]. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) regarding the sample coming from the liquid phase was measured by the potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) standard method [46]. ...
... Laboratory analyses were conducted to determine water, sediment, and porewater nutrient concentrations. Total nitrogen was determined according to Eaton et al. (1995), urea was measured following the method of Newell et al. (1967), ammonium content was assessed using the procedure by Mackereth et al. (1978), nitrate concentration was measured according to Elliott and Porter (1971), total phosphorus (TP) was analyzed in accordance with Gales et al. (1966), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was quantified following the method described by Murphy and Riley (1962). The TOC concentration of the sediment was measured using a High-TOC analyser (Elementar Analysensysteme, Hanau, Germany) according to V. -Balogh et al. (2004). ...
... At the IL study sites located around the Golinga and Tono Dams, water samples were collected from irrigation canals supplying the rice fields into 500 mL plastic bottles that had been pre-washed with detergent, soaked and washed in 10% nitric acid (HNO 3 ) for 24 h, rinsed thoroughly with double distilled water, and oven-dried overnight (Eaton et al. 2005). In the Northern region, additional water samples were collected from Bontanga (a rice irrigation site close to Golinga), and in the Upper East Region, reference samples were obtained from a borehole dug for domestic purposes at Navrongo. ...
Expanding local rice production to meet consumer demand is a priority action under the Government of Ghana’s Planting for Food and Jobs initiative. While studies on yield-enhancing interventions abound, fewer studies focus on food safety issues (e.g., the potential toxic element status of the production ecosystems). This study was, therefore, conducted to bridge the knowledge gap. Chemical analyses were conducted on water, soil, and rice grain samples from different production ecosystems in the Northern and Upper East regions of Ghana. Statistical analysis of the data showed that soil and rice grain arsenic concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the Upper East region. In the Northern region, mean cadmium concentration in rice grains from the irrigated lowland fields (0.023±0.003 mg/kg) was significantly higher than in grains from the rainfed fields. All recorded concentrations of rice grain arsenic, cadmium, and lead were, however, within permissible limits, indicating a low risk of dietary exposure. The observed differences in concentrations within and between regions suggest that soil texture and other geogenic factors could influence the potential toxic element status of the rice production ecosystems. Regular monitoring is, therefore, recommended to maintain the safety of Ghana’s locally produced rice for human consumption.
... Vertical hydraulic conductivity was measured on the sediment samples via falling head permeameter tests (Holtz et al., 2011). Sediment was analyzed for particle size (Sheldrick and Wang, 1993) and moisture-corrected EC (Greenberg et al., 1992) by Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Science and Technology Branch (Ottawa, ON, Canada) as previously reported by Tackley et al. (2023). Sediment properties were used to parameterize the numerical model. ...
Estuaries are vulnerable to oceanic and atmospheric climate change. Much of the research investigating climate
change impacts on estuaries is focused on saltwater intrusion within surface water due to drought and rising sea
levels, with implications for ecosystems and humans. Groundwater and soil near estuaries may also be influenced,
as estuary salinity and hydraulic head changes can impact soils and aquifers not previously at risk of
salinization. This study was conducted to address knowledge gaps related to present and future groundwater
salinity distribution in a groundwater system connected to a macro-tidal estuary. The studied estuary experiences
a tidal bore due to its hydraulic connection to the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada. A parcel of agricultural
land adjacent to the estuary was selected to assess the groundwater response to episodic fluctuations in estuary
water levels and salinity. Groundwater monitoring and electromagnetic surveys were conducted to map soil and
groundwater salinity patterns. A numerical model of groundwater flow and solute transport informed by field
data was used to investigate how varying estuary salinity due to droughts and sea-level rise could impact
groundwater salinity. Results showed that, in contrast to salt wedges observed along marine coasts, the saline
groundwater existed as a plume immediately around the estuary. Model simulations showed that short-term
droughts had an insignificant impact on the adjacent groundwater salinity. However, permanent increases in
salinity caused by sea-level rise increased the plume volume by 86 %, or an additional ~11 m horizontally and ~
4.5 m vertically. Our results suggest that increased river salinity in this setting would not result in widespread
salinization of porewater and agricultural soils, but more extensive salinization may be experienced in permeable
aquifers or along more saline estuarine zones. Findings may inform land management decisions in regions
exposed to increased salinity in the future.
... Titrimetric method using EDTA complexometric was used to determine Ca and Mg, where murexide and eriochrome black T indicators were used, respectively. Analyses of 3 NO − and Clwere performed using the cadmium reduction method (Lenore et al., 1999) and electrometric titration respectively (Omonona et al., 2014). Hardness, which is caused by the presence of Ca and Mg ions in water was calculated following Hoque and Butler (2016): ...
Groundwater has proven to be a valuable resource for the local population of developing countries. Medical hydrogeology, a concept that primarily studies the positive and negative health effects of minerals in water has rarely been studied in Nigeria. Hence, we quantified the percentage of recommended daily intake (RDI) of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl−) in connection with groundwater physicochemical parameters occurring in groundwater wells found in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. The results showed that groundwater wells in the metropolis are deficient in Ca, Mg, and Cl− minerals. Even though the groundwater physicochemical parameters were within the WHO limits, lead (Pb) and acidic pH concentrations exceeding the WHO limits were observed in over 80% of sampled locations. Consequently, we conclude that groundwater in the metropolis is not a good source of Ca, Mg, and Cl− intake and harbours noxious Pb and pH levels.
La urgencia de realizar este estudio, es que debido a la alta contaminación del agua de
la Bahía de Panamá, los aerosoles producidos por esta deberán tener un elevado grado
de contaminantes microbiológicos lo que podrá afectar la salud de la población aledaña,
en donde se encuentran hospitales importantes, áreas residenciales y comerciales,
mercados público y de marisco, y áreas recreativas como son la Cinta Costera I, II y III.
También, se podrán utilizar las tecnologías estandarizadas, para evaluar el
funcionamiento de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales del proyecto de
saneamiento de la Ciudad y Bahía de Panamá. Los resultados presentados en este
estudio podrán ser utilizados por las autoridades competentes del MINSA, para definir
los parámetros microbiológicos y mejorar estacionalmente, la seguridad microbiológica
de los puntos estudiados.
Water quality and biological communities in the Lower Boise River and tributaries
Water quality and biological communities on the Big Wood River, Idaho.
To accurately figure out how much pollution comes from urban surface runoff and take steps to protect receiving water, we needed to fully understand how road-deposited sediments (RDS) wash off. Twelve RDS sample activities along an urban road were used to define the RDS accumulation and wash-off mechanism. Our research indicates that particles smaller than 100 μm imparted 59–73% of the wash-off load. Two instances of natural rainfall reduced the aggregate RDS mass by approximately 27–36%. On days without rain, the RDS particle shrank in size, but it became heavier after a downpour. The results showed that the source restricted the tiny particles washed off of RDS, while transport generally restricted the heavier particles washed off. We used 39 artificial rainfall events with different particle sizes to confirm our results on RDS wash-off. When compared to the heavier particles, tiny particles have a greater wash-off percentage, and when it comes to describing the wash-off mechanism, Fw values offer an inventive and insightful assessment. It has been assessed that tiny particles were source-restricted and this mechanism occurred during the initial stage, but heavier particles were transport-restricted and it occurred during the late stage.
Various human-originating interventions and/or activities have been playing the major role for substantially impacting natural flow regime, water quality, and sediment transport amounts of running waters (streams, creeks etc.) in a negative way. While many studies using in-field measurements of such impacts have proven these changes, applying modeling methods in order to assess such effects are still improving. This study used the SWAT model to assess annual changes in water regime, quality, and sediment yield for Murgul, Hatila, Fabrika, and Godrahav Creeks based on field measurements. The model estimated the highest annual surface flow at Murgul Creek (2.41 m3/s) and the lowest at Fabrika Creek (0.19 m3/s). Sediment yields were 61855 t/yr at Murgul, 29826 t/yr at Hatila, 3165 t/yr at Fabrika, and 7835 t/yr at Godrahav. The model also provided reliable predictions for most sub-creeks, with R2 values between 0.85 and 0.91 and NSE values between 0.72 and 0.84. For run-off, Hatila, Fabrika, and Godrahav showed high reliability with R2 and NSE values around 0.85 and 0.80, respectively, while Murgul had lower scores (R2: 0.53, NSE: 0.22). Sediment yield was reliable in Hatila and Fabrika with R2 around 0.82, but less so in Godrahav and Murgul, with NSE values showing significant variability. Water quality predictions for NO3 were acceptable across all creeks, with R2 values around 0.82 and varied NSE values, indicating generally reliable outcomes. However, the model predicted less favorable outcomes for Murgul Creek due to significant human-induced alterations. While the SWAT model was generally promising, the study emphasizes the need for detailed, long-term data to improve prediction accuracy.
Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important annual grain that is cultivated as a food staple around the world. The current study examined the effect of wastewater and a combination of biological and organic fertilizers on the morphological and phytochemical traits of corn, using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was biological and organic fertilizers at seven levels, including the control (no fertilization), bacterial biological fertilizers (NPK) along with iron and zinc Barvar biofertilizers, fungal biofertilizers made from Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma, biochar, a combination of bacterial and fungal biofertilizers, and a combination of bacterial and fungal biofertilizers with biochar. The second factor was irrigation at two levels (conventional irrigation and irrigation with wastewater). The traits studied included the morphological yield, phenols, flavonoids, polyphenols, glomalin, cadmium content in plant parts, and translocation factor (TF). The results disclosed that the best treatment in regard to the morphological traits was related to conventional water + biochar + mycorrhiza + Trichoderma + NPK. The highest phenol and flavonoid content were observed when biochar + mycorrhiza + Trichoderma + NPK treatments were used in both water treatments. Also, the wastewater + biochar + mycorrhiza + Trichoderma + NPK treatment demonstrated the highest total glomalin and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. The obtained results demonstrate that combined biological and organic fertilizer use on corn plants can effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of cadmium present in wastewater.
Even though the role of ecosystem services is known, the identification and assessment of water-related services is usually absent or often less represented as an ecosystem service. Progress in water quality indicator definition and compliance with regulations has been made; however, the relationship between water quality degradation and benefits to individuals and ecosystems remains little recognized. Here, we present an assessment of water quality and identification of ecosystem services in south-east Mexico. This study was performed within the geohydrological reserve zone of the Ring of Sinkholes, Yucatán Peninsula. Thirteen ecosystem services provided by the aquifer were identified. Water quality was evaluated in sinkholes based on national and international norms, considering different sinkhole uses. Results show a dynamic system, without saltwater intrusion and good to excellent water quality. The research demonstrates the relationship between ecosystem services and water quality, showing pressure in services related to uses for aquatic life protection and to a lesser extent those related to consumption. Current productive activities showed no pressure at this time. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) exhibited a significant difference in parameters and campaigns, but not between sinkholes. A long-lasting monitoring program for water quality is necessary to accurately evaluate the status of ecosystem services provided by the aquifer. Moreover, it is necessary to assess aquifers as ecosystems with economic, ecologic and socio-cultural importance. Effective water governance requires a balance of interests between all parties, within a legal and institutional framework.
The determination of water hardness is performed by EDTA complexometric titration, in the presence of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) as a visual end point indicator. EBT is an azo dye that can be an environmental problem. Therefore, the present work investigated the possibility of using the solar photo-Fenton system as a treatment to remove EBT from the wastewater of hardness determination process. The solar photo-Fenton reagents were potassium ferrioxalate, at 1 mmol L−1, as the catalyst and the source of iron, and hydrogen peroxide, at 10 mmol L−1. The efficiency of the treatment was monitored by COD, BOD, TOC, HPLC, and ecotoxicological analyses. Organic matter removal values higher than 60% were obtained in all the experiments carried out under 30 min of solar irradiation (7.313 J cm−2). The ecotoxicity of the treated effluents decreased by an average of 75%, which was in accordance with Brazilian regulations. The results indicated that the solar photo-Fenton process could be an attractive option for treating the effluent from water hardness determination, using solar radiation, presenting low risk to the environment and using low concentrations of reagents, including those required to decrease the system pH for process application and increase it to neutral pH before wastewater disposal.
In this paper, the possibility of combining electrocoagulation (EC), ultrasound, and the addition of zeolite for wastewater treatment was investigated for the first time. The following combinations of hybrid processes were tested: electrocoagulation with zeolite (ECZ), simultaneous electrocoagulation with zeolite and ultrasound (ECZ+US), and two-stage electrocoagulation with zeolite and ultrasound (US+Z - EC), carried out with three different electrode materials. The results show that the simultaneous assistance of ultrasound in the ECZ leads to a lower increase in pH, while the temperature increase is higher. Regarding the COD, the assistance of ultrasound is only useful for Zn electrodes in the two-stage US+Z - EC, while the reduction in voltage consumption occurs for Fe and Al electrodes. Ultrasonic assistance caused more damage to the anodes, but anode consumption was reduced for Al and Zn electrodes. The total amount of zeolite that can be recovered is between 55–97%, and recovery is higher in systems with higher turbidity reduction. Good settling ability is only achieved with Al and Fe electrodes in simultaneous performance. Taguchi’s orthogonal L9 array design was applied to analyze the effects of electrode material, process type, mixing speed, and time duration on COD decrease, settling velocity, electrode, and voltage consumption. The results show that the use of ultrasound does not contribute to the desired result and generally only has a favorable effect on voltage and electrode consumption, while it has no positive effect on settling ability or COD decrease. Furthermore, although longer times and higher mixing speeds negatively impact cost due to voltage and electrode consumption, it is advisable not to choose the shortest duration and lowest speed to obtain adequate wastewater treatment quality.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) technology is a viable solution to the challenges attributed to sewage sludge, but its specific impact on biogas production and the dynamics of methanogenic bacteria has not been widely understood. This research investigated the effects of shifts in AD operational temperatures on microbial communities and biogas production. This was achieved by incrementally raising the temperature from 37 °C to 45 °C in 2 °C increments. Within the temperature range of 37 – 41 °C, there was a notable disturbance in the abundance of acetogenic bacteria and methanogens, leading to a considerable reduction in methane production. However, with further elevation of temperature, the increasing activity of acetogens and methanogens was discerned following the increase in methane production. Methanothrix was identified as the predominant methanogen in the present study, marking the domination of the acetoclastic pathway. In functional analysis, the acetate decarboxylation enzymes demonstrated resilience at 43 °C and 45 °C, in contrast to hydrogenotrophic pathway enzymes. The acetoclastic pathway played a primary role in methane production under temperature shift conditions while the hydrogenotrophic pathway was more susceptible to temperature fluctuations. The findings highlight the potential adaptation of microbial communities when subjected to changing temperatures which led to robustness of digestion in AD processes.
A água destinada ao consumo deve atender ao padrão de potabilidade estabelecido na legislação vigente, uma vez que, se contaminada, pode causar doenças. Este estudo utilizou dados abertos do Programa VIGIAGUA de Ponta Grossa (PR), onde foram realizadas análises estatísticas de 296 amostras de nove poços artesianos localizados na área urbana entre os anos de 2016 e 2021, verificando a conformidade com os padrões para o consumo humano segundo parâmetros básicos de coliformes totais (CT) e Escherichia coli (E. coli), estipulados pela Portaria GM/MS n. 888/2021. Também foi realizada análise qualiquantitativa dos riscos de contaminação microbiológica dos poços por meio de inspeções sanitárias definidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Os resultados apontaram a contaminação da água bruta por CT (34%) e E. coli (7%) das amostras avaliadas, além de atestar que a ocorrência de deficiências estruturais e sanitárias influenciou no aumento da contaminação da água por CT (p = 0,002) e E. coli (p = 0,011), afetando diretamente a saúde dos consumidores.
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