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Advanced Speech Call Items for GSM-Railway
Abstract
Advanced speech call items (ASCI) are a special set of speech call services designed on top of GSM standard to fulfill the requirements of International Union of Railways (in French Union Internationale des Chemins de fer - UIC). In collaboration with ETSI, railways' working-group EIRENE formed a set of functional and system requirement specifications for mobile networks which would fulfill the needs of railways and insure interoperability across the borders. With new signaling and voice functionalities implemented, EIRENE-compliant network can be referred to as a GSM-railway (GSM-R) network. In terms of voice communication, GSM-R system makes use of standard 2G mobile networks' speech services, as well as newly-defined ASCI services. Basic purpose of ASCI services for railways is to provide the distribution of speech into a predefined geographical area, towards all or towards only a group of service subscribers located in that area. Therefore, voice broadcast service (VBS) and voice group call service (VGCS) were defined for this purpose.
... The project team determined the System Requirements Specification (SRS) based on the functional requirements. The SRS document defines the technical characteristics related to railway operation, thus identifying and specifying the additional Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI) features [16]. A first draft of the EIRENE specifications was finalized in 1995, when the Mobile Radio for Railway Networks in Europe (MORANE) project was launched with the involvement of the UIC; the major railways in France, Italy and Germany; the European Commission, and a limited number of GSM suppliers. ...
... 16 compares the results shown in ...
... 16: Exo 800: Comparison of the RSS curves with and without Kalman filtering. ...
Reliable transport systems, defense, public safety and quality assurance in the Industry 4.0 are essential in a modern society. In a mission-critical scenario, a mission failure would jeopardize human lives and put at risk some other assets whose impairment or loss would significantly harm society or business results. Even small degradations of the communications supporting the mission could have large and possibly dire consequences.
On the one hand, mission-critical organizations wish to utilize the most modern, disruptive and innovative communication systems and technologies, and yet, on the other hand, need to comply with strict requirements, which are very different to those of non critical scenarios. The aim of this thesis is to assess the feasibility of applying emerging technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and 4G broadband communications in mission-critical scenarios along three key critical infrastructure sectors: transportation, defense and public safety, and shipbuilding.
Regarding the transport sector, this thesis provides an understanding of the progress of communications technologies used for railways since the implantation of Global System for Mobile communications-Railways (GSM-R). The aim of this work is to envision the potential contribution of Long Term Evolution (LTE) to provide additional features that GSM-R would never support. Furthermore, the ability of Industrial IoT for revolutionizing the railway industry and confront today's challenges is presented. Moreover, a detailed review of the most common flaws found in Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) based IoT systems is presented, including the latest attacks described in the literature. As a result, a novel methodology for auditing security and reverse engineering RFID communications in transport applications is introduced.
The second sector selected is driven by new operational needs and the challenges that arise from modern military deployments. The strategic advantages of 4G broadband technologies massively deployed in civil scenarios are examined. Furthermore, this thesis analyzes the great potential for applying IoT technologies to revolutionize modern warfare and provide benefits similar to those in industry. It identifies scenarios where defense and public safety could leverage better commercial IoT capabilities to deliver greater survivability to the warfighter or first responders, while reducing costs and increasing operation efficiency and effectiveness.
The last part is devoted to the shipbuilding industry. After defining the novel concept of Shipyard 4.0, how a shipyard pipe workshop works and what are the requirements for building a smart pipe system are described in detail. Furthermore, the foundations for enabling an affordable CPS for Shipyards 4.0 are presented. The CPS proposed consists of a network of beacons that continuously collect information about the location of the pipes. Its design allows shipyards to obtain more information on the pipes and to make better use of it. Moreover, it is indicated how to build a positioning system from scratch in an environment as harsh in terms of communications as a shipyard, showing an example of its architecture and implementation.
... GSM-R jest oparta na drugiej generacji (2G) technologii telekomunikacyjnej GSM oraz na dwóch projektach zwanych EIRENE (European Integrated Radio Enhanced Network) oraz MORANE (Mobile Oriented Radio Network). Funkcjonalność systemu GSM-R jest taka sama jak sieć GSM oraz posiada podobną infrastrukturę sieciową, choć bogatszą o dedykowane usługi takie na przykład jak adresowanie funkcyjne, czy wywołania grupowe przy połączeniach głosowych [10]. Najważniejszą różnicą pomiędzy systemami GSM i GSM-R są przedziały częstotliwości, na których działają urządzenia. ...
... Architektura całego systemu GSM-R składa się z trzech podsystemów, pierwszy z nich: BSS (Base Station Subsystem), w którego skład wchodzą takie elementy jak sterowniki stacji bazowych BSC (Base Station Controler) oraz stacje bazowe BTS (Base Transceiver Station), drugi system to CN (Core Network), w którym znajdują się centrale MSC (Mobile Switching Center), VLR (Visitor Location Register), baza usług i rejestry użytkowników HLR (Home Location Register), trzeci podsystem to strefa użytkownika sieci, czyli terminal mobilny oraz urządzenia sterujące w przypadku ETCS. Sieć GSM-R różni się od komercyjnej sieci GSM tym tylko, że w tej pierwszej można odnaleźć dodatkowy moduł zintegrowany z MSC i odpowiedzialny za wywołania i połączenia głosowe w obrębie grup użytkowników GCR (Group Call Register) [10], [11]. Zastosowanie dodatkowych funkcjonalności, które odróżniają sieć dedykowaną na potrzeby transportu kolejowego GSM-R od GSM oraz szczególne wymogi związane z bezpieczeństwem i niezawodnością sieci telekomunikacyjnej spowodowało potrzebę specyfikacji parametrów QoS (Quality of Service). ...
STRESZCZENIE Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway-GSM-R jest standardem telekomunikacyjnym opierającym się na transmisji głosu i danych w sieciach kolejowych i wykorzystywanym obecnie w większości krajów na świecie. GSM-R oraz ETCS stanowią integralną część systemu ERTMS, który zastępuje istniejącą do tej pory analogową technologię sygnalizacji na kolei. Istnieje niewiele publikacji i literatury podejmującej próby przeprowadzenia studium na temat rozwoju systemu GSM-R w Polsce. O ile istnieją badania przeprowadzane głównie w krajach skandynawskich i azjatyckich, o tyle w Polsce poza nielicznymi publikacjami zajmującymi się problematyką wpływu działania sieci komórkowych działających komercyjnie na system GSM-R, badania na temat przyszłości GSM-R są zaniedbane. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiony jest zarys koncepcji konwergencji sieci GSM-R i LTE poprzez możliwość zastosowania technologii CSFB (Circuit Switch Fall Back) w transmisji głosu np. pomiędzy maszynistami a personelem utrzymania tj. dyspozytorami. W tym celu, w pierwszej części tekstu przedstawiony jest ogólny schemat działania sieci GSM-R oraz LTE z wyróżnieniem technologii transferu głosu. W drugiej, opisane są wymagania mechanizmu QoS (Quality of Service) podczas zestawiania połączenia głosowego zgodnie z technologią GSM-R oraz LTE. Ostatnia część przedstawia założenia projektu badawczego, którego głównym celem jest zaprezentowanie perspektywy przeprowadzenia badań empirycznych na polskich odcinkach linii kolejowych już wykorzystujących technologię GSM-R. ABSTRACT Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway-GSM-R is a telecommunications standard which is based on the transmission of voice and data in railway networks, and currently employed in most countries in the world. GSM-R and ETCS are an integral part of ERTMS, which supersedes analog signaling technology on the railway. There exists few publications and literature attempting to conduct a development study on the GSM-R system in Poland. Apart from a few publications dealing with the impact issue of the commercially operating networks on system GSM-R, the studies on the future of the GSM-R are neglected. This article presents an outline the concept of convergence GSM-R and LTE technology through its support for CSFB in voice transmission, e.g. between drivers and maintenance personnel, i.e. dispatchers. For this purpose, the first part of the text presents a general flow chart of GSM-R and LTE with distinction of technology transfer voice. In the second, the requirements of QoS during a call connection with the technology of the GSM-R and LTE are exhibited. The last part presents the assumptions of the research project,
... Regarding the project team, it was focused on defining the System Requirements Specification (SRS). The SRS details the technical features related to operations, which involved the identification and specification of supplementary Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI) features [41]. ...
Nowadays, the railway industry is in a position where it is able to exploit the opportunities created by the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and enabling communication technologies under the paradigm of Internet of Trains. This review details the evolution of communication technologies since the deployment of GSM-R, describing the main alternatives and how railway requirements, specifications and recommendations have evolved over time. The advantages of the latest generation of broadband communication systems (e.g., LTE, 5G, IEEE 802.11ad) and the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the railway environment are also explained together with the strategic roadmap to ensure a smooth migration from GSM-R. Furthermore, this survey focuses on providing a holistic approach, identifying scenarios and architectures where railways could leverage better commercial IIoT capabilities. After reviewing the main industrial developments, short and medium-term IIoT-enabled services for smart railways are evaluated. Then, it is analyzed the latest research on predictive maintenance, smart infrastructure, advanced monitoring of assets, video surveillance systems, railway operations, Passenger and Freight Information Systems (PIS/FIS), train control systems, safety assurance, signaling systems, cyber security and energy efficiency. Overall, it can be stated that the aim of this article is to provide a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art of different technologies and services that will revolutionize the railway industry and will allow for confronting today challenges.
... The project team developed the System Requirements Specification (SRS) based on the functional requirements. This document defines the technical characteristics related to railway operation, thus identifying and specifying the additional Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI) features [2]. A first draft of these EIRENE specifications was finalized in 1995 when the Mobile Radio for Railway Networks in Europe (MORANE) project was launched with the involvement of the UIC; the major railways in France, Italy and Germany; the European Commission, and a limited number of GSM suppliers. ...
In an increasingly demanding marketplace that will put great strain on railway services, research on broadband wireless communication must continue to strive for improvement. Based on the mature narrowband GSM technology, Global System for Mobile Communications-Railways (GSM-R) has been deployed both for operational and voice communications. Although GSM-R fulfills the requirements of current railway services, it imposes limited capacity and high costs that restrict enhancements of operational efficiency, passenger security and transport quality. 4G LongTerm Evolution (LTE) is expected to be the natural successor of GSM-R not only for its technical advantages and increasing performance, but also due to the current evolution of general-purpose communication systems. This paper examines the key features of LTE as well as its technical ability to support both the migration of current railway services and the provisioning of future ones.
... Specifi c requirements for core and additional communication services demand several key railway functionalities that must be supported by train wireless radio communication systems. Some of these functionalities may not be implemented in the communication system and must be added to the standard functionalities [10,13]. Therefore, features must be carefully assessed in order to support the specifi c existing and expected future functionalities required for railways. ...
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considered to be the natural evolution for the current Global System for Mobile Communications-Railways (GSM-R) in high speed railway environments, not only for its technical advantages and increased performance, but also due to the current evolution of public communication systems. In railway environments, mission critical services, operation assistance services, and passenger services must be supported by reliable mobile communication systems. Reliability and availability are key concerns for railway operators and as a consequence, railway operators are usually conservative adopters of information and communication technologies (ICT). This paper describes the feasibility of LTE as a successor to GSM-R for new railway mobile communication systems. We identify key features of LTE as a technology and analyze its ability to support both the migration of current railway services and the provisioning of potential future ones. We describe the key challenges to address specific requirements for railway communication services including the provisioning of voice service in LTE networks, handover performance, multicast multimedia transmission, and the provisioning of group communications service and railway emergency calls.
W dobie komunikacji mobilnej za pomocą smartfonów, komunikatorów internetowych, czy
smsów odczytanie stanu afektywnego interlokutora stanowi nie lada wyzwanie, będąc
przyczyną nieporozumień, błędnej interpretacji afektywnej rozmówcy lub też braku
zrozumienia. Odczuwane emocje przez człowieka w tego typu interakcjach społecznych
manifestują się poprzez ciało w formie gestów, mimiki, mikromimiki, czy też napięcia
mięśniowego. Sygnały te pełnią nie tylko funkcję podstawowego źródła informacji o stanie
afektywnym jednostki, ale usprawniają, czy wręcz umożliwiają komunikację międzyludzką.
W naszych badaniach poszukaliśmy sposobów kodowania emocji w komunikacji mobilnej na
poziomie gestów wywoływanych podczas spostrzegania bodźców afektywnych. Do
rejestrowania znaków afektywnych użyto ekranu dotykowego telefonu typu smartfon ze
specjalnie przygotowanym oprogramowaniem, mierzącym kluczowe składowe gestów,
wykonywanych na ekranie dotykowym, będących motoryczną odpowiedzią na bodziec
afektywny o określonym ładunku pobudzenia oraz znaku. W badaniach wykazano istotne
zmiany początkowej siły nacisku w funkcji spostrzeganej emocji, sugerujące, że wyższe
pobudzenie może skutkować silniejszą tendencją do powstrzymywania się od wykonania
danego gestu. Wykazano również, że wrażenia przyjemności/przykrości spostrzeganej
emocji istotnie zmieniają trajektorię wykonywanych gestów w kierunku wertykalnym – wzorce
dla negatywnych emocji rejestrowano w górnych częściach ekranu, zaś wzorce odpowiedzi
dla pozytywnych emocji obserwowano przy ruchach w dolnych częściach ekranu
Today's railway communications are experiencing a renaissance. High-speed railways are attracting new passengers; also, freight network will gain substantial market share by shifting a significant share from road transport towards rails whilst reducing costs and actively supporting the environmental objectives. Until the last decade, the majority of communication systems used by rail operators across Europe utilized analog radio technology with limited cross-border interoperability and capacity. After extensive studies performed by railway operators and telecommunications industry, GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications Railways) was standardized by the UIC (International Union of Railways) and the European Railways. In recent years, to fulfill the increasing requirements for novel broadband mobile communication systems, UIC has started the migration from GSM Phase 2+ to LTE (4G Long Term Evolution) while ensuring that the life cycle of GSM-R will be extended with the unceasing progress of telecommunications technology. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the definition of a LTE standard proposal which confronts the potential challenges of complex railway environments whilst considering innovative services. Railway specific applications, quality of service, LTE for railway, network mobility, all-IP, mission critical, next generation traffic management, interoperability, GSM-R.
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