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Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays
Figures
... This section presents the modeling of the photovoltaic arrays using a single diode model [23,24]. Figure 1 shows the models of an ideal and a practical PV cells. ...
... the PV panel. The modified equation is given in (10) [24]. Figure 3 shows the influence of the solar irradiance G on the P-V and I-V characteristics at a constant temperature equal to 25 • C, while Fig. 4 shows the influence of the temperature T on the P-V and I-V characteristics at a constant solar irradiance equal to 1000 W/m 2 . ...
... The quadratic converter is a fifth-order switched affine system with two states. To resolve the LMI of this system, we will consider the matrix Q = Q 1 = Q 2 given in (24). ...
This paper presents a new controller based on the Lyapunov theory used in a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed system does not include a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller unlike a traditional one. The quadratic converter including one controllable switch is modeled as a switching system which allows us to propose a switching rule that can be used to control the converter. This part assures the stability of the operating point at any desired voltage value. To determine the operating point that allows to extract a maximum of power from the system, a double-mode variable step size maximum power point tracking algorithm is included in the controller. The proposed method is a hybridization between the well-known perturb and observe (P &O) algorithm and an operation at a fixed voltage value during fast solar irradiance changes. The performances of the global controller are tested through simulation using Simulink/MATLABTM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{\textrm{TM}}$$\end{document}. It is compared to a classical system with PWM and P &O controllers. The result shows that the proposed controller can harvest up to 15%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$15 \%$$\end{document} more energy from the PV panel in case of fast solar irradiance changes without significantly increasing the implementation cost.
... The series and shunt resistors (R s and R sh ) and the ideality factor (n) were estimated using iterations starting with an initial value of R s equals 0 [43]. Also the ideality factor (n) was chosen arbitrarily depending on the parameters of the model [43]. ...
... The series and shunt resistors (R s and R sh ) and the ideality factor (n) were estimated using iterations starting with an initial value of R s equals 0 [43]. Also the ideality factor (n) was chosen arbitrarily depending on the parameters of the model [43]. ...
... The detailed equations of the photo current (I ph ) and saturation current (I 0 ) can be found in references [25], [29] and [43]. The output from the Simulink model were then compared with the output from the IEEE P1562-2021 method. ...
South Sudan is expansive and sparsely populated with over 80% of the population living in rural areas. The country has no national grid connecting its cities and towns, thus making rural areas “good candidates” for stand-alone renewable energy systems. This study was conducted to determine the technical feasibility and economic viability of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system compared to a diesel generator. A techno-economic model was developed to forecast the performance of the PV system. The system was initially designed using the IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems (IEEE P1562-2021) and the IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems (IEEE 1013-2019). The solar radiation data used for modeling were acquired from the Ineichen clear sky model and then transposed to the plane of array irradiation using pvlib python. The system optimization and sensitivity analysis was performed under various diesel fuel costs using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. Results show that at a fuel price of $ 2 per liter, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the PV system is 64% lower than that of the diesel generator and that the system can earn 11% return on investment (ROI) and recover the investment in about 5.5 years. With a drop in price of diesel fuel to $ 1 per liter, the payback period increases to about 7 years. These results show that stand-alone PV systems are technically feasible and economically viable in rural and peri-urban areas of South Sudan.
... The output current and voltage of the solar cell is represented by and , respectively. The diode internal diffusion current is modeled by (Villalva, et al., 2009) ...
... The general model shown in Figure 2 is accurate, because it includes the parasitic elements, shunt resistance ℎ and series resistant . (Villalva, et al. 2009). The PV cell output current , expressed: ...
... If we consider that the photovoltaic cells are coupled in series and in parallel and the output current I is calculated, Eq. (10) becomes: (15) where N s and N p are the numbers of solar cells in series and parallel respectively. The current I ph does not depend on V or R s , however, it depends on the incident flux, solar irradiation G and temperature T according to the following equation [22,24,25]: ...
... The saturation current I s can be calculated from the formula [24,25]: ...
... Models aid in the design of power electronics converters, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers, and optimality assessment. They can also help in taking action accordingly on the adverse effects of high grid penetration of solar electrical energy, given its dynamically changing nature [19][20][21]. Different optimization techniques have been explored to solve the challenges in reliable and accurate estimation of model parameters [21][22][23]. Single-diode (SDM), doublediode, and three-diode models have been proposed to obtain equivalent characteristics [20,24,25]. ...
... Different optimization techniques have been explored to solve the challenges in reliable and accurate estimation of model parameters [21][22][23]. Single-diode (SDM), doublediode, and three-diode models have been proposed to obtain equivalent characteristics [20,24,25]. The SDM has been reported as the simplest of the diode models [23]. ...
This paper presents two equivalent electrical circuit models of a dye-sensitized solar (DSS) module (150B-3 390). The module, which uses a third-generation solar cell, has several advantages over the earlier two generations. The equivalent model increases the research opportunities on solar cell technology development even without an existing solar plant. The paper highlights the development of an equivalent model of the module with the proposed method, as no such model is currently available to carry out further research with the module. The single-diode model (SDM) is a widely utilized simple approach that describes solar cell behavior very well. Model I in the paper is developed using only the SDM approach. It consists of a few unknown parameters estimated with the Gauss–Seidel method. The results from Model I show that the model requires certain improvements, due to the fundamental differences in the characteristic curves between conventional solar cells and DSS cells. The proposed model can more precisely describe the behavior of the module. Gauss–Seidel, curve fitting, and theoretical methods were used to develop the proposed model. It describes the irradiance effect of the module by introducing two newly developed parameters to Model I. The proposed model, with the theoretically modified characteristic equation of Model I, illustrates the temperature effect. The experimental work for the modeling is carried out on the DSS module inside a laboratory environment with standard test conditions. A Raspberry Pi 4 B with sensing devices is used to extract the measurable parameters from the module. Both models are based on an SDM design approach. Characteristic curves of the module from measured data validate the output characteristics of both models at various irradiance and temperature values. The results confirm the superiority of the proposed model over Model I.
... There are two basic types of quantum well design for solar cell fabrication. They are (i) Type-I: the charge carriers are localized in the same layer (fast recombination), and (ii) Type-II: the charge carriers are localized in different layers (long-time recombination) [1][2][3]. ...
... 1 ...
The paper presents the Analysis of Generation Solar Cell Design with Physics of Semiconductor. The research problem in this study is how to design a high-performance solar cell with novel semiconductor compounds that are fabricated in the laboratory based on the physical parameters. The approach to solving the proposed research problem is based on experimental studies through theoretical research in recent works. The first one is to develop the effective structure for solar cell design and the other is to develop the energy band structure of III-V compound-based third-generation solar cell. The simulation analyses were carried out with the help of MATLAB language. There are many steps to designing high-performance semiconductor devices for real-world applications. The results confirm that the numerical analyses of these two developments could be supported to estimate the outcomes of experimental studies without using real equipment in the laboratory.
... The current source represents the photocurrent generated by light absorption in the semiconductor material; the diode represents the P-N junction's current-voltage characteristics that form the photovoltaic cell; Figure 1 demonstrates the equivalent circuit of a PV cell [11]. (1) It's paramount to note that the performance of a photovoltaic cell is affected by multifarious factors such as temperature, the spectral distribution of the incident light, and shading effects [12]. Consequently, the above mathematical model provides a basic framework for better understanding the behaviour of photovoltaic cells. ...
... In addition, its voltage-current and volt-watt characteristics curve shows extreme nonlinearity [19]. The two curves in Figure 6 are the current-voltage characteristic curves of the photovoltaic cell under different light intensities; points A and B are the maximum power points under different solar irradiance and load conditions [12]. If the light intensity decreases from irradiance curve 2 to irradiance curve 1 while the load remains constant, the power output will shift from B to B'; nonetheless, the new MPP should be at point A. As a consequence, the load must be adjusted from load 2 to load 1, so as to maintain the maximum power output when the light intensity decreases. ...
For the time being, solar energy has received considerable attention and development on account of its distinct advantages, such as rich reserves and no geographical restrictions. Nevertheless, in practical applications, the photovoltaic module is easily affected by external environments, which gives rise to a decrease in photovoltaic power. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for PV power system is an effective method to elevate the efficacy of photovoltaic electricity conversion. The frequently used control methods include the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and the incremental conductance (INC) method, and so forth; these methods vary tremendously in terms of the required parameters, algorithm complexity, tracking speed, tracking accuracy, hardware requirements etc. This work puts forth a MPPT control method on the basis of Async-PSO and INC algorithm to achieve a better performance in the MPPT. To reflect the change of light amplitude and temperature in a day, the temperature varies from 25℃ to 60℃ and irradiance from 450W/m2 to 900W/m2 . An extensively used mono-crystalline silicon PV module with 240W was considered as the research object to compare the capability of the recommended MPPT control method. MATLAB/Simulink software was adopted to model and simulate the algorithm. Aside from that, comprehensive comparisons were made with other MPPT methods to test and verify the recommended algorithm has significantly improved the tracking speed and accuracy at the maximum power point with smaller oscillations under various conditions.
... In contrast to the IBPSA-related libraries, two specialized open-source libraries for PV system simulation exist: the PhotoVoltaics (Brkic et al. 2019) and the PVSystems (Villalva, Gazoli, and Ruppert Filho 2009). The former is based on the single-diode model and contains various examples and validation data. ...
... It is also based on manufacturer data only but neglects the effect of different mounting types, which affect the cell temperature. In addition, the latter library is also based on the singlediode approach and applies a numerical solution method to obtain the 5 unknown parameters (Villalva, Gazoli, and Ruppert Filho 2009). However, according to Brkic et al. (2019), the library is missing a parameterization support for the parallel and serial resistances. ...
Domain-overarching system models are crucial to investigate sector coupling concepts. Specifically, the coupling of building and electrical energy systems becomes crucial to integrate renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic power systems (PV). For such interdisciplinary simulation models, Modelica is a suitable language. However, most open-source Modelica libraries are either domain-specific or lack simple-to-parameterize PV models. We close this gap by developing a PV model for the IBPSA Modelica library. The model comprises two I-V-characteristic models and three mounting-dependent approaches to calculate the cell temperature. The I-V-characteristic models follow a single- and two-diodes approach. This study uses measurement data from a rooftop PV system in Berlin, Germany, for validation. The focus lies on comparing the implemented single- and two-diodes approach. Results prove that both models accurately calculate the modules’ DC power output and cell temperature. The two-diodes approach slightly outperforms the single-diode one at the expense of a higher parameterization effort.
... The design process must be applied for each of the converter topologies, since LABC is dependent on the mathematical model. Then, the following expressions are obtained based on the equation systems extracted from [40], following the design process detailed in [34]. ...
This paper presents a new power management algorithm for an off-grid photovoltaic system. The algorithm uses linear algebra control and includes DC Bus voltage control. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, computer simulations are conducted on a standalone system configured as an Off-Grid system. Simulations incorporate models of the photovoltaic array and batteries. The results show that the linear algebra control performs well and is reliable in power management. Therefore, the proposed system can supply energy to the load even with abrupt changes in solar radiation, temperature, and load dynamics.
... E g, is not provided by PV module manufacturers, and its solution is relatively complex. Based on I o,r , the temperature coefficients μ I and μ V of current and voltage are introduced to characterize the dependence of I o on temperature, so Eq. 8 can be obtained as follows (Villalva et al., 2009): ...
Photovoltaic (PV) modules must be monitored and evaluated in real-time during long-term operations to maintain a high performance, and series resistance is a critical component of this process. However, existing series resistance extraction methods may have either low accuracy or a very complex solution process. Worth mentioning, the size of this series resistance depends on environmental conditions, and the extraction results under different environments cannot be mutually referenced and compared. In this study, an analytical method for series resistance was derived, and a correction method for I–V curves that differs from the IEC 60891 standard was proposed, based on the derivative of the I–V characteristic curve of PV modules. The proposed analytical method was compared with three other methods for PV modules with three varied materials, and the influence of the ideality factor on parameter accuracy was also assessed. The obtained results showed that the proposed method can achieve high accuracy through an analytical expression. In addition, the I–V curves of a PV module operating for more than 6 years were corrected to fit the expected environmental conditions via the proposed correction method. Upon the calculated average value of the series resistance, the results indicated that the PV module has slightly aged, which verifies the effectiveness of the recommended method.
... That justifies using more simplified models, such as the ideal model, composed of a current source in parallel with a diode. This model is characterized by (1) [44] [45]. ...
This paper presents two new steady-state voltage control methodologies for microgrids. The main idea is to use the power factor angle of photovoltaic (PV) inverters to develop two control schemes, a primary one for local voltage control at the interconnection point and a secondary one for voltage control through the coordinated adjustment of several PV generation units. Mathematically, the proposal is based on a set of non-linear equations that represent the equations of the grid, the PV system model, and the proposed control schemes. These equations form a generalized and expanded power flow problem, which can be solved efficiently by the traditional Newton-Raphson method. Complementarity conditions and sigmoid functions are used to treat the inverter limits, carried out automatically and simultaneously with the problem’s solution. Computational simulations carried out on a small-scale tutorial system and the IEEE 38-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodologies. In addition, the performance of the secondary control scheme was evaluated under different load, irradiance, and temperature conditions, considering a time horizon of 7 days (168 hours). The results indicate that the developed control has great potential to improve the voltage profile of microgrids.
... T -Cell temperature in K • Rse -Series resistance As a result, the three-diode solar cell with the nine-Parameters model isn't used in this study. Villalva et al. (2009) found that the single-diode solar PV model perfectly fits with parameter adjustments and provides significant enhancements for effective research investigations incorporating controls in solar PV systems. Furthermore, the single diode with the four-Parameters model is less accurate than the single diode solar cell with five Parameters model, hence the same is not used in this study. ...
Solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays comprised of modules are the most important power conversion elements of solar PV-generating systems. Because of the nonlinear characteristics of the solar PV array, determining its operating curves under various operating conditions is a laborious and expensive process. To overcome these barriers, engineers have updated multiple engineering software platforms, including Matlab and Simulink, to incorporate standardized and simplified solar panel designs. Nevertheless, these models are unsuitable for implementation in hybrid energy systems due to their intuitive nature and the need to manually adjust specific system parameters. Consequently, this article outlines a systematic process for simulating photovoltaic cells, modules, and arrays utilizing Matlab and Simulink. The reference model utilised is a 100-watt solar panel. Additionally, the operational characteristics of PV arrays under a broad spectrum of physical parameters and operating conditions are investigated. The simulation investigation is conducted for three distinct weather scenario conditions: cloudless days, days with moderate clouds, and days with heavy overcast conditions. When solar irradiation falls from 1 KW/m2 to 100 W/m2, the resulting voltage, current, and output power all decrease. The output power and voltage increase slightly as the temperature decreases, but the output current from solar PV panels remains approximately constant. The I-V and P-V curves of the solar photovoltaic module are significantly influenced when the shunt resistance changes from 1000 Ω to 0.1 Ω, resulting in a noticeable decrease in power output.
... In this text, one of the feasible approaches to address this issue is presented, in which an initial value of the ideality factor, , is given. According to [34], the value of the ideality factor can be selected within the bracket ∈ [1, 1.5]. ...
In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the use and launch of small satellites. Initially, universities dominated the field, launching small satellites for use in scientific research or as technological demonstrators. However, there has been a gradual increase in the number of small satellites launched for commercial purposes. Consequently, these platforms are now required to deliver increasingly better performance due to the growing number of commercial applications they can serve. Given the current state of the space sector, significant research efforts have been dedicated to the study, simulation, improvement, and utilization of the different subsystems that make up small satellites.
This doctoral thesis focuses on the modelling, study, and simulation of the power subsystem and the attitude determination and control subsystem embedded in small satellites, while exploring the relationship between these subsystems. Although the primary emphasis is on small satellites, the application of the results is not limited to them.
This thesis covers several key studies. First, it investigates the performance comparison between power systems that use Direct Energy Transfer (DET) configurations and those that use Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Secondly, this work explores the estimation of the solar vector using low-cost solar sensors based on photodiodes, as well as the use of the state of solar panels for this purpose. Additionally, this thesis develops data analysis methodologies related to satellite.
attitude, enabling the determination of the satellite’s angular velocity even in situations with very slow data rates compared to the characteristic period of its motion. Finally, a guidance law is formulated to optimize the pointing of the satellite’s solar panels toward the Sun while respecting the maximum deviation constraint of its instruments from the target direction.
All the studies and analyses conducted in this thesis are derived from the experience with the UPMSat-2 and the development of the UPMSat-3. Data from the UPMSat-2, launched in September 2020, has been used to validate the methodologies described in this work, and specific methods have been implemented to validate experiments carried out on board the UPMSat-2. On the other hand, the UPMSat-3, currently in the development phase, has served as a basis for creating case studies to test and develop, for example, new solar tracking algorithms.
... In this section, a comparison of the parameter estimation with two other methods cited in the literator (Villalva and Esram models) [23,24] based on the onediode model (1D).This model is based on the assumption that the slope of the I -V curve at Voc and Isc is controlled by the series and shunt resistance, respectively, with further simplifications assuming that Iph is short equivalent to the circuit current and Rs, Rsh and a can be obtained by simultaneously solving the equations [24,25]. The simultaneous equation can be solved with the Newton-Raphson technique using the symbolic function fsolve. ...
... The cell's reserve saturation current is given by equation (10) (Villalva et al., 2009). ...
This paper explores the power potentiality analysis of PV modules to monitor the output power. PV module power potentiality analysis is performed in the Bangladesh climate condition. The important factors focused in this paper are solar irradiance, cell temperature, ideality factor, clearness index, tilt angle and fill factor. P-V and I-V characteristics of PV module are observed by MATLAB simulation and the power performance on various tilt angles are investigated by the experimental set up. From the experiment, it is seen that with the change of angle the power has been changed significantly. For this reason data has been collected for a couple of days with set up of various angles of tilt. A perfect choice of tilt angle for the PV module can promote the performance to a great extent. Besides, the performance of module has been checked by MATLAB simulation taking consideration of performance factors like solar radiation, temperature, ideality factor.
... Electrical characteristics of a n+pn+ and b n+pp+ solar PV cells(Adriano & Izete, 2012) at standard conditions Power generation using solar cell(Kingsley et al., 2018) Physical structure of PV cell(Villalva & Gazoli, 2009a) ...
The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of a bi-facial floating solar photovoltaic plant (FSPVB) and evaluate its technological and economic performance in comparison to an established simulated mono-facial floating solar power plant (FSPVM). This study evaluates the practicality of floating solar photovoltaic projects in Water Works, Chandigarh, by assessing a 2 MW grid-connected system with a bi-facial PV configuration. The study involves simulating the outcomes of both FSPVB and FSPVM plants to identify the most efficient design to achieve maximum power output. The performance parameters, i.e. performance ratio, energy production, levelized cost of energy, and payback period of the floating solar PV plant are evaluated using the PVsyst software. The findings demonstrate that the FSPVB plant can produce 2887 MWh of energy per year, with a superior performance ratio of 92.90%. Furthermore, the economic analysis indicates that the FSPVB plant had a shorter payback period (PBP) of 8.3 years compared to the FSPVM plant with a PBP of 12.7 years. Additionally, the FSPVB plant has a lower LCOE than the FSPVM plant. Hence, the study suggests that the proposed bi-facial floating solar power plant would be better, technologically, economically, and environmentally.
... Various works have established a mathematical model for the PV module [32,33], based mainly on equivalent circuit models. The methodology and equations used to obtain the equivalent circuit parameters are detailed in [34,35]. From the data sheet of a Q.PEAK DUO XL-G9.3 460 kW monocrystalline PV module produced by QCELLS [28], the parameters of the PV modules used in this work are obtained (see Table 2). ...
This paper describes research on the harmonic-distortion capacity of a single-stage photovoltaic (PV) 3.68 kWp generator in a microgrid configuration. An overview of various harmonic compensator methods used in PV generators is presented to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Proportional-resonant (PR) structures with harmonic compensators (HCs) are designed, modeled, and validated through real-time tests. The modeling of harmonic compensation structures for a photovoltaic inverter using MATLAB/SIMULINK R2022a is explained in detail. The harmonic compensation capacity of a PV generator inverter is studied under voltage harmonics, grid frequency variation, and voltage unbalance. The contributions of this work are, firstly a bibliographic analysis of various strategies currently used for harmonic compensation in grid-connected inverters and secondly, a detailed explanation of the modeling of harmonic compensation structures using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Finally, a demonstration of the improvement in energy quality that results from using harmonic compensation techniques in photovoltaic generators in microgrid configurations affected by grid disturbances is performed. The obtained results show that harmonic compensation strategies based on resonant filters are a good alternative for the reduction of harmonic voltage distortion in the presence of grid disturbances such as frequency variation and voltage unbalance.
... The scaled model for N M 9 N S PV module(Villalva et al. 2009) ...
Solar photovoltaics have emerged as an economic source of renewable electricity generation for regions with high solar irradiation. Still, the installation of utility-scale PV systems is often disrupted due to the unavailability of land. Sparsely populated areas with a hot, dry climate can mitigate the land-energy conflict as they experience higher solar irradiation. In arid areas, the PV systems incur more losses due to dust deposition on PV modules and reduced energy conversion efficiency at higher temperatures. The shortage of water makes the module cleaning procedures cost-prohibitive. Floating Solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems resolve these problems due to their reduced land footprint, higher efficiency, and reduce evaporative water loss. This study estimates the energy generation of a 4.8 MW FSPV-based microgrid in a hot, semi-arid urban area. By utilizing 5% area of the waterbody, the FSPV system yields 8.876 GWh of electricity annually, to meet 41.7% electricity demand of the study area. The system generates 16.7% more power compared to the land-based PV system. The performance ratio of 82%, and a DC capacity utilization factor of 20.3% is achieved. The system saves 52,810.32 m³ of water per year, compensating for the water requirement of 786.99 m³. for cleaning and dust removal of PV modules. The weekly cleaning procedure limits the soiling loss to 2.79%, compared to 8.47% after a month without cleaning. The FSPV-based microgrid reduces annual CO2 emissions by 2.93 tonnes. This study shall enable engineers, urban planners, and policymakers to develop clean energy-based, sustainable microgrid solutions for urban areas.
... Consequently, extensive research has been conducted by researchers in relevant fields at home and abroad to identify solar cell parameters using numerical calculation methods and metaheuristic methods [4] . Numerical calculation methods, such as Newton-Raphson [5] , iterative curve fitting [6] , and Lambert W function [7] , simplify the model by analyzing and reducing the unknown parameters. Solar cell parameters are then identified with key experimental data. ...
In this study, an improved northern goshawk optimization algorithm called SR-NGO is developed to solve the parameter identification problem of the Single Diode Model (SDM), Double Diode Model (DDM), and Triple Diode Model (TDM). Compared to the NGO algorithm, the SR-NGO algorithm reduces the minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation values of the root mean square error between experimental I-V data and the SDM(DDM, TDM) fitting data by 0.0004284% (0.2542%, 0.2034%), 1.1094% (3.7313%, 6.0740%), 0.05106% (0.6901%, 1.0699%), and 99.9999% (88.1540%, 94.0600%), respectively. Furthermore, the SR-NGO algorithm exhibits higher accuracy, faster convergence speed, and stronger stability compared to other existing algorithms. These results demonstrate that the SR-NGO algorithm, which combines the sine cosine guiding mechanism and random learning mechanism, enhances both local and global search capabilities, thereby improving the ability to escape local optima.
... To improve the accuracy of the model, double and triple diode models have also been addressed in several works. However, due to simplicity and accuracy similar to double diode models, SEM has been considered in most of the researches 17 . Therefore, in this study, the SEM of solar PV is used. ...
This work develops an efficient parameter estimation technique, based on manufacturer datasheet, to obtain unknown parameter of solar photovoltaic (PV), precisely. Firstly, a nonlinear least square objective function, in terms of variables given in manufacturer datasheet, has been developed. Then, two optimization techniques, namely the Particle Swarn Optimization (PSO) and Harmony Search (HS) are applied on the developed objective function to achieve the optimized result. Further, the correctness of the developed technique is tested by estimating the performance indices, namely percentage maximum power deviation index (%MPDI) and overall model deviation index (OMDI), of two different solar PV, viz., Kyocera KD210GH-2PU (poly-crystalline), and Shell SQ85 (mono-crystalline). It is shown that developed method with PSO outperforms the HS. The developed method with PSO gives the values of %MPDI and OMDI of 0.0214% and 0.213, only. Also, the existing methods, based on hybrid, multi-objective function, numerical method, have been considered for the comparative analysis. It is revealed through the comparative studies that the developed method with PSO has smaller value of MPDI (= 0.0041%) and OMDI (0.005) than the other existing methods. Further, the convergence of the developed method has also been estimated to check the speed of estimation. It is shown that the developed technique converges only in 5 s. In addition, the developed technique avoids the need of extensive data as it is based on manufacturer datasheet.
... Iterative methods [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], conversely, employ fitting procedures centered on the gradual adjustment of specific parameters. While these methods substantially alleviate the mathematical computational burden, they are primarily susceptible to issues stemming from the selection of incorrect initial parameters. ...
The modeling of solar cells and the precise identification of their equivalent model parameters have become one of the most extensively discussed subjects in recent developments in photovoltaic systems. Numerous meta-heuristic algorithms have been devised for this purpose, among which the JAYA algorithm has gained particular popularity due to its simplicity and efficiency. Nevertheless, there are still opportunities for improvement, particularly in terms of convergence speed and the prevention of local optima. This article presents an enhanced version of JAYA tailored for the precise extraction of equivalent model parameters. Utilizing individual performance metrics, participants automatically select their search method to maintain a balance between exploration and exploitation. By introducing an individual weighting factor and the current population average into the traditional JAYA equation, members steer clear of incorrect solutions from the outset and judiciously approach the best-suggested solution, effectively discouraging local optima. A Gaussian mutation strategy also enhances population quality. The improved algorithm is applied to estimate optimal parameters for single-diode, double-diode, triple-diode, and photovoltaic module models. Statistical comparisons demonstrate the superiority of this version for photovoltaic parameter estimation, particularly in terms of stability, precision, and convergence speed.
... Also, for controlling the wind and PV power, MPPT schemes are employed. There is mixed HRES, in which displays advantages of the both AC and DC coupled schemes [10]. AC bus J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Scale -X-axis: 1 Sec/unit Y-axis: 210 Volts/unit Scale -X-axis: 5 ms/unit Y-axis: 300 Volts/unit Scale -X-axis: 5 ms/unit Y-axis: 20 Amps/unit J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Scale -X-axis: 10 Hz/unit Y-axis: 4%/unit Scale -X-axis: 10 Hz/unit Y-axis: 4%/unit J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 26 ...
In this work, the operation of photovoltaic system, wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator along with battery has been observed. Also, a searching space minimization-based artificial bee colony scheme is developed for tracking the maximum power in a doubly fed induction generator-based system. To track maximum power in solar systems, an improved adaptive reference voltage approach has been presented. Several conventional and optimization-based techniques are used by DFIG and photovoltaic systems to get around the non-linearity features in the output parameters. Regarding DFIG, the artificial bee colony method based on searching space minimization can be used to solve the shortcomings of the perturb and observe algorithm. Because of its weather-sensitive nature, it can withstand sudden changes in wind speed. The suggested searching space minimization based artificial bee colony strategy uses a mechanism for determining the range of optimal rotor speed in order to track the maximum power point more quickly. The maximum power point tracking performance of the adaptive reference voltage technique is superior to that of current perturb and observed-based systems. However, a huge processing memory is required in order to track the maximum possible power point. This paper proposes an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique based on adaptive reference voltage that does not require a memory unit. Additionally, despite sudden changes in irradiation conditions, improved adaptive reference voltage can drift-free and reliably monitor the maximum power point. The new adaptive reference voltage technique uses temperature and radiation sensors to identify the region nearest to the maximum power point. This helps the system respond more quickly. The proposed system with searching space minimization based artificial bee colony and improved adaptive reference voltage schemes displays lower inter-harmonic content in grid current compared to perturb and observe scheme. The proposed scheme has been implemented in MATLAB & simulink atmosphere and OPAL-RT displayed satisfactory results.
... In relevant literature review, different models exist and are used to explain the behavior and performances of PV technologies. In Ref. [3], M. G. Villalva et al. suggested a control approach for grid-connected single-phase PV systems that attempts to increase their power quality and efficiency. The technique calls for the implementation of a feedforward control loop that evaluates the instantaneous power output of the PV array and changes the inverter's current reference correspondingly. ...
Accurate estimation of photovoltaic (PV) panels’ temperature is crucial for an accurate assessment for both the electrical and thermal aspects and performances. In this study we propose an advanced simulation approach linking a double-diode (DD) electrical model using the Artificial hummingbird algorithm; for parameter extraction; and a two-dimensional finite-difference-based thermal model. The electrical-sub model is firstly validated in comparison to experimental data figuring in literature using three types of PV technologies, with a relative error of about 2%. Then, the coupled model is validated using in-situ experimental setup consisting of the usage of thin-film PV technology, temperature sensors, weather station and an infrared camera. The results from both simulations and experiments exhibit strong alignment with a relative error of not higher than 2%; mainly due to the used material calibration uncertainties and external perturbations. This holistic model can be indeed further optimized, still, it has a potential to advance the development in the research area of PV systems.Future efforts could involve additional experimentation to validate the model for different seasons of the year.
Advanced monitoring necessitates employing fault diagnostics in solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems, as these diagnostics can alert users to potential catastrophic failures or heightened risks. Analyzing various flaws in photovoltaic systems is essential because these defects can cause energy shortfalls, system malfunctions, and fire hazards, which are often challenging to avert. To provide green and clean energy through solar power, this work aims to enhance efficiency by conducting further research. This includes modeling the Solar Photovoltaic system, estimating its parameters, and examining the different types of Solar Photovoltaic failures.
The shortage of traditional fossil fuels like coal, petrol and natural-gas are increased day-by-day, fulfills the most of energy demand. Most of engineers are trying to maximize the energy demand by employing renewable energy with existing micro-grid system. Owing to merits, the solar-PV system plays a significant alternative among all other renewable energy sources due to abundant and virtuous nature. For grid-tied solar-PV system, the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter is the most significant over the classical 2-level inverter due to provision of isolated input DC sources. But the cascaded H-bridge topology is designed for limited voltage levels due to its larger number of switches for higher voltage levels, high cost, large-size, and more weight. To alleviate these demerits, a reduced-switch multilevel inverter has been generally preferable for higher voltage levels. In this work, a novel 9-level reduced-switch multilevel inverter (RSMLI) topology has been proposed by utilizing low number of switching devices. The performance of proposed novel 9-level RSMLI topology has been verified in grid-tied solar-PV system by using MATLAB/Simulink tool, simulation results are presented with attractive comparisons.
This research paper presents a detailed cost-benefit analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods used in photovoltaic (PV) systems, focusing on their impact on energy efficiency and financial performance. MPPT technologies are crucial for optimizing the energy output of PV panels by aligning their operating conditions to the solar panel's maximum power point. This study compares several prevalent MPPT techniques, including Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (IncCond), and others, to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing the energy harvest from solar installations. The analysis encompasses an examination of the initial costs, operational efficiency, maintenance expenses, and return on investment over the lifecycle of PV systems. Additionally, the paper explores the implications of these technologies in various environmental conditions and their adaptability to dynamic weather patterns. Through quantitative and qualitative assessments, this study aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the economic and efficiency-related merits of implementing different MPPT methods in solar energy systems
Renewable sources are being introduced into the energy systems with global alliances to cater to a part of our daily energy requirements. Lately, there has been a significant spotlight on the utilization of non-traditional wellsprings of energy e.g., sunlight which is discontinuous in nature because of the environmental conditions. It is very useful to use different kinds of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to get the highest power from solar panels. In any case, these calculations need thorough testing before applying on photovoltaic (PV) panels which is problematic because of higher reliance on experimental sun-oriented irradiance data, and huge space prerequisites according to the power rating of solar panels. In this proposition, a new imitated device has been proposed. The operational stage is used in such a way that its functionality relies on real PV. The full system depicts the PV design and its control and with the help of formulations, it mimics the real PV. This technique also provides the working place of the power circuit utilizing a direct referring procedure. Controlled guidelines in environmental variables lead to more improvised MPPT regulators. In this chapter, a PV emulator has been proposed with varying irradiance.
This study aims to ameliorate the contribution capability of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) to participate in standalone microgrid operation. The islanded microgrid consists of a solar photovoltaic array for solar energy conversion and battery energy storage in addition to DFIG-based wind energy conversion system. Using a simplified control approach, the study describes multi-mode operation of a DFIG-based AC/DC microgrid using a stator-side solid-state transition switch (SSTS). Using SSTS operation, the DFIG stator can be seamlessly disconnected and reconnected from the point of common coupling without interrupting power to the loads in the microgrid. Additionally, non-ideal AC loads can be handled efficiently without the need for computationally exhaustive approaches to enhance stator voltages and currents.
Out of all types of energies electrical energy has high demand universally. So, technologies are developed to convert other forms of energy into electrical energy. Depletion in fossil fuels forces the world to derive energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass, etc.., .out of all renewable energy sources solar energy has more advantages. As long as the sun is present, we can derive electrical energy. So, PV technologies are developed to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. A PV system converts solar energy directly into electrical energy and various components of the solar system are PV system, DC-DC converter, Maximum power point technique controllers. In PV systems generated voltage is at a very low level. To enhance this low voltage level to required voltage level boost converters are introduces in PV systems.in addition to boost up the generated voltage level to required level, boost converters can also be used in a tracking maximum power along with MPPT technique. NOT all boost converter work for all systems .so for constructing a PV system we have to design a suitable boost converter .in the present work we studied design aspects of dc-dc boost converter, and we designed dc-dc boost converter for a PV system. Key Words: Photovoltaic system Photovoltaic cell modelling Design DC-DC boost Converter
This study proposes the control of a three-level NPC converter applied in a PV-FC hybrid generation system based on discrete-time integral sliding mode control (DISMC) combined with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. First, the comprehensive depiction and modeling of the system's main components are initially presented. Then, the controller's detailed design procedure is given. The sliding manifold is designed to have a fast dynamic response, and its stability analysis is verified using the Lyapunov direct method. Next, the optimization procedure is introduced to calculate the optimal values of the DISMC gains. Furthermore, a power management strategy is examined within the proposed control system to maximize the utility of the power produced by the hybrid system; the control is done through the designed PSO-DISMC to allow decoupled control of the active and reactive powers in two distinct modes of operation (the feeder-flow control (FFC) and the unit-power control (UPC) modes). The simulation of the approach is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink, and the findings demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy.
This paper works on the modelling of solar PV with series parallel connection of the strings for the composite climate location and the detailed study has been done on the gate signal of the chopper used for boosting with three different conditions. As the climate conditions are very important factor for the installation of the project to fulfill the captive requirements, a study has also been done with the help of climate consultant software so that the radiations capacity and potential to develop the energy is with in its maximum output capacity. In the next phase an inverter has also been connected for the conversion into single phase AC output for the testing of the model for the usage in the load or grid. Various methods for the control of the booster has been analyzed and considered. Simulation is done on a Matlab software and the result is analyzed.
The electrical modeling of photovoltaic modules is essential for installing, optimizing, and controlling photovoltaic systems. Several electric models exist, including the single-diode model (SDM), which has five unknown parameters. The challenge at hand pertains to determining these parameters, for which several methods are available. These methods are distinguished by their precision, complexity, and applicability. Generally, there are three categories: analytical (non-iterative), numerical (iterative), and metaheuristic methods. This work compares and tests the accuracy of eight analytical and numerical methods for determining the parameters of a single-diode model. The eight methods will validate on a PV module is Shell SQ160-C under standard test conditions (STC), and all give a realistic result for determining the unknown parameters and predicting the I-V curve.
Topics in control and power electronics play a pivotal role in the transition of power systems from centralized generation to distributed generation, the electrification of transportation, and the improvement of the lives of billions in developing countries. Numerous active sources, such as wind farms, solar farms, distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and flexible loads, are being integrated into power systems through power electronic converters
[1]
. These demand for skilled power electronics and control engineers with a robust foundation in theoretical knowledge, complemented with extensive practical experiences, to effectively navigate emerging and rapidly evolving technologies in the realm of renewable energy. Therefore, enhancing learning effectiveness in these fields is critical for students to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and industrial settings. The concept of learning-by-doing emerged in recent decades is a compelling approach that can significantly improve engineering education, particularly, in the context of power electronics and control. It is a dynamic method in which students investigate real-world problems and challenges, fostering not only a deeper understanding of the subject matter but also increasing their engagement levels and critical thinking
[2]
. Additional advantages include fostering active, self-motivated student engagement in the learning process and empowering them to address doubts independently. This approach may lead to a more effective learning experience than relying solely on a teacher, as students gain heightened awareness of specific challenges through firsthand experiences in solving real-world problems and make new contributions in the field
[3]
.
The main objective of this work lies on the fundamental need of knowledge of the effect of variations in diffuse spectral distribution due to the variation of atmospheric parameters on the performance of a micro crystalline solar cell using the spectral irradiance model for clear skies SMARTS2 (Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine) on the site of Tlemcen. The results show that the efficiency is a function of atmospheric conditions and is not constant. it increases with increasing turbidity, water vapour content and albedo but it decreases with increasing air mass. The short circuit current increases with increasing turbidity and albedo, and it decreases with increasing air mass and atmospheric water vapor content for diffuse solar irradiance.
This text is addressed to upper level graduate students with background in solid state physics and to scientists and engineers involved in solar cell research. The author aims to present fundamental physical principles rather than the state-of-the-art. Specific devices are used to illustrate basic phenomena and to indicate possibilities for innovative design. Contents, abridged: Solar insolation. The calculation of solar efficiency. Silicon solar cells. Heterojunction and heteroface structure cells. Polycrystalline thin films for solar cells. Concentrators, concentrator systems, and photoelectrochemical cells.
12/1982;
This paper proposes an analytical model for the performance of photovoltaic modules to be used in distributed power generation. The proposed solar panel model uses the electrical characteristics provided by the manufacturer data sheet. The required characteristics are short-circuit current (I<sub>sc</sub>), open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc </sub>) and the temperature coefficients of I<sub>sc</sub> and V<sub>oc </sub>. The proposed model takes into consideration the nominal values provided by the standard test conditions (STC). Also, the temperature and the effective irradiance level are derived analytically for the proposed model. Finally, simulations about V-I and P-V curves under different irradiance levels and temperatures are provided for different solar panel modules, data sheets
The power flow analysis of a power grid containing photovoltaic (PV) generating system is the foundation of studying steady-state characteristics of large- scale PV power station integrating into power grid. Generally, PV systems are coupled by power electronic converters. Thus, the steady-state modeling can be based on PV array characteristics and principles of power electronic transforms. The model in this paper can simulate steady-state operations of PV systems in condition of giving meteorological, PV system and power grid parameters. Moreover, the alternative and iterative method is used to obtain the unified solution of the model and power flow equations. Being compared with the actual PV station, analytical results indicate that the simulating error during noon time is very small and errors during morning and evening are relatively great. Also, variations of meteorological and power grid parameters will effect the system operation, but the irradiance is the greater one and the grid voltage variation has little effect. The power flow analysis is verified on IEEE 30-bus system, and PV power station can act as not only a PQ node, but a PV node which can supply reactive power to support voltage profiles.
This work presents the construction of a model for a PV panel using the single-diode five-parameters model, based exclusively on data-sheet parameters. The model takes into account the series and parallel (shunt) resistance of the panel. The equivalent circuit and the basic equations of the PV cell/panel in Standard Test Conditions (STC)<sup>1</sup> are shown, as well as the parameters extraction from the data-sheet values. The temperature dependence of the cell dark saturation current is expressed with an alternative formula, which gives better correlation with the datasheet values of the power temperature dependence. Based on these equations, a PV panel model, which is able to predict the panel behavior in different temperature and irradiance conditions, is built and tested.
For simulation purposes of photovoltaic (PV) power systems using
MATLAB and for online application, the different parameters of the PV
panel have to be known at the specific operating point. The parameters
of interest are the photon current, the series and shunt resistances,
the ideality factor, and the diode reverse saturation current. Hence the
different parameters have to be known at all operating condition which
is practically not available in many cases. So, in this paper the
authors introduce a new type of data analysis that express these
parameters by means of a fuzzy regression model. The available PV array
under consideration is defined by the manufacturer data sheet which
specifies the panel under a narrow range of operating conditions. A
fuzzy model has been developed for the aforementioned PV arrays. The
model has been validated using a set of data that have been obtained at
their site or obtained from extrapolating data from the manufacturer
data sheet
An accurate PV module electrical model is presented based on the Shockley diode equation. The simple model has a photo-current current source, a single diode junction and a series resistance, and includes temperature dependences. The method of parameter extraction and model evaluation in Matlab is demonstrated for a typical 60W solar panel. This model is used to investigate the variation of maximum power point with temperature and insolation levels. A comparison of buck versus boost maximum power point tracker (MPPT) topologies is made, and compared with a direct connection to a constant voltage (battery) load. The boost converter is shown to have a slight advantage over the buck, since it can always track the maximum power point.
Photovoltaic (PV) generation involves the direct conversion of sunlight into electrical energy. In recent years it has proved to be a cost-effective method for generating electricity with minimum environmental impact. Due to the environmental and economic benefits PV generation is now being deployed worldwide as an embedded renewable energy source and extensive research is being performed in order to study and assess the effectiveness of PV arrays in Distributed Generation (DG) systems either as a potential energy source or as energy reserve in combination with other types of distributed energy resources. This paper presents the modeling and MATLAB simulation of a stand-alone polycrystalline PV Array system and investigates load following performance efficiency under various loading and weather conditions as well as suitability with regard to enhancing power supply reliability to critical loads. The modeling of the PV array that has been performed in this research using MATLAB Simulink is based on the calculation of parameters for the Thevenin's equivalent circuit of each cell of the array. The standard double exponential polycrystalline cell model has been adopted for this research with solar irradiance E and ambient temperature T as the input and Thevenin's voltage V<sub>thar</sub> and Thevenin's resistance R<sub>thar</sub> as the output.
The number of electronic applications using artificial neural network-based (ANN) solutions has increased considerably in the last few years. However, the ANN-application in photovoltaic systems is very limited. This paper introduces the preliminary result of the modeling and simulation of photovoltaic panel based on ANN and VHDL-language. In fact, an experimental database of meteorological data (irradiation, temperature) and output electrical generation signals of the PV-panel (current and voltage) has been used in this study. The inputs of the ANN-PV-panel are the daily total irradiation and mean average temperature while the outputs are the current and voltage generated from the panel. Firstly, a dataset of 4Ã364 have been used for training the network and then one year is used for testing the ANN model. Subsequently, the neural network (MLP) corresponding to PV-panel is implemented using VHDL language based on the saved weights and bias of the network. Simulation results of the trained MLP-PV panel based on Matlab and VHDL are presented. The proposed PV-panel model based ANN and VHDL permit to evaluate the performance PV-panel using only the environmental factors and involves less computational efforts, and it can be used for predicting the output electrical energy from the PV-panel.
Recent interest in distributed generation (DG) due to the opening of the electricity market and the need for alternatives to conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation has revived interest in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Studies need to be performed at the power system level to examine the impacts of grid-connected PV systems and several models for PV arrays have been proposed in the literature for this purpose. However, the complexities of these models and the difficulties of implementing them in software programs can be deterrents to their use. This paper proposes a simple, robust and flexible piecewise linear PV device model for dynamic and transient power system studies. The circuit-based nature of the model is beneficial because it facilitates understanding of the PV device and its behavior in the connected circuit. Software implementation is straightforward and it can even be constructed using standard software library components, as demonstrated using PSCAD/EMTDC.
Maximum Power Point Tracking methods control the operating voltage of photovoltaic arrays in order to maximize their power output. This paper presents a method to evaluate the effectiveness of such methods continuously in operating photovoltaic power systems, and hence, under real-world conditions. When operating, the maximum power cannot be measured, and therefore must be estimated. The proposed method relies on additional PV modules to accurately measure the effective radiation, and back-of-module sensors for temperature measurements. These measurements are inputs to a model that calculates the maximum power point, which is then compared to the actual operating point of the PV array and inverter.
A photovoltaic array (PVA) simulation model to be used in Matlab-Simulink GUI environment is developed and presented in this paper. The model is developed using basic circuit equations of the photovoltaic (PV) solar cells including the effects of solar irradiation and temperature changes. The new model was tested using a directly coupled dc load as well as ac load via an inverter. Test and validation studies with proper load matching circuits are simulated and results are presented here.
The paper describes a tool developed to automate the study of solar array configurations using a general-purpose simulator such as Spice. The main advantage of the proposed method is that studies can be done for any solar array configuration formed from elementary models of solar cell units. Hierarchical structure of solar cell elements with semiconductor detail allows simulations of electrical properties as well as evaluation of environmental conditions impact. Application examples such as the effect of unequal illumination on various array interconnections and the mismatch of solar cells are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the tool. The automated process eases investigation of large system and worst-case study for given environmental scenarios.
For simulation purposes of photovoltaic (PV) system using MATLAB
and for on-line application the different parameters of the PV panel
have to be known at the specific operating point. The parameters of
interest are the photon current, the series and shunt resistance's, the
ideality factor, and the diode reverse saturation current. Hence the
different parameters have to be known at all operating conditions which
is practically not available in many cases. So, in this paper we
introduce a new type of data analysis that expresses these parameters by
means of a fuzzy regression model. The available PV array under
consideration is defined by the manufacturer's data sheet which
specifies the panel under a narrow range of operating conditions. A
fuzzy model has been developed for the aforementioned PV arrays. The
model has been validated using a set of data that have been obtained at
our site or obtained from extrapolating data from the manufacturer's
data sheet
This paper describes a model of photovoltaic (PV) generation suitable for studying its interactions with the power system. Experimental results suggest that the maximum power point tracking part of the control system of the PV generator dominates the dynamic behavior of the system. These experimental results are used to develop and validate the proposed model. It is shown that the model accurately reflects the behavior of the generator following both small and fast changes in irradiance and AC grid voltage. The proposed model is designed to be integrated in a dynamic simulation program.
The Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook is the first book to look closely at the practical problems involved in evaluating and setting up a photovoltaic (PV) power system. The author’s comprehensive knowledge of the subject provides a wealth of theoretical and practical insight into the different procedures and decisions that designers need to make. Unique in its coverage, the book presents technical information in a concise and simple way to enable engineers from a wide range of backgrounds to initiate, assess, analyze, and design a PV system. It is beneficial for energy planners making decisions on the most appropriate system for specific needs, PV applications engineers, and anyone confronting the practical difficulties of setting up a PV power system.
Photovoltaic (PV) simulators are indispensable for the operational evaluation of PV energy production system components (e.g. battery chargers, DC/AC inverters, etc.), in order to avoid the time-consuming and expensive field-testing process. In this paper, the development of a novel real-time PV simulator based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), is presented. The proposed system consists of a Buck-type DC/DC power converter, which is controlled by an FPGA-based unit using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) principle. The system operator is able to define both the PV module type to be simulated and the environmental conditions under which the selected PV module operates. The proposed design method enhances the rapid system prototyping capability and enables the reduction of the power converter size and cost due to the high clock speed feature of the FPGA-based control unit. The experimental results indicate that, using the proposed method, the PV module current–voltage characteristics examined are reproduced with an average accuracy of 1.03%.
Photovoltaics, the direct conversion of light from the sun into electricity, is an increasingly important means of distributed power generation. The SPICE modelling tool is typically used in the development of electrical and electronic circuits. When applied to the modelling of PV systems it provides a means of understanding and evaluating the performance of solar cells and systems. The majority of books currently on the market are based around discussion of the solar cell as semiconductor devices rather than as a system to be modelled and applied to real-world problems. Castaner and Silvestre provide a comprehensive treatment of PV system technology analysis. Using SPICE, the tool of choice for circuits and electronics designers, this book highlights the increasing importance of modelling techniques in the quantitative analysis of PV systems. This unique treatment presents both students and professional engineers, with the means to understand, evaluate and develop their own PV modules and systems. Provides a unique, self-contained, guide to the modelling and design of PV systems. Presents a practical, application oriented approach to PV technology, something that is missing from the current literature. Uses the widely known SPICE circuit-modelling tool to analyse and simulate the performance of PV modules for the first time. Written by respected and well-known academics in the field.
The origin of the AM1.5 spectra, how they are related to actual outdoor spectral distributions, and the implications for outdoor PV (photovoltaic) performance predictions are explained. It is pointed out that the AM1.5 spectra provide a reference point corresponding to a particular set of atmospheric conditions and a specific air mass. One can expect variations in outdoor PV device performance for different atmospheric conditions and air masses. The uncertainty in using AM1.5 spectra to predict field performance depends on the particular PV device design and climate. The wavelength distribution of photon flux varies with respect to conditions such as water vapor and air mass, and this in turn influences current densities in PV devices, depending on such device characteristics as bandgap(s). Therefore, PV device design (e.g., optimization) should be based on a range of spectra representing various atmospheric conditions and air masses.
Sandia National Laboratories manages the Systems Development Project for the US Department of Energy (DOE) National Photovoltaics (PV) Program. Since its inception in 1976, this project has achieved significant progress in cost reduction and improved reliability for all system application sectors from small stand-alone to large central station. This paper summaries the current status of PV systems technology and identifies major progress resulting from the program's research activities. It is concluded that no technical barriers inhibit the use of photovoltaics for electrical power generation.
This paper introduces a theoretical analysis of the performance of photovoltaic modules under different meteorological conditions and design parameters. Based on the analysis, A FORTRAN computer sub-program has been constructed and connected to TRNSYS simulation program. The present sub-program is executed within the TRNSYS program to compute the different parameters of PV modules. These parameters include short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum output power, I-V and P-V characteristics, and efficiency. To verify the present sub-program, an experimental set up has been installed. It includes a group of identical PV modules mounted at different tilt angles and orientations, an electronic load, a weather station, a data acquisition system, and a computer. The comparison between the experimental and theoretical results shows good agreement at different meteorological conditions, tilt angles, and orientations.
A method is developed to predict the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems. The method uses only information available from the PV module and pump-motor manufacturers. Weather data are “generated” from monthly averages of horizontal radiation and ambient temperatures using well-known weather data statistics. The method predicts monthly pumped water to within 6% of TRNSYS predictions based on hourly weather data. The use of a single monthly-average day is shown to underpredict monthly pumped water at low monthly average radiation levels and overpredict monthly pumped water at intermediate radiation levels. Only at high radiation levels does the use of a single monthly-average day provide a reasonable estimation of monthly pumped water.
We proposed a modified 3-diode equivalent circuit model for analysis of multicrystalline silicon (Mc-Si) solar cells. By using this equivalent circuit model, we can precisely evaluate the characteristics of Mc-Si solar cells taking the influence of grain boundaries and large leakage current through the peripheries into consideration and extract electrical properties. The calculated value of current-voltage characteristics for small size (3 mm×3 mm) Mc-Si solar cells using this model completely agreed with the measured value at various cell temperatures. Moreover, the calculated open-circuit voltage (Voc) obtained by extracted parameters and measured Voc agreed well.
The sections in this article are
Introduction
Basic Principles of Solar Energy Conversion
Technology of Solar Cell Devices
Fundamental Material Parameters
Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Silicon
High‐Quality Silicon
C zochralski and Tri‐Crystal Growth
Defect Structure and Material Properties
Multicrystalline Silicon
Ingot Growth Technologies
Defect Structure and Electronic Properties
Ribbon Growth Technologies
Technological Development
Microstructure and Electronic Properties
Properties of Efficiency Limiting Defects
Oxygen and Carbon Related Defects
Gettering of Transition Metals
Hydrogen Passivation
Thin Film Silicon
Polycrystalline Thin Films
Microcrystalline and Amorphous Films
Optical and Electronic Transport Properties
Polycrystalline Films
Amorphous Solar Cells
Polycrystalline Thin Film Compound Semiconductors
Cadmium–Telluride
Processing Techniques and Related Material Problems
Electronic Properties
Chalcopyrite Semiconductors
General Properties of Cu In Se 2 and Related Compounds
Deposition Techniques
Electronic Properties
Special Solar Cell Concepts
High Efficiency Solar Cell Materials
Dye Sensitized Ti O 2
The origin of the AM 1.5 spectra, how they are related to actual
outdoor spectral distributions, and the implications for outdoor PV
(photovoltaic) performance predictions are explained. It is pointed out
that the AM 1.5 spectra provide a reference point corresponding to a
particular set of atmospheric conditions and a specific air mass. One
can expect variations in outdoor PV device performance for different
atmospheric conditions and air masses. The uncertainty in using AM 1.5
spectra to predict field performance depends on the particular PV device
design and climate. The wavelength distribution of photon flux varies
with respect to conditions such as water vapor and air mass, and this in
turn influences current densities in PV devices, depending on such
device characteristics as bandgap(s). Therefore, PV device design (e.g.
optimization) should be based on a range of spectra representing various
atmospheric conditions and air masses
The PV-cell and natural energy production systems have been much attracted. Together with global warning and extensive applications of solar power electric generation, defects on PV-cell under the partial shading become interesting technical issue. This paper investigates the equivalent circuit model and its characteristics under the partial shading condition. And we have clarified the mechanism of PV-cell under the partial shading. As the extension of these considerations, we have proposed the new MPPT method (maximal power point tracking) for the sake of drastic energy generation improvement
A photovoltaic (PV) array simulator consisting of a computer
controlled DC power supply producing up to 100 Watts and associated
control software was developed to generate real-time current-voltage
(I-V) output characteristic curves of space solar power systems (SSPS)
under simulated conditions. The control software uses feedback of the
output voltage and current to iteratively solve for the correct
operating point of any connected load. The main advantage of such a
simulator is in its ability to simulate different types and sizes of
arrays under any illumination and temperature condition using actual
loads, The system will be used to study the short-term and long-term
performances of SSPS and to predict end-of-life (EOL) efficiencies. The
simulator is a far more cost effective and reliable replacement for
flight testing. This research will have future applications in the
communication and space industries
This paper proposes a technique for accelerating the convergence to the maximum power point of photovoltaic (PV) systems based on the model obtained from manufacturer's generator data. The influence of the temperature over the PV array performance is considered, and no measurement of solar radiation is required. No knowledge of the load model and no expensive sensor circuitry are necessary. The tracking speed is much faster than non model-based techniques at the expenses of an increase in the computational complexity. Simulation and experimental results are presented and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.
The output power of a photovoltaic power generator system (PV
system) changes continuously as it strongly depends on the weather
condition (solar radiation and temperature). Large fluctuations of
output of PV system result in fluctuation and hence of harmonics in the
inverter output. The PV systems are usually connected to the power grid
lines, therefore, it is necessary to simulate the effects of the PV
power systems on the commercial distribution line. In this paper, the
authors have modeled a 10 kW PV module using current-voltage
characteristic of a PV module by estimating its equivalent electrical
circuit parameters
Manufacturers of photovoltaic panels typically provide electrical parameters at only one operating condition. Photovoltaic panels operate over a large range of conditions so the manufacturer’s information is not sufficient to determine their overall performance. Designers need a reliable tool to predict energy production from a photovoltaic panel under all conditions in order to make a sound decision on whether or not to incorporate this technology. A model to predict energy production has been developed by Sandia National Laboratory, but it requires input data that are normally not available from the manufacturer. The five-parameter model described in this paper uses data provided by the manufacturer, absorbed solar radiation and cell temperature together with semi-empirical equations, to predict the current–voltage curve. This paper indicates how the parameters of the five-parameter model are determined and compares predicted current–voltage curves with experimental data from a building integrated photovoltaic facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for four different cell technologies (single crystalline, poly crystalline, silicon thin film, and triple-junction amorphous). The results obtained with the Sandia model are also shown. The predictions from the five-parameter model are shown to agree well with both the Sandia model results and the NIST measurements for all four cell types over a range of operating conditions. The five-parameter model is of interest because it requires only a small amount of input data available from the manufacturer and therefore it provides a valuable tool for energy prediction. The predictive capability could be improved if manufacturer’s data included information at two radiation levels.
This article presents the modelling and experimental verification of the operating current of a 120 W of mono-crystalline photovoltaic module using four- and five-parameter analytical models. The southern part of Turkey, where the experimental system is mounted, is particularly well suited to photovoltaic installations. The operating current of the photovoltaic module, calculated from the models, is validated based on a series of experimental measurements. As well as the current and voltage of the photovoltaic module, the environmental variables such as ambient temperature and solar irradiance were measured and used for validation of the operating current. The photovoltaic cell models considered in this article are drawn from the equivalent electrical circuit that includes light-generated current, diode reverse saturation current, and series and shunt resistances. The simplified four-parameter model assumes the shunt resistance as infinite and thus neglects it. After determining the model parameters, the operating current is calculated using both models and compared to the measured current produced by the photovoltaic module. It is shown that the complete five-parameter model predicts the operating current better than the simplified four-parameter model, especially around solar noon, when most of the power is produced.
Photovoltaic (PV) simulators are indispensable for the operational evaluation of PV energy production system components (e.g. battery chargers, DC/AC inverters, etc.), in order to avoid the time-consuming and expensive field-testing process. In this paper, the development of a novel real-time PV simulator based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), is presented. The proposed system consists of a Buck-type DC/DC power converter, which is controlled by an FPGA-based unit using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) principle. The system operator is able to define both the PV module type to be simulated and the environmental conditions under which the selected PV module operates. The proposed design method enhances the rapid system prototyping capability and enables the reduction of the power converter size and cost due to the high clock speed feature of the FPGA-based control unit. The experimental results indicate that, using the proposed method, the PV module current–voltage characteristics examined are reproduced with an average accuracy of 1.03%.
When a photovoltaic system is to be sized, different PV modules are considered. The optimisation of such systems is always the goal, but the choice of the PV module with best performance should also be considered. Nevertheless, selecting a module from catalogue data has certain inconveniences. First, because those data allow only comparisons with absolute magnitudes, the conclusions about which module is the most appropriate is not easy. Second, data provided in catalogues are not sufficient to know the module behaviour under conditions different from standard. This paper deals with the normalisation of the modules data by considering a base that allows for obtaining a “per unit” representation. For modelling and studying the modules under non-standard conditions it is necessary to know series and shunt resistances, but that is not easy. Then, by simulations, it is possible to show the influence of these resistances in the module behaviour.
Twelve-chapter two-volume compilation of solar cell design data is written from industrial, university, and governmental sources. Volumes contain tutorial descriptions of analytical methods, solar-cell characteristics, and cell material properties widely used in specifying solar-cell array performance and hardware design, as well as analysis, fabrication, and test methods.
Photovoltaic scavenging circuits have been presented to reduce installation and maintenance costs of wireless sensor networks. When small-size photovoltaic modules are adopted, optimizing the efficiency of the harvesting process and tracking the maximum power point ( MPP ) becomes very difficult, and the development of a photovoltaic harvester has to be preceded by extensive simulations. The paper focuses on the definition of the model for a small PV cell allowing the simulation of harvester systems. The model is validated on a case study of MPPT circuit for sensor networks.
This paper presents two models that describe the electrical behavior of photovoltaic modules. One of them is an easy to compute three parameters model, with a simplified power output calculation algorithm, whereas the other is a more detailed four parameters model. Both models take as input only readily available manufacturers' data. They are validated against the catalogue I-V temperature and irradiation curves. Furthermore, a performance comparison with experimental results is presented too. Obtained outcome allows the conclusion that both models simulation results are quite satisfactory, thus providing a way to prove the accuracy of the three parameters model.
A model of a photovoltaic array is developed using only the nominal values of the modules: open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point, and the temperature coefricients of the first two parameters. Its originality is that, although the model uses four degrees of freedom for the characteristics I-U at nominal junction temperature, these are fitted without using the temperature coefficients. After that, the temperature coefficients are still available for the determination of the temperature behavior of the elements of the model. A numerical example is presented and the source code used is made available.
Photovoltaic (PV) simulators are indispensable for the laboratory operational evaluation of PV energy production system components (e.g. battery chargers, DC/AC inverters etc.), in order to avoid the time-consuming and expensive field-testing process. In this paper, the development of a novel real-time PV simulator based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), is presented. The proposed system consists of a Buck-type DC/DC power converter, which is controlled by an FPGA-based unit using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) principle. The system operator is able to define both the PV module type to be simulated and the environmental conditions under which the selected PV module operates. The proposed design method enhances the rapid system prototyping capability and enables the reduction of the power converter size and cost due to the high clock speed feature of the FPGA-based control unit. The experimental results indicate that using the proposed method the PV module current-voltage characteristics are simulated with an average accuracy of 1.03%.
This paper presents an approach to model and simulate a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) system for battery charging application. Firstly, a simulation of Shell SM50-H PV module current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristics at various insolation and temperature levels have been carried out using Matlab software. Next, the incremental conductance algorithm is applied for maximum power point (MPP) tracking purpose, which is developed using C programming. This algorithm is selected due to its ability to withstand against any parameter variation and having a very high efficiency. As a result, by variation of the temperature and the insolation, the algorithm still managed to track the MPP successfully. Finally, a model of a boost converter is constructed using Matlab/Simulink, particularly with great utilization of the power system blockset, (PSB), in order to verify the performance of proposed MPPT system. MPPT controlling process is developed using a simple voltage based MPPT that is controlled by a microcontroller-based unit to drive the MOSFET power switch. As for the consequences, this technique performance tends to give significant efficiency, in addition, it is cost saving and reliable.
The mathematical description of current-voltage characteristics for photovoltaic cells are generally represented by a coupled nonlinear equation, which is difficult to solve by analytical methods. In this paper, a novel modeling process is proposed to configure a computer simulation model, which is able to demonstrate the cell's output features in terms of environment changes in irradiance and temperature. Based on a simplified single-diode model, the parameters are determined in the sense of minimum model error and temperature effect. It is tested to simulate three popular types of photovoltaic panels made of different materials, CIS thin film, multicrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated through comparison of simulation results to the data provided by product's manufacturer.
Extensive research has been done in the past in order to fit the measured IV characteristics with reliable physical models such as the two diode model. Refined mathematical methods like non linear regression analysis and additional measurement procedures like dark I-V and variable illumination Jsc-Voc have been applied in order to find reliable estimates for the parameters. We have developed a new measurement method which simplifies the basic fitting problem and does not require any additional measurement instruments or guessing the initial values for the parameters. In this method in addition to the standard IV characteristics also the decay of the open circuit voltage decay is measured when the irradiance gradually decreases to less than 100 W/m/sub 2/. Since the series resistance does not contribute to the open circuit voltage at all and the two diodes and the shunt resistance all have different voltage dependencies, it is easy to evaluate reliable estimates for these parameters. Thereafter the series resistance is the only component which is to be evaluated by fitting with the standard IV characteristics curve. We name the method irradiance decay cell analysis method (IDCAM).
The work described in this paper was carried out as part of the development of an advanced solar photovoltaic (PV) conversion system. During the design of the system, simulation of both the power chain and the control algorithms was found to be useful, but to simulate a system as a whole requires a non-application specific circuit-based simulation model of a PV array for a simulator such as Saber, or the well known SPICE. There were found to be no such models readily available and thus the development of one became necessary. This work successfully sought to develop a cheap, but effective system to characterize existing cells and generate the device-dependent data that provides the link between the environmental variables irradiance and temperature, and the electrical characteristics of the device.
An improved and simplified formulation is given for a solar array
current-voltage model. This model curve matches a specified maximum
power point (i,v) specification, in addition to the open-circuit and
short-circuit specifications. The improved model has a simplified
numerical solution, which is practical for SPICE simulation of
orbital-scale electrical power systems. This paper presents the
mathematical development of the solar array model solution, and the form
of the necessary Newton/Raphson equations. The iterative nonlinear
solution is then realized in a SPICE model of the solar array, which is
then demonstrated in an orbital-time-scale satellite power system
simulation
As the maximum power operating point (MPOP) of photovoltaic (PV)
power generation systems changes with changing atmospheric conditions
(e.g. solar radiation and temperature), an important consideration in
the design of efficient PV systems is to track the MPOP correctly. Many
maximum power tracking (MPT) techniques have been considered in the past
but techniques using microprocessors with appropriate MPT algorithms are
favoured because of their flexibility and compatibility with different
PV arrays. Although the efficiency of these MPT algorithms is usually
high, it drops noticeably in cases of rapidly changing atmospheric
conditions. The authors have developed a new MPT algorithm based on the
fact that the MPOP of a PV generator can be tracked accurately by
comparing the incremental and instantaneous conductances of the PV
array. The work was carried out by both simulation and experiment, with
results showing that the developed incremental conductance (IncCond)
algorithm has successfully tracked the MPOP, even in cases of rapidly
changing atmospheric conditions, and has higher efficiency than ordinary
algorithms in terms of total PV energy transferred to the load
To be able to develop a complete solar photovoltaic power
electronic conversion system in simulation, it is necessary to define a
circuit-based simulation model for a PV cell in order to allow the
interaction between a proposed power converter (with its associated
control arrangement) and the PV array to be studied. To do this, it is
necessary to approach the modelling process from the perspective of
power electronics; that is to define the desired overall model in terms
of the manner in which the electrical behaviour of the cell changes with
respect to the environmental parameters of temperature and irradiance.
The authors cover the development of a general model which can be
implemented on simulation platforms such as PSPICE or SABER and is
designed to be of use to power electronics specialists. The model
accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs
the I/V characteristic for that particular cell for the above conditions
The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array is affected by temperature, solar insolation, shading, and array configuration. Often, the PV arrays get shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees, and utility and telephone poles. The situation is of particular interest in case of large PV installations such as those used in distributed power generation schemes. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics get more complex with multiple peaks. Yet, it is very important to understand and predict them in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modeling and simulation scheme suitable for studying the I-V and P-V characteristics of a PV array under a nonuniform insolation due to partial shading. It can also be used for developing and evaluating new maximum power point tracking techniques, especially for partially shaded conditions. The proposed models conveniently interface with the models of power electronic converters, which is a very useful feature. It can also be used as a tool to study the effects of shading patterns on PV panels having different configurations. It is observed that, for a given number of PV modules, the array configuration (how many modules in series and how many in parallel) significantly affects the maximum available power under partially shaded conditions. This is another aspect to which the developed tool can be applied. The model has been experimentally validated and the usefulness of this research is highlighted with the help of several illustrations. The MATLAB code of the developed model is freely available for download.