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Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation and the Related Esophageal Motor Activities

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Transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (TLESR) is defined as LES relaxation without a swallow. TLESRs are observed in both of the normal individuals and the patients with gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). However, TLESR is widely considered as the major mechanism of the GERD. The new equipments such as high resolution manometry and impedance pH study is helped to understand of TLESR and the related esophageal motor activities. The strong longitudinal muscle contraction was observed during development of TLESR. Most of TLESRs are terminated by TLESR related motor events such as primary peristalsis and secondary contractions. The majority of TLESRs are associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contraction is mainly associated with liquid reflux during recumbent position and UES relaxation predominantly related with air reflux during upright position. The frequency of TLESR in GERD patients seems to be not different compared to normal individuals, but the refluxate of GERD patients tend to be more acidic during TLESR.
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Korean J Gastroenterol Vol. 59 No. 3, 205-210
http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2012.59.3.205
REVIEW ARTICLE
Korean J Gastroenterol, Vol. 59 No. 3, March 2012
www.kjg.or.kr
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완 연관된 식도운동 활동성
한승효, 홍수진
순천향대학교 의과대학 내과학교실
Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation and the Related Esophageal Motor
Activities
Seung Hyo Han and Su Jin Hong
Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
Transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (TLESR) is defined as LES relaxation without a swallow. TLESRs are
observed in both of the normal individuals and the patients with gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). However, TLESR
is widely considered as the major mechanism of the GERD. The new equipments such as high resolution manometry and
impedance pH study is helped to understand of TLESR and the related esophageal motor activities. The strong longitudinal
muscle contraction was observed during development of TLESR. Most of TLESRs are terminated by TLESR related motor events
such as primary peristalsis and secondary contractions. The majority of TLESRs are associated with gastroesophageal reflux.
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contraction is mainly associated with liquid reflux during recumbent position and UES relaxation
predominantly related with air reflux during upright position. The frequency of TLESR in GERD patients seems to be not different
compared to normal individuals, but the refluxate of GERD patients tend to be more acidic during TLESR. (Korean J Gastroenterol
2012;59:205-210)
Key Words: Transient high resolution manometry; Gastroesophageal reflux
CC
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
교신저자: 홍수진, 420-767, 경기도 부천시 원미구 중동 1174, 순천향대학교 의과대학 부천병원 내과
Correspondence to: Su Jin Hong, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 1174 Jung-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 420-767,
Korea. Tel: +82-32-621-5090, Fax: +82-32-621-5080, E-mail: sjhong@schmc.ac.kr
Financial support: None. Conflict of interest: None.
하부식도조임근(lower esophageal sphincter) 횡격막각
(crural diaphragm)함께 내용물의 식도 역류를 방어
하는 주요 항역류 장벽을 구성한다. 일반적으로 삼킴 하부
식도조임근이 정상적으로 열려 식도에서 위강측으로 음식물이
이동하게 되는데, 실제로 없이도 자발적으로 하부식도
조임근의 압력이 하강하여 열리는 일과성 하부식도조임근
(transient esophageal sphincter relaxation) 관찰되고
있으며 이러한 현상은 위식도역류의 주요 기전으로 받아들여
지고 있다.
1-3
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 정상인이나 위식
도역류질환 환자에서 모두 관찰되므로,
4
정상인과 역류질환에
서의 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 차이 이런 현상 전후로
수반되는 상부식도조임근을 위시한 식도체부 근육의 특징적
식도 운동 등이 관심의 대상이 되었다. 이는 일과성 하부식도
조임근 이완을 위식도역류질환 환자들의 새로운 치료법의
적으로 인식하는 최근의 경향을 반영하고 있다. 이유로는,
과거에서 현재까지 상당 기간 동안 위식도역류질환의 효과적
치료로 사용되는 양성자펌프억제제(proton pump inhibitors)
장기간 유지요법에 따른 골절,
5,6
폐렴,
7,8
다양 장관
염의 위험도 증가,
9
clopidogrel 같은 약제들과의 상호작
10,11
대한 우려 등이 있기 때문이다. 한편, 미란성 식도염,
바렛식도와 같은 심각한 위식도역류질환 환자에게는 고용량
양성자펌프억제제가 필요하고, 일부 비미란성 위식도역류질환
환자에서도 증상 호전에 대한 양성자펌프억제제의 효과가
한적이어서 치료에 불응성인 지속적 증상 호소가 있을 있으
206
한승효, 홍수진. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완과 식도운동
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology
므로, 다른 대안적 치료법의 개발이 필요하게 되었다.
최근 고해상도 식도내압검사나 임피던스 산도검사 등의
로운 술적 진단 도구 용으로 양한 정보를
하부식도조임근 이완의 작용 기전에 대한 이해가 깊어지고
있다. 이 글에서는 하부식도조임근을 포함한 식도위접합부
(esophagogastric junction) 구조, 일과성 하부식도조임근
이완과 관련한 식도 운동 생리에 대하여 정리하고자 한다.
1. 식도위접합부의 구조와 하부식도조임근 이완의 기전
하부식도조임근은 대칭적인 환상근(circular muscle)으로
구성된 단순한 구조물이 아니라 서로 다른 근육들로 구성된
2.5-4.5 cm 길이의 기능적 구조물이다. 하부식도조임근의
상부는 횡격막 열공(diaphragmatic hiatus) 내에, 하부는
내에 위치한다. 장막(visceral peritoneum) 횡격막식도
인대(phrenoesophageal ligament)가 하부식도조임근 근처
에서 식도를 싸고 있다. 횡격막식도 인대는 격막각으로부터
기원한 결체조직의 섬유층으로 복강내에 하부식도조임근을
유지하는 지지역할을 한다. 위분문부 말단부 식도는 예각
(angle of His) 이루어 피판(flap)이나 핀치콕(pinchcock)
역할을 하여 위 내용물의 식도 역류를 막아준다.
압력 분포로 하부식도조임근은 위와 식도의 연결부
위에 있는 고압력대로서 식도근육과 위근육 섬유로 이루어진
내인성 근육으로 주로 구성된다. 식도근육의 식도 체부에서
관찰되는 근육보다 두꺼우며 오른편에 식도 평활근의 걸쇠모
양의 반원형 배열로 구성되어 있고, 신경호르몬 조절에 의해
근육의 긴장도가 조절되나 콜린성 극에 반응하지 않는다.
한편 위근육 섬유는 왼편에 비스듬히 매달린 모양으로 배열하
는데 긴장성 압력 제공하 린성 자극에
하여 수축한다. 이들 근육은 구별되 전기생리적 특성
nitrergic 신경분포를 가진다. 반면, 횡격막각을 구성하
골격근은 외인 근육으로 부식도조임근의 근위 2-4 cm
압착하고 흡기시 압력을 올려준다. 가장 높은 압력을 보이
위치 인성 근육과 인성 근육 섬유 함께 존재하
부위로 보통 호흡전환점(respiratory inversion point, 흡기
복강내 양압에서 흉강내 음압으로 압력이 전환되 )
존재한다. 구조상의 비대칭성 때문에 3차원적 압력 측정에서
최고압력대는 하부식도조임근의 우측 전벽부위보다는 좌측
후벽 측에서 관찰된다. 이런 사실은 Mallory-Weiss 열상,
미란, 단분절 렛식도가 도벽의 측에 주로 발생하는
경향을 나타내는 것을 설명해준다.
하부식도조임근은 미주신경으로 구성되는 부교감신경과
주로 splanchnic nerve 교감신경 모두에 지배를 받는다.
하부식도조임근으로부터의 구심성 미주신경(감각 신경원)
후뇌의 nucleus tractus solitarus, 원심성 미주신경(운동
신경원) 미주신경의
dorsal motor nucleus 전신경절
유에서 하부식도조임근까지 분포하여 하부식도조임근 이완을
조절한다. 많은 신경전달물질들과 호르몬들이 하부식도조임
긴장도를 조절한다. Nitric oxide (NO), nitrates, vaso-
active intestinal peptide, nicotine, β-adrenergic ago-
nists, dopamine (D2), cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin,
calcitonin gene-related peptide, adenosine, prosta-
glandin E, xanthenes, IL-1β 등은 하부식도조임근압을 하강
시키고, muscarinic M2, M3 receptor agonists, gastrin,
substance P, α-adrenergic agonists, prostaglandin F
2α
,
angiotensin II, motilin, galanin, bonbesin 하부식도조임
근압을 상승시킨다.
12
정상적 하부식도조임근 이완은 다음과 같은 3가지 주요
동작용에 의해 발생한다. 첫째, 삼킴으로 시작된 인두부 자극
의한 억제, 둘째, 식도내강의 팽창으로 초래된 삼킴없이
발생한 이차성 수축, 셋째, 삼킴이나 이차성 수축과 관련 없이
위내강, 특히 위분문부 팽창에 의해 자극된 이완으로 일과성
하부식도조임근 이완에 해당하며 다른 현상의 신경매개성
하부식도조임근 이완의 기전과 다른 양식으로 발생한다.
시발점이 하부식도조임근에 대하여 원위부에 있기 때문에
횡격막각과 하부식도조임근의 동시성 이완의 기간이 삼킴유
발성 이완이나 식도 팽창성 이완에 비하여 길다.
13
외에
앉은 자세 등도 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완을 자극하는 것이
관찰되었다. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 미주신경 매개로
발생하여 미주신경절제술 후에는 발생이 감소한다.
14
2. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 정의
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 삼킴 없이 자연적으로 발생
하는 하부식도조임근과 횡격막각의 동시성 이완으로 기간
10-60초에 른다. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 고전적
식도내압검사상 정의는 하부식도조임근의 발생시작 4
전에서 2 후까지 삼킴이 관찰되지 않으며, 이완 속도가
1 mmHg 이상, 10 이내에 완전 이완이 시작되고 잔여압
(nadir pressure) 2 mmHg 이하이어야 한다.
15
그러나
러한 기준은 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완을 평가하는 추후
구들에서 일반적으로 채택되지 않았으며, 고해상도 식도내압
검사가 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 관찰에 보다 민감하고
우월한 결과를 보이므로 새로운 기준이 제시되고 있다.
16,17
3. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완과 동반되는 식도운동의 특징들
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 빈도는 대뇌 피질에서 조절
되며 깊은 수면 중에는 감소한다.
4
삼킴으로 유도되는 하부식
Han SH and Hong SJ. Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation and the Related Esophageal Motor Activities
207
Vol. 59 No. 3, March 2012
Fig. 1. Episodes of transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (TLESR). The panels showed that TLESR events were terminated b
y
primary peristalsis (A), full secondary contraction (B), and partial secondary contraction (C). Panel D revealed incomplete TLSESR relaxation
and LES lift of 9 mm.
도조임근 이완은 억제성 자극성 경로가 모두 관여하지만
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완에는 오직 억제성 경로만이 영향
미친다. 식도 단축(esophageal shortening) 식도 종주
수축에 의해 발생하며 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 시작
전에 이미 발생하여 지속기간 내내 관찰된다.
18
기존의 내압
사로는 종주근 수축을 확인할 없기 때문에 식도내강 초음
파검사로 종주근 수축을 확인해왔는데, 일차성 연동운동이
상근과 종주근의 동시성 협동적 수축으로 나타나는 현상임에
비하여 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 하부 식도에 국한된
주근의 독특한 운동과 관련이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.
19
일과
하부식도조임근 이완과 함께 일어나는 종주근 수축은 일차
연동운동과 함께 관찰되는 종주근 수축에 비해 강력하다.
고해상도 도내압검사를 이용하 식도위접합부의 위치
화를 역동적으 관찰할 있다. 따라서 완전히 하부식도조
임근이 이완되지 않는 불완전형 하부식도조임근 이완의 경우
식도위접합부의 이동을 검사를 통해 확인할 있어 식도내강
초음파 검사 없이도 종주근 수축의 정도를 측정할 있다
(Fig. 1).
20
종주근 수축으로 발생하는 식도 단축은 삼킴에
하부식도조임근 이완에서는 미미한 반면, 일과성 부식도
조임근 이완에서는 단축길이가 커서 강력한 종주근 수축을
추측할 있다. 한편, 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완기에는
도압력의 상승이 일반적으로 관찰되는데, 식도압력의 상승이
나타나는 이유로는 1) 종축으로의 식도 단축으로 인한
공동강(common cavity) 용적의 감소, 2) 식도 순응도(com-
pliance) 감소 때문으로 여겨진다.
21
동물연구에서 다양한 영역의 팽창 해당 부위의 신장
수용체(stretch receptor)자극하여 일과성 하부식도조임근
이완을 일으키며, 특히 분문부의 팽창이 중요하다는 것이
확인되었다. 분문부는 구심성 미주신경이 분포하며 자극은
medullary nuclei 전달되어 미주신경과 횡격막신경을 경유
반사회로를 통하여 postganglionic nitrergic neurons
횡격막각 억제 장기간의 하부식도조임근 이완을 일으킨다.
208
한승효, 홍수진. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완과 식도운동
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology
Fig. 2. An episode of complete transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR). Panel A showed the lower esophageal sphincter relaxe
d
completely and quickly. The high resolution manometry with multichannel intraluminal impedance study indicated the liquid reflux during
t
hi
s
event of complete TLESR in Panel B.
문부에 분포하는 acid sensing ion channels (ASICs),
22
transient receptor potential ion channels 일과성 하부식
도조임근 이완을 유발에 관여하는 것으로 여겨지며 항역류치
료의 새로운 표적이 될 있다.
23
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 결국 식도 체부의 수축운동
으로 역류된 내용물의 청소와 함께 종결된다. 일과성 하부식
도조임근 이완 관찰되는 식도 체부의 수축운동으로 가장
흔한 것은 부분형 이차성 축이며 일차성 연동운동, 완전형
이차성 수축의 순으로 관찰된다(Fig. 1).
24
특히 역류의 높이가
근위부 식도까지로 높은 경우 수면 각성 모두에서 빈번
하게 완전형 이차성 수축이 관찰되면서 일과성 하부식도조임
이완이 종결되는 것을 확인할 있다.
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완 일어나면 대부분에서 실제
위식도역류가 동반되는 것을 관찰할 있다. Fig. 2 완전형
일과성 하부식도조임근 이완과 함께 관찰되는 위식도역류를
고해상도 식도내압검사와 임피던스 검사로 보여준다. 한편,
상부식도조임근의 압력은 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완
류의 종류 자세에 따라 다른 반응을 보인다. 상부식도조임
이완은 기립 자세에서 공기가 류할 자주 관찰되며,
상부식도조임근 수축은 누운 자세에서 액체의 역류가 발생할
흔히 나타난다(Fig. 3). 상부식도조임근 수축은 Fig. 2에서
같이 일과성 하부식도조임 이완시기에 관찰되며, 상부식
도조임근의 압력 증가와 함께 상부식도조임근이 고해상도
도내압검사용 도관을 보다 밀착하여 감싸면서 접촉면의 증가
초래하여 상부식도조임근 길이도 증가하는 것처럼 칼라
롯에서 관찰된다. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완기에는 식도압
력의 상승이 관찰되는데, 식도압력의 상승속도는 공기 역류일
때가 액체 역류일 때보다 미있게 높았다.
25
이러한 식도압
상승에 있어 순응도의 영향은 지대하여, 동일한 역류 에피소
드에서 식도압력 상승 속도가 근위부 식도에서 보다 빠르다.
이러한 차이는 근위부 식도의 신장된 골격근과 말단부 식도의
수축된 평활근의 순응도의 차이에서 비롯된다.
25
4. 위식도역류질환에서의 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완
위식도역류질환에서 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완의 빈도
차이가 있는가를 조사하는 연구들이 시도되었으며, 빈도에
서는 정상인과 위식도역류질환자 간에 별다른 차이가 없고
식도역류질환자에서는 산역류 동반이 2 가량 흔하게 동반
한다는 주장이 우세하다.
13,26-30
또한 임피던스검사에서 정상
인에서는 체와 가스 혼합역류가 주가 반면, 위식도역류
질환자에서는 액체역류만 있는 경우가 흔했다.
29
역류물의
류에는 도위접합부의 순응도 영향을 미친다.
31
식도위접
합부 직경이 증가된 경우 액체역류가 증가한다. 위식도
역류질환자가 건강 정상인에 비하여 순수 액체역류가 흔하고
가스역류의 빈도가 적은 것을 설명해 준다. 그러나 몇몇 연구
에서는 위식도역류에서 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완이
번하게 발생한다고 보고하였다.
32-34
5. 특수 황에서의 일과성 하부식조임근 이완
아칼라지아는 억제성 신경분포에 결함이 있는 경우로 일과
하부식도조임근 이완은 관찰되지 않는다. 그러나 횡격막각
억제, 삼킴 없이 나타나는 상부식도조임근 이완, 말단부 식도
단축 등은 보존되어 있다.
35
비만은 위식도역류질환과 흔히
반되는 질환이다. 체질량지수가 35 초과하는 병적인 비만
에서 식후 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완은 정상인에 비하여
가하였으며 위식도역류질환 환자와는 차이가 없었다.
33
Han SH and Hong SJ. Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation and the Related Esophageal Motor Activities
209
Vol. 59 No. 3, March 2012
Fig. 3. The responses of upper esophageal sphincter during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR). Several upper esophagea
l
sphincter (UES) relaxations were combined with TLESR on Panel A. The pressure waves on color plot showed rapidly increased esophageal
pressure during UES relaxation period on Panel B. Impedance waves showed the characteristics of refluxate during TLESR on Panel C. The
increased values of impedance suggested air reflux accompanying UES relaxation. The combined color plot on Panel D revealed distal liquid
reflux and proximal air reflux during TLESR.
정상 위식도역류질환에서 관찰되는 일과성 하부식도조
임근 이완은 위식도질환의 원인은 아니지 위식도역류질환
깊은 관련을 가진 현상이. 일과성 하부식도조임근 이완
기전에 대한 충분한 이해와 응용은 위식도역류질환의 이상
적인 치료에 접근하는 기회가 것이다. 최근 도입된 고해상
식도내압검, 임피던스 산도 검사 등을 이용하여 과성
하부식도조임근 이완은 이전보다 정확하고 간편하게 확인할
있다. 이러한 검사들은 일과성 하부식도조임근 본질을
이해하는 도움을 주고 있으며, 앞으로 이와 관련된 식도종
주근 수축과 위식도접합부 생리에 대한 신경학적, 리적
구의 진전이 활발해진다면 새로운 위식도역류질환 치료방법
도입을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.
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... Its incidence decreases after vagal ganglectomy. 19 There is an overall reduction in autonomic control that integrates and regulates visceral functions to keep homeostasis during changes in external and internal environments with age. Sympathetic tone predominates and vagal tone diminishes with the aging process. ...
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To examine the association between chronic use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and risk of hip fracture. Prospective cohort study. Nurses' Health Study, which originally recruited from the 11 most populous states in the US. 79,899 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study who provided data on the use of PPIs and other risk factors biennially since 2000 and were followed up to 1 June 2008. Incident hip fracture During 565,786 person years of follow-up, we documented 893 incident hip fractures. The absolute risk of hip fracture among regular users of PPIs was 2.02 events per 1000 person years, compared with 1.51 events per 1000 person years among non-users. Compared with non-users, the risk of hip fracture among women who regularly used PPIs for at least two years was 35% higher (age adjusted hazard ratio 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.13 to 1.62)), with longer use associated with increasing risk (P(trend)<0.01). Adjustment for risk factors, including body mass index, physical activity, and intake of calcium did not materially alter this association (hazard ratio 1.36 (1.13 to 1.63)). These associations were also not changed after accounting for reasons for PPI use. The relation between PPI use and fracture differed by smoking history (P(interaction)=0.03). Among current and former smokers, PPI use was associated with greater than 50% increase in risk of fracture, with a multivariate hazard ratio for fracture of 1.51 (1.20 to 1.91). In contrast, among women who never smoked there was no association (multivariate hazard ratio 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46)). In a meta-analysis of these results with 10 prior studies, the pooled odds ratio of hip fracture associated with PPI use was 1.30 (1.25 to 1.36). Chronic use of PPIs is associated with increased risk of hip fracture, particularly among women with a history of smoking.
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BACKGROUND Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) is the major mechanism for AND AIMS: gastroesophageal reflux in the Western population. The major reflux mechanism in Chinese patients with GERD has not been studied before. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with GERD and 28 controls underwent stationary baseline manometry and the 24-h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. TLESRs were measured before and after an 850 kcal meal in the supine position. Primary peristalsis, secondary peristalsis, and esophageal acid clearance were measured by esophageal manometry. RESULTS: Total time esophageal pH less than or equal to 4 (7.3 vs 1.5, p = 0.001) was significantly higher in patients with GERD when compared to controls. Majority of acid reflux episodes was due to TLESR in both patients with GERD and controls. The frequency of TLESRs after meal was similar between patients with GERD and controls (1.0 vs 1.3/h, p = 0.34). There was no difference in the distribution of reflux mechanism between patients with GERD and controls. However, patients with GERD had a significantly lower successful primary peristalsis (59% vs 70%, p = 0.043) when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The frequency of TLESRs was similar between patients with GERD and controls during stationary manometry. Primary peristalsis was impaired in Chinese patients with GERD. Esophageal motor dysfunction may contribute to the pathophysiology of GERD in the Chinese population.
Article
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) lift seen on high-resolution manometry (HRM) is a possible surrogate marker of the longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus. Recent studies suggest that longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus induces LES relaxation. Our goal was to determine: (i) the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM and (ii) to detect LES lift with LES relaxation using ambulatory HRM color isobaric contour plots. In vitro validation studies were performed to determine the accuracy of HRM technique in detecting axial movement of the LES. Eight healthy normal volunteers were studied using a custom designed HRM catheter and a 16 channel data recorder, in the ambulatory setting of subject's home environment. Color HRM plots were analyzed to determine the LES lift during swallow-induced LES relaxation as well as during complete and incomplete transient LES relaxations (TLESR). Satisfactory recordings were obtained for 16 h in all subjects. LES lift was small (2 mm) in association with swallow-induced LES relaxation. LES lift could not be measured during complete TLESR as the LES is not identified on the HRM color isobaric contour plot once it is fully relaxed. On the other hand, LES lift, mean 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, range: 4-18 mm was seen with incomplete TLESRs (n = 80). Our study demonstrates the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM recordings. Similar to a complete TLESR, longitudinal muscle contraction of the distal esophagus occurs during incomplete TLESRs, which can be detected by the HRM. Using prolonged ambulatory HRM, future studies may investigate the temporal correlation between abnormal longitudinal muscle contraction and esophageal symptoms.
Article
The lower esophageal sphincters (LES) together with the crural diaphragm are the major antireflux barriers protecting the esophagus from reflux of gastric content. However, reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus is a normal phenomenon in healthy individuals occurring primarily during episodes of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR), defined as LES relaxation in the absence of a swallow. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is also the dominant mechanism of pathologic reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) patients. Frequency of TLESR does not differ significantly between healthy individuals and those with GERD, but TLESRs are more likely to be associated with acid reflux in GERD patients. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for elicitation of a TLESR, using recently introduced novel technology is an area of intense interest. Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic manipulation of receptors involved in the control of TLESR has recently emerged as a potential target for GERD therapy.
Article
Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) therapy might increase the risk of hip fracture. We investigated the association between PPIs therapy and hip fracture by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. We included studies assessing the effects of PPIs on hip fracture. Data from the studies about odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were gathered and summarized. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. PPIs therapy was associated with a statistically significant increase of hip fracture risk (pooled odds ratio=1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.15-1.34; P<0.00001) under a random model. Meanwhile, we found that the effect of PPIs on hip fracture differs in different duration groups. These results indicate that PPIs therapy might have the potential risk of hip fracture. Different effects on hip fracture in the subgroup analysis do not support a causal relationship between PPIs and hip fracture. Whether the risk exists warrants further investigation.
Article
Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that clopidogrel and esomeprazole are metabolized by similar hepatic enzymes; however, previous studies have not identified a biochemical interaction. To determine whether addition of esomeprazole to patients receiving aspirin and clopidogrel reduces the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Patients with a history of an acute coronary syndrome who had previously received clopidogrel were recruited. Subjects were commenced on clopidogrel and randomized to one of two treatment arms (esomeprazole or placebo) for 6 weeks. Following a 2-week washout period for study medications, patients were crossed over onto the alternative treatment arm for a further 6 weeks. Platelet function tests were undertaken at baseline, following the first treatment period, after washout and following the second treatment period. Thirty-one patients were enrolled. Significant attenuation of clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects was seen with co-administration of esomeprazole compared with placebo. Vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), platelet aggregometry (area under the curve (AUC)) and VerifyNow results were 54.7% ± 2.8 platelet reactivity index (PRI), 66.3 ± 2.6 AUC units and 213.1 ± 14.1 platelet reactivity units (PRU) with esomeprazole vs. 47% ± 2.7 PRI, 59.7 ± 3.7 AUC units and 181.4 ± 14.6 PRU with placebo (P < 0.01 esomeprazole vs. placebo for all measures). There was no significant difference in platelet aggregometry (maximal aggregation) between the esomeprazole group (68.9% ± 2.7 units) and placebo-treated group (64.5% ± 4.1 units; P > 0.05). Esomeprazole when co-administered with aspirin and clopidogrel results in a significant attenuation of clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects.
Article
Inhibition of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (tLESRs) has become one of the most relevant therapeutic objectives in patients with reflux symptoms resistant to proton pump inhibitors. tLESRs are currently detected by oesophageal perfused-sleeve manometry (PSM), but oesophageal high resolution manometry (HRM), which combines closely spaced pressure sensors and oesophageal pressure topography plots, may prove to be a better tool. To evaluate the efficacy, reproducibility and interobserver agreement of HRM for the detection of tLESRs, in comparison with PSM. Twenty-four healthy volunteers underwent HRM alone and on a separate occasion with PSM simultaneously. LES pressure was monitored for 1 h during fasting and 2 h postprandial. Criteria for tLESRs were defined by characterising spontaneous LES relaxation associated with common cavity and then applied to all spontaneous LES relaxations. Interobserver agreement and the rates of tLESRs detected by HRM and PSM were compared. New HRM criteria for the detection of tLESRs have been established. A similar number of tLESRs were identified during the two HRM recordings (median per subject 15 and 13 (P = 0.07) and less with PSM (median per subject 11, P < 0.01). The overall concordance rate between the two procedures was substantial (kappa = 0.61). The interobserver agreement was almost perfect (kappa = 0.83) with HRM and only fair (kappa = 0.38) with PSM. High resolution manometry is reproducible and more sensitive than PSM to detect tLESRs. HRM provides a better interobserver agreement. These results confirm that HRM is the gold standard for detecting tLESRs (NTC00931593).
Article
Acid suppressive therapy, in the form of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is widely used in cirrhotic patients, often in indications which are not clearly justified. PPI facilitates enteric bacterial colonisation, overgrowth and translocation, which might predispose to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. However, observational studies evaluating the association of PPI and SBP in cirrhotic patients have yielded inconsistent results. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of relevant clinical studies to determine the nature of this association. Observational studies assessing the association between SBP and PPI in cirrhosis, conducted in adult population and published in all languages, were identified through systematic search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and manual reviews of all major gastroenterology meeting proceedings up to May 2010. The relevant studies were pooled using traditional meta-analytic techniques with a random-effects model. Four studies were identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis, involving a total of 772 patients, found a significant association between the use of PPI and the development of SBP (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.82-4.23). There was very little degree of heterogeneity as reflected by an I(2) value of 22% and the visual inspection of the funnel plot. There is a potential association between use of PPI and development of SBP. Therefore, PPIs should be used judiciously and only when clearly indicated in cirrhotics. Further studies are essential to clarify this relationship and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Article
Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are the main mechanism underlying gastro-esophageal reflux and are detected during manometric studies using well defined criteria. Recently, high-resolution esophageal pressure topography (HREPT) has been introduced and is now considered as the new standard to study esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function. In this study we performed a head-to-head comparison between HREPT and conventional sleeve manometry for the detection of TLESRs. A setup with two synchronized MMS-solar systems was used. A solid state HREPT catheter, a water-perfused sleeve catheter, and a multi intraluminal impedance pH (MII-pH) catheter were introduced in 10 healthy volunteers (M6F4, age 19-56). Subjects were studied 0.5 h before and 3 h after ingestion of a standardized meal. Tracings were blinded and analyzed by the three authors according to the TLESR criteria. In the HREPT mode 156 TLESRs were scored, vs 143 during sleeve manometry (P = 0.10). Hundred and twenty-three TLESRs were scored by both techniques. Of all TLESRs (177), 138 were associated with reflux (78%). High-resolution esophageal pressure topography detected significantly more TLESRs associated with a reflux event (132 vs 119, P = 0.015) resulting in a sensitivity for detection of TLESRs with reflux of 96% compared to 86% respectively. Analysis of the discordant TLESRs associated with reflux showed that TLESRs were missed by sleeve manometry due to low basal LES pressure (N = 5), unstable pharyngeal signal (N = 4), and residual sleeve pressure >2 mmHg (N = 10). The HREPT is superior to sleeve manometry for the detection of TLESRs associated with reflux. However, rigid HREPT criteria are awaited.