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A Comparison of Heart Rate Response and Frequencies of Technical Actions Between Half-Court and Full-Court 3-A-Side Games in High School Female Basketball Players
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate response and frequency of technical actions between half-court and full-court 3-a-side games in female high school basketball players. Twelve young female basketball players (age 15.5±0.5 years; height 165.1±5.7cm; body mass 57.3 ± 7.2kg; training age 4.2±0.7; HRmax 202.9 ± 5.6 beat. min) participated in this study voluntarily. On the first day, anthropometric measurements (height and body mass) were taken for each player; this was followed by the YoYo intermittent recovery test (YIRT) level 1 for the subjects. Then, half-court and full-court 3-a-side games were organized in random order at 2-day intervals. The HRmax for each player was determined during the YIRT, following which HR was measured during the 3-a-side games. In addition, the frequencies of different categories of technical actions were counted manually during the 3-a-side games. A paired t-test was calculated for each dependent variable, including heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax) and the frequencies of different technical actions in order to compare half-court and full-court 3-a-side games. The study results indicate that the full-court 3-a-side games produced significantly higher responses than the half-court 3-a-side games in terms of HR and %HRmax (p<0.05), whereas the half-court games resulted in significantly higher frequencies of technical actions (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that, if coaches want to achieve greater heart rate responses, coaches of female high school basketball players should organize full-court 3-a-side games, whereas coaches who want to focus on technical actions should arrange half-court 3-a-side games.
... For this reason, coaches need to accurately determine the internal load (HR, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion) and external load (distance covered in different speed zones) resulting from matches and training. Moreover, technical skills and decision-making ability are very important for basketball players and they should perform these abilities under high levels of pressure and fatigue (Atlı, Köklü, Alemdaroğlu, & Koçak, 2013 interchangeably in team sports (Brandes & Elvers, 2017;Rampinini et al., 2007;Selmi et al., 2017;Weakley et al., 2019). Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). ...
... Moreover, technical skills and decision-making ability are very important for basketball players and they should perform these abilities under high levels of pressure and fatigue (Atlı, Köklü, Alemdaroğlu, & Koçak, 2013 interchangeably in team sports (Brandes & Elvers, 2017;Rampinini et al., 2007;Selmi et al., 2017;Weakley et al., 2019). Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). In addition, Delextrat and Martinez (2014) (Carlo et al., 2011;Conte et al., 2017;Klusemann et al., 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016;Vaquera et al., 2018), rules employed (Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2015) and court size (Atlı et al., 2013;Klusemann et al., 2012). ...
... Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). In addition, Delextrat and Martinez (2014) (Carlo et al., 2011;Conte et al., 2017;Klusemann et al., 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016;Vaquera et al., 2018), rules employed (Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2015) and court size (Atlı et al., 2013;Klusemann et al., 2012). The other important variable is direct supervision and coaching can effect player training intensity and performance in game-based training (Coutts, Murphy, & Dascombe, 2004;Mazzetti et al., 2000). ...
The aim of the current study was to examine the acute effects of three different feedback conditions (positive feedback, negative feedback and no feedback) on heart rate, lactic acid, rate of perceived exertion responses and frequencies of technical actions on basketball players during 3-aside full-court games. Twelve young basketball players (Mean age: 16.5 ± 1.5 years; height: 181± 5.9 cm; body mass: 71.4 ± 7 kg; training experience: 5.4 ± 2.1 years) voluntarily participated to the study. The players underwent anthropometric measurements followed by the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Then, players performed 3-aside full-court games under three different conditions with positive verbal feedback, negative verbal feedback and no feedback randomly at 2-day intervals. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess differences among responses to 3-aside full-court games in terms of heart rate, lactic acid, rate of perceived exertion responses and the number of technical actions performed. No significant differences were found between the three feedback conditions nevertheless lactic acid results showed clinical significance in the negative feedback group (5.4±1.7) compared to the group without feedback (6.5±1.8). The findings of this study reveal that positive, negative verbal feedback given by the coach or no feedback does not have an acute effect on basketball players' game performance and internal load responses.
... For this reason, coaches need to accurately determine the internal load (HR, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion) and external load (distance covered in different speed zones) resulting from matches and training. Moreover, technical skills and decision-making ability are very important for basketball players and they should perform these abilities under high levels of pressure and fatigue (Atlı, Köklü, Alemdaroğlu, & Koçak, 2013 interchangeably in team sports (Brandes & Elvers, 2017;Rampinini et al., 2007;Selmi et al., 2017;Weakley et al., 2019). Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). ...
... Moreover, technical skills and decision-making ability are very important for basketball players and they should perform these abilities under high levels of pressure and fatigue (Atlı, Köklü, Alemdaroğlu, & Koçak, 2013 interchangeably in team sports (Brandes & Elvers, 2017;Rampinini et al., 2007;Selmi et al., 2017;Weakley et al., 2019). Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). In addition, Delextrat and Martinez (2014) (Carlo et al., 2011;Conte et al., 2017;Klusemann et al., 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016;Vaquera et al., 2018), rules employed (Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2015) and court size (Atlı et al., 2013;Klusemann et al., 2012). ...
... Previous studies have also shown that game-based training in basketball elicits similar physiological responses to those seen in actual basketball games (Atlı et al., 2013;Carlo, Impellizzeri, Chaouachi, Nidhal, & Manzi, 2011;Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2017;Klusemann, Pyne, Foster, & Drinkwater, 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016). In addition, Delextrat and Martinez (2014) (Carlo et al., 2011;Conte et al., 2017;Klusemann et al., 2012;McCormick et al., 2012;Schelling & Torres, 2016;Vaquera et al., 2018), rules employed (Conte, Favero, Niederhausen, Capranica, & Tessitore, 2015) and court size (Atlı et al., 2013;Klusemann et al., 2012). The other important variable is direct supervision and coaching can effect player training intensity and performance in game-based training (Coutts, Murphy, & Dascombe, 2004;Mazzetti et al., 2000). ...
The aim of the current study was to examine the acute effects of three different feedback conditions (positive feedback, negative feedback and no feedback) on heart rate, lactic acid, rate of perceived exertion responses and frequencies of technical actions on basketball players during 3-a-side full-court games. Twelve young basketball players (Mean age: 16.5 ± 1.5 years; height: 181± 5.9 cm; body mass: 71.4 ± 7 kg; training experience: 5.4 ± 2.1 years) voluntarily participated to the study. The players underwent anthropometric measurements followed by the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Then, players performed 3-a-side full-court games under three different conditions with positive verbal feedback, negative verbal feedback and no feedback randomly at 2-day intervals. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess differences among responses to 3-a-side full-court games in terms of heart rate, lactic acid, rate of perceived exertion responses and the number of technical actions performed. No significant differences were found between the three feedback conditions nevertheless lactic acid results showed clinical significance in the negative feedback group (5.4±1.7) compared to the group without feedback (6.5±1.8). The findings of this study reveal that positive, negative verbal feedback given by the coach or no feedback does not have an acute effect on basketball players' game performance and internal load responses.
... The findings from the majority of studies suggest that SSG with smaller team sizes (e.g., 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3; Klusemann et al., 2012;Conte et al., 2016), bigger playing areas (Atli et al., 2013) and longer duration bouts (Klusemann et al., 2012) can evoke higher HR and self-perceived exertion (RPE) responses. Moreover, the game rules of time constraints (Camacho et al., 2020) and dribbling prohibitions (Conte et al., 2015) were utilized to increase HR responses. ...
... In our study, 2 vs. 2 SSG was performed given that smaller team sizes allow for a larger relative playing area per player and greater freedom of movement, resulting in greater physiological and perceived exertion responses (Castagna et al., 2011). Furthermore, we used half-court (14 × 15 m) playing area to allow more technical actions performed (Klusemann et al., 2012;Atli et al., 2013) and more players simultaneously involved (up to 8 players performing 2 vs. 2 drills at the same time). Although full-court SSG are more likely to elicit greater training stimuli because of conducting Frontiers in Psychology 07 frontiersin.org ...
... Although full-court SSG are more likely to elicit greater training stimuli because of conducting Frontiers in Psychology 07 frontiersin.org rapidly transitions up and down the court (Atli et al., 2013), researchers showed no differences in HR responses between full-court and halfcourt SSG (Klusemann et al., 2012;Bredt et al., 2020). In addition, we prescribed that no times-outs or free-throws were rewarded (Delextrat and Kraiem, 2013), the ball was replaced immediately when out of play (Conte et al., 2016), and a 12-s shot clock was used (Klusemann et al., 2012) to avoid interruptions and enhance the exercise intensity. ...
Introduction
Although previous research found that small-sided game (SSG) training was more enjoyable than high-intensity interval training (HIT) in various sports, no data were provided during longer training period in basketball. Furthermore, the comparison of internal loads between the two training approaches needs to be further examined. Thus, this study aimed to examine the acute physiological, perceived exertion and enjoyment responses during 4-week progressive basketball SSG or HIT programs.
Methods
Nineteen female collegiate basketball players were randomly assigned to two groups that performed either HIT (n = 10) or SSG (n = 9) 3 times per week for 4 continuous weeks. Average and percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmean and %HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were determined during each training session.
Results
There was a main group effect in PACES (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.44, moderate), and SSG had higher PACES than HIT in each week (p < 0.05). There were no significant interactions or main group effects in HRmean, %HRmax or RPE, but a main time effect was found in HRmean (p = 0.004; η p 2 = 0.16, minimum), %HRmax (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.25, minimum), and RPE (p < 0.001; η p 2 = 0.31, moderate), respectively. In the SSG group, although no significant differences were found in HR responses, %HRmax was below 90% in week 1 and week 2. Accompanied with changes in %HRmax, RPE in week 1 and week 2 was lower than that in week 3 and week 4 (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that SSG and HIT elicit similar acute HR response and RPE level, but SSG is perceived as more enjoyable and therefore it is more likely to increase exercise motivation and adherence comparing to HIT. Moreover, it seems that half-court, 2 vs. 2 SS Gtraining format with modified rules and lasting ≥ 7.5 min should be prescribed as an enjoyable training alternative to provide optimal cardiovascular stimuli (> 90% of HRmax) for female basketball players.
... Consequently, 37 studies met the previously defined inclusion criteria and were included in this final systematic review. After a complete snowball search strategy [13], a total of seven more publications were added [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], resulting in a total of forty-four studies included in this systematic review. Figure 1 presents the details of all processes and results obtained by the search strategy. ...
... Nineteen articles investigated the physiological response of female basketball players only during practice [4,16,20,21,23,25,28,34,[39][40][41]43,44,48,50,[57][58][59][60], while fourteen publications examined internal load only during competition [17,22,31,[33][34][35]37,45,46,52,54,55,61,62] and eleven studies analyzed internal load in both events [24,26,27,29,32,35,36,47,51,53,56]. Among the included studies, 24 reported the type of tasks [4,16,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]34,[39][40][41][42][43][44]49,51,53,[56][57][58][59][60]. ...
... Nineteen articles investigated the physiological response of female basketball players only during practice [4,16,20,21,23,25,28,34,[39][40][41]43,44,48,50,[57][58][59][60], while fourteen publications examined internal load only during competition [17,22,31,[33][34][35]37,45,46,52,54,55,61,62] and eleven studies analyzed internal load in both events [24,26,27,29,32,35,36,47,51,53,56]. Among the included studies, 24 reported the type of tasks [4,16,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]34,[39][40][41][42][43][44]49,51,53,[56][57][58][59][60]. Of the studies that mentioned specific tasks, two publications simulated competition demands during training [24,53]. ...
The monitoring of internal load in basketball can be used to understand the effects and potential physiological adaptations caused by external load. The main aim of this systematic review was to identify the methods and variables used to quantify internal load in female basketball. The studies included different populations and events: youth athletes, elite, and amateur players. Subjective methods included using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method, and sensor-based methods included monitoring the cardiac response to exercise, using heart rate (HR) as the primary metric. The results showed that the HRAvg exhibited a wider range of values during training than during competition, and different metrics were used to evaluate internal load, such as HRMax, HRmin, %HRMax, total time and % of time spent in different HR zones (2-8 zones), Banister's TRIMP, and summated HR zones. RPE and HR metrics were the most commonly used methods. However, the use of multiple metrics with little standardization resulted in significant heterogene-ity among studies, limiting meaningful comparisons. The review provides a reference for current research on female basketball. Future research could address this limitation by adopting more consistent measurement protocols standardizing the use of metrics.
... Assim, encontrou-se valores de PSE moderadamente maiores nos PJ em quadra toda. Corroborando com estes resultados, Atli et al. 28 ...
... Por exemplo, PJ com diferentes números de jogadores, mas também com diferentes durações da série; ambos os fatores afetam diretamente os valores de FC. A ausência de padronização da duração da série dificulta o alcance de conclusões sobre o efeito do número de jogadores na FC.Área de jogoApenas três estudos compararam os efeitos de diferentes áreas de jogo para um mesmo número de jogadores por equipe13,27,28 , o que dificulta a generalização dos efeitos de alterações neste aspecto. A alteração da área de jogo também implica em alterações na área relativa, assim como o "número de jogadores por equipe".Klusemann et al.13 investigaram PJ 2vs.2 e 4vs.4 realizados em quadra toda e em meia quadra (14 x 15m), ambos com duas tabelas e Atli et al.28 investigaram PJ 3vs.3 realizados em meia quadra (uma tabela) e em quadra toda (duas tabelas). ...
... A ausência de padronização da duração da série dificulta o alcance de conclusões sobre o efeito do número de jogadores na FC.Área de jogoApenas três estudos compararam os efeitos de diferentes áreas de jogo para um mesmo número de jogadores por equipe13,27,28 , o que dificulta a generalização dos efeitos de alterações neste aspecto. A alteração da área de jogo também implica em alterações na área relativa, assim como o "número de jogadores por equipe".Klusemann et al.13 investigaram PJ 2vs.2 e 4vs.4 realizados em quadra toda e em meia quadra (14 x 15m), ambos com duas tabelas e Atli et al.28 investigaram PJ 3vs.3 realizados em meia quadra (uma tabela) e em quadra toda (duas tabelas). Estes estudos encontraram um maior número total de ações tático-técnicas individuais de ataque (arremessos, assistências, rebotes, passes e perdas de bola) 13,28 e de defesa (i.e., roubadas de bola, deslocamento em postura defensiva) 13 na menor área de jogo. ...
Esta revisão de escopo objetivou verificar as respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica de atletas a pequenos jogos (PJ) de basquetebol. Utilizou-se o método Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses – Extension for Scoping Reviews. Dois pesquisadores realizaram a busca eletrônica em seis bases de dados, em inglês, português e espanhol. Os critérios de inclusão foram: a) ser artigos científicos publicados em periódicos revisados por pares; b) incluir atletas de basquetebol a partir da categoria sub-12 (minibasquete), competindo em qualquer nível e c) apresentar dados relacionados à resposta física, fisiológica ou tático-técnica dos jogadores. Encontrou-se 34 estudos sobre o efeito agudo dos PJ, que investigaram, principalmente, a influência da alteração do número de jogadores, da área de jogo, da razão estímulo/pausa e das regras. Alguns estudos compararam as respostas de jogadores com diferentes características (e.g., antropométricas) aos PJ. A diminuição do número de jogadores e o aumento da área por jogador parecem aumentar as respostas física e fisiológica e o número de ações tático-técnicas individuais. Maiores durações da série de PJ e menores durações da pausa entre séries parecem aumentar a resposta fisiológica e diminuir a intensidade da resposta física dos jogadores. Diferentes regras influenciam as respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica. Os quatro estudos sobre os efeitos crônicos dos PJ reportaram aumentos no desempenho aeróbico, de agilidade e tático-técnico após treinamento com PJ. Os estudos indicam que os PJ elevam o desempenho físico e tático-técnico de atletas de basquetebol e que diferentes características dos PJ levam a respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica distintas.
... A solicitação bioenergética no basquetebol é considerada híbrida. Isto significa que os três principais metabolismos fisiológicos (anaeróbico alático, anaeróbico lático e aeróbico) são exigidos organicamente para produção de combustível indispensável durante os esforços intermitentes (ATLI et al., 2013;MANCHA-TRIGUERO et al., 2020). ...
... A utilização dos jogos reduzidos condicionantes (SSCG) é vista como a abordagem mais adequada para uma estimulação da resistência específica no basquetebol, pois envolve numa mesma atividade, o desenvolvimento do condicionamento cardiovascular em conjunto com as habilidades técnico-táticas (KLUSEMANN et al., 2012;GRACIA et al., 2014;CONTE et al., 2015;DELEXTRAT et al., 2018;REINA et al., 2018). No campo prático, admite-se que os SSCG são (ATLI et al., 2013;GOMES et al., 2021). ...
... Essa dinâmica de especificidade dos SSCG faz com que sejam ativados os grupos musculares mais solicitados nas partidas e, adicionalmente, contribui para uma maior assertividade nas tomadas de decisão técnico-táticas (IMPELLIZZERI et al., 2006;GRACIA et al., 2014;COSTA, 2022 (SAMPAIO et al., 2009;CASTAGNA et al., 2011;KLUSEMANN et al., 2012;ATLI et al., 2013;KRAIEM, 2013;SCHELLING;TORRES-RONDA, 2013;MARTINEZ, 2014;CONTE et al., 2015;DEHESA et al., 2015;CONTE et al., 2016;CLEMENTE et al., 2017;SANSONE et al., 2018). ...
RESUMO Uma estratégia pedagógica eficiente para desenvolver a resistência específica nos esportes coletivos é o uso dos jogos reduzidos condicionantes. Isto posto, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever as respostas fisiológicas da frequência cardíaca no treinamento da resistência específica usando jogos reduzidos condicionantes no basquetebol. Com essa premissa, foram consultadas cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo, MEDLINE e LILACS) sendo eleitos um total de 61 estudos publicados que abordavam acerca do comportamento da frequência cardíaca nas sessões de treinamento da resistência específica com jogos reduzidos e, 16 livros texto da área de fisiologia do exercício e teoria do treinamento desportivo. Os jogos reduzidos condicionantes geram uma estimulação superior a outros métodos da resistência, pois conseguem trabalhar numa única atividade os aspectos técnico-táticos e o condicionamento físico dos basquetebolistas. Uma forma de controle da carga interna durante os jogos reduzidos é o monitoramento sistemático dos indicadores da frequência cardíaca. Todavia, a resposta da frequência cardíaca nos jogos reduzidos depende da interrelação correta dos componentes modificáveis (tamanho da quadra, número de jogadores envolvidos, regras adotadas, regime metabólico solicitado e, razão esforço-pausa). Mudanças em um ou mais destes componentes modificáveis podem induzir a alterações na intensidade das cargas. Atrelado a isto, as pesquisas adotam protocolos experimentais distintos e categorias competitivas variadas dificultando comparações interpretativas. Outro detalhe importante é que o gênero e as funções táticas dos jogadores interferem nesses resultados. Enfim, são apresentadas sugestões operacionais no momento de configurar o treinamento da resistência específica com jogos reduzidos no basquetebol. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Basquetebol. Frequência Cardíaca. Treinamento Físico. Carga de Trabalho.
... Five studies modified the court dimensions [37,38,[42][43][44]. In four of these, researchers compared the difference between playing in half and full courts [37,[42][43][44]. ...
... Five studies modified the court dimensions [37,38,[42][43][44]. In four of these, researchers compared the difference between playing in half and full courts [37,[42][43][44]. In the other study, researchers manipulated the court dimensions simultaneously with the number of players per team (15 × 6 m, 22 × 8 m, 24 × 11 m, 26.13 m, and 28.15 m) [38]. ...
... A reduction of the court dimensions involves an increase in individual and team actions [37,38,[42][43][44]. The consequence of this could be that with more space available, players do more collective actions, which provokes a higher number of individual skills, which results in the higher participation of players. ...
The purpose of this scoping review was to analyse the effect of rules modification on technical and tactical action in young basketball. The publications search period ranged from January 2007 to December 2021. The search covered the following electronic databases: SCOPUS, SportDiscus, and the Web of Science core collection. Following this search process, 18 articles were included in the review. The following variables were analysed: characteristics of the sample, the constraints manipulated, the duration of the intervention, and the effect on technical-tactical actions. The studies reviewed modified the following constraints: (a) number of players (66.7%), (b) court dimensions (27.8%), (c) ball/player interactions (11.1%), and (d) ball/player interactions, basket height, game time and number of baskets (5.6%, respectively). The findings show that rule manipulation can increase players' participation and promote the variability of players' actions. The current evidence about rule modification in youth basketball presents areas in which more studies are needed to have a complete perspective of their impact in practice and competition through the different stages of players' development. Taking into account individual needs and developmental stages, further studies should consider different age groups (e.g., from U-10 to zU-14) and female players. Expanding scientific knowledge in this area would help coaches make short-and long-term plans in accordance with players' developmental stages.
... To date, many research investigations have analyzed the workload of different SSG models by manipulating pitch size, player density, rules, and other variables. Specifically, most studies have demonstrated that larger playing pitch size was correlated with increased heart rate (HR) (Atlı et al., 2013), lactate concentration and subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (Kennett et al., 2012b). Furthermore, reducing the amount of participating players could raise HR reserves (Dellal et al., 2011b). ...
Introduction: Professional rugby union players can improve their performance by engaging in small-sided games (SSGs), which simulate the movement patterns of the game. This study collected metrics related to running performance and mechanical workload and their relative values from both forward and back positions, aiming to explore the impact of different SSGs factors on athlete workload, as well as the workload difference between official games (OGs) and SSGs.
Methods: The monitored GPS data were collected from SSGs with different player numbers and pitch sizes (five sessions), SSG rules (5 weeks, four sessions per week), and OGs conducted throughout the year. Additionally, the study compared changes in players’ sprinting performance before and after two SSG sessions.
Results: Backs had greater workload than forwards. Less space and number of players SSG (4 vs. 4, 660 m²) was conducive to facilitating training for players in acceleration and deceleration. Conversely, larger spaces were associated with improved running performance. However, the introduction of a floater had no significant impact on performance improvement. Additionally, the 7 vs. 4 model (seven players engaged with four opponents) resulted in the greatest workload during medium-hard accelerations (F = 52.76–88.23, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 0.19–0.28). Japan touch model allowed for more high-speed running training (F = 47.93–243.55, p < 0.001, ηp ² = 1.52). The workload performed by SSGs can almost cover that of OGs (F = 23.36–454.21, p < 0.05, ηp ² = 0.03–0.57). In the context of ηp ², values around 0.01, 0.06 and 0.14 indicate small, medium and large effects respectively.
Discussion: However, given the significantly higher workload of SSGs and the slight decrease in sprinting performance, further research is required to examine the training patterns of SSGs. This study provided insight into the impact of player numbers, pitch size, and rules on rugby-specific SSGs. Coaches should optimize SSG setups for enhanced training outcomes, ensuring the long-term development of physical capacity, technical and tactical skills.
... Unlike these studies, RPE responses of female basketball players tend to be higher in large game formats compared to small game formats (Clemente et al., 2021). Due to the game structure, SSG put players under pressure, expose them to high-intensity movements, and cause severe physiological stress (Atlı et al., 2013). Results revealed that an SSG, including fewer players playing on the full court, increases training internal load due to both court size and game structure. ...
Background: Although small-sided games (SSG) have been a popular method recently, the number of studies on female athletes is
limited. Objective: This study investigated the effects of basketball-specific 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4 SSG on psychological and technical
responses. Methods: Eighteen young female basketball players with an age of 15.6 ± 0.7 years, a height of 175.0 ± 4.9 cm,
a basketball experience of 5.6 ± 0.7 years, and a body mass index of 20.8 ± 1.1 kg/m2 participated in the study. Anthropometric
measurements and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test 1 were conducted. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment of physical
activity (PACES-S), mental fatigue and emotion responses of the players were assessed after each bout in basketball-specific 2vs2,
3vs3 and 4vs4 SSG. Results: Significant differences in RPE, PACES-S and emotional responses were found for 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4
games (p < .05). In addition to these results, 2vs2 and 3vs3 formats revealed significant differences in rebounding, successful shots,
unsuccessful shots and successful passes in the technical responses (p < .05). Conclusions: The findings show that changing game
forms can improve player experiences and encourage higher levels of physical activity, enjoyment, emotional responses, and technical
ability. Further research could explore additional variables, such as tactical decision-making, cognitive load, and long-term effects of
using different game forms.
The ability to design Small-sided games (SSGs) by manipulating the game allows coaches to align the games with players' specific needs, thereby fostering adaptations in their behavior as they engage with the challenges presented in the drills. Given the increasing volume of original research on SSGs in basketball, this systematic review aims to synthesize acute technical and tactical responses observed in players of both genders, irrespective of their competitive level. A systematic review was performed based on PRISMA recommendations in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science database. The eligibility criteria included basketball players who had parti cipated in SSGs, without the necessity for a comparator group. Outcomes focused on observed and recorded technical actions (such as passes and shots) and/or tactical behaviors (individual or collective). Data synthesis comprised compiling the observed technical and tactical outcomes, along with the main findings of the studies. An initial database search returned 1,758 studies. After the study selection process, 41 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, comprising 922 participants of both sexes that ranged from beginners to professional players. The analyzed SSGs ranged from 1 vs. 1 to 5 vs. 5 game formats. Findings suggested that SSGs with fewer players demonstrated positive effects on technical performance and increased action frequency, while also fostering tactical behavior and decision making. Moreover, research indicated that SSGs incorporating restrictions on dribbling actions led to a higher occurrence of passing actions.
Despite the interest drawn by game adaptations in players' performance development, no study examined the effects of these task constraints in basketball games exercise intensity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify differences in power, heart rate and perceived exertion responses to 3x3 and 4x4 basketball small-sided games. Eight young male basketball players participated in this study. Player's individual peak heart rate value and global perceived exertion was registered immediately after two small-sided games, 3x3 and 4x4. Additionally, squat jump and countermovement jump were used to assess power. Our results show that both small-sided games promoted high physiological demands, whereas the players performed the tasks above 80% of HRmax. Nevertheless, another interesting finding of this study is related to the fact that 3x3 contributed to higher physiological demands than the 4x4. The
significant increase in the countermovement jump posttest jump results could suggest that the 4x4 were not played as quickly nor intensely as the 3x3. Decreases of the space and number of players in game allow greater self-recreation of players and greater intervention in game. Therefore, the heart rate response during the series displays a higher physiologic impact in 3x3 than in 4x4.
The main aim of this study was to assess the physiological responses of male basketball players during usual basketball ball-drills. Fourteen male basketball players (age 18.9 ± 2.3 years) performed the following full-court (28 × 15 m) basketball ball-drills (3 × 4-min with 3-min passive rest): five-a-side (5v5), three-a-side (3v3) and two-a-side (2v2). A main effect (P < 0.0001) for ball-drills modes was evident for all variables (5v5 < 3v3 < 2v2). Mean [Vdot]O(2) during the 5v5, 3v3 and 2v2 were 39.0 ± 7.2, 42.0 ± 7.5 and 45.0 ± 6.5 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1) (69 ± 11, 74 ± 12 and 79 ± 11% of [Vdot]O(2peak)) respectively (5v5 = 3v3 < 2v2, P < 0.001). Mean blood-lactate concentrations for 5v5, 3v3 and 2v2 were 4.2 ± 1.8, 6.2 ± 2.3 and 7.8 ± 1.2 mmol (l(-1) respectively (5v5 < 3v3 < 2v2, P < 0.01). During the 5v5, 3v3 and 2v2 mean heart-rate (HR) was 84.0 ± 9.2, 88.0 ± 8.4 and 92.0 ± 5.6% of the individual peak respectively (5v5 < 3v3 < 2v2; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the regression-line slope (P = 0.86) and intercept (P = 0.45) of the HR-[Vdot]O(2) relationships of the multistage maximal fitness test (r(2) from 0.80 to 0.96, P < 0.001) and ball-drills (r(2) from 0.70 to 0.95, P < 0.001) conditions. Reducing the number of players over the same playing court resulted in increments in physiological demands. The 2v2 condition provided responses in the range of those reported to improve aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The aerobic demands of ball-drills can be accurately assessed using heart-rate monitoring in basketball.
This study aims to examine the difference in heart rate (HR) responses and technical activities placed upon European elite players when exposed to 2-sided games differing in the number of players and playing area. Fifteen male soccer players from a Scottish Premier League team (26.3 ± 4.85 years, 182.4 ± 6.99 cm, 79.5 ± 8.05 kg, VO2max of 54.36 ± 5.45 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) performed both small (3 vs. 3 plus goalkeepers) and large (9 vs. 9 plus goalkeepers) sided games each lasting for 3 × 5 minutes interspersed with 4-minute passive recovery during the 2009-2010 season. The HR responses and players' technical actions were recorded throughout all sided games. Results show that small-sided games (SSG) induced significantly (p < 0.05, large effect) higher HR responses as compared to large-sided games. Furthermore, during SSGs, players spent significantly longer time in the >85% maximal HR zone (p < 0.05, large effect) as compared to large-sided games. Technical analysis revealed a large practical difference (effect size ranged from 1.5 to 21.2) between small- and large-sided games: less number of blocks, headers, interceptions, passes, and receives but more dribbles, shots, and tackles in SSG. Furthermore, SSG induced significantly lesser total ball contacts per game (p < 0.05, large effect) but significantly greater ball contacts per individual (p < 0.05, large effect) when compared to larger-sided games. The different technical requirements also enable coaches to carry out training games more suitable to specific playing positions such as SSG for midfielders (more dribbles, tackles, and ball contacts per player) strikers (more shots), and large-sided games for defender (more blocks, headers, and interceptions).
Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is relatively little information regarding how SSGs can best be used to improve physical capacities and technical or tactical skills in footballers. However, many prescriptive variables controlled by the coach can influence the exercise intensity during SSGs. Coaches usually attempt to change the training stimulus in SSGs through altering the pitch area, player number, coach encouragement, training regimen (continuous vs interval training), rules and the use of goalkeepers. In general, it appears that SSG exercise intensity is increased with the concurrent reduction in player number and increase in relative pitch area per player. However, the inverse relationship between the number of players in each SSG and exercise intensity does not apply to the time-motion characteristics. Consistent coach encouragement can also increase training intensity, but most rule changes do not appear to strongly affect exercise intensity. The variation of exercise intensity measures are lower in smaller game formats (e.g. three vs three) and have acceptable reproducibility when the same game is repeated between different training sessions or within the same session. The variation in exercise intensity during SSGs can also be improved with consistent coach encouragement but it is still more variable than traditional generic training methods. Other studies have also shown that SSGs containing fewer players can exceed match intensity and elicit similar intensities to both long- and short-duration high-intensity interval running. It also appears that fitness and football-specific performance can be improved equally with SSG and generic training drills. Future research is required to examine the optimal periodization strategies of SSGs training for the long-term development of physiological capacity, technical skill and tactical proficiency.
The two Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (IR) tests evaluate an individual’s ability to repeatedly perform intense exercise. The Yo-Yo IR level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test focuses on the capacity to carry out intermittent exercise leading to a maximal activation of the aerobic system, whereas Yo-Yo IR level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) determines an individual’s ability to recover from repeated exercise with a high contribution from the anaerobic system. Evaluations of elite athletes in various sports involving intermittent exercise showed that the higher the level of competition the better an athlete performs in the Yo-Yo IR tests. Performance in the Yo- Yo IR tests for young athletes increases with rising age. The Yo-Yo IR tests have shown to be a more sensitive measure of changes in performance than maximum oxygen uptake. The Yo-Yo IR tests provide a simple and valid way to obtain important information of an individual’s capacity to perform repeated intense exercise and to examine changes in performance.