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Properties of concrete containing waste glass
Abstract
In our study, in which waste glass (WG) is considered as coarse aggregates in the concrete, WG was used reduced to 4–16 mm in proportions of 0–60% in the production of PKÇ/B 32.5/R type cement. The effects of WG on workability and strength of the concrete with fresh and hardened concrete tests were analyzed. As a result of the study conducted, WG was determined not to have a significant effect upon the workability of the concrete and only slightly in the reduction of its strength. Waste glass cannot be used as aggregate without taking into account its ASR properties. As for cost analysis, it was determined to lower the cost of concrete productions. Our study was an environmental one in consideration to the fact that WG could be used in the concrete as coarse aggregates without the need for a high cost or rigorous energy.
... Replacing natural aggregates with waste glass increases the air content [23,32], flowing, and VeBe values of fresh concrete [23], which is due to the sharper edge and higher aspect ratio of glass and sand to natural sand, which is capable of retaining more air on the surface of the glass particles. There is a certain influence of waste glass on slump: the higher the replacement of aggregates with waste glass aggregates, the higher the slump [25,26]. ...
... Replacing natural aggregates with waste glass increases the air content [23,32], flowing, and VeBe values of fresh concrete [23], which is due to the sharper edge and higher aspect ratio of glass and sand to natural sand, which is capable of retaining more air on the surface of the glass particles. There is a certain influence of waste glass on slump: the higher the replacement of aggregates with waste glass aggregates, the higher the slump [25,26]. ...
... The smooth and plane surface of large recycled glass particles can significantly weaken the bond between the cement paste and the glass particles [27,67]. Mechanical properties, in general, decrease in proportion to an increase in waste glass aggregates/powder at earlier ages [23,32,33,38,54,56,59,68]. A reduction in modulus of elasticity with increased waste glass has been observed [54], although finely ground waste glass showed an opposite effect on the mechanical properties [24,58] and reintroduced avenues for the reuse of the ground waste glass aggregate as a fine aggregate for the manufacturing of mortars and concrete, in particular when high performance was required. ...
Waste glass is an endless issue for the majority of the countries in the world with a linear economy of usage of materials. Demolition waste is counted as part of total construction and demolition waste (CDW). Even today, there are some statistical problems with the quantification of demolition waste and dividing it from total CDW, since most countries do not provide such a division of waste types. The current review shows possible ways of utilizing waste glass in some useful products in the construction industry. It is elaborated using PRISMA@ methodology with bibliometric and qualitative methods to provide a systematical overview of the publications in the period from 2000 to 2023. The bibliometric search was handled with the application RStudio© using sources in the biggest database, Scopus. Most of the published research items are mainly focused on using waste glass in concrete applications. However, there are seven possible areas of waste glass application in the construction industry: concrete products, gypsum–cement composites, asphalt or concrete pavement, geopolymer mortars, foamed glass ceramics, glass ceramics, and soil foundation strengthening/stabilization. In its turn, the circular economy should be applied since it provides a prolonged turnaround of materials throughout their life cycle.
... The idea that glass waste might be used as a possible fluxing agent to reduce the temperature of the clay bodies was presented by some researchers in previous studies. An alternate strategy to reduce production costs and energy usage would then be to recycle used glasses [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, it has been observed that using glass wastes in combination with specimens results in better density, less water absorption, and lower drying shrinkage [15,16]. ...
... An alternate strategy to reduce production costs and energy usage would then be to recycle used glasses [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, it has been observed that using glass wastes in combination with specimens results in better density, less water absorption, and lower drying shrinkage [15,16]. ...
Hundreds of studies have been written in the last several decades on the advantages of using stone powder as a raw material in the production of fired clay bricks. The durability and long-term behavior of the finished product, however, have received very little attention in the literature. Clay bricks are generally fired at high temperatures in developing countries, which reduces the mechanical performance of the bricks. This is especially evident in extreme environmental settings where weathering leads to significant damage. The evaluation of concrete waste (stone powder) used to make fired clay bricks is the main topic of this study. There are two sections: the first evaluates how adding stone powder to clay bricks improves their physical characteristics such absorption, efflorescence, density, and firing shrinkage. The impact of stone powder on the mechanical characteristics of specimens of burned clay bricks, such as compressive and flexural strengths, is covered in the second section. The percentages of stone powder in the clay bricks are 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20%. While the ratio of dry soil to water content remains is 0.3. In this work three fire phases are used untel to the maximum temperature is reached. The first one is 300 °C, the second phase is 600 °C, and 900 °C for the third phase. The water absorption of specimens decreased as the quantity of stone powder increased, and efflorescence also decreased, according to the results for the physical attributes. The density does, however, somewhat rise with the amount of stone powder. Additionally, when the amount of stone powder was increased, the experimental results indicated that firing shrinkage decreased. Mechanically considered, clay brick specimens with 20% more stone powder showed stronger compressive flexural capabilities.
... However, Wang found that the changing trend of the compressive strength of concrete increases and then decreases as the replacement rate of the aggregate increases from 0% to 100%, whereas the splitting strength does not change significantly [10]. Coarse glass aggregates are unsuitable as a replacement for natural coarse aggregates because of the existence of internal microcracks and smooth surfaces [2]. In addition, a large number of studies have shown that the size of the glass aggregate has a significant effect on the ASR and that reducing the size of the aggregate can help inhibit the ASR reaction [13]. ...
... In recent years, the types and quantity of glass products have increased each year, and the problem of waste recycling has become increasingly serious [1]. Moreover, undecomposed glass waste leads to environmental hazards and a waste of land resources [2,3]. ...
This paper reports on the bond behavior of glass fine aggregate reinforced concrete (GFARC) under chloride erosion, considering the chloride solution and glass fine aggregate (GFA) exchange rates as variable parameters. The 16 groups of specimens are designed to conduct central pull-out tests after chloride erosion. The experimental results are analyzed, such as the τ–s curve, ultimate bond strength, peak slip, and bond stiffness. The results indicated that the degree of reinforcement corrosion in GFARC is low under the action of chloride corrosion. Compared with natural aggregate-reinforced concrete (NARC), the ultimate bond strength and bond stiffness of GFARC improve under the same chloride corrosion. The ultimate bond strengths of 25% GFARC, 50% GFARC, and 75% GFARC increased by 7%, 7.85%, and 17.31%, respectively, under natural conditions. Under 3.5% chlorine erosion, the GFARC group increased by 4.67%, 4.83%, and 13.53%, respectively. Under 5% chlorine erosion, the GFARC group increased by 5.54%, 6.24%, and 12.64%, respectively. Glass fine can improve the bonding performance between concrete and steel bars, and its effect is related to the replacement rate. The shape and chemical characteristics of glass sand play an important role in this process and became more prominent with the deepening of the effect. Through the analysis of the experimental results, this paper further elaborated on the bonding mechanism of GFARC under the influence of chloride corrosion. The research indicates that the use of GFA has a great advantage in improving the bond performance under chloride erosion.
... In general, the most advantageous aggregates for concrete formulation are those with high proportions of cubic particles (enhancing granular skeleton compactness) and rough particles (improving paste-aggregate adhesion). It was found that the shape and roughness of aggregates can hinder air bubble extraction during vibration, leading to slightly higher levels of entrained air in concretes containing recycled aggregates [27], cited by Topçu and Canbaz [28], with a difference of about 0.6%. ...
Aggregates recycled from construction sites may exhibit slightly inferior characteristics compared to natural aggregates in terms of porosity, friability, and variability. However, it must be acknowledged that although recycled aggregates are currently used only in small proportions for manufacturing concrete, their usage is steadily increasing. It is now widely recognised that the reuse of recycled aggregates in mortar and concrete significantly contributes to the preservation of alluvial aggregates. The valorisation of recycled aggregates in concrete and mortar offers a clear economic advantage in the construction sector. Indeed, the reuse of materials from demolition could be envisaged directly on site or at construction waste recycling and treatment platforms. Additionally, it should be noted that to date, there is no specific standard for measuring the water absorption of recycled aggregates. Regarding the physical properties, the estimation of the absorption kinetics of the recycled aggregates has proved necessary. Moreover, other equally important measurements must be undertaken to determine all the other properties. The results obtained demonstrated that a good correlation exists between the substitution rate and the physical and mechanical properties of the prepared concrete. Furthermore, it was decided to vary the substitution rate of natural sand with recycled sand during the manufacture of concrete according to the following percentages: 25% recycled sand with 75% natural sand, and 50% recycled sand with 50% natural sand.
... Research was conducted to study the properties of concrete by replacing 0-60% coarse aggregate with crushed glass. This replacement did not have a significant effect on the properties of fresh concrete; however, the values of compressive strength declined with increasing crushed glass content, with 60% crushed glass replacement resulting in a 49% decrease in compressive strength [8]. Also, the effects of replacing sand with glass aggregate on the properties of alkali-activated mortar were studied. ...
This comprehensive study analyzes the use of crushed glass as both fine and coarse aggregate in concrete, as well as the prediction accuracy of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The primary objectives are to understand the interactions between concrete’s constituents and to assess the accuracy of ANN models in predicting concrete’s mechanical and physical properties. This is achieved using a two-decade experimental results dataset of concrete’s compressive and tensile strengths, slump, density, and the corresponding mix design proportions, including waste glass aggregate. A series of 70 concrete samples were carefully built and tested, with compressive strengths varying from 12 to 71 MPa and glass aggregate percentages ranging from 0-100%. These samples served as the basis for the creation of an input dataset and ANN targets. The ANN model underwent intensive training, validation, testing, and statistical regression analysis. The ANN models are exceptionally accurate, with a continuously low error margin of roughly 2%, highlighting their usefulness in matching experimental and predicted results. Validation techniques highlight the models' dependability, with consistently high coefficients of determination (R-values), including 0.99484, demonstrating their robustness in replicating complicated concrete properties. The data analysis shows a unique pattern, with optimum glass aggregate percentages in the range of 10–20%. Beyond this range, there is a noticeable decline in concrete properties. Finally, the study confirms the efficacy of ANN in predictive modeling while also validating the potential of crushed glass to replace natural aggregates in concrete. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-018 Full Text: PDF
... This finely ground glass reacts with the alkali in cement through the Pozzolana reaction, generating cementitious products that abrasion resistance to strength development (Veena & Rao, 2016). Renowned for its aesthetic appeal, transparency, malleability, remarkable durability, and resistance to abrasion, glass is a commonly utilized material in various applications (Topçu & Canbaz, 2003). In its intrinsic nature, glass is inorganic, non-metallic, hydrophobic, incombustible, and brittle, yet remarkably ductile at high temperatures (Mehta & Ashish, 2020). ...
... When the percentage of glass ratio increased to 75%, the compressive strength decreased at all ages for example at 28 days decreased by 3.94% for curing with tap water and 4.24% for curing with groundwater. This decrease in compressive strength is attributed to the high brittleness of glass causing cracks that affect the adhesiveness between the waste glass and cement paste [43]. The reduction in compressive strength at 75% GS is attributed to the poor connection between the GS particle and the mortar paste, where the increased GS ratio caused agglomerates to prevent mortar homogeneity. ...
... The presence of amorphous silica in waste glass sand (WGS) obtained from crushed waste glass bottled after sieving makes this material a perfect substitute for natural sand in the concrete mix. However, the concern regarding the usage of WGS arises from the number of findings discussing the risk of expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which adversely affects concrete performance [4,5]. The primary cause of this ASR is the formation of swelling alkali-silicate-hydrate gel [6]. ...
This research focused on evaluating geopolymer mixture made of ASTM class F fly ash (FFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), plastic fibers obtained from recycled waste pet bottles, and crushed waste glass bottle sand (WGS) from household waste. A total of 9 mixtures were designed: 3 mixtures with long fibers (5% of aggregate weight) and without WGS, 3 mixtures with shorter non-twisted fibers (2% of aggregate weight) and WGS, and 3 mixtures with shorter twisted fibers (2% of aggregate weight) and WGS. All geopolymer mixtures contained GGBFS, FFA, WGS, plastic fibers, and 10 M of alkali-activated solution. Mechanical properties of geopolymer mixtures were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days. Test results indicated that PET fiber-reinforced geopolymer mixtures have lower compressive strength than non-reinforced ones. The increased length of PET fiber and extended air-curing time also decrease compressive strength. Increasing WGS content generally tends to decrease the compressive strength, but 15% replacement shows improvement compared to the reference mixture. Adding PET fibers to the geopolymer mixtures significantly increases flexural strength due to better crack resistance and good strain-hardening effect. Non-twisted fibers concrete’s flexural strength was noticeably higher than that of twisted one, while the length of fibers did not have an impact. The introduction of fibers does not increase ultimate tensile strength. However, the strain coefficient was substantially increased. Non-twisted fibers geopolymer mixtures performed better than twisted ones in terms of tension resistance. The geopolymer mixture with 30% WGS showed the highest results.
... It can also be highlighted that after 28 days of ageing in water, the change in length of all samples is always below the normally accepted value of 0.05% suggested in ASTM C33 and in line with literature data obtained in mortars produced using high silica fine powders [17,28,29]. ...
The present paper discusses experimental results obtained on several mortars prepared using a commercial type1 OPC cement, a commercial limestone aggregate with maximum particles dimension below 5 mm, superplasticizer and water. Different amounts of a waste silica sand, in form of loose powder, derived from the industrial production of refractory blocks, were added to the above basic components. Several additional samples were also prepared using same basic commercial components added by different amounts of a fine limestone filler. This latter set of compositions was used to prepare samples to be used as reference materials. Waste silica sand and fine limestone filler were used as received from their producer. During preparation, pastes containing silica sand showed better workability compared to all the other blended components. All hydrated materials displayed fair compressive strength and low water absorption after curing, but those containing silica sand showed the best mechanical performances due to their low residual porosity and to the pozzolanic reaction which could enable application for the production of structures in direct contact with water or aggressive environments such as sewers or tanks suitable for the containment of organic substances.
... The waste glass was tested as aggregate Wright, J. R et al., 2014;Shi, C., & Zheng, K. (2007).; Ling, T. C., Poon, C. S., & Wong, H. W., 2013;Topcu and Canbaz, 2004;Chen et al., 2006;Almaleeh et al, 2019). ...
Worldwide, construction and demolition wastes contribute the most wastes. Hence, environmental concerns have been raised, and more investigations have been recommended for recycling potential. Glass and Ceramic wastes are currently disposed of in landfills. This paper aims to study the structural behaviour of non-conventional concrete made of waste glass and ceramic tiles. A comparison is conducted between the normal and non-conventional concrete beams. The non-conventional concrete is made by replacing normal sand and gravel at 25% and 50% percentages. Both glass and ceramic tiles are used separately and blended in three different types (A, B, & C) of concretes. The laboratory experiments are verified with a Finite Element model for the three reinforced concrete types using ANSYS software. The results of conducted comparison shown that the non-conventional reinforced concretes have acceptable consistent with the normal reinforced concrete, and the reuse of glass and ceramic waste is technically feasible.
... One of these waste materials which consider a main part of solid waste materials is waste glass [3]. Glass can be recycled many times without changing its chemical composition, and it is one of the most used materials which provide facilities for human life since can be used for many functions in different form and quality, its waste amount estimated by united nations to be 200 million tons per year which is considered 7% of the yearly production of glass [4]. In most countries produced waste not completely recycled and putted in the land, alternative ways must be found for saving land and the environment from pollution, for that reason construction industry especially concrete considered one of the best ways to reuse waste glass since it used high amount of raw materials from environment which create real thread to the future [5,6]. ...
In many third-world countries, effective waste material management has become a crucial concern due to the escalating quantity of waste materials. Among these materials, waste glass holds significance due to its widespread usage in various daily human functions. Numerous researchers have explored the feasibility of using waste glass as a substitute for cement or sand in concrete. This paper focuses on employing waste glass granules as a replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete, as coarse aggregate constitutes a significant portion of the concrete mix. A comprehensive review of prior studies is conducted to elucidate the impact of utilizing waste glass granules as a substitute for coarse aggregate on both the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete. To achieve this objective, experimental data from previous research are gathered, and statistical models are developed using Gaussian progress regression (GPR), Support vector machine (SVM), Ensemble boosting tree (EBT), artificial neural network (ANN), along with multi-linear regression (MLR). These models are employed to predict the compressive strength of concrete. Various statistical parameters are utilized to evaluate and compare the efficiency of these models, with the aim of identifying the most effective one. Among the models considered, the artificial neural network is deemed the most efficient, as it demonstrates a higher R² and lower values of RMSE, MAE, and SI. Specifically, the SI value of the ANN model is higher by 265%, 118%, 333%, and 113% compared to MLR, GPR, SVM, and EBT models, respectively.
... Glass is mainly composed of silica along with various oxides of sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, boron, lead, sulfur, chromium, and iron. One of the most popular uses of glass waste is as a replacement of aggregate or cement in concrete but the effectiveness of glass is very limited in this case as alkali-silica reaction (ASR) leads to a decline in concrete quality (Kazmi et al., 2020;Topçu & Canbaz, 2004). However, no such complication arises in using waste glass as asphalt aggregate, as backfill material, in embankments, as drainage material, as filter media, and in road pavements (Disfani et al., 2009). ...
Natural sand has become a crucial building and construction material since rapid urbanization is ongoing worldwide, which shortens natural resources due to excessive extraction. In that case, waste glass recycling can substitute sand in various geotechnical applications, as sand and glass represent almost similar chemical components. Using crushed waste glass as an alternative to natural sand could provide a dual benefit by assisting in the joint solution of natural sand depletion and waste glass disposal. In this research, crushed waste glass was applied to the sand in different percentages to investigate the effect of glass powder. Crushed waste glass was mixed with sand samples containing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% of sand by dry weight. The effects were analyzed through compaction test, direct shear test, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The test results show that maximum dry density (MDD) increased and optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased with the increased crushed waste glass powder. The shear strength parameter and CBR value also improved significantly with increased crushed waste glass powder percentages in natural sand. The cohesion of samples increased from 0 kPa to 5.7 kPa, and the angle of internal friction increased from 41.5º to 44.4º. Moreover, the CBR value of natural sand increased by 17.42% and and found to be 46.5% for NS+30% CWG. The geotechnical test results were further supported by an imaging technique called scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The higher angularity of CWG particles than that of the sand provides better resistance against vertical and shear forces with broken CWG filled the tiny void in the mixtures, leading to superior mechanical behavior of sand-CWG mixtures than sand. As crushed waste glass with sand shows comparable and improved geotechnical properties, it can be used in different geotechnical applications like foundations, pavement bases, and backfilling works.
... For example, the Fc decreased from 34.42 MPa at 28-day of curing to the 33.44 Mpa using 10% replacement. In previous research investigations (Topcu and Canbaz 2004;Park and Lee 2004;Lee et al. 2013;Ali et al. 2013), a notable reduction in the Fc of mixed samples was consistently observed when conventional concrete experienced aggregate replacement. These studies commonly highlighted that WG particles often have an angular shape and varying particle sizes compared to natural sand. ...
The objective of this study is to explore the utilization of waste glass (WG) as a substitute for aggregate content in the production of environmentally friendly Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC). The WG employed in this study ranged in size from 0.1 to 10 mm. Different percentages of WG (10%, 20%, and 30%) were introduced into the mix in lieu of traditional aggregate, and the impact of this substitution was assessed through a series of compressive (Fc) and tensile (Ft) strength tests. A total of 24 tests, comprising 12 for Fc and 12 for Ft, were conducted. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the microstructure properties of the concrete mixed with WG. The findings revealed that substituting 10% of the fine WG decreased both compressive and tensile strength in the mixes at all curing times (7, 14, and 28 days). Conversely, replacing 30% of the WG with fine aggregate resulted in notable improvements, with increases of up to 10% and 14% for Fc and Ft, respectively. Therefore, incorporating WG as a fine aggregate in RCC has the potential to enhance its strength characteristics. However, it is important to note that further research is necessary to enhance its long-term durability.
... Numerous studies have shown that crushed glass is a suitable substitute for cement and aggregates due to its inorganic nature. It was found that concrete containing glass powder (GP) as a substitute of OPC, as well as glass sand (GS) as a substitute of NFA has workability, chloride resistance and impermeability not inferior to the normal concrete thanks to the lower porosity and non-hydrophilic nature of glass [32][33][34]. In terms of hardened property, GP is pozzolanic that improves the long-term strength of concrete and decreases the heat of hydration that enhances durability [35][36][37][38]. ...
... Despite glass being 100 % recyclable, which can provide significant environmental benefits, such as reduction of energy and natural resources consumption, only small portion of glass containers waste is covered by recycling programs based on primary selection, while all other glass waste is being collected within mixed municipal solid waste. Recent results showed (Topcu and Canbaz, 2004;Turgut, 2008;Demir, 2009) that unlike other waste products, glass is imperishable and thus detrimental to the environment. ...
The main objective of the present study was to propose the feasible usage of secondary raw material obtained from waste glass containers in the manufacture of clay blocks, driven by environmental benefits. Main goals were to reach a high content of waste glass in clay blocks, to use very low firing temperature and still obtain products with suitable physical and mechanical properties. Blocks with 10 wt. %, 20 wt. %, and 30 wt. % of waste glass in content were experimentally produced with the firing temperature of 880 °C. Relevant physical and mechanical properties were measured and their dependence on waste glass content was determined. Material flow analysis (MFA) showed that utilization of waste glass in clay block production can generate positive environmental impacts including landfill lifespan extension and contribution to the waste glass recycling.
... One of the ways of practical use of glass waste is the production of building materials with as an aggregate [3]. Crushed glass can be used for the production of the following materials: foamed glass [4], ceramic products for industrial buildings and interiors, ceramics for facade facing and thermal insulation [5][6][7], cement-based materials [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and geopolymer concretes [17][18][19]. Cullet is also used for road construction as part of asphalt concrete [20] or so-called glassphalt [21], for the production of road and sidewalk coverings [22], to produce glass beads that provide retroreflectivity to road markings [23]. ...
The use of waste in the production of building materials is one of the possible ways to solve problems related to the sustainable management of non-degradable waste and difficult-to-recycle secondary resources. In this paper, a method is proposed for the non-autoclave production of an ultra-lightweight cellular concrete based on Portland cement, glass waste and liquid glass. A mixture of sodium hexafluorosilicate and hydroxide is used as a hardening activator, an aluminum powder serves as a gas-forming agent. The setting and hardening of raw mixtures occurs under the action of exothermal heat release due to a complex of chemical reactions occurring in the system, and the resulting material does not require additional heat treatment. It is optimal to use two fractions of glass waste to achieve acceptable material strength: coarse crushed (fineness modulus Fm = 0.945) and finely ground (specific surface Ssp = 450–550 m2/kg) glass. Glass particles of the fine fraction of glass, along with Portland cement, participate in hydrolytic and structure-forming processes, while glass particles of the coarse fraction play the role of reinforcing filler. The influence of the dispersion of glass and the density of liquid glass on the density, porosity, strength, water absorption and water resistance of the resulting cellular material was determined. At an average density of cellular concrete in the dry state of 150–320 kg/m3, the following characteristics can be achieved: a compressive strength up to 2.0 MPa, bending strength up to 0.38 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient of the material in the range 0.05–0.09 W/(K·m), and a maximum operating temperature of 800 °C. The proposed ultra-lightweight cellular concrete can be used as a non-combustible heat and sound insulation material, as well as a repairing composition; the cellular concrete blocks can be used as filling masonry and for the construction of non-bearing internal walls.
... In addition to these very large quantities, the search for new sources of materials in the construction industry is increasingly encouraging the recycling sector. Indeed, a number of research projects have been launched into the recycling of inert materials, particularly glass, for possible use in mortar, concrete and public works [1,2]. Glass is essentially composed of silica (SiO 2 ), which accounts for over 70 %, and a significant amount of lime (CaO), over 11%. ...
The various activities of man continuously generate countless quantities of waste (plastics, glass, wood, domestic waste, etc.), a significant proportion of which inevitably ends up in inappropriate landfill sites. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many materials have been recycled. The present study is part of this recycling effort, with the aim of using construction waste to reduce the environmental footprint of cement. An experimental campaign was carried out to assess the effect on the physico-mechanical properties of mortars to which recovered and finely ground glass powder was added. Cement CEM II 32.5 R was substituted by glass powder in proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20 %. The water/cement ratio was set at 0.26 to ensure consistency and set time, while a W/C ratio of 0.5 was used for the manufacture of mortars subjected to compression and bending tests. The results were compared with those obtained with the reference mortar. Maximum optimum strength was obtained at a dosage of 20 %. These comparisons show that the addition of glass powder has a beneficial effect on the mechanical and physical characteristics of the various mortars studied. This is a promising application for this waste, which still needs to be confirmed by further testing.
... NF-G: The NF-G occupied more than 30% of the total weight proportion of IBA and possessed the lowest amount of leachable heavy metals than the other two categories (F and NF-O). Numerous studies have reported the applications of waste glass in civil engineering [53][54][55][56]. The waste glass has been utilized as aggregate or SCM in concrete [54,57]; however, the alkali-silica reaction should be considered while utilizing glass as aggregates in concrete. ...
The incinerator bottom ash (IBA) constitutes approximately 80% of the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration residues. To minimize the end-waste, one of the sustainable solutions is to utilize IBA. IBA is often utilized directly with or without simple pre-treatment after receiving from the incineration plant. However, the significant heterogeneity in the physicochemical composition of the IBA has hindered its widespread utilization. The given study proposes a simplified framework to improve the utilization efficiency of IBA via a systematic classification and characterization approach. The IBA was classified into ten classes (classified IBA) according to the four particle size ranges and three mineralogical categories. A comprehensive characterization of chemical/ mineralogical compositions of classified IBA using state-of-the-art techniques was then conducted to understand the properties of each class, which aid in determining the appropriate applications for each category of classified IBA. The leaching behavior of the classified IBA was also studied to evaluate the environmental safety of the classified IBA classes and suggested avoiding categories with high concentrations of leachable toxic elements. The framework developed in this study for efficiently utilizing IBA is demonstrated for IBA collected from a local incineration plant.
... In the early stage of waste glass applications, it was found that using broken glass as coarse aggregate in concrete would reduce concrete strength, which is caused by the signi cant brittleness of glass particles and the secondary damage on glass particles when producing concrete [10]. In addition, as the common existence of needle and sheet particles in glass fragments, which are easy to break under stress and increase the gap between bone particles, further damage on the pore structure in concrete occurred and the mechanical properties of concrete was further reduced [11][12]. Some researchers [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] found that when the ground glass particle size was less than 1.5mm, the hardness from glass particles to concrete performance would be signi cantly enhanced and almost equal to that of quartz sand. ...
Waste glass can be used as building materials to save solid material. However, the mechanical performance of concrete using waste glass would be reduced. To understand the mechanism of performance reduction in glass concrete, this study investigated the glass concrete mechanical properties, including the influence from glass powder content on the cube strength. Based on the testing data collected from 35 cases of glass concrete with different mix proportion, cube compressive strength, axial compressive strength, slump and elastic modulus, the effects of water binder ratio, glass powder content and other factors on the macro mechanical properties of glass concrete are studied respectively. According to the test data, the calculation formulas of cube compressive strength and axial compressive strength of glass concrete are derived by using calculation software.
... As an alternative to traditional unrestricted aggregates, it is possible to add waste, e.g. plastic waste [10], glass waste [11], fly ash waste [12] to the concrete structure, which may affect its properties. ...
The recycling processes for CFRP waste are difficult due to their complex, and multi-material composition. Consequently, there is a need for new solutions to address this issue. The focus of CFRP composite recycling processes is primarily on recovering costly carbon fibers, which are characterized by exceptional mechanical properties. Pyrolysis has been identified as an effective method for the recovery of carbon fibers without significant damage. In this study, recovered carbon fibers (rCF) were used to produce polymer concrete. The fabricated polymer concretes contained carbon fibers of varying lengths (10, 20, and 30 mm) and volume fractions of 1 and 3%. The results showed that the addition of 3% post-pyrolytic carbon fibers resulted in significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the polymer concrete. Specifically, the flexural strength increased by more than 100% compared to the polymer concrete without carbon fibers, while the compressive strength improved by more than 60%. Overall, the study demonstrates that incorporating post-pyrolytic carbon fibers in the production of polymer concretes offers a promising solution to the challenge of CFRP waste. The use of these fibers not only helps in the recovery of valuable resources but also results in significant improvement in the mechanical strength of the final product.
... It was observed that at an optimum level of percentage replacement and powdered WG exhibited improved results in the compressive strength [23,24]. In another study was reported on the replacement of coarse aggregates with WG. Results showed that the variation in the compressive strength is comparable to the control concrete [25]. Finely ground WG can be used for cement replacement as well, it helps to improve the compressive strength and to reduce the expansion. ...
The scarcity of comprehensive data on the shear properties of reinforced GP‐concrete beams without shear reinforcement has hindered their widespread use, mainly due to challenges in predicting their shear performance. This study examines the influence of incorporating up to 15% waste glass powder (GP) with two separate particle size categories: GP‐A (55 to 135 μm) and GP‐B (finer than 55 μm) as a cement replacement on the 180‐day shear performance of reinforced concrete beams with varying cement content and without stirrups. To accomplish this, a total of 14 beams were used, all sharing identical dimensions measuring 200 mm × 250 mm × 2000 mm. The aforementioned parameters were investigated for their effects on the shear performance of beams, including crack patterns, modes of failure, load–deflection behavior, and strength capacities at different loading stages. Furthermore, this investigation explores the applicability of the most commonly used design codes of practice for predicting the shear strength of reinforced GP‐modified concrete beams. These codes are typically employed to design the shear strength of reinforced conventional concrete shallow beams without shear reinforcement. The study's findings indicate that the impact of GP particle size on the shear performance of beams with the same GP content is almost negligible. Additionally, the study found that incorporating GP into concrete beams does not have any negative effects on their cracking load capacity, shear strength, or flexural cracking load capacity. In fact, it can even improve the latter. A comparison of experimental results with predictions from the design codes revealed that both the CEB‐FIP (1990) equation and the ACI equations provided safe estimates of shear strength for the tested beams. However, the CEB‐FIP (1990) equation yielded predictions with a lower mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation compared with the ACI equations, suggesting a higher level of accuracy in its estimates. The findings affirm the suitability of GP‐concrete as a viable alternative in concrete structures specifically engineered to withstand shear forces.
The concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economics concern is the biggest challenge the concrete industry is facing. This is the prime time to develop alternative sustainable construction materials, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, save energy, look to renewable energy sources and recycled materials, and reduce waste. The utilization of waste materials (slag, fly ash, plastic and so on) in concrete manufacturing is significant due to its engineering, financial, environmental and ecological benefits. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing .Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. Several study have shown that waste glass that is crushed and screened is a strong, safe and economical alternative to sand used in concrete. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement without substantial change in strength.
The utilization of waste materials in concrete production can provide potential technical and environmental benefits. In this study, the incorporation of recycled waste glass and olive stone aggregates as partial replacements for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete mixtures was evaluated. Coarse aggregate was replaced with crushed bottle glass, while fine aggregate was replaced with processed olive stones from agricultural waste. Five concrete mixtures were tested, with a control mixture containing 0% waste aggregates and others containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements by weight of aggregates with waste glass and olive stones. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of standard concrete and specimens were evaluated. The results indicate that compressive strength was equal to or higher in the waste aggregate concretes compared to the control, with 20-30% of replacements showing the best performance. The olive stones increased flexural strength, while the glass reduced it compared to control samples. Thermal conductivity decreased linearly with increasing waste aggregate content due to the lower density and non-crystalline structures. These findings provide evidence that recycled glass and olive stone aggregates can be successfully used as sustainable substitutes for natural aggregates in concrete mixtures.
The study focuses on investigating the compressive behavior of eco-friendly concrete incorporating glass waste (GW) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). The experimental program involved varying the proportions of fine recycled glass (FRG) and coarse recycled glass (CRG) as replacements for fine natural aggregate (FNA) and coarse natural aggregate (CNA), respectively. Furthermore, the study employed machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete containing GW and RCA separately.
The Glass is a clear substance made by tender a combination of ingredients, including silica, lacking causing representation. The Glass is a material that is utilized extensively in day life in industrialpropertieslike space tubing, glassware, sheet glass, andbottles. The quantity of glass garbage has been steadily rising in recent years, with the majority of it ending up in landfills. Glass waste should not be land filled because it is not biodegradable. Therefore, leftover glass can be incorporated into concrete to create an affordable and environmentally sustainable building. Cement, aggregates, admixtures and waterare the ingredients of concrete. Using a variety of waste resources, including GGBS, silica fume, and PFA, numerous studies are currently being conducted on the usage of substitutes for Portland cement. Similar to PFA and GGBS, WGP is also employed as a filler material and a partial substitute for cement, which undergoes some reaction during hydration.In this investigation, the automatic qualities such as flexural strength, compressive andsplit tensile strengthdetermination be tested using waste GP in place of cement, the material used in concrete. In order to assess the impact of adding GP at different percentages to the concrete mix (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), GP with a particle size of 75 microns was employed.
The concrete industry is a major user of natural resources, which puts its sustainability in jeopardy. Considering this, this work explores how to partially replace fine aggregates in concrete production with waste glass cullets, thus addressing economic problems. With an emphasis on the M-20 mix, several weight percentages of leftover glass cullet—0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%—were used in place of fine aggregates. To assess the effectiveness of the replacement, these outcomes were then compared to those of traditional concrete. The results of this investigation validate the feasibility ofadding leftover glass cullet to replace some of the fine aggregates, up to 30% of the total weight, in the 0-1.18 mm particle size range. This not only highlights the possibility for resource optimization and waste minimization in construction procedures, but it also provides a workable answer to the sustainability issues facing the concrete sector. Stakeholders can transition to a more economically and environmentally viable paradigm in the manufacture of concrete by adopting such creative ideas. Furthermore, this study adds to the expanding corpus of studies supporting environmentally friendly building methods. It opens the door for more widespread adoption of environmentally friendly practices and promotes a more robust and environmentally friendly built environment by showcasing the viability and advantages of using waste materials in the concrete production process.
To aid in the creation of sustainable structures, scientists have utilized waste materials found in the environment to serve as alternatives for traditional resources in the construction sector. They have undertaken extensive investigations pertaining to this matter. In this particular study, tempered glass as waste glass coarse aggregate (WGCA) was substituted for natural coarse aggregate (NCA) at varying proportions of 15%, 30%, and 45% in the formulation of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete (SCC), combined with hooked-end steel fibers (SFs) at various volumes. The study assessed concrete’s flowability, permeability, compressive strength, and fracture parameters at 28 and 56 days. A total of 240 edge-notched disc bending samples (ENDB) and 60 cubic samples (150 × 150 mm) were tested to assess fracture resilience and compressive strength, respectively. The results showed that increasing SF and WGCA content reduced slump flow diameter and blockage ratio, particularly at higher levels. The solidified characteristics of all specimens incorporating SF and WGCA displayed heightened attributes when contrasted with the reference sample. Among the entire array of specimens, WG15SF0.5 and WG30SF0.5 exhibited the most superior performance, demonstrating an average percentage elevation of 20.29 and 27.63 in both compressive strength and fracture toughness assessments across the different curing periods. SF had the most significant impact on post-cracking behavior by enhancing load-bearing capacity through a bridging fiber mechanism. Through a comparison of the influence of SFs and WGCA on the fracture toughness of pure mode III, it was observed that the inclusion of SF in samples with a 30% replacement of WGCA resulted in an average increase of approximately 15.48% and 11.1% in this mode at the ages of 28 and 56 days, respectively, compared to the control sample.
The disposal of Waste Glass (WG) in landfills is a critical environmental challenge faced by most countries around the world. Therefore, reusing of crushed glass as aggregates reduces the utilization of natural resources, thereby minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the sustainability of natural aggregates. Although it has a near to zero water absorption, enhanced dimensional stability and reduced drying shrinkage, crushed waste glass aggregates have limited use in cement-based applications due to its severe alkali- silica reaction (ASR) proclivity. This paper presents effective ways of incorporating waste glass aggregates in cementitious systems as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. This study explores the use of different combinations of Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as an optimal matrix for reduced interaction between silica and the alkaline cement paste. Results showed a steady increase in the compressive strength of mortar mixtures incorporating 15% waste glass as a fine aggregate replacement material, and varying percentages of CAC, GGBS and OPC as binder. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the ASR performance of glass incorporated CAC, OPC and GGBS mixtures.
The current investigation focuses into recycling glass waste as a critical ingredient for concrete manufacturing, helping to promote sustainable construction, in response to the global predicament of growing glass waste brought on by rapid urbanization. According to the critical examination, addition of glass flakes to fresh concrete at a rate of 20% to 30% improves its flowability, with the amount of glass flakes added depending on the size of the recycled glass particles. However, over a certain point, huge, gritty particles reduce the workability. Around 25% of cement can be substituted by glass residue to augment compressive strength. Nevertheless, excessive use could degrade this characteristic. As per the analysis of various works surveyed in the present overview, broken glass might take the role of fine aggregate and adding glass to concrete lowers its heat conductivity-especially when adding glass with bigger particle sizes. The key to a successful application is the careful selection of waste glass based on category, particle size, and proportion. Recycled glass improves some concrete qualities and aids in eliminating waste, according to the investigation, thereby rendering it easier to build environmentally friendly structures. The building of two pedestrian bridges serves as an example of the technique's success and paves the way for environmentally friendly construction by addressing waste management and resource optimization.
Citation: Małek, M.; Kluczyński, J.; Jasik, K.; Kardaszuk, E.; Szachogłuchowicz, I.; Łuszczek, J.; Torzewski, J.; Grzelak, K.; Ewiak, I. An Eco-Friendly and Innovative Approach in Building Engineering: The Production of Cement-Glass Composite Bricks with Recycled Polymeric Reinforcements. Materials 2024, 17, 704. https://doi. Abstract: Cementitious-glass composite bricks (CGCBs) with 3D-printed reinforcement structures made of PET-G could be an innovative production method that relies on recycling glass waste (78%) and PET-G (8%). These bricks offer a promising solution for the construction industry, which has a significant impact on climate change due to its greenhouse gas emissions and extensive use of natural aggregates. The approach presented in this article serves as an alternative to using conventional building materials that are not only costlier but also less environmentally friendly. The conducted research included mechanical tests using digital image correlation (DIC), utilized for measuring deformations in specimens subjected to three-point bending and compression tests, as well as thermal investigations covering measurements of their thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat. The results highlighted the superior thermal properties of the CGCBs with PET-G reinforcements compared to traditional cementitious-glass mortar (CGM). The CGCBs exhibited a 12% lower thermal conductivity and a 17% lower specific heat. Additionally, the use of specially designed reinforcement substantially enhanced the mechanical properties of the bricks. There was a remarkable 72% increase in flexural strength in the vertical direction and a 32% increase in the horizontal direction.
Contemporary construction practices increasingly recognize the utilization of waste materials as a methodological imperative for mitigating waste accumulation and advancing environmental remediation. This article explores the incorporation of waste glass granules as a partial substitute for coarse aggregates in conventional concrete, maintaining an equivalent coarse aggregate size range (9.5–12.5 mm) while varying the replacement ratios, specifically 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. The study investigates the impact of this substitution on key concrete properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, and permeability. The findings reveal that the utilization of waste glass granules, possessing a higher density compared to the original coarse aggregate, leads to an increase in the overall concrete density. Furthermore, the incorporation of glass granules enhances concrete impermeability and reduces water absorption. However, it is observed that the introduction of waste glass granules has an adverse effect on both compressive and flexural strengths of the concrete, with the magnitude of this effect escalating with higher replacement rates. The study identifies that the optimal replacement rate for waste glass granules, with minimal impact on concrete strength, stands at 15%.
This paper presents the study conducted on the utilization and effects of various particle sizes of Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. By employing WGP as a cement substitute, the physical and mechanical characteristics, workability, and compressive strength of concrete were assessed. The glass has been sieved from the #200 sieve which has a size of 74 µm and also sieved from the #325 sieve which has a size of 44 µm for a partial replacement of cement. To compare the WGP-replaced concrete's properties to reference specimens with no replacement at all, 20% of the Portland cement in the concrete was replaced with WGP. The control samples were created following the IS-10262-2009 standard to reflect a goal of 30 Mpa, and cylinder specimens were cast, cured, and evaluated for workability and compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after its casting. In conclusion, when the WGP particles are smaller, concrete becomes more workable and has a higher compressive strength than concrete with bigger particle sizes of WGP and control samples with no replacement. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that WGP's cementitious properties are acquired by its finer particles.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of curing method on the compressive strength of waste glass powder as a supplementary cementitious material. This work presents an experimental study on the physico-mechanical characterization of waste glass powder (GP) as partial replacement of special cement (Algerian cement without additions CPA) based high performance cementitious material, varying the percentage of GP by 10%, 20% and 30% (by weight of cement), the curing methods: water curing at 20± 2 °C and heat curing by under accelerated drying in an oven at 100 °C (stoving). Half of the mortar samples 40x40x160 mm were treated with stoving just after demolding then kept in the open air, the other half was kept in fresh water in order to evaluate their sustainability and index of Poozolanic Activity (I) at different ages: 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. The compressive strength results showed that there is an increase in compressive strength with the increase in age of the two curing methods but the strength of all mixtures which have been stoved is inferior to those of the same mixtures preserved in fresh water at different ages. The best rate of replacement of the cement by GP is 20% following the results obtained for the compressive strength and Poozolanic Activity Index I.
To improve the pozzolanic reactivity, waste glass (WG) needs to be micronized to fine particles so as to expedite the leaching of active constituent. The key feature of this work is to examine the effect of wet-grinded WG on the mechanical and structural properties of cement based materials. The experimental results show that wet-grinding can improve the ions leaching behavior of WGP and decrease the stability of silicon oxide bond. The pozzolanic reactivity of WGP was dramatically enhanced after wet-grinding, as high as 144.1% at 1 d and 110.9% at 28 d when the mean grain size of WGP reached 0.90 µm. The ground WGP can promote the transformation of capillary pores to gel pores to improve the compactness of microstructure regardless of the reaction time.
This research is based on an extensive review of existing literature on building materials such as fly ash, slag, glass, plastic, and carpet, as well as various types of solid waste. This study provides an early assessment of the practice's existing strengths and shortcomings to assist the construction industry in formulating appropriate rules governing the use of waste and recycled materials as construction materials. This research covers the environmental consequences of the development of various solid wastes, as well as their recycling potential and prospective use in the production of construction materials. It has been shown that in order to close the gap in literature and practice, it is imperative to incorporate the circularity perspective from the building sector. This study shows practical applications that may be used as a starting point for future research, particularly as an illustration of how the circularity method is used in practice in the construction sector.
With the growing needs of the population, the need for plastic and bottles of glass is increasing tremendously. After their use, they are not good for the environment as they decompose very slowly. Therefore, to solve these types of problems, many researchers are looking for effective ways of their disposal. One such way is to use these materials in the field of construction where crushed glasses are used in place of sand and melted plastic bottles are used in place of coarse aggregate. In today’s scenario, lightweight concrete is formed by replacing the ingredients in various proportions in M20 grade. Cube compressive strength tests are conducted after a curing period of 7, 14, and 28 days. On the basis of weight analysis, cost comparison, and non-destructive tests like ultrasonic pulse results, the most optimum mix is found to be 50% sand replacement and coarse aggregate with crushed glass and melted plastic, respectively.
The utilization of glass and fly ash as additives in concrete introduces many benefits from technical and environmental points of view. Change in the compressive strength of concrete depends on the aggregate-cement interactions and interface bonding mechanism. It is well known that silica in the glass can be highly reactive with the alkalis in cement paste. As a result of pozzolonic reaction, fly ash fills in the pores in the material. Therefore, using fly ash and glass as additives in concrete can improve the mechanical properties of concrete. In this study, fly ash, glass and fly ash-glass were used as additives to make concrete specimens. Fly ash additive percentages by weight relative to cement were 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Glass additive percentages by weight relative to cement were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Fly ash-glass additive percentages by weight relative to cement were, 10% fly ash+15% glass, 20% fly ash+15% glass and 30% fly ash+15% glass. The water/cement ratio was 0.45 and the cement used was Portland cement. After the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days, the compressive strength, indirect tensile stress, permeability and freeze/thaw durability were measured. The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability for using glass, fly ash and fly ash-glass in Portland cement concrete. The test results showed that concrete with 15% glass and 30% fly ash substitution gave the best results with respect to compressive strength, indirect tensile stress and the coefficient of capillary permeability. As a result, It is observed that compressive strength, permeability and durability of concrete are improved by adding glass and fly ash.
Using waste glass as an aggregate in concrete can cause severe damage because of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) between the alkali in the cement paste and the silica in the glass. Recent accelerated 2-week tests, conducted according to ASTM C 1260, revealed that the damage to concrete caused by expansion of the ASR gel, which is manifested by strength reduction, depends in these tests strongly on the size of the glass particles. As the particle size decreases, the tensile strength first also decreases, which is expected because of the surface-to-volume ratio of the particles, and thus their chemical reactivity increases. However, there exists a certain worst (pessimum) size below which any further decrease of particle size improves the strength, and the damage becomes virtually nonexistent if the particles are small enough. The volume dilatation due to ASR is maximum for the pessimum particle size and decreases with a further decrease of size. These experimental findings seem contrary to intuition. This paper proposes a micromechanical fracture theory that explains the reversal of particle size effect in the accelerated 2-week test by two opposing mechanisms: (1) The extent of chemical reaction as a function of surface area, which causes the strength to decrease with a decreasing particle size; and (2) the size effect of the cracks produced by expansion of the ASR gel, which causes the opposite. The pessimum size, which is about 1.5 mm, corresponds to the case where the effects of both mechanisms are balanced. For smaller sizes the second mechanism prevails, and for sizes <0.15 mm no adverse effects are detectable. Extrapolation of the accelerated test (ASTM C 1260) to real structures and full lifetimes will require coupling the present model with the modeling of the reaction kinetics and diffusion processes involved.
On the basis of compressive strength, flexural strength, expansion, and visible surface deterioration recorded up to an age of one year, the results show that in many cases the direct combination of glass with portland cement yields concrete which exhibits marked strength regression and excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The conditions under which performance is satisfactory appear to relate to limiting maximum values of cement content and alkali equivalent. Replacement of 25 to 30 percent by weight of the cement, whether low or high alkali, appears to be an effective and widely applicable method of ensuring good long-term concrete performance, although the minimum required in any given case may be related to cement composition.
Quantities of waste glass have been on the rise in recent years due to an increase in industrialization and the rapid improvement in the standard of living. Unfortunately, the majority of waste glass is not being recycled but rather abandoned, and is therefore the cause of certain serious problems such as the waste of natural resources and environmental pollution. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling waste glasses (crushed waste glasses from Korea such as amber, emerald green, flint, and mixed glass) as fine aggregates for concrete. Test results of fresh concrete show that both slump and compacting factors are decreased due to angular grain shape and that air content is increased due to the involvement of numerous small-sized particles that are found in waste glasses. In addition the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete have been shown to decrease when the content of waste glass is increased. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emerald green waste glass when used below 30% in mixing concrete is practical along with usage of 10% SBR latex. In addition, the content of waste glasses below 30% is practical along with usage of a pertinent admixture that is necessary to obtain workability and air content.
Post-consumer glass represents a major component of solid waste, yet its use as an aggregate in concrete is problematic because of the strong alkali-silica reaction (ASR) between the cement paste and the glass aggregate. In a research project at Columbia University, the use of crushed waste glass as aggregatefor concrete products was investigated. Fundamental aspects of ASR in concrete with glass aggregate were studied. It was shown that waste glass ground to U.S. standard sieve size No. 50 or smaller causes mortar bar expansions in the ASTM C 1260 test of less than 0.1%, which is less than that of reference bars without any glass. Also, green glass does not cause any expansion to speak of, and finely ground green glass has the potential of an inexpensive ASR suppressant. Specific concrete products with glass aggregate are currently under development. These include concrete masonry blocks with 10% mixed-color waste glass aggregate and "glascrete" products with 100% color-sorted glass aggregate for numerous architectural and decorative applications.
The paper reports on the performance of 34 different concrete mixes containing glass crushed to ¾-in. (19-mm) maximum size as coarse aggregate and six reference mixes made with gravel of the same size. Two cements of alkali equivalent 0.58 and 1.13, classifiable as low and high alkali (ASTM C 150-72), in amounts ranging from 400–900 lb/yd3 (237–534 kg/m3 were used in combination with glass both with the fines removed and in the as-crushed condition. Partial cement replacement with fly ash and mixing of glass with gravel aggregate were included in an attempt to find a suitable method of overcoming the expected adverse effects of the reaction between glass and cement alkalis.
On the basis of compressive strength, flexural strength, expansion, and visible surface deterioration recorded up to an age of one year, the results show that in many cases the direct combination of glass with portland cement yields concrete which exhibits marked strength regression and excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The conditions under which performance is satisfactory appear to relate to limiting maximum values of cement content and alkali equivalent. Replacement of 25 to 30 percent by weight of the cement, whether low or high alkali, appears to be an effective and widely applicable method of ensuring good long-term concrete performance, although the minimum required in any given case may be related to cement composition.
Local recycling pressures are providing an impetus to examine the use of unconventional materials in construction such as waste glass in Portland cement concrete. It is well known that the silica in glass can be highly reactive with the alkalis in cement paste and that this reaction can lead to expansion and cracking of the concrete (alkali-silica reaction or ASR). The potential is examined for controlling ASR and achieving concrete of suitable strength and durability that uses waste glass as the aggregate. Laboratory and field research have been completed with concrete mixtures designed primarily for paving or flat-work applications. Various gradations of glass particle sizes added at various fractions of total aggregate content have been studied. Compressive strength and wet prism expansion are two of the parameters monitored. The study has spanned several years and has revealed both glass aggregate concrete mixtures that show great promise as well as mixtures that fail rapidly. Continued monitoring of the performance of the successful mixes over a period of several more; years will provide an important step toward defining those situations where waste glass can be used in concrete.
The possible use of waste glass for the production of lightweight aggregate has been studied. The aggregate, in the form of highly porous granules, was produced by mixing together finely ground waste glass and an expansive agent and firing this mixture at a selected temperature. The expansive agent was chosen on the basis of the results of DTA/TGA experiments, which were carried out on some selected agents and confirmed by using a hot-stage microscope, where the temperature interval of the expansion was also determined. Pilot production of about 0.5 m3 of the aggregate was performed in a rotary kiln, and the water absorption and bulk density of the aggregate so obtained were determined. Special emphasis was placed on the determination of the alkali–silica reactivity of the aggregate, and the results of initial tests for alkali–aggregate reaction were encouraging, given the high potential reactivity of the material. However, before such aggregate can be considered safe for general use in concrete, longer-term concrete prism tests need to be carried out, which would cover the range of mixes in which the aggregate is likely to be used.
The possibility of using finely ground waste glass as partial cement replacement in concrete was examined through three sets of tests: the lime-glass tests to assess the pozzolanic activity of ground glass, the compressive strength tests of concrete having 30% cement replaced by ground glass to monitor the strength development, and the mortar bar tests to study the potential expansion. The results showed that ground glass having a particle size finer than 38 μm did exhibit a pozzolanic behavior. The compressive strength from lime-glass tests exceeded a threshold value of 4.1 MPa. The strength activity index was 91, 84, 96, and 108% at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively, exceeding 75% at all ages. The mortar bar tests demonstrated that the finely ground glass helped reduce the expansion by up to 50%. A size effect was observed; a smaller glass particle size led to a higher reactivity with lime, a higher compressive strength in concrete, and a lower expansion. Compared to fly ash concrete, concrete containing ground glass exhibited a higher strength at both early and late ages.
Quantities of waste glass have been on the rise in recent years due to an increase in industrialization and the rapid improvement in the standard of living. Unfortunately, the majority of waste glass is not being recycled but rather abandoned, and is therefore the cause of certain serious problems such as the waste of natural resources and environmental pollution. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling waste glasses (crushed waste glasses from Korea such as amber, emerald green, flint, and mixed glass) as fine aggregates for concrete. Test results of fresh concrete show that both slump and compacting factors are decreased due to angular grain shape and that air content is increased due to the involvement of numerous small-sized particles that are found in waste glasses. In addition the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete have been shown to decrease when the content of waste glass is increased. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emerald green waste glass when used below 30% in mixing concrete is practical along with usage of 10% SBR latex. In addition, the content of waste glasses below 30% is practical along with usage of a pertinent admixture that is necessary to obtain workability and air content.
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ASR in mortar containing waste glass, Accepted for presentation to 5th National Concrete Congress
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