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Substitution of organic manure for pelleted feed in tilapia production
Abstract
The partial substitution of organic manure for pelleted feed in monosex Oreochromis niloticus (20 000/ha) production ponds was studied in Honduras. Treatments were: (1) pelleted feed only (23% protein; 3% fish biomass/day), (2) organic manure (1000 kg total solids (TS)/ha per week chicken litter) only during the first 60 days, followed by pelleted feed only, and (3) organic manure (500 kg TS/ha per week chicken litter) and pelleted feed (1.5% fish biomass/day) offered simultaneously. Mean gross yields after 151 days were 5305, 4794, and 4351 kg/ha for treatments 1 through 3, respectively. At harvest, fish averaged 262, 284, and 251 g/fish, respectively. No significant differences were detected among treatments for gross yield or average individual weight. Feed conversion ratio for treatment 1 (1.83) was significantly greater than for treatment 3 (0.95). Layer chicken litter can replace 27 to 58% of pelleted supplemental feed without significantly affecting tilapia yield. Total production costs from enterprise budgets were $5336/ha (feed only), $4645/ha (manure followed by feed), and $3471/ha (manure and feed simultaneously). Net returns to land, labor, and management were $2469/ha, $2956/ha, and $3330/ha, respectively.
... The feeding strategies employed by small-scale farmers are usually of low-cost and based on the use of traditional, locally available agriculture wastes and by-products. Previous research have shown that supplementary feeding plus fertilization (semi-intensive) result in significantly higher phytoplankton productivity, leading to fast fish growth and higher yield than pond fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). emphasized that from a pond management perspective, weekly fertilization combined with provision of supplemental feed is the efficient way to grow large tilapia. ...
... Fertilization of fishponds provide the essential needed nutrients to enhance the production of aquatic biota such as phytoplankton. These phytoplankton produce oxygen as the byproduct and organic matter by using solar energy and carbon dioxide through photosynthesis (Green, 1992). High dissolved oxygen may be produced when the ponds is supplementary feed is provided due to addition of nutrients from the feed, However, the presence of left over feeds may reduce dissolved oxygen, especially at night. ...
... Fish growth patterns show also that the fish fed formulated feed alone (T 1 ) and those under the combination of feeding plus fertilizer application (T 3 ) had the highest increase in body weight over time while those reared in tanks under fertilization alone (T 2 ) show poor weight gain throughout the experimental period (Fig.1). Previous research have shown that semi intensive system provides two sources of food, natural food and artificial feed, therefore, fertilization of fish pond from either feed left overs or inorganic fertilizer increases the production of phytoplankton in pond and more food items may be available for fish, hence, higher fish growth rates than those grown under fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). Lower growth performance for the fish cultured under fertilization only (0.2 g / day) suggested that natural food from fertilization alone may not be enough to support the high growth rate of fish and the nutrients (N and P) present in the ponds may not be sufficient to support high plankton production to promote fast tilapia growth. ...
ISTA 12 brought together the worlds premier tilapia experts to review advances in the global industry. With the conference in Chennai, India there was a special interest in the rapidly expanding tilapia industry across the Indian sub-continent.
... Shroeder (1980) reported that natural food could account for as much as 50-70% of total available food for tilapia in pond culture even when a complete diet is provided. Studies by Green (1992) and Diana et al. (1994) showed that the growth performance of tilapia in ponds could be significantly improved by use of organic and inorganic fertilizers with formulated feeds at reduced ration. Moreover, inorganic fertilizers are reported to be hygienic and tend to produce better water and fish quality (Diana, 2012). ...
... This resulted in a lower average growth rate (1.1 ± 0.3g/day) of tilapia observed in this study compared to that reported (2.0-3.1g/ day) by other studies (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). ...
... Shroeder (1980) reported that natural food could account for as much as 50-70% of total available food for tilapia in pond culture even when complete diet is provided. Other authors like Green (1992), emphasized that natural productivity influenced by pond fertilization was enough to promote accelerated fish growth in tilapia pond culture. ...
... Intensification in fish farming has reached to such an extent that the technology is based, to a large extent, on high protein pelleted diets that are usually energy intensive, involving higher degree of management practices as well as higher capital investments (Purdon and Preston, 1977). Tilapia growth was better in the treatment with fertilization plus feeding than the treatment with fertilization followed by feeding (Green, 1992;Thakur et al., 2004). ...
... Sewage recycling for fish culture and the joint culture of ducks, poultry and pigs in combination with fish culture also reduces the cost of feed and fertilizer (Woynarovich, 1976). Green (1992) studied the partial substitution of organic manure for pelleted feed in mono-sex Nile tilapia ponds. Treatments were: (1) pelleted feed only (23% protein; 3% fish biomass/day), (2) organic manure (1000 kg total solids (TS)/ha per week chicken litter) only during the first 60 days, followed by pelleted feed only, and (3) organic manure (500 kg TS/ha per week chicken litter) and pelleted feed (1.5% fish biomass/day) offered simultaneously. ...
... Similar results were obtained by Sinha (1979), who reports that fish production in ponds to be 1053kg/ha/year with no fertilizer or feed inputs, 1398-2303 kg/ha/year. Tilapia consume a great variety of natural food in culture ponds, however, fish growth decreases when the pond reaches holding capacity because the natural food quantity is not sufficient to support fast growth of tilapia (Green 1992). The advantage of combining supplementary diet feeding with pond fertilization is that it permits the use of higher fish and shrimp stocking densities, facilitates faster fish growth, and consequently results in higher fish yields and crops over the growing season (Tacon, 1988). ...
The present study was designed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using different organic fertilizers on fish safety and yield and also to investigate the production performance of mixed organic and inorganic fertilizers supplemented with artificial fish feed.
The first experiment aimed to find out the total microbial count on fish reared under different nutritional strategies; no input, compost fertilization; chicken litter fertilization; and artificial fish feed. Quantity of fertilizers was adjusted to add 10 kg N/ha/week to different treatments while ponds received artificial fish feed treatment offered 25% protein floating feed to visual satiation. Eight ponds 200 m2 each were stocked with mixed sex Nile tilapia fingerlings (2 fish/m2) and reared for 14 weeks. At harvest total microbial count was significantly higher (P<0.01) in chicken litter treatment and followed in decreasing order by no input, compost and artificial feed (48.25, 33.5, 33.25 and 27.54 x 103, respectively). The result showed significant difference (P<0.05) in DO among treatments as follows 3.14, 2.29, 1.63 and 1.26 mg/l for treatments of compost, no input, artificial fish feed and chicken litter, respectively. Available phosphorus was significantly higher (P<0.001) in compost treated ponds followed by chicken litter, fish feed and control (0.71, 0.29, 0.14 and 0.11 mg/l, respectively). Also nitrate nitrogen was significantly higher (P<0.05) in compost followed by chicken litter, artificial fish feed and no input (0.78, 0.77, 0.49 and 0.18 mg/l, respectively). The other water quality parameters were not significantly different affected by treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus retained in harvested fish were significantly higher (P<0.05) in feed treatment compared to chicken litter or compost treatments. Significantly (P<0.05) higher N and P waste were generated from fertilized treatments. Fish yield after 14 weeks rearing duration was significantly higher in artificial fish feed and chicken litter treatments (832 and 771 kg/fed) compared to compost and no input treatments (620.5 and 625 kg/fed respectively).
The second experiment was designed to compare the effect of different fertilizers and feeding strategies on fish growth, yield, water quality, nutrient utilization efficiency and the economic performance. The four fertilization treatments were as follows: compost (T 1); cow manure (T 2); compost and urea plus superphosphate (T 3); and cow manure and urea plus superphosphate(T 4). Twelve earthen ponds 1000 m2 each were used in this trial, three replicate per treatment ponds were stocked with mixed sex Nile tilapia (2 fish/m2) as main cultured species and silver carp for maintain water quality. The result of this experiment showed that mixed fertilizers treatments (T 3 and T 4) achieved significantly higher (P<0.05) fish yield than organic fertilizers alone treatments. Total fish yield in decreasing order was as follows T 4, T 3, T 2 and T 1 (1559.3, 1539.3, 1402.7 and 1396 kg/fed/year, respectively). Result of nutrient budget estimation showed that N retained in harvest fish was significantly higher (P<0.001) in mixed fertilizer treatment T 4 (36.7%) and T 3 (36%) compared to T 1 (33.1%) and T 2(32.9%). While phosphorus retained in fish was not significantly different among treatments and the averages were 29.9, 31.2, 28.6 and 34.8% in T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 respectively).
Partial economic analysis showed that benefit cost ratio was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T 3 (54%) and T 4 (49 %) compared to T 1 (36.4%) and T 2 (25.8%). The result of this experiment concluded that mixed organic and inorganic fertilizers strategies increased fish yield, and farm revenue. Furthermore mixed fertilizers achieved better utilization of nutrient inputs which could reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture on the surrounding environment.
... Nevertheless, variety of pond input schemes, including inorganic and/or organic fertilizers, formulated feed and combination of both, were involved in Nile tilapia production. Previous researches have shown that supplemental feeding in fertilized ponds resulted in significantly higher growth rates and greater yield than fertilization alone (Green, 1992) [8] . Pond management perspective, fertilization early in the grow-out, then adding supplemental feed once Nile tilapia reach 100-150 g, is the efficient way to grow large tilapia. ...
... Nevertheless, variety of pond input schemes, including inorganic and/or organic fertilizers, formulated feed and combination of both, were involved in Nile tilapia production. Previous researches have shown that supplemental feeding in fertilized ponds resulted in significantly higher growth rates and greater yield than fertilization alone (Green, 1992) [8] . Pond management perspective, fertilization early in the grow-out, then adding supplemental feed once Nile tilapia reach 100-150 g, is the efficient way to grow large tilapia. ...
The 60 days experiments was conducted to assessment of water quality parameters when Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed with Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum). Tilapia fingerlings were stocked at the rate of 10 fishes per tank. In this experiment 5 experimental diets were prepared by using dried leaves of Tulsi. T0 diets were considered as control. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves powder was added at the rate of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% per kg of feed in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The range of water quality reported during the test was observed water temperature from (24.70 °C to 26.80 °C), electrical conductivity from (1230.75-1420.25 µS/cm), pH from (7.23 to 8.32), dissolved oxygen from (6.22 to 9.00 mg/l), total alkalinity from (74.5 to 132.5 mg/l), and total hardness from (319.12 mg/l to 468.00 mg/l). In the present study, the water quality parameters remained suitable during experimental period and were suitable for fish growth and survival. The result shows that 8% of Tulsi leaves powder added in experimental diet showed highest relative percent survival and growth in (Oreochromis niloticus). We can conclude that by added Tulsi leaves powder in the diet had shown positive impact on water quality.
... Additionally, fertilization in combination with reduced feeding rate can be as productive as feeding alone. Nile tilapia in ponds fertilized weekly with chicken litter (1000 kg/ha dry matter) were significantly smaller after 60 days than fish fed a formulated ration 6 days/week at 3% of biomass (Green, 1992). Despite significantly higher primary productivity in fertilized ponds, tilapia growth was food limited. ...
... Growth of the fed (50% of apparent satiation) fish diverged from that of unfed fish, and was significantly greater after 80 days, at which time fish in fertilized ponds averaged 100 g, the second target weight. Growth of fish in the second target group increased in response to feeding, similar to the response seen for the first target group as well as in Green (1992). Fish in the first and second target weight groups reached harvest size at the same time and had similar yields, but 22% more feed was fed to fish in the first target weight group. ...
Pond fertilization is an important component of semi-intensive to intensive aquaculture pond management that supports successful production of the culture organism. Semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture pond management fall along the extensive to hyper-intensive management continuum and are characterized by high stocking rate of the culture animal, limited use of fertilizers, use of compound or complete feeds, and water quality monitoring and management, including use of mechanical aeration. Fertilization contributes to establishing and maintaining a pond environment that allows the culture organism to utilize efficiently the compound or complete feeds offered. This chapter presents information on pond food webs, sources and form in water of macronutrients required by phytoplankton, chemical and organic fertilizer, fertilizer solubility, fertilization frequency, and examples of pond fertilization regimes.
... Feed cost is considered to be the highest recurrent cost in aquaculture, often ranging from 30 to 60% (D' Abromo and Sheen,1994), depending on the intensity of the operation. Any reduction in feed costs either through diet development, improved husbandry or other direct or indirect means decreased therefore the total production investment and increased the net return (Collins and Delmendo, 1979;Green;1992 andDe Silva andAnderson, 1995). All other costs are almost constant; therefore the feeding costs required to produce one Kg gain in weight could be used to compare the economical efficiency of different experimental treatments. ...
... Feed cost is considered to be the highest recurrent cost in aquaculture, often ranging from 30 to 60% (D' Abromo and Sheen,1994), depending on the intensity of the operation. Any reduction in feed costs either through diet development, improved husbandry or other direct or indirect means decreased therefore the total production investment and increased the net return (Collins and Delmendo, 1979;Green;1992 andDe Silva andAnderson, 1995). All other costs are almost constant; therefore the feeding costs required to produce one Kg gain in weight could be used to compare the economical efficiency of different experimental treatments. ...
... Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is cultured worldwide mostly in semi-intensive culture systems using fertilization. Fish yields from such techniques have been found to be higher than those from natural unfertilized systems [8]. Addition of artificial feeds plays an important role as they rich in protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and growth-promoter [9,10,11,12], especially under conditions of heavy stocking, when natural feed supply has declined or completely disappeared. ...
... Supplemental feeding in fertilized ponds resulted a significantly higher growth than fertilization alone was recommended previously which supports to the present study [8,15]. The significantly (P˂0.01) ...
Effect of feed and fertilizer on the growth of monosex tilapia in pond was assayed from August to November 2013. The experiment trail was done with 4 treatments (T 0 control and T 1 only fertilizer, T 2 feed + fertilizer, T 3 feed) having 3 replications each. Lime was administrated at 617.5 kg/ha. The stocking density was 49400 (0.3 g each)/ha/ponds. In T 3 , two times feeding was done at 50% to 5% of their body weight Cow dung, urea and TSP were applied at 1482 kg/ha, 49.4 kg/ha and 49.4 kg/ha initially and 370.5 kg/ha, 9.88 kg/ha and 9.88 kg/ha weekly basis in T 1 and T 2 respectively. Samplings were done fortnightly and the significance level was assessed through one way ANOVA. Significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was observed for growth indices such as final body weight, FCR, SGR and yield (kg/ha) among different treatments except T 2 and T 3 in case of SGR and survival rate. The highest survival rate (90%), gross yield (6.06±1.20 ton/ha), SGR (6.78±.015% per day) and BCR (2.01) were in T 3 with a minimum in T 0. Highest and lowest FCR value was 0.90±.06 and 0.79±.01 in T 2 and T 3 respectively. The result reveals that T 3 is the best monosex tilapia culture method in pond.
... Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is cultured worldwide mostly in semi-intensive culture systems using fertilization. Fish yields from such techniques have been found to be higher than those from natural unfertilized systems [8]. Addition of artificial feeds plays an important role as they rich in protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and growth-promoter [9,10,11,12], especially under conditions of heavy stocking, when natural feed supply has declined or completely disappeared. ...
... Supplemental feeding in fertilized ponds resulted a significantly higher growth than fertilization alone was recommended previously which supports to the present study [8,15]. The significantly (P˂0.01) ...
Effect of feed and fertilizer on the growth of monosex tilapia in pond was assayed from August to November 2013. The experiment trail was done with 4 treatments (T 0 control and T 1 only fertilizer, T 2 feed + fertilizer, T 3 feed) having 3 replications each. Lime was administrated at 617.5 kg/ha. The stocking density was 49400 (0.3 g each)/ha/ponds. In T 3 , two times feeding was done at 50% to 5% of their body weight Cow dung, urea and TSP were applied at 1482 kg/ha, 49.4 kg/ha and 49.4 kg/ha initially and 370.5 kg/ha, 9.88 kg/ha and 9.88 kg/ha weekly basis in T 1 and T 2 respectively. Samplings were done fortnightly and the significance level was assessed through one way ANOVA. Significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was observed for growth indices such as final body weight, FCR, SGR and yield (kg/ha) among different treatments except T 2 and T 3 in case of SGR and survival rate. The highest survival rate (90%), gross yield (6.06±1.20 ton/ha), SGR (6.78±.015% per day) and BCR (2.01) were in T 3 with a minimum in T 0. Highest and lowest FCR value was 0.90±.06 and 0.79±.01 in T 2 and T 3 respectively. The result reveals that T 3 is the best monosex tilapia culture method in pond.
... They also added that half-satiation feeding was as effective as the full satiation rate in enhancing the growth performance of tilapia, thus giving a chance for reducing feed requirements and hence decreasing the production costs. Green (1992) also recorded a better tilapia growth upon using supplemental feeding with fertilizers. ...
... Parallel to our results the production performance parameters of O. niloticus from organic (chicken litter, cow manure) or inorganic fertilizers receiving ponds were almost the same in the cow manure and inorganic fertilized pond whereas, a significantly higher fish yield was assessed in the ponds received chicken liter (Diana et al., 1991;Elnady et al., 2010;Green et al., 1989) Also the lower fish yield observed in the feed only treatment might be owed to the particle size (3-4 mm diameter) of the feed applied in this experiment which is not compatible with the mouth size of young tilapia fish at initial stocking and two months onward. Such effect of the feed particle size might be negligible or minor in those fish grown in fertilizer plus feed receiving ponds because of the higher natural pond productivity in the fertilized pond especially for the first two months of fish age (Green, 1992;Green et al., 2002). These outcomes indicated that the combined application of fertilizers (namely chicken manure) and feed would be an effective technique to improve the production of a filter feeder, such as O. niloticus. ...
Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were stocked in fifteen earthen ponds measuring 1000 m 2 (25x40m) and 1.25m deep. The ponds were allocated into five treatments in a complete Randomized Design and labeled as T 1 ; feed only (F) and served as a control group, T 2 ; Compost + feed (CF), T 3 ; Chicken litter + feed (CLF), T 4 ; Fish rigger + feed (FRF) and T 5 ; inorganic fertilizer (Urea +Super phosphate) + feed (IFF), where each treatment was triplicated. The T 3 (CLF) treated fish group showed significantly higher growth parameters than the other treated fish groups, whereas, the feed-only treated group was the lowest. Yet no significant differences observed between fish grown in the CLF and CF treated ponds in their daily weight gain. Meanwhile, the survival rate % was generally high in all treated fish groups with the highest survival observed in T 2 (CF-treated fish group) Additionally, the different pond management practices regarding the different fertilizers used in this study had fairly improved body composition of O. niloticus fish which revealed a significantly higher levels in the body moisture, fat, ash and protein content than those recorded for the fish at the start of the experiment. Generally a significantly higher phytoplankton and zooplankton number was noted in the fertilized ponds as compared to the number recorded in the feed only treated pond water. Regarding the type of the fertilizer applied, the highest phytoplankton count was noted in the pond water of the CLF treated ponds. Also it is worth stressing that the blue green and green algae were the dominating species in the pond water received fertilizers especially in the CLF treated ponds. The high natural pond productivity achieved in the current study with regard to the plenty and dominance of certain species of plankton besides the benthic materials existed in the ponds is definitely influenced by numerous types of fertilizers considering that the highest level was noticed in the CLF received ponds. Accordingly, our recorded results of chlorophyll α (ug ml-1), phytoplankton and zooplankton count and their species combination in both pond water and fish stomach contents are matched and supporting each other. It gives further verification to the superiority of using fertilizers plus supplemental feeding in producing higher fish yield rather than using artificial feed only and that the usage of CLF is preferable than the other treatments. For all treated fish groups, generally higher incidences of protozoal parasites were found in summer, autumn, and spring which was 73%, 64.5%, and 64% respectively. Yet, the results of the current study recorded parasitic infestation without a meaningful fish mortality in the experimental ponds which is supported by the high fish survivability detected in this work. The net profit was significantly higher from fish cultured in ponds received chicken liter and supplemental feeding. Therefore, overall results obtained in this study suggest that the combined application of fertilizers (namely chicken manure) and feed would be an effective technique to improve the production of a filter feeder, such as O. niloticus.
... Ambient., Curitiba, v. 7, n. 4, p. 383-393, out./dez. 2009 A tilápia consome grande variedade de alimentos naturais disponíveis nos viveiros de criação; no entanto, seu crescimento diminui quando a capacidade de suporte do sistema é atingida e a quantidade de alimento natural deixa de suprir as exigências nutricionais para o rápido crescimento (GREEM, 1992). O uso das dietas artificiais torna-se necessário para possibilitar a alta taxa de crescimento desse peixe após a escassez do plâncton. ...
... Segundo Greem (1992), a tilápia se alimenta de grande variedade de alimentos naturais existentes nos viveiros, no entanto, seu crescimento decresce quando a capacidade de suporte do meio é atingida. Esse autor afirma que a quantidade de alimento natural, embora de excelente qualidade, não é suficiente para suportar o rápido crescimento dos peixes, e para a máxima expressão genética do ganho de peso é necessário o fornecimento de dietas capazes de satisfazer as exigências nutricionais da espécie. ...
Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água e o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo em viveiros, em pequena escala de produção, utilizando-se adubação química, adubação orgânica e ração comercial, no período de 12 de maio a 25 de julho de 2006, no Vale do Ribeira, SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com três tratamentos (adubação orgânica, adubação química e ração comercial) e quatro repetições, sendo duas repetições por bloco. Duas vezes por semana, às 8 horas, foram aferidos os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos da água: temperatura, amônia total, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e alcalinidade total. A densidade de estocagem foi de cinco alevinos por m2, com peso médio de 8,0 + 0,30 g e comprimento médio de 10,0 + 0,5 mm, sendo realizadas biometrias quinzenalmente para avaliar o desempenho dos peixes. Durante os 75 dias de criação não ocorreram diferenças entre os tratamentos quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos da água. A taxa de crescimento específico foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos aos 60 dias de criação, e no fim do experimento o peso médio foi de 51,23 + 10,9 g, 30,55 + 4,3 g e 12,92 + 3,7 g, para ração comercial, adubo orgânico e adubo químico, respectivamente, podendo-se observar melhor desempenho obtido com ração comercial refletido na biomassa final. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto à sobrevivência. O fornecimento de ração proporcionou maior desempenho produtivo aos juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo e a quantidade de alimento natural produzido nos viveiros adubados, química e organicamente, não foi suficiente para atender à demanda de crescimento dos peixes quando esses atingiram peso médio de 12,4 e 20,4 g, respectivamente.
... This measure stimulates increased algal primary production thus increasing water turbidity or reduced clarity in the water column (Boyd, 2018) thus making fish prey less visible to predators including birds. The technique has potential to facilitate fish protection from avian and other visually driven vertebrate predators (Cezilly, 1992) while also serving to supplement fish nutrition when it involves use of organic material (Green, 1992). Accordingly, though not purposefully to control bird predation impact, this integrated fish-feeding strategy is already applied widely across south-east Asia among small-scale fish farmers who complement aquaculture with livestock husbandry (Bhatt et al., 2011). ...
This study explored how increased water turbidity in open-aquaculture ponds as a result of enhanced fertilization influences piscivorous bird assemblages and predation pressure on fish. Fertilization treatments were applied to 24 earth-bottom ponds, and bird assemblages, visitation frequencies, diversities and predation rate responses were compared at species richness and across four functional group scales during six months. Bird visitation frequency, species richness and functional diversity increased around unfertilized ponds, especially for large wading birds. Fertilization and bird species richness were each negatively related to bird predation rate, whereas functional diversity was positively associated with predation rate regardless of pond fertilization. Furthermore, predation rate reduced in response to pairwise interactive effects of fertilization and functional group identity, but increased with fertilization’s respective interaction with functional diversity and visitation frequency. Contrastingly, species richness showed no interactive effect with fertilization or visitation rate. Thus, in applying enhanced pond water fertilization as a mitigation measure for controlling and tracking damage impact caused by piscivorous birds, it is potentially more beneficial to adopt a bird functional rather than species-based approach, given the observed higher sensitivity of functional diversity in predicting predation rates. The findings present novel, farmer-centered and affordable strategies for piscivorous problem-bird control toward sustainable aquaculture.
... Fertilizers are used in management strategies at lower intensification levels to boost dissolved oxygen levels and promote natural productivity. It has been discovered that crop yields from such methods are greater than those from naturally unfertilized systems (Green, 1992). The fertilizer-feed management technique increases fish yields while also providing the opportunity to use less feed (Teichert-Coddington and Rodeiguez, 1995). ...
Nowadays, fish production aims to achieve a continuous and immediate generation of top-quality animal protein from the finest sources. Moreover, the aquaculture industry holds a vital position in addressing the rising global appetite for fish and seafood products. Additionally, it has played a substantial role in providing affordable animal protein in Egypt in recent years. Therefore, a rapid development has occurred in the industrial aquaculture sector in Egypt to compensate the decrease in the red meat production. According to previous studies, Egypt occupied the 1st rank among African countries and the 9th position globally in the field of fish farming production. This achievement aimed to link up the disparity between fish production and consumption in Egypt. Carp, due to its economic importance in this industry, has expanded worldwide with more evident ecological influences. The Carp fish belongs to the Cyprinidae family, which encompasses seven subfamilies, approximately 220 genera, and has been associated with around 20,000 documented species. Given the importance of carp with different species, this work reviews the management, behavior and different rearing systems of some popular carp species in Egypt. Data search was done on PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar for the keywords including fish farming, carp fish, management, behavior, rearing systems, Egypt, Africa, and Worldwide. In Egypt, the output of carp is ranked second only to tilapia in aquaculture. A polyculture system is more often used in carp rearing, particularly when raising tilapia, in order to maximize growth rates, minimize feed conversion ratios, and reduce the amount of fat in the corpses. Furthermore, agro-ecologically valuable agriculture has been linked to integrated carp monoculture. Crop rising was the key to the successful development of pond aquaculture.
... Mortality of tilapia fry, which was produced and transported in freshwater and stocked to 11 ppt water after one hour acclimatization showed very insignificant mortality. In freshwater system, [25] obtained SGR of tilapia as 2.03% using feed and fertilizer in Handurus, [26] recorded SGR of O. niloticus as 3.10% using feed and fertilizer in Thailand. In Bangladesh,[27] estimated SGR of 2.04-2.03% of GIFT fed with formulated feed (30.09% protein) and [24] reported SGR of monosex tilapia as 3.09% using prepared feed (55.24% protein) and 2.97% using commercially available feed. ...
A study was conducted to know the production and economic feasibility of monosex nile tilapia was studied in eight brackishwater ponds, where tilapia fries with the average body weight (ABW) of 0.15 g were stocked at a density of 5 Nos/m 2. Salinity of the ponds varied from 11 ppt to 14 ppt. Fishes were fed with floating feed containing 32% protein. After 105 days of culture, production of tilapia was 6877.20-8289.80 kg/ha with a mean of 7975.01±521.77 kg/ha. This production was achieved when ABW and survival of tilapia was 204.18±24.98 g and 78.94±12.96%, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.10-1.44 wita a mean of 1.28±0.13. This growth and production tilapia was higher and very much comparable to the production of tilapia reported from freshwater bodies. The study indicates that tilapia can be grown as a diversification of crop in brackishwater ponds, where stocking of shrimp now become risky due to invasion of disease.
... In hatchery settings, it is not uncommon to observe 2-6 cm juveniles eat young fry. There is a large body of research that examines the growth of tilapia in pond systems that are fertilized with organic (Green et al., 1990;Knud-Hansen et al., 1991Green, 1992) and inorganic fertilizers (Green et al., 1989). ...
This datasheet on Oreochromis niloticus covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Economics, Further Information.
... However, understanding the morphometric characteristics of such fertilized pond environment is still inadequate. The growth performance of tilapia in ponds could be improved by using organic and inorganic fertilizers with formulated feeds at a reduced ratio (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). Organic and inorganic fertilizers decompose and release nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium used by phytoplankton for growth and reproduction. ...
Demand for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) is expected to increase due to the global population increase. In Kenya, the use of manure to enhance primary productivity in fish ponds has been on the rise. The objective of this study was to assess the growth performance of Nile tilapia from fish ponds fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers in Western Kenya. Three fish farms in Kakamega County, each with three ponds measuring 300 m 2 and stocked with 1,000 Nile tilapia, were sampled for total fish length using a measuring board, weight using a scale and water quality. On each of the farms, the three ponds consisted of an unfertilized pond (UF), inorganic manure fertilized pond (IF), and organic manure fertilized pond (OF) in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that the value of regression coefficient b obtained from the length-weight relationship had isometric growth, with 2.57 to 3.14 in all three fertilizers. Relative condition factors ranged from 1 to 1.14. There were differences (P<0.05) among the mean weights and lengths of fish, with the IF having the highest mean weight and length. However, the specific growth rate did not differ (P>0.05). The results showed that the fertilization of fish ponds improved the growth of Nile tilapia fish in ponds. The organic and inorganic fertilizers in this study provide a good environment for pond fish. However, further research should be done to ascertain the environmental impacts of this practice.
... Tilapia is one of the most important species for the 21 st century aquaculture and produced in more than 100 countries (Fitzsimmons, 2000) that is cultured mostly in semi-intensive culture systems involve utilization of various organic manures for plankton (natural food) production and supplemental feeding which results in significantly higher growth rates and greater yield than fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). ...
The present study aimed to evaluate the vermicompost as a
bio-fertilizer in aquaculture using six ponds, each about 1
feddan, for 120 days. Three treatments were applied, artificial
feeding at a decreasing rate 3 - 2 % of the fish biomass
(control). Vermicompost + inorganic fertilizers + feeding at
2.5 - 1 % (T2). Cow dung + inorganic fertilizer + feeding at
2.5 - 1.5 % (T3). 25% of the total dose of the organic
fertilizers, was applied 15 days before fish stocking and the
rest in equal biweekly installments afterward.
Applying vermicompost significantly increased
chlorophyll “a” concentration (240 ± 74.8 µg / L) compared
to (59.3 ± 21.4 µg / L) in the control treatment. There was an
increase in NO3-N, DIN, and SRP in the T2 in comparison
with the control treatment. On the contrary, a decrease was
recorded in TAN, NO2-N, and N: P ratio in the T2 compared
to the control treatment.
FCR was significantly lower in the T2 than that in control.
The daily weight gains significantly increased from 1.9 g /
day in the control to 2.79 g / day in T2 treatment. The pond
productivity increased by 142%, and 110.5% in the (T2) and
(T3) treatments, respectively compared to the T1.
Consequently, the net income increased in the T2 and T3
compared to the control.
So, vermicompost can be recommended as a promising
organic fertilizer in aquaculture that enhances feed utilization,
eliminate the risk of spreading diseases and increase the fish
production.
... [19] obtained SGR value of 3.10 with O. niloticus in Thailand using feed and fertilizer. On the other hand, [20] obtained a slightly lower SGR value 2.03 with tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. [21] also observed SGR value of GIFT strain ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet but are lower than the present value. ...
An experiment was carried out with 12 days old tilapia (GIFT strain, Oreochromis niloticus) fry for a period of 42 days to determine the effect of different feeds on growth and survival of tilapia fry in synthetic hapa in pond. Five different diets with protein level of 17.94% in Treatment 1 (T 1-control), 18.17% in Treatment 2 (T 2), 16.20% in Treatment 3 (T 3) and 16.19% in Treatment 4 (T 4) and 19.77% in T 5 were supplied. The highest and the lowest total length and weight 2.955 cm, 0.1735 g and 2.48 cm, 0.144 g were recorded for the fry fed with treatments T 5 and T 4 respectively. The maximum and minimum length and weight gains 2.05 cm, 0.16 g and 1.58 cm, 0.13 g were observed in fry fed with treatments T 5 and T 4 respectively. Growths of tilapia fry in terms of both length and weight under treatment T 5 were han those of the other treatments. Treatment T 4 showed significant five treatments. The highest survival (91.3%) rate and better growth were observed in fry fed with treatment T 5. The study suggests that T 5 feed where carbohydrate was partially replaced by protein percentage could be considered as a recommended feed for the growth and production of tilapia fry.
... [19] obtained SGR value of 3.10 with O. niloticus in Thailand using feed and fertilizer. On the other hand, [20] obtained a slightly lower SGR value 2.03 with tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. [21] also observed SGR value of GIFT strain ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet but are lower than the present value. ...
An experiment was carried out with 12 days old tilapia (GIFT strain, Oreochromis niloticus) fry for a period of 42 days to determine the effect of different feeds on growth and survival of tilapia fry in synthetic hapa in pond. Five different diets with protein level of 17.94% in Treatment 1 (T 1-control), 18.17% in Treatment 2 (T 2), 16.20% in Treatment 3 (T 3) and 16.19% in Treatment 4 (T 4) and 19.77% in T 5 were supplied. The highest and the lowest total length and weight 2.955 cm, 0.1735 g and 2.48 cm, 0.144 g were recorded for the fry fed with treatments T 5 and T 4 respectively. The maximum and minimum length and weight gains 2.05 cm, 0.16 g and 1.58 cm, 0.13 g were observed in fry fed with treatments T 5 and T 4 respectively. Growths of tilapia fry in terms of both length and weight under treatment T 5 were han those of the other treatments. Treatment T 4 showed significant five treatments. The highest survival (91.3%) rate and better growth were observed in fry fed with treatment T 5. The study suggests that T 5 feed where carbohydrate was partially replaced by protein percentage could be considered as a recommended feed for the growth and production of tilapia fry.
... Tilapia is one of the most important species for the 21 st century aquaculture and produced in more than 100 countries (Fitzsimmons, 2000) that is cultured mostly in semi-intensive culture systems involve utilization of various organic manures for plankton (natural food) production and supplemental feeding which results in significantly higher growth rates and greater yield than fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994). ...
The present study aimed to evaluate the vermicompost as a bio-fertilizer in aquaculture using six ponds, each about 1 feddan, for 120 days. Three treatments were applied, artificial feeding at a decreasing rate 3-2 % of the fish biomass (control). Vermicompost + inorganic fertilizers + feeding at 2.5-1 % (T2). Cow dung + inorganic fertilizer + feeding at 2.5-1.5 % (T3). 25% of the total dose of the organic fertilizers, was applied 15 days before fish stocking and the rest in equal biweekly installments afterward. Applying vermicompost significantly increased chlorophyll "a" concentration (240 ± 74.8 µg / L) compared to (59.3 ± 21.4 µg / L) in the control treatment. There was an increase in NO3-N, DIN, and SRP in the T2 in comparison with the control treatment. On the contrary, a decrease was recorded in TAN, NO2-N, and N: P ratio in the T2 compared to the control treatment. FCR was significantly lower in the T2 than that in control. The daily weight gains significantly increased from 1.9 g / day in the control to 2.79 g / day in T2 treatment. The pond productivity increased by 142%, and 110.5% in the (T2) and (T3) treatments, respectively compared to the T1. Consequently, the net income increased in the T2 and T3 compared to the control.
... The highest SGR value in T3 is due to high protein and energy content of the diet compared to other treatments. The higher SGR value obtained 2.03 for tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer [11] . It was observed SGR values of GIFT tilapia ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet [17] . ...
The present study was carried to estimate the production performance and economics of mono-sex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) at marginal farmer's ponds in Kotalipara Upazilla under Gopalgonj distract, Bangladesh during June to September 2011. The experiment was setup in three treatments each with three replications. Supplementary feed was not given in T1, but rice bran and mustard oil cake (3:1) were given in T2 and commercial pellet floating feed in T3. SGR (%) value (2.58) was recorded in T3 and the lowest (0.93) in T1. The survival rates were 90±.20, 90±.20 and 92±0.45 for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The FCR was 1.95±0.45 and 1.3±0.14 in T2 and T3 respectively. The highest production was 9998.56 kg/ha in T3, followed by T2 (4270.63 kg/ha) and T1 (1356.03 kg/ha) respectively. The highest benefit or net return for T3 Tk. 318069.31/ha and BCR of 1.41 followed by Tk. 115349.00/ha and BCR value of 1.32 in T2 and Tk. 3845.79/ha and BCR value of 1.02 in T1.
... The highest SGR value in T3 is due to high protein and energy content of the diet compared to other treatments. The higher SGR value obtained 2.03 for tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer [11] . It was observed SGR values of GIFT tilapia ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet [17] . ...
... The highest SGR value in T 3 was due to high protein and energy content of the diet compared to other treatments. Green [18] obtained a higher SGR value of 2.03 with tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. Hossain et al. (2004) also observed SGR values of GIFT tilapia ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet. ...
... Optimum absolute growth rate and yield was obtained in T3 stocking density compared to other treatments, which may be due to considerable feed intake in (T3) while the poor absolute growth rate was in T4, this may be due to high mortality recorded as a result of overcrowded population and competition for food and space in T4 This is similar to the finding of Green (1992) and Esaa (1996). ...
Growth performance and survival of grey mullet (Liza falcipinnis) cultured in brackish water was carried out with the aim of providing information on the growth response and survival of L. falcipinnis under different stocking densities. Four different stocking densities 15, 30,60, and 90 fish per 65 liters plastic tank. Twelve plastic tanks each measuring 0.60mx0.36m was used for the culture arranged in a randomized complete block design with each treatment replicated three times. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level. The result obtained indicated mean total weight gain decreased with increasing stocking density. The higher mean weight gains were recorded in T1 and T2, respectively. Absolute growth rate and yield showed significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatment. The best absolute growth rate was in T3 1.04±0.01g which is similar in performance with T2 0.76±0.23g and T1 0.54±0.12g and yield was observed to be significantly different (p<0.05) between T1 1265±13.9, T2 1960±27.3, T3 2677±60.1g and T4 1645±31.2g but similarity was observed between T2 and T3. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed no significant difference with increasing stocking density. There was significant difference among the treatments in terms of survival rate with T1 (90%) and T2 (84.3%) having ststistically higher survival percentage, while T4 (34.4%) recording the least survival rate percentage. Water quality did not exceed the suitable and acceptable range for fish throughout the experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that L. falcipinnis culture is best achievable with stocking density ranging from 15 to 60 fish per 65 litre of water with considerable growth, yield and survival under culture environment.
... For the first condition, after 95 days of observation, it was found that daily weight gain from all treatments exceeded their results due to the application of proper commercial and low cost prepared feeds and second condition is the daily weight gain from commercial and low cost prepared feeds are almost the same in their study. In the freshwater system, Green (1992) used feed and fertilizer in Handurus which obtained 2.03% SGR of tilapia. In Thailand Diana, Lin, & Yi, (1996) found 3.10% SGR of O. niloticus by using feed and fertilizer. ...
A 95 days experiment was conducted on different types of sinking and floating feeds formulations and their effect on growth of Monosex Tilapia at Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. Average 3.25±0.03g weighted fingerlings were stocked at the rate of 200 fish/decimal under four treatments. Three treatments were supplied with low cost prepared feed and other treatment (T1) with commercially available fish feed which contains 34.53% crude protein. Fishes were fed 30% of their body weight for the first 30 days, then gradually decreased to 5%. The water quality parameters were found to be suitable range for their proper growth. Significant (P<0.05) difference was found for per hectare gross production and net profit (7247.47±9.63 d kgha-1 and $3253.26±8.33 d , 6288.42±8.98 c kgha-1 and $3257.81±9.31 c , 5355.85±6.98 b kgha-1 and $2567.73±5.87 b and 5064.88±6.65 a kgha-1 and $2556.2±4.88 a in T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively). It was revealed that a significantly (p<0.05) maximum net profit (USD/ha) 3257.81±9.31 was obtained with T2 due to low cost prepared feed. T2 was more profitable or Grade 1, subsequently T4 was grade 2, T3 was grade 3, and T1 was grade 4 based on the cost benefit analysis. Thus, the prepared feed showed better performance with monosex tilapia in comparison to the commercial fish feed.
... Management strategies in the lower levels of intensification involve the use of fertilizers to encourage natural productivity and to improve the levels of dissolved oxygen. Fish yields from such techniques have been found to be higher than those from natural unfertilized systems (Green, 1992). The integrated fish farming is a diversified and coordinated way of farming with fish as the main target (Ayinla, 2003) along with other farm products to maximize the utilization of the available resources without much wastage. ...
... Inorganic and organic fertilizers are used in aquaculture ponds to boost algae and phytoplankton production (Boyd, 1976;Green, 1992) and secondary production such as zooplankton (Treece, 2000). ...
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is currently one of the most farmed freshwater fish and contributes significantly to total global aquaculture production. The genetically improved strain of O. niloticus (GIFT) was introduced to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1999 to improve food and income security. The high cost and low availability of commercial fish feed hinder the growth of GIFT farming in PNG. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to determine the role of supplementary and natural food sources in the diet of GIFT in pond-based aquaculture. Two treatments were used: treatment 1 was daily feeding, and treatment 2 was weekly feeding, each with three replicates. Isotopic analysis of muscle tissue and all potential food sources showed that pellet feed contributed 7% to the growth of GIFT in daily-fed ponds and 33% in the weekly-fed ponds. Highly enriched δ¹⁵N values for chicken manure, compared to depleted values for GIFT and other natural food sources in both treatments, clearly indicate insignificant contributions of this input to production. After 90 days of cultivation, the average final body weight of GIFT receiving daily feed inputs was 134 g (average 19 cm), while for weekly-fed it was 92 g (17 cm). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poor (6.4:1) in the daily-fed GIFT ponds compared to a better, and preferable, FCR (1:1) in the weekly-fed ponds. The findings of this study show that pelleted feed was not the major contributor to the growth of GIFT. Genetically improved farmed tilapia aquaculture should focus on enhancing natural food availability for fish production.
... [19] obtained SGR value of 3.10 with O. niloticus in Thailand using feed and fertilizer. On the other hand, [20] obtained a slightly lower SGR value 2.03 with tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. [21] also observed SGR value of GIFT strain ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet but are lower than the present value. ...
... Thus, our study, in agreement with the previous reports [19,33,34], demonstrated that ponds with fertilizer treatments increase Nile Tilapia growth and yield. However, the use of supplemental feeding in fertilized ponds could result in significantly higher growth rates and greater yields than employing fertilization alone [18,35]. ...
This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers at different levels of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in earthen pond culture in southwestern Ethiopian highland located at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level. The ponds were divided into control and treatment with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and poultry manure application at three levels of stocking densities as 1, 2 and 3 fish m-2 in a completely randomized design. All the experimental ponds had two replicates. The fertilizers were applied to the treatment ponds at a rate of 2 g m-2 per week for 150 days. Juveniles with mean initial weight of 20.9 ± 0.19 g and mean initial length of 11.51 ± 0.16 cm were stocked.-The results showed that the growth performance parameters (viz. weight gain, daily growth rate and specific growth rate) and yield of Nile Tilapia were dependent on both the stocking density and fertilizer type. The fishes stocked in the ponds treated with DAP at 1 fish m-2 attained the highest mean values on all the growth parameters followed by the fishes stocked in the poultry manure treated ponds at the same rate of density. In contrast, total weight gain and yield increased with an increase in stocking densities, and they were greater in the treatments with DAP than in the treatments with poultry manure at the same loading rate. Therefore, it can be concluded, from this experiment, that the most effective stocking density for Nile Tilapia earthen pond culture is at 1 fish m-2 for larger size fish demand while 3 fish m-2 gives higher gross production or yield with DAP treatment. Survival rate remained fairly similar for all levels of stocking density and fertilizer types.
... The highest SGR value in T 3 is due to high protein and energy content of the diet compared to other treatments. Green (1992) obtained a higher SGR value of 2.03 with tilapia in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. Hossain et al. (2004) also observed SGR values of GIFT tilapia ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet. ...
The production and economics of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in nine seasonal small ponds at Bangladesh Agricultural University campus for a period of three months during August to October were evaluated. The experiment was arranged in three treatments (T) each with three replications. The ponds were drained, limed and fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers during preparation. After stocking the fishes the ponds were fertilized weekly with cowdung, urea and TSP. Supplementary feed was not given in T1, butrice bran and mustard oilcake were given in T2and commercial pellet feed in T3. Some water quality parameters were monitored at regular intervals and they were within acceptable range for aquaculture. The survival rates were high (>95%) in all treatments.Significantly highest production (3941.50 kg/ha in three months) was found in T3 followed by T2 (1845.5 kg/ha) and T1 (972.50 kg/ha). Similarly, significantly highest net return (Tk. 61805.00/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1.45) was found in T3 followed by T2 (Tk.1339.00/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1.01) and T1 (Tk. 201.50/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1.00). Key words : Seasonal ponds, Supplemental feed, GIFT tilapia (3) Production and Economics of Gift Strain of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Small Seasonal Ponds. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314554010_Production_and_Economics_of_Gift_Strain_of_Tilapia_Oreochromis_niloticus_in_Small_Seasonal_Ponds [accessed Mar 14 2018].
... Some farmers have expressed that termite, which is the most common feed, is in short supply as more farmers are engaged in tilapia farming. These farmers have been advised to ensure their ponds are fertilized as it has been shown that 50-70% of tilapia feed is dependent on naturally available foods in the ponds (Green, 1992), and a properly fertilized pond can reduce the need for supplementary feeds (Pant et al., 2002). Addressing the feed issue through natural processes associated with fertilization will be an important factor to ensuring that the benefits of artisanal based Mozambique tilapia farming are realized. ...
Land based aquaculture has the potential to mitigate future shortfalls of food fish supply in Solomon Islands. However, aquaculture is relatively new in the Pacific and such potential is hampered by a lack of aquaculture knowledge and practice within local cultures. A participatory action research approach was used to conduct on-farm trials with farmers in Solomon Islands to develop relevant and improved ways of farming and maximising productivity of the resident exotic tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. During the 34 month period when the research was undertaken improvements were evident, through increased farmer participation and improved knowledge of farmers on pond design and fish husbandry techniques. One of the contributing factors to improved farmer understanding was the production of knowledge products which were co-developed with and based on the farmers' local context. Productivity of a typical 20–38 m² pond ranged from 726 to 1819 kg ha− 1 year− 1. Because 80% of this production was consumed by households, such ponds, producing easily harvestable small tilapia, have a role in supplementing household diets and contributing to improved nutrition at the subsistence level. Whilst pond system productivity reached levels equivalent to low input tilapia ponds in other regions, the resident tilapia in Solomon Islands has limited opportunity for more than low level commercial enterprises. Established ponds are included in the daily livelihood tasks of both men and women and explicitly gender equitable approaches to partnerships with pond farmers provide opportunities to further increase benefits to households. A participatory action research approach, and the principles embodied therein, is recommended for further development of household aquaculture enterprises, regardless of species, in Solomon Islands.
... hypophthalmus) by using fertilization and supplementary feeding in polyculture system. Supplementary feeding in fertilized ponds resulted in significantly higher growth rates and greater yields than fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al, 1994).Composition of the body is a good indicator for the physiological condition of a fish but it is relatively time consuming process. Proximate body composition is the analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, moisture and ash contents of fish. ...
... En este contexto el alimento balanceado que se proporciona en condiciones semi-intensivas, sería consumido como energía extra, generándose de este modo una sinergia, entre el zooplancton y el balanceado, que favorecería el crecimiento. Este efecto ya fue observado en tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) por varios autores (Green 1992;Diana et al., 1994;Tacon y De Silva, 1997;Waidbacher et al., 2006). ...
The pejerrey is one of the most important temperate native freshwater species of Argentina. Its culture is mainly done intensively and in recent years is being developed in floating cages in several Pampean lakes under semi-intensive and extensive conditions. To evaluate the growth of fish under different culture methodologies several models are used, most of which are based on the specific growth rate (SGR). The objective of this study is to compare how the SGR of pejerrey responds under different culture methods and generate a theoretical model to predict the growth that the species can reach. To carry out the models a data base was made with the available data of intensive, extensive and semi-intensive culture, to which an exponential and polynomial models were adjusted by the method of least squares and then the expected growth was simulated using the model that better fits. From the results it was observed that the polynomial model presented the best fit to different methods of culture. In all cases the models reflected the seasonality in the growth rates exhibited by the species, where SGR was lowest in winter and highest in spring. The growth simulation models also show that the semi-intensive culture could produce greater weight than other methods. Under these conditions, fish obtain zooplankton from the environment incorporating essential elements from its natural food source. This suggests that it is possible to improve the sizes of fish by using techniques that also incorporate natural food or its equivalent in the composition of the artificial diets.
... Management strategies in the lower levels of intensification involve the use of fertilizers to encourage natural productivity and to improve the levels of dissolved oxygen. Fish yields from such techniques have been found to be higher than those from natural unfertilized systems (Green, 1992). The integrated fish farming is a diversified and coordinated way of farming with fish as the main target (Ayinla, 2003) along with other farm products to maximize the utilization of the available resources without much wastage. ...
The study on integration of tilapia and vegetable cultivation was conducted at Silkamba, in west shoa zone, Ethiopia.
The Nile tilapia fingerlings were stocked (3/m2) in an earthen pond fertilized with cow dung and poultry excreta at 3:1
ratio. A control pond was maintained without fertilization. The seedlings of the tomato (Cochoro variety) and onion
(Bombay red) were planted on twelve plots prepared adjacent to the ponds. The seedlings on six treatment plots
were grown by addition of the fertilized fish pond water and control plants were supplied with the control pond water.
Physico-chemical parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and nitrate in the treatment pond
remained within the required level for the growth of Nile tilapia. The water temperature was comparatively high which
was more suitable for the production of fish food organisms as well as the fish growth in the pond. The level of
nitrate and total phosphorus in the treatment pond was at the suitable level which enhanced the growth of plankton
and benthic organisms in the pond. The bottom soil in the treatment pond showed comparatively high level of
organic carbon and organic matter than the control pond. The number of tomato fruit and their size were higher in
the treatment plots. Similarly the yield of onion from the treatment plots was higher than the control plot. The total
yield of fish from the treatment was 27.22kg. The results on the analysis of expenditure and income indicated that the
integration of vegetable cultivation using fish pond water alone was more profitable than the conventional method of
vegetable cultivation with the application of fertilizer.
... INTRODUCTION L'amélioration de la production aquacole passe par la fertilisation des milieux de production. Ainsi, des fertilisants organiques, notamment, les déjections animales (la fiente de volaille, la bouse de vache et les déjections de porc) ont fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches en aquaculture (Knud-Hansen et al., 1991;Green, 1992;Knud-Hansen et al., 1993 ;Saint-Jean & Bonou, 1994 ;Morissens et al., 1996 ;Akhteruzzaman & Kiaya, 2003 ;Yaro et al., 2005 ;Eldahhar, 2006;Chakrabarty et al., 2008 ;Chakrabarty, 2009 ;Agadjihouèdé et al., 2010Agadjihouèdé et al., , 2011Muhammad, 2011 ;Agadjihouèdé et al., 2012 ;Mona et al., 2014). Ces déjections constituent une menace pour l'environnement et sont, de nos jours, les plus valorisées en pisciculture. ...
Les déjections animales sont utilisées comme fertilisants organiques dans la pisciculture pour favoriser le développement du plancton en vue d'améliorer la production piscicole. Le présent document souligne les recherches réalisées sur l'utilisation de ces déjections dans l'élevage des larves de poissons. Ces recherches se sont focalisées sur quelques déjections animales dont la fiente de volailles, la bouse de vache et les déjections de porc qui constituent de bons fertilisants pour la production du zooplancton. En effet, le zooplancton constitue l'aliment préféré pour la plupart des larves de poissons au cours de leurs premiers stades de la vie. Car, indépendamment de sa valeur nutritive et de sa très grande digestibilité, cet aliment vivant est facilement détecté et capturé par les larves, en raison de sa petite taille, de ses mouvements de natation dans la colonne d'eau. Ainsi, des techniques basées sur la récolte périodique du zooplancton existent et permettent de disposer de ces proies vivantes en quantité suffisante pendant une longue période pour les écloseries. ABSTRACT Animal droppings are used as organic fertilizers in the fish farming to favor the plankton growth in order to improve the fish production. This paper underlines the research carried out on the use of these animal droppings in fish larvae rearing. These researches were focused on some animal droppings among which poultry droppings, cow dung and pig dung that constitute good fertilizers for the zooplankton production. Indeed, the zooplankton constitutes the preferred food for most fish larvae during their early stages of life. For, apart from its nutritious value and its high digestibility, that living food is easily detected and captured by the larvae; because of its small size, of its swimming movements in water column. Thus, technics based on periodic zooplankton harvest exist and allow having those living preys at disposal in sufficient quantity for a long time for the hatcheries.
... Un peu partout en zone tropicale et sub-tropicale on assiste de ce fait à une intensification de l'élevage du tilapia du Nil Oreochromis niloticus avec une utilisation courante et importante des aliments artificiels pour son alimentation (FITZSIMMONS, 2000 ;HUECHT, 2000 ;EDWARDS et al., 2000 ;GAYE-SIESSEGGER, 2005). Toutefois, GREEN (1992), NGUENGA et al. (1997), WILLIAMS et al. (2000) ; SIDDHURAJU et BECKER (2003) et LITI et al. (2005, indiquent que la contrainte majeure à l'émergence de la pisciculture est l'alimentation à cause de son coût élevé. L'alimentation artificielle en aquaculture est donc le domaine où les plus grandes investigations ont été effectuées. ...
Studies on feeding periods, daily ration and relative artificial and natural food consumption in populations of juveniles (6 g), sub-adult (30 g) and adults (250 g) of Oreochromis niloticus were realized. Sampling took place over two 24-hour cycles in four concrete basins (juvenile) and eight ponds (sub-adult and adult). Fish were caught at three hourly intervals. Stomach contents of different populations were microscopically analysed. The gut content weights were submitted to the feeding model MAXIMS to determine the ingestion, evacuation rates and daily ration. Two peak feeding periods were evident. The fish showed diurnal diel feeding periodicity. Outside the food distribution periods (9 h and 15 h), the gut contents were mostly composed of natural food in juvenile and sub-adult populations. In addition, in adult population, artificial food was more important from 9 h to 24 h. outside this period, the gut content in each fish population was only constituted of natural food. The daily rations were about 10 %, 6.7 % and 3.7 % respectively for the juvenile, sub-adult and the adult. In that order, the consumed natural food represented 4 % 2.3 % and 1 %. Respective values of the artificial food estimated were 6 %, 4.45 % and 2.7 % for the juvenile, sub-adult and the adults.
... So daily weight gain of tilapia using floating feed in brackishwater ghers is very much comparable to that of freshwater ponds. In freshwater system, Green (1992) obtained SGR of tilapia as 2.03% using feed and fertilizer in Handurus, Diana et al. (1996) recorded SGR of O. niloticus as 3.10% using feed and fertilizer in Thailand. In Bangladesh, Hossain et al. (2004) estimated SGR of 2.04-2.03% of GIFT fed with formulated feed (30.09% protein) and Ahmed et al. (2013) reported SGR of monosex tilapia as 3.09% using prepared feed (55.24% protein) and 2.97% using commercially available feed. ...
Production feasibility of monosex nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus was studied in eight brackish water ponds, where tilapia fries with the average body weight (ABW) of 0.15 g were stocked at a density of 5/m2. Salinity of the ponds varied from 11 ppt to 14 ppt. Fishes was fed with floating feed containing 35% crude protein. After 105 days of culture, production of tilapia was 6334.20- 8099.50 kg/ha with an average mean of 7456.35 ± 589.60 kg/ha. This production was achieved when average body weight and survival of tilapia was 176.50 ± 18.44 g and 84.42 ± 7.23%, respectively. This growth and production tilapia was higher and very much comparable to the production of tilapia reported from freshwater bodies. The study indicates that tilapia can be grown as crop diversification in brackishwater ponds, where stocking of shrimp now become risky due to invasion of diseasesBangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 261-269, 2014
... The specific growth rate of tilapia (SGR, % per day) was (2.07±.0106) in the T 1 and (1.95±.0105) in the T 2 . The SGR of tilapia was higher (2.07±.0106) in the T 1 and lower (1.95±.0105) in the T 2. Green (1992) reported that the SGR of tilapia was 2.03 in Honduras using feed and fertilizer. Hossain et al. (2004) also observed SGR value of GIFT strain ranged from 2.04 to 2.30 fed on formulated diet. ...
The research work was conducted to evaluate the growth and production performance of mono-sex GIFT under monoculture and polyculture systems for a period of three months from March to May, 2008. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) having two treatments namely T1 (tilapia were stocked at 32000/ha for monoculture) and T2 where fishes (rohu, silver carp, mrigal and tilapia with combination of 1:1:1:7) were stocked at 32000/ha for tilapia carp polyculture, each of the treatments was run in triplicates. A supplementary feed composed of rice bran, wheat bran, mustard oilcake, soybean meal, meat and bone meal and fishmeal (10:50:15:10:10:5) containing 26% of protein were provided in both treatments at 8% of the body weight of the fishes twice a day and gradually reduced to 5.5% and 3.5% of their body weight for the last two months respectively. The length (cm) gain of tilapia in monoculture was 11.91±0.21 and in polyculture 11.01±0.39. The weight (g) gain of tilapia was 82.67±0.88 and 77.93±0.89 in the T1 and T2 respectively. The survival rate (%) of tilapia was 82.30 and 77.47% recorded in the T1 and T2 respectively. The specific growth rate of tilapia (SGR, % per day) was 2.07±.0106 in the T1 and 1.95±.0105 in the T2. The production of tilapia was 8739.54 and 5429.08 kg/ha/year estimated in the T1 and T2 respectively. The water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and transparency were not found to vary between the treatments
... Management strategies in the lower levels of intensive systems involve the use of fertilizers to encourage natural productivity of planktons and to improve the levels of dissolved oxygen. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in fish ponds results higher fish production than from natural unfertilized systems (Green, 1992). Traditionally cattle manure is often used in semi-intensive systems to improve the primary productivity of the ponds and fish growth (Nwachukwu, 1997). ...
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of artificial feed and adding organic manures to the earthen ponds on the growth and body composition of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). A total of 160 fish were stocked in each of the two ponds for 90 days. Fish in both ponds were fed with supplementary feed containing 30% crude protein at 4% body weight. Pond 1 was fertilized using cow dung and poultry manure while pond 2, received no fertilizer. Fish were sampled every month for weight and length measurements. Fish were also sampled for biochemical analysis. T-test was used to compare the means between treatments. Fish from pond 1 gained significantly higher (p<0.05) weight compared to fish in pond 2. The specific growth rate and food conversion ratio also showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values for fish in pond 1 (1.52 and 2.4) compared to fish in pond 2 (1.22 and 2.1). Crude protein and lipid composition of fish were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in pond 1 compared to pond 2. It can be concluded that GIFT strain grow much better with the combination of organic manure (cow dung and
poultry manure) and artificial feed as compared to artificial feed alone in semi-intensive system.
... This is coincident with the statements of De Silva (1993) and Shiau & Peng (1993) for other species. A similar effect on tilapias (Oreochromis sp.) in semi-intensive systems was also reported by several authors (Green, 1992;Diana et al., 1994;Tacon & De Silva, 1997;Waidbacher et al., 2006). In view of pejerrey growth results, it is possible to affirm that the poor growth performances registered by previous intensive culture experiments can be attributed to the lack of essential nutrients in artificial diets, that currently only zooplankton can provide. ...
El pejerrey es la especie de mayor importancia deportiva en lagos someros templados y embalses de Argentina y el desarrollo de su acuicultura data de cien años atrás. Un impedimento común para el desarrollo de la acuicultura del pejerrey es el pobre crecimiento que manifiesta bajo cultivo intensivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la posibilidad de alcanzar y mantener altas tasas de crecimiento en el pejerrrey mediante cultivo semi-intensivo. Se instalaron cuatro jaulas flotantes en la laguna La Salada de Monasterio, sembrándose cada una con 300 juveniles (10.22 ±0.38cm; 6.52 ±0.82g). Desde enero hasta marzo los peces se alimentaron con el zooplancton natural de la laguna, mientras que desde abril hasta septiembre dos jaulas fueron suplementadas diariamente con alimento balanceado, dejándose las otras dos como controles. Los peces bajo dietas suplementadas mostraron crecimientos significativamente superiores (17.5 ±0.98cm; 41.05 ±8.55g) a los de las jaulas control (15.02 ±0cm ; 23.5 ±0.84g), excediendo incluso los conocidos en el cultivo de pejerrey en períodos similares. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el potencial de crecimiento del pejerrey no está siendo explotado en su totalidad bajo las técnicas de cultivo tradicionales y puede mejorarse mediante el cultivo semi-intensivo. En consecuencia es necesaria una mejor comprensión de los requerimientos nutricionales del pejerrey para incrementar sus tasas de crecimiento y así mejorar su cultivo.
This study was carried out during the season of 2014 at the Central Laboratory of Aquaculture Research Abbassa, Abu-Hammad district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate effect of different aeration systems namely air stone, shower, venturi and agitation systems on Nile tilapia fingerlings (O.niloticus ) growth performance and water quality. These aeration systems under different stocking densities of 100, 150, and 200 fish / m3 and different feed frequencies (once and twice daily), under intensive condition of aquaculture and taking into consideration the net profit.
The obtained results revealed that the shower aeration system exhibited the highest net profit 3.2, 28.5 and 53.7 LE/ m3, with all fish stock densities, and the lowest energy consumption 0.12KW. h /m3 compared with the other systems. It is also maintains water quality parameters in safety limits for successful aquaculture, the data obtained with shower system ,fish density of 100 fish/m3 and feed frequency twice daily for DO, NH3, pH, temperature, total hardness and total alkalinity were 6.31mg/l, 0.014mg/l, 7.49, 25.69˚C, 256 mg/l and 163.7 mg/l respectively. And for final weight, BWG, final length, FCR, RGR, SGR and survival rate were 34.7g, 25.1g 12.7cm, 1.24, 330.2%, 1.69 %and 95% respectively.
Aquaculture ponds traditionally are fertilized to stimulate primary productivity, which serves as the base of the pond’s natural food web and provides ancillary ecosystem services. Fertilizer application can be made regularly or based on some water quality variable or measure of algal productivity. Nutrients from chemical fertilizers are available sooner for phytoplankton growth compared to organic fertilizers that first must undergo microbial decomposition before nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increase. Primary production increases with increased fertilizer application if productivity is limited by primary nutrients rather than by light. In semiintensive and intensive production systems, natural pond productivity enhanced by targeted fertilization protocols can sustain rapid early growth of stocked juveniles until the critical standing crop is reached, at which time transition to compound or complete formulated feed is required for continued rapid growth. Fertilization contributes to establishing and maintaining a pond environment that allows the culture organism to utilize efficiently the compound or complete feeds offered. Aquaculture pond natural productivity, fertilizer nutrients and forms, and fertilization programs for young-of-year culture and fertilizer-feed strategies are discussed in this chapter.
1970’li yılların sonunda DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından Suriye’den yurda sokulan Tilapialar daha sonra Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesince İsrail ve İngiltere’den getirilen türlerle zenginleştirilmiştir. O yıllarda henüz dünya çapında tanınmazken dahi gelecekte çok önemli bir misyonu olduğu ve “açlık ile mücadele” de kullanılması planlanmaktaydı. FAO gelişmemiş birçok ülkede projelerle Tilapia yetiştiriciliğini özendirirken bunun yanı sıra hem tarımsal bir etkinlik yapmakta hem de o ülkelerin kendi gereksinimlerini karşılama olanağını sağlamaya çalışmaktaydı. 1980’li yıllarda, başta Afrika ülkeleri olmak üzere Güney Doğu Asya ülkeleri ve hem Güney hem de Orta Amerika ülkelerinde geniş projelerle üretimi öğretilmiş ve geliştirilmiştir. 1990 yılında toplam üretim miktarı 1.6 milyon tonu bulurken 2010 yılında ise 2.5 milyon tonu bulacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Fakat henüz daha 2005 yılında bu üretim miktarına ulaşılmıştır (Josupiet 2007). Bunun yanı sıra 2010 yılı için yeni tahmin değeri 3.5 milyon tonu geçkindir (Şekil 1). Avcılıkla üretim değeri 1990 lı yılların başında yetiştiricilikle üretime eşitken günümüzde bu rakam yetiştiricilik lehine 4 veya 5 kat değişmiştir (Şekil 1). Üretim değerleri ise hayli ciddi bir yükselişe sahip olmuştur o dönemlerde. Ancak tilapia üretimindeki gerçek yükselişini ve altın çağını 90’lı yıllarda başlatarak 2000’li yıllara taşımıştır. Söz konusu yıllarda sadece ABD’nin dünya pazarından ithal ettiği tilapianın değeri 200 milyon Doları geçmiştir.
This study was conducted as a part of a broader research that considered the study of the possibility of introducing Nile tilapia both in the extensive and the intensive Romanian farm. Due to the fact that in Romania facilities for fish breeding are mostly represented by ponds, the Fisheries Research Center in Nucet accomplished research for this new species acclimatisation in the pond conditions in the south-east of the country, characterised by the steppe climate. Thus, in 2009 1-month old juvenile tilapia was grown for 103 days, under fed in two ponds, in polyculture with common carp, silver carp and big-head carp. Throughout the period of growth the sanitary conditions of tilapia fray and significant water quality parameters were followed to estimate how pond conditions affect survival rates and body weight. Live fish samples were examined throughout the growth period of 2009 to determine the external and internal parasites. Seven species of parasites were found, but invasion and infection rates (the prevalence and intensity rate) were low. The conclusion was that during the growing tilapia had a good health, a very good weight gain, but the survival rate was low, of 25-27%, which may be associated with other causes, such as the increased amount of organic matter in the water.
Study objective was to evaluate economically a Nile tilapia juvenile production, employing different feeding techniques. Tilapia fingerlings of 8g were stocked at 5 fish m-2 stocking in 50 and 150 m2 ponds, during 75 days. Treatments were: inorganic fertilization (P205 and N); organic fertilization (poultry manure) and commercial ration (32% CP). Water quality results were considered adequate for fish rearing. In juvenile production there were significant differences among treatments for individual final weight, medians were: for inorganic fertilization 12.92g (13.35g in 50 m2 and 12.49g in 150 m2); for organic fertilization 30.55g (33.69g in 50 m2 and 27.40g in 150 m2) and for commercial ration 51.23g (52.90g in 50 m2 and 50.15g in 150 m2). Survival rate ranged from 63 to 71%, with no statistic difference. Commercial ration was effective to bigger juvenile production, with a better market value. Costs considered in economic analyses were tilapia fingerlings, fertilizer, ration, labor and installation depreciation. Obtained information showed that juvenile production in 50 m2 ponds is not viable economically and, in 150 m2, production is viable only when commercial ration is used.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of artificial feed and adding organic manures to the earthen ponds on the growth and body composition of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). A total of 160 fish were stocked in each of the two ponds for 90 days. Fish in both ponds were fed with supplementary feed containing 30% crude protein at 4% body weight. Pond 1 was fertilized using cow dung and poultry manure while pond 2, received no fertilizer. Fish were sampled every month for weight and length measurements. Fish were also sampled for biochemical analysis. T-test was used to compare the means between treatments. Fish from pond 1 gained significantly higher (p<0.05) weight compared to fish in pond 2. The specific growth rate and food conversion ratio also showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values for fish in pond 1 (1.52 and 2.4) compared to fish in pond 2 (1.22 and 2.1). Crude protein and lipid composition of fish were found significantly higher (p<0.05) in pond 1 compared to pond 2. It can be concluded that GIFT strain grow much better with the combination of organic manure (cow dung and poultry manure) and artificial feed as compared to artificial feed alone in semi-intensive system.
Full results of 18 major livestock-fish farming experiments in which tilapia were grown using excreta from chickens, ducks and pigs over a 3-year period. Includes economic analyses and forecasts and 26 pages of raw and summary data.
Over the years, considerable research has been conducted on the subject of surface reaeration in rivers and estuaries. As a result much information is now available to determine the surface reaeration coefficient in these bodies of water. In contrast, not much is yet known about the magnitude of this coefficient in lakes and lagoons. Some studies indicate that wind action is important in establishing the rate of oxygen transfer across the surface of a lake or lagoon. In addition, it appears that the effect of rainfall may be important in reaeration in some lakes. In the present study, analyses were made of the effects of wind and rain on reaeration. Expressions were developed relating the rate and power of a rainfall to the surface reaeration coefficient. It was also determined that the direct addition of oxygen from oxygen-saturated raindrops can be an important factor in reaeration.
Tilapias are endemic to Africa, but are presently found in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They have become a top priority fish for culture in the tropics because of their fast growth, efficient use of natural aquatic foods, propensity to consume a variety of supplemental feeds, herbivorous nature, resistance to diseases and handling, ease of reproduction in captivity, and tolerance to wide ranges of environmental conditions. Although indigenous to fresh water, tilapias are euryhaline and able to survive, grow, and some species even reproduce in seawater up to 40 mg/ml (ppt) salinity. Some of the cultured species have been shown to survive dissolved oxygen concentrations of 0.1 mg/L. They grow over a pH range of 5 to 11 and tolerate an unionized ammonia concentration of 2.4 mg/L. However, tilapias are not able to survive a water temperature below approximately 8° C to 12° C. Their activity and feeding become reduced below 20° C and feeding stops around 16°C.
The use of manure in aquaculture, as practised for centuries in the Far East, is compared with the use of ordinary feedstuffs. Maximum yields per unit area are higher with high-protein feeds than with manure, but are obtained at a greater cost. When manure is a regular input in aquaculture, problems of manure disposal are largely avoided and integrating aquaculture with animal husbandry appears to result in the most rational manure utilisation.In the Chinese system of growing fish on manure a number of different fishes are grown together. Profits per unit area and time are higher with the use of feedstuffs when fish are relatively expensive, but when fish are cheap higher profits are obtained with manure. This has led to fish being the cheapest source of animal protein in large parts of the Far East.When manure is applied to fish ponds, best results are obtained with frequent applications. Incorporating manures into high-protein feeds appears to lead to a reduction in growth rates and does not, as a rule, reduce feed costs per unit weight of fish produced. The food web, leading from the manure applied to the fish-flesh produced, is discussed in terms of direct feeding, source of minerals for autotrophic production and source of organic matter for heterotrophic production.
The possibility was tested of replacing part or all of fish feed pellets (15% fish meal, 16% soybean meal, 69% sorghum and/or wheat) with cow manure recently fermented for methane production. Nine stagnant, fresh-water ponds were stocked with fingerlings of common carp, tilapia, and silver carp which were grown to market size.The following results were obtained: Substitution of 46% of the pellets by fermented cow manure at a replacement rate of 1:4.6 (weight of dry matter), respectively, did not reduce the total fish yield.Complete substitution of the pellets by fermented cow manure caused a 47% decrease in the total fish yield, mainly the result of decreased growth rate of common carp. Tilapia were much less affected. The data for silver carp showed no clear trend.The variability of fish yield among ponds receiving the same feed/manure ration increased as the pellet portion was decreased and the fermented cow manure was increased.Addition of sorghum grains to ponds receiving fermented cow manure improved only the growth of common carp.The possible effect of pond dimensions on fish yield is discussed.
The production of Colossoma macropomum (tambaquí), a relatively little studied fish from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, was compared with that of Tilapita nilotica, a fish well known for its good production characteristics. The experimental design was randomized and arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with each species being tested at 2,500 and 10,000 fish/ha. Treatments were replicated three times. Fingerlings (22–31 g) were stocked into 870 m2 earthen ponds, fed a commercial diet (25% protein), and harvested after 129 days. Mean yield (kg/ha) for tilapia at high and low density was 3,361 and 917, respectively, and for colossoma was 3,682 and 977, respectively. The yield difference between species was not significant (P> 0.05) while the difference between densities was highly significant (P< 0.01). Although yield was not different for the species, tambaquí weight gain was significantly greater than that of adult tilapia because of reproduction in the tilapia ponds. Mean tilapia and tambaquí weight gains (g) for low density were 379 and 471, respectively, and 321 and 395, respectively, for high density. Increasing the stocking density fourfold resulted in an almost fourfold increase in net yield for both species, although individual weight gains were not significantly affected. There was no interaction between species and density for the production characteristics studied.
This study concluded that under culture conditions that included a short growth period, high quality rations, and stocking rates up to 10,000/ha, production of tambaquí was equal to, or better than that of tilapia. Also, stocking rates lower than 10,000/ha would result in lower yields of both species while not producing a significantly larger fish.
Coefficients of determination between net yield of tilapia in ponds (Y) and different measurements of plankton abundance (X) were: phytoplankton numbers (r2 = 0.78∗∗), Secchi disk visibility (r2 = 0.71∗∗), gross productivity (r2 = 0.79∗∗), and chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.89∗∗).
The influence of manuring regime was investigated to determine its effect on primary production and yield of Oreochromis niloticus stocked at high (1.5/m2), medium (1.0/m2), and low (0.5/m2) rates in concrete tanks (20.2 m2). Over a period of 14 weeks, liquid swine manure was added to tanks in three regimes: decreasing rate, constant rate and increasing rate. By the end of the season all tanks had received equal quantities of manure. Interaction between stocking density and manuring regime did not significantly (P>0.05) influence fish production. Addition of manure at a constant or decreasing rate resulted in higher net fish yield (17.5 and 18.7 kg/ha day−1) than addition of manure at an increasing rate (13.7 kg/ha day−1). Maximum primary production was achieved most quickly in the decreasing regime. Both the decreasing and increasing regimes resulted in periods of low dissolved oxygen which necessitated emergency aeration. The increasing regime resulted in lowest net fish yield, probably because slow growth early in the season prohibited the fish from taking full advantage of high quantities of manure added later in the season. An optimum manuring regime would probably consist of a decreasing rate whereby a maximum quantity of manure would be applied initially to stimulate primary production and early fish growth. Subsequent fertilization rates would be moderated, and adjusted primarily according to dissolved oxygen concentrations. Final mean weight of fish decreased with increasing stocking rate: 243 g, 214 g and 174 g at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 fish/m2, respectively. However, net fish yields for the medium and high stocking rates were similar (18.1 and 19.3 kg/ha day−1) and were greater than net yield at the low stocking rate (10.8 kg/ha day−1). The low stocking rate resulted in lower primary productivity and greater fish mortality than the medium and high stocking rates.
The response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) yield to weekly applications of chicken litter at 125, 250, 500 or 1000 kg total solids (T.S.)/ha was determined in Honduras and Panama using a completely randomized design. Tilapia were stocked at 10 000/ha into 0.1-ha (Honduras) and 0.087-ha (Panama) earthen ponds. Each experiment, which lasted approximately 150 days, was performed during the rainy and dry season. Enterprise budgets were developed for each fertilization rate in each country.
The effect of weekly applications of similar quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus from three different sources on the production of Oreochromis niloticus (10 000/ha) was studied in 0.1-ha earthen ponds. Layer chicken litter (500 kg total solids (TS)/ha), dairy cow manure (1020 kg TS/ha) and chemical fertilizer (46-0-0 at 30.6 kg/ha and 0-46-0 at 62.6 kg/ha) were applied weekly. Mean total net production after 150 days was greater with chicken litter (1759 kg/ha). Differences in fish production were explained in terms of net and gross primary productivity and community respiration.
Production of tilapia hybrids with cattle manure or a commercial diet
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Feeding, digestion and growth — qualitative considerations
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Commercial fish farming
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Hepher, B. and Pruginin, Y., 198 1. Commercial fish farming. John Wiley, New York, NY, 261 PP.
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Progress report on fisheries development in northeast
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Principles and Procedures of Statistics Influence of primary productivity, season and site on tilapia production in organically fertilized ponds in two Central American coun-tries Effects of manuring regime and stocking rate on primary production and yield of tilapia using liquid swine man-ure
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The food of Tilapia nilotica in ponds of the fish culture research station at Dor
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Yashouv, A. and Chervinski, J., 196 1. The food of Tifapia nifotica in ponds of the fish culture research station at Dor. Bamidgeh, 13 (2): 33-39.
Ecological aspects of warm-water fishpond management
- Hepher
Growth of male and female Tilapia nilotica in ponds and cages
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Influence of primary productivity, season and site on tilapia production in organically fertilized ponds in two Central American countries
- Teichert-Coddington
Progress report on fisheries development in northeast Brazil
- Lovshin