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New tropical carcharhinids (chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene of Balochistan, Pakistan: Paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic implications
Abstract
New selachians (sharks and rays) have been collected from several late Eocene and early Oligocene marine localities in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Two new species of Requiem sharks (close to the Recent “Bull shark”) are described : Carcharhinus balochensis and Carcharhinus perseus. The rest of the fauna is notable for the strong representation of Carcharhiniformes. These selachian faunas represent a unique tropical association for the Oligocene period and one of the first modern tropical selachian faunas, with modern taxa such as the two new species of “Bull sharks”, Negaprion sp. and one of the first occurrences of Sphyrna sp. Moreover, these faunas permit paleoenvironmental interpretation of adjacent land masses. The relatively modern aspect of these faunas, compared with other contemporaneous and younger selachian associations from Atlantic and Mediterranean seas, suggests biogeographic isolation of selachian communities living in eastern and western parts of the Tethys before its final closure during the early-middle Miocene.
... There has been no report of middle Eocene shark faunas from Kutch since Mishra (1980), which necessitated renewed fieldwork and a taxonomic re-assessment in the light of recent studies on systematics (e.g., Case and Nolf 2005;Cappetta and Case 2016;Marramà et al. 2018;Ebersole et al. 2019;Adnet et al. 2020;Türtscher et al. 2021) and changes in Bartonian faunal associations (e.g. Adnet et al. 2007Adnet et al. , 2010Adnet et al. , 2020Underwood et al. 2011;Underwood and Gunter 2012;Samonds et al. 2019). This investigation was considered necessary for a re-evaluation of the paleobiogeographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Kutch elasmobranch fauna. ...
... Moreover, a recent integrated approach using quantitative geometric morphometric techniques and qualitative morphological comparisons revealed that the only two valid species of tiger sharks that existed throughout the Eocene were G. clarkensis and G. eaglesomei (Türtscher et al. 2021). Adnet et al. (2007) pointed out that the teeth of Galeocerdo species can be confused with those of other carcharhinid sharks. As a result, Carcharhinus balochensis from Pakistan was erroneously identified as G. eaglesomei, extending its age range to Oligocene (Adnet et al. 2007). ...
... Adnet et al. (2007) pointed out that the teeth of Galeocerdo species can be confused with those of other carcharhinid sharks. As a result, Carcharhinus balochensis from Pakistan was erroneously identified as G. eaglesomei, extending its age range to Oligocene (Adnet et al. 2007). Moreover ...
The upper part of the Harudi Formation of the Kutch basin in Gujarat, western India, has recently yielded a heretofore undocumented assemblage of elasmobranchs, including extinct sand tiger sharks Brachycarcharias lerichei and Striatolamia macrota, extinct tiger sharks Galeocerdo eaglesomei and G. clarkensis, requiem shark Carcharhinus mancinae, as well as sawfish Pristis sp. A bony fish taxon represented by Trichiurus sp. was also recovered. After a 43-years gap, this study provides a taxonomic update on the middle Eocene sharks of Kutch. Their coexistence with the larger benthic foraminifera Nummulites obtusus and planktonic foraminifera Orbulinoides beckmanni dates this fish fauna to 40-41.03 Ma, which corresponds to the time frame of the Bartonian transgression and extreme warming event Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO). The MECO elasmobranch assemblage of Kutch comes from shelf settings with bathymetry of 30-60 m, and it differs from those associated with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events and deposited in the bay complex. It seems that G. clarkensis and C. mancinae emerged in Kutch during MECO. The global stratigraphic distribution demonstrates that B. lerichei and S. macrota originated in North America, and their appearance in Kutch expands their geographic range into the eastern Tethys realm, possibly as a result of MECO-linked Bartonian/Kirther transgression.
... Morocco and Pakistan (Case and West, 1991;Adnet et al., 2007Adnet et al., , 2010 from the Rupelian of Pakistan and Oman (Thomas et al., 1989;Adnet et al., 2007), ...
... Morocco and Pakistan (Case and West, 1991;Adnet et al., 2007Adnet et al., , 2010 from the Rupelian of Pakistan and Oman (Thomas et al., 1989;Adnet et al., 2007), ...
... Indo-Pacific-Japan (41%), South Korea (24%), Caribbean Sea-Lesser Antilles (24%), and Eastern Atlantic-Poland (43%) (See, Schultz, 1979;Gillette, 1984;Karasawa, 1989;Portell et al., 2008;Yun, 2020) (Table 19B, Figure 41 A). A closer faunal similarity of middle Miocene Palasava fishes with those from Japan, South Korea, Lesser Antilles and Panama (see also, Gillette, 1984;Karasawa, 1989;Portell et al., 2008;Yun, 2020) groups (Briggs, 1999;Adnet et al., 2007). The possibility of a shifting migration route through the Pacific Ocean to the Indo-Pacific region was corroborated by the reports of similar elasmobranch species from the late Miocene deposits of Borneo (Kocsis et al., 2018), Japan (Karasawa, 1989;Tanaka, 1990), Panama (Pimiento et al., 2013;Carrillo-Briceño et al., 2015;Perez et al., 2017), Ecuador (Carrillo-Briceño et al., 2014), and Peru (Landini et al., 2017). ...
... A l'Oligocène, on retrouve en nombre des petites dents de Carcharhinus elongatus (LERICHE 1910) dans les bassins français et belges. Au Rupélien (Oligocène Inférieur), deux espèces, C. perseus ADNET et al. 2007et C. balochensis ADNET et al. 2007, ont été introduites à partir d'un matériel de la Formation de Chitarwata au Pakistan, mais elles existent aussi en Inde et en Egypte (Adnet et al., 2007 ;Mondal et al., 2009 ;Sharma & Patnaik, 2014 ;Van Vliet et al., 2017). ...
... A l'Oligocène, on retrouve en nombre des petites dents de Carcharhinus elongatus (LERICHE 1910) dans les bassins français et belges. Au Rupélien (Oligocène Inférieur), deux espèces, C. perseus ADNET et al. 2007et C. balochensis ADNET et al. 2007, ont été introduites à partir d'un matériel de la Formation de Chitarwata au Pakistan, mais elles existent aussi en Inde et en Egypte (Adnet et al., 2007 ;Mondal et al., 2009 ;Sharma & Patnaik, 2014 ;Van Vliet et al., 2017). ...
... La dent de la figure 23 correspond selon nous à une position proche de la symphyse du Negaprion présent à Loupian et que Cappetta avait rangé sous N. kraussi (PROBST 1878). Adnet et al. (2007) ont récemment reversé ce taxon dans le genre Negaprion sans discussion, ni figuration supplémentaire. Isogomphodon caunellensis (Negaprion caunellensis in Cappetta, 1970, pl. ...
in this paper we describe two new species of Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus dudoni nov. sp. and Carcharhinus pedronii nov. sp. from the lower Miocene (Burdigalian) of South West of France. A review of the species belonging to the genera Carcharhinus and Negaprion from the lower Miocene lead us to conclude that the genus Negaprion needed to be revised according to the multiplicity of nomen nudum still used by recent authors. As a result the Species belonging to Negaprion which is very common in the Langhian of France needed to be renamed. So Negaprion cossardi is the third species describded and largely depicted in this paper. A new listing of the species of this period is proposed.
... Remarks.-The material present here is considered insufficient in quality or quantity to assign without doubt to Car charhinus perseus, but it is either conspecific or a very similar species. Carcharhinus perseus Adnet, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Crochet, Marivaux, Welcomme, and Métais, 2007 was originally recorded from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation of Balochi stan, Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007). It was later recognized in the earliest Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation of the Fayum Depression of Egypt in Africa (Murray et al. 2014 Description.-Teeth ...
... Similar teeth from the early Oligocene of Balochistan, Pakistan were described as H. cf. serra Agassiz, 1843 by Adnet et al. (2007). Teeth of H. cf. ...
... serra can be distinguished from H. curvatus by being larger and by the presence of more than three large serrations on the mesial edge of the upper teeth. The only weak serrations of the mesial edge, slighter than in typical H. serra teeth are suggestive of a transitional form between H. curvatus and H. serra (Adnet et al. 2007). Whilst this Oligocene species probably represents an unnamed species, naming this is beyond the scope of this study. ...
2017. A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (3): 509-525. A new fossil site at Minqar Tibaghbagh, east of Siwa, in the Egyptian Western Desert is described. This represents the first place in Egypt outside the Fayum Depression yielding Paleogene, terrestrial mammals. Initial studies indicate the presence of palaeomastodonts, hyracoids, and anthracotheres, presumably early Oligocene in age. As only surface prospecting has been performed, more taxa will almost certainly be discovered in future investigations here and probably also elsewhere in the surroundings. A comparison is made with the most important contemporaneous sites in Libya and Egypt that yield terrestrial mammal remains. The selachian fauna from a higher level in the section confirms the Paleogene age of the subjacent strata. It is compared with selachians faunas from the early Oligocene Eastern Tethys Ocean at other places (the Fayum Depression in Egypt, and sites in Oman and Pakistan), and differs from these sites in being fully marine. Contrary to earlier studies, the open marine mudstones of the Daba'a Formation at Minqar Tibaghbagh are overlain by Paleogene marine sediments of most probably early Oligocene age and not early Miocene marine sediments as previously reported. These strata represent not only a new site with great potential for future finds, but also allows for biostratigraphic correlation.
... Serrated Carcharhinus teeth similar to those of extant species are known to occur as early as the Bartonian, and several middle to late Eocene (Priabonian) species have been named (Case & Cappetta, 1990;Reinecke et al., 2005;Adnet et al., 2007;Underwood et al., 2011;Underwood & Gunter, 2012;Ebersole et al., 2019;Samonds et al., 2019;. Citing a personal communication from D.J. Ward, Ebersole et al. (2019) reported that teeth of Carcharhinus underwoodi Samonds et al. 2019 have simple serrations, and this taxon is not known to exhibit dignathic heterodonty (Samonds et al. 2019). ...
... The validity of another species, C. balochensis Adnet et al., 2007, from the late Eocene and early Oligocene of Pakistan, has been questioned. Samonds et al. (2019) considered most of the type suite to be conspecific with Galeocerdo eaglesomei White, 1955, and the remaining tooth was synonymized with C. underwoodi. ...
... If all of the aforementioned species are considered valid, at least three species of Carcharhinus (i.e., C. kasserinensis, C. mancinae, and C. underwoodi) were coeval within the Tethys and Indian Ocean regions during the Bartonian. The sudden diversification of this genus during the middle Eocene is not surprising, as the radiation of the Carcharhiniformes during the Eocene has been well documented (Kriwet & Benton, 2004;Adnet et al., 2007;Underwood et al., 2011;Cappetta, 2012;Iserbyt & De Schutter, 2012;Marramà et al., 2018b;Ebersole et al., 2019). Furthermore, in their biostratigraphic study of denticles. ...
Isolated elasmobranch teeth (sharks and rays) from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) Bandah Formation in the Jaisalmer District of Rajasthan, India are described. The remains improve our knowledge of the environment represented by this lithostratigraphic unit and the ecology preserved therein. Seventeen unequivocal taxa were identified, including Nebrius sp., Striatolamia aff. S. macrota, Brachycarcharias atlasi, B. lerichei, cf. Jaekelotodus sp., Carcharhinus mancinae, Rhizoprionodon sp., Physogaleus sp., Galeocerdo clarkensis, G. eaglesomei, Odontorhytis aff. O. pappenheimi, “Rhinobatos” sp., “Dasyatis” sp., Coupatezia sp., “Aetomylaeus” sp., “Rhinoptera” sp., and Ouledia aff. O. lacuna. Of these, “Aetomylaeus” sp., B. atlasi, C. mancinae, G. clarkensis, G. eaglesomei, cf. Jaekelotodus sp., Nebrius sp., Odontorhytis aff. O. pappenheimi, Ouledia aff. O. lacuna, and “Rhinoptera” sp. are reported from the middle Eocene of India for the first time. The Bandah Formation elasmobranch palaeofauna has close affinities to the Palaeocene-Eocene Tethyan/Paratethyan faunas of Africa, Madagascar, Asia, and Europe, and some taxa indicate a western hemisphere influence from North America. The Bandah Formation palaeofauna indicates that deposition occurred in a moderately shallow marine environment. The Bartonian age is primarily based on foraminifera but is corroborated by the presence of elasmobranch taxa that also occur in contemporaneous deposits elsewhere. The marine regression started during the early Palaeogene, and our study indicates that the sea completely withdrew from the Jaisalmer Basin after the deposition of the Bandah Formation. This event may have been synchronous with the middle Eocene uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau.
... 7) is similar to the lateral teeth of C. leucas. Adnet et al. (2007) argued instead that the syntype figured by Agassiz (1843) in his plate 36, figure 6, differs from the upper teeth of the extant copper shark by the aspect ratio of the main cusp (length/height < 1 in C. brachyurus; length/height > 1 in Agassiz's specimen), the morphology of the mesial edge, and the serration pattern of the cutting edge. Adnet et al. (2007) regarded the aspect of this specimen as consistent with teeth belonging to the C. leucas-group (sensu Compagno 1988). ...
... Adnet et al. (2007) argued instead that the syntype figured by Agassiz (1843) in his plate 36, figure 6, differs from the upper teeth of the extant copper shark by the aspect ratio of the main cusp (length/height < 1 in C. brachyurus; length/height > 1 in Agassiz's specimen), the morphology of the mesial edge, and the serration pattern of the cutting edge. Adnet et al. (2007) regarded the aspect of this specimen as consistent with teeth belonging to the C. leucas-group (sensu Compagno 1988). Carcharhinus brachyurus exhibits a gynandric, dignathic dentition: teeth of adult males are generally distinctly hooked, longer, narrower, and more curved laterally than those of adult females (Bass et al. ...
... Vie milieu, 2020, 70 (2) 1973, Garrick 1982, Purdy et al. 2001, Psomadakis et al. 2009, Landini et al. 2017b. Based on our personal observations, the length/height ratio calculated on extant jaws of C. brachyurus kept at the Earth Sciences Department of Pisa university (Pisa, Italy) is only partially consistent with the values indicated by Adnet et al. (2007). Indeed, in female jaws, the length/height ratio is < 1 in the anterior and anterolateral teeth, ca. 1 in the laterals, and > 1 in the posteriors. ...
Nowadays, the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus Günther, 1870 displays an antitropical, disjunct distribution in marginal-marine environments of both the hemispheres. Differing from other species of Carcharhinus, C. brachyurus inhabits temperate rather than tropical coastal waters, and its dispersal abilities are strongly conditioned by the presence of habitats suitable as nursery grounds. Here we analyze, through well-defined geological timeslices, the global fossil record of C. brachyurus in order to identify the main biogeographic dynamics that led to the present-day biogeographic segregation pattern of this requiem shark species. By integrating a thorough review of the paleontological literature with the results of recent phylogeographic analyses on extant copper shark populations, our study provides a first integrated reconstruction of the historical distributional patterns of this shark species that allows for proposing the identification of some dispersal trajectories as well as of a number of key events in the paleobiogeographic history of C. brachyurus. Our research supports the notion that the present-day distributional pattern of C. brachyurus is the product of historical biogeographic processes and events that might be traced back to an early Miocene East Pacific-central West Atlantic center of origin and likely reflect major changes in the global ocean system (including the closure of major seaways and the emergence of new oceanic circulation patterns).
... The quantity of phosphate in marine deposition (and correlatively fossil-bearing levels with well preserved elasmobranch teeth) decreases along the inshore since the late Middle Eocene. In this context, most of the Late Eocene fossil-bearing localities with elasmobranchs are found to be related to coastal sand body complexes (Adnet et al., 2007(Adnet et al., , 2010(Adnet et al., , 2011. Among them, some well-exposed coastal complexes in the Western Desert of Egypt (e.g., Wadi al Hitan) have been sometimes interpreted to reflect such global cooling and ephemeral eustatic sea level decrease (possibly related to merging of ice?) during the Late Eocene (Peters et al., 2009(Peters et al., , 2010. ...
... The evolution of Tethyan seaway elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) during the long "doubthouse" period (including the MECO) has so far remained unknown, even if many authors have suspected a great change in faunal association during the late Middle Eocene (Adnet et al. 2007(Adnet et al. , 2010(Adnet et al. , 2018Underwood and Gunter, 2012) with the intense evolution of several dominantly tropical clades as early as the early Late Eocene. Unfortunately, reports of fossilbearing deposits with elasmobranchs from welldated Bartonian sites are relatively scarce along southwestern Tethyan coasts compared to those dating from the Lutetian or Priabonian (Figure 1). ...
... However, reported this species in MI (but not illustrated), when it is typically more common throughout the remainder of the Wadi al Hitan succession (see also Underwood et al. 2011, figure 5B and 5C from BQ), and especially since the GE (A-C) (around the Bartonian/Priabonian boundary). This new occurrence confirms the late Middle Eocene appearance of the genus Hemipristis in the Tethys seaway, and this material then represents one of the oldest figured report (with those of Ebersole et al., 2019 from the Bartonian of Alabama) of this famous lineage highlighted by its descendent, H. serra, reported since the Early Oligocene (e.g., Adnet et al., 2007;Van Vliet et al., 2017) until the Pleistocene of Alabama (Ebersole et al., 2017). ...
Bulk sampling of an indurated glauconic sandstone horizon from Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia, yielded a moderately diversified assemblage of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), dating from the late Middle Eocene (mid Bartonian). Here, 10 new taxa (nine new species and three new genera) are described among a total diversity of 33 species. These new taxa highlight the rise of mid-large predator lineages of modern nearshore seas and fill a substantial gap in the sporadic fossil record of the late Middle Eocene. Comparisons of this assemblage with other Middle-Late Eocene faunas from the Tethys seaway indicate that this Tunisian fauna shares more similarities with Late Eocene than with early Middle Eocene assemblages. This suggests that the major shift observed in tropical elasmobranch communities from the Late Eocene, with for instance the appearance of large Carcharhinids replacing Lamniforms, began during the late Middle Eocene. Such a biotic shift could be linked to the warm conditions recorded ca. 41 Ma, known as the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), which was characterized by a short temperature increase of all marine waters.
... Remarks.-The material present here is considered insufficient in quality or quantity to assign without doubt to Car charhinus perseus, but it is either conspecific or a very similar species. Carcharhinus perseus Adnet, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Crochet, Marivaux, Welcomme, and Métais, 2007 was originally recorded from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation of Balochi stan, Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007). It was later recognized in the earliest Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation of the Fayum Depression of Egypt in Africa (Murray et al. 2014 Description.-Teeth ...
... Similar teeth from the early Oligocene of Balochistan, Pakistan were described as H. cf. serra Agassiz, 1843 by Adnet et al. (2007). Teeth of H. cf. ...
... serra can be distinguished from H. curvatus by being larger and by the presence of more than three large serrations on the mesial edge of the upper teeth. The only weak serrations of the mesial edge, slighter than in typical H. serra teeth are suggestive of a transitional form between H. curvatus and H. serra (Adnet et al. 2007). Whilst this Oligocene species probably represents an unnamed species, naming this is beyond the scope of this study. ...
2017. A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (3): 509-525. A new fossil site at Minqar Tibaghbagh, east of Siwa, in the Egyptian Western Desert is described. This represents the first place in Egypt outside the Fayum Depression yielding Paleogene, terrestrial mammals. Initial studies indicate the presence of palaeomastodonts, hyracoids, and anthracotheres, presumably early Oligocene in age. As only surface prospecting has been performed, more taxa will almost certainly be discovered in future investigations here and probably also elsewhere in the surroundings. A comparison is made with the most important contemporaneous sites in Libya and Egypt that yield terrestrial mammal remains. The selachian fauna from a higher level in the section confirms the Paleogene age of the subjacent strata. It is compared with selachians faunas from the early Oligocene Eastern Tethys Ocean at other places (the Fayum Depression in Egypt, and sites in Oman and Pakistan), and differs from these sites in being fully marine. Contrary to earlier studies, the open marine mudstones of the Daba'a Formation at Minqar Tibaghbagh are overlain by Paleogene marine sediments of most probably early Oligocene age and not early Miocene marine sediments as previously reported. These strata represent not only a new site with great potential for future finds, but also allows for biostratigraphic correlation.
... Adnet et al [49] described some new carcharhinid sharks from the late Eocene and early Oligocene of Pakistan, including a new species of Carcharhinus, C. balochensis. The figured specimens with one exception can be referred to Galeocerdo eaglesomei. ...
... The figured specimens with one exception can be referred to Galeocerdo eaglesomei. The holotype, (Fig 3, 5-6 in [49]) an incomplete upper right tooth, closely resembles a tooth of G. eaglesomei figured from the middle Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina by Case and Borodin [48]. One of the teeth figured by Adnet et al (Fig 3, 7-9 in [49]) from the early Oligocene displays complex serrations, a character not present in middle Eocene populations of G. eaglesomei but present in the similar Miocene species G. mayumbensis [14]. ...
... The holotype, (Fig 3, 5-6 in [49]) an incomplete upper right tooth, closely resembles a tooth of G. eaglesomei figured from the middle Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone of North Carolina by Case and Borodin [48]. One of the teeth figured by Adnet et al (Fig 3, 7-9 in [49]) from the early Oligocene displays complex serrations, a character not present in middle Eocene populations of G. eaglesomei but present in the similar Miocene species G. mayumbensis [14]. This specimen, assuming that the dating is correct, extends the range of G. eaglesomei into the early Oligocene. ...
We report here the first neoselachian fossil fauna from Eocene nearshore marine deposits of the Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagascar. The fauna includes seven species of shark: Nebrius blankenhorni, Brachycarcharias koerti, Galeocerdo eaglesomei, two species of Carcharhinus (one of which is described as a new species), Physogaleus, Rhizoprionodon and Sphyrna. Three species of rays were also recovered: Pristis, Myliobatis and an undetermined dasyatid ray. This fauna represents the first Cenozoic neoselachian fossil record from the Eocene of Madagascar and broadens our understanding of their evolutionary and biogeographic history in the southern hemisphere during this time. Although the diversity of the genera and species of the fauna is very low, the age and similarity of genera to those in Congo, west Africa, Arabia, Asia, Europe, and North, Central, and South America suggests that these genera were broadly distributed and diverse within the shallow marine settings of the Tethyan and southern provinces during middle and late Eocene.
... Among those, several Upper Eocene localities from the southwestern Neotethys -Eastern Atlantic area have yielded elasmobranch assemblages (e.g. Case and Cappetta, 1990;Strougo et al., 2007;Adnet et al., 2007Adnet et al., , 2010Underwood et al., 2011;Murray et al., 2014;Zalmout et al., 2012), even though most of them are located in its more oriental part and especially in Egypt, near the Fayum depression (see Fig. 1). On the other hand, early Oligocene elasmobranch faunas from the same area are much less known, and only a few localities have been studied in detail (e.g. ...
... On the other hand, early Oligocene elasmobranch faunas from the same area are much less known, and only a few localities have been studied in detail (e.g. Adnet et al., 2007;Murray et al., 2014;Van Vliet et al., 2017). Thus, the faunal dynamic of elasmobranchs in the southwestern Neotethys region during this transitional period is poorly known. ...
... "Carcharhinus" frequens (Dames, 1883); Negaprion cf. eurybatrodon Case andWest, 1991, Case andBorodin, 2000; Negaprion sp. and Carcharhinus sp.1 Adnet et al., 2007; cf. "Carcharhinus" marcaisi (Arambourg, 1952); Carcharhinus sp. ...
A post-Priabonian fluviatile debris-flows in Mabrouk (MBK), Djebel Chambi – Tunisia, have yielded a surprisingly rich assemblage of reworked marine elasmobranchs (23 taxa of sharks and rays). By comparison with their sub-coeval counterparts from northeastern Africa, this assemblage suggests an age ranging from the latest Priabonian up to the earliest Rupelian for the close marine deposit from where they were likely reworked. Moreover, it highlights the widespread east-west distribution of sharks and rays along North African coasts, a distribution that reflects the existence of roughly similar tropical environmental conditions in northern latitudes of Africa at that time. This discovery indicates that the Neotethysian elasmobranch communities remained particularly well diversified around the global cooling recorded at the Eocene/Oligocene transition.
... Discussion: The type specimens of T. twiggsensis (Case, 1981) come from the Priabonian of Georgia, USA. The species, first assigned to the genus Lamna by Case, is also known from other late Eocene localities of Georgia (Case & Borodin 2000a-b) Adnet et al. 2007) and of Peru (HC observ., after fossils collected by C. De Muizon). ...
... Until now, the genus was noted in the Priabonian of Dakhla, southwestern Morocco (Adnet et al. 2010) and at «km 55», Egyptian desert, southwestern Fayum (Adnet et al. 2011), but with some doubts for this last locality. It was also collected in the early Oligocene of Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007). The tooth illustrated by Clayton et al. (2013, p. 67, fig. ...
... Outside north America, this species is known from Priabonian localities in Fayum, Egypt (Underwood et al. 2011), KM 55 locality, southwest of Fayum (Adnet et al. 2011), Dakhla, southwestern Sahara, Morocco (Adnet et al. 2010), Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007). The genus Te thylamna does not occur in the Lutetian of Kpogamé, To go, despite the lamniform diversity in this locality, nor in the Lutetian or in the Priabonian of Europe. ...
The discovery of fossil fish and reptiles in the banks of the Conecuh River at the Point «A» Dam site, northwest of the town of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, has brought to light 38 selachian species belonging to 31 genera, from the Lisbon Formation (Middle Eocene, Lutetian). One new genus and three new species are described: Orectolobus ziegenhinei nov. sp., Tethylamna dunni nov. gen. nov. sp. and Scoliodon conecuhensis nov. sp. This study allows us to up-date the previous studies published on the selachians from this locality and to increase the faunal list. The oldest occurrence of the genera Orectolobus, Sphyrna and Scoliodon is noted. The genus Tethylamna nov. seems to appear during the Lutetian, before spreading all along the southern margin of the Tethys ocean during the Bartonian and the Priabonian.ThePristidae are particularly diversified, indicating coastal, shallow water conditions during deposition of the fossiliferous bed. The Lutetian fauna of Andalusia, Alabama shows more paleobiogeographic affinities with those of the southern Tethyan margin than with those of northwestern Europe. © 2016 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
... N. gibbesii (Woodward, 1889) (the Late Eocene age stated for the type material was considered in error by Cicimurri and Knight, 2009), cf. N. elongatus (Leriche, 1910) and two species from Pakistan (as Carcharhinus sp. 1 and 2, Adnet et al., 2007). ...
... 2g), which is elsewhere restricted to the late Lutetian to Priabonian. This Carcharhinus may be synonymous with C. balochensis (Adnet et al., 2007) from the Priabonian of Pakistan. Early Oligocene examples of Carcharhinus include C. perseus (Adnet et al., 2007) from Pakistan and an unnamed species (figured as a lamniform) from non marine facies in Egypt (Murray, 2004); it is possible this is a specimen of C. balochensis. ...
... This Carcharhinus may be synonymous with C. balochensis (Adnet et al., 2007) from the Priabonian of Pakistan. Early Oligocene examples of Carcharhinus include C. perseus (Adnet et al., 2007) from Pakistan and an unnamed species (figured as a lamniform) from non marine facies in Egypt (Murray, 2004); it is possible this is a specimen of C. balochensis. ...
An upper tooth of a previously unrecorded species of the shark Carcharhinus was recovered from the Middle Eocene of Jamaica. This represents one of the oldest examples of the genus, which today is one of the dominant groups of predators within a variety of tropical environments. This is also the oldest record of a carcharhinid shark from marginal marine facies and confirms that the early radiation of Carcharhinus occurred
within Tethyan regions.
... Similar co-occurrence of shark teeth and hardground has been found in many areas and stratigraphic levels (e.g. see Tiwari et al., 1998;Adnet et al., 2007). The elasmobranch faunal radiation that took place during late Eocene-early Oligocene time (Adnet et al., 2007) reached a new height during the early Miocene which coincided with a global marine transgression (Vail et al., 1977;Hallam, 1981;Haq et al., 1987) and elasmobranchs became truly cosmopolitan (details will be discussed later). ...
... see Tiwari et al., 1998;Adnet et al., 2007). The elasmobranch faunal radiation that took place during late Eocene-early Oligocene time (Adnet et al., 2007) reached a new height during the early Miocene which coincided with a global marine transgression (Vail et al., 1977;Hallam, 1981;Haq et al., 1987) and elasmobranchs became truly cosmopolitan (details will be discussed later). They were paleobiogeographically widespread and invaded all the faunal provinces. ...
... The faunal correlation among the Miocene shark assemblages of the world reveals poor similarity coefficient, which perhaps indicates the persistence of species-level endemism in different bio-provinces. This may be due to intense tectonic activities (Garfunkel, 1998(Garfunkel, , 2004Golonka, 2004;Adnet et al., 2007), which culminated in the early Miocene and resulted in creating ecological and geographical barriers, thus facilitated rapid and diverse endemic speciation. ...
New assemblages of fossil fish remains have been collected from the Miocene marine beds of Baripada, Orissa, along the river Burhabalang. Although several authors previously described various taxa from the same locality, little was known about their stratigraphic distribution. Present work includes a detailed systematic study, based on numerous specimens along with the establishment of regional stratigraphy and depositional environment. Five new species of sharks are reported here. Among them Isurus desori, Carcharhinus aff. balochenisis and Carcharhinus aff. perseus are described for the first time from the Indian subcontinent; whereas Isurus oxyrinchus and Galeocerdo cuvieri were not previously reported from Baripada. The state-of-the-art of the Miocene shark assemblages of the world has been reevaluated in the light of new data. The most diverse shark teeth assemblage has been found to be in Baripada. Diversity patterns have been studied. The species-level faunal correlation using Jaccard similarity coefficient method suggests the persistence of endemism among the major bio-provinces during the early Miocene and reasons for this have been explored.
... 131, 132). Lower teeth of Carcharhinus (Fig. 4C) are difficult to identify and are here identified only to genus; however, the upper teeth recovered ( Fig. 4D-4F) are morphologically similar to teeth described by Adnet et al. (2007) as Carcharhinus perseus from the late Eocene to early Oligocene of Pakistan. Adnet et al. (2007) noted that a tooth previously reported from the Jbel Qatrani Formation by Murray (2004: text, fig. ...
... Lower teeth of Carcharhinus (Fig. 4C) are difficult to identify and are here identified only to genus; however, the upper teeth recovered ( Fig. 4D-4F) are morphologically similar to teeth described by Adnet et al. (2007) as Carcharhinus perseus from the late Eocene to early Oligocene of Pakistan. Adnet et al. (2007) noted that a tooth previously reported from the Jbel Qatrani Formation by Murray (2004: text, fig. 7A) also belongs to C. perseus. ...
... One of the teeth from Quarry E figured by Murray (2004: fig. 7A) was referred by Adnet et al. (2007) to their new species C. perseus based on the published photograph and others supplied to the authors. Adnet et al. (2007) also referred other published material to their new species, and they recorded it as coming from early Oligocene deposits in Pakistan and Oman, as well as the Jbel Qatrani Formation. ...
The Fayum Depression of Egypt has produced a great diversity of fossil material, including marine and freshwater fishes. In contrast to the Eocene formations of the Fayum, the Oligocene Jbel Qatrani Formation has been more or less consistently considered to be deposited in a freshwater environment; however, the ichthyofauna indicates a more complex picture. Cenozoic fishes have been convincingly used to interpret the palaeoenvironment in which sediments were deposited. Based on the elasmobranch and osteichthyan faunas of the Jbel Qatrani Formation, we interpret that this formation was not deposited entirely in fresh waters, but had some marine influence, particularly in the lower part of the formation. The mixture of freshwater elements, such as polypterids and alestids, with brackish and marine elements, including myliobatid stingrays, in the Quarry E site suggests a local palaeoenvironment that was very close to the shoreline, in a less protected area, or under more seasonal influence than the rest of the sites in the formation. Additionally, the early Oligocene elasmobranch fishes from Quarry E have a strong biogeographic relationship with sites in Oman and Pakistan, in the eastern Tethys, representing a restricted fauna possibly limited in distribution by cooling global temperatures.
... HEMIGALEIDAE Remarks- Cicimurri and Knight (2009a) reported Hemipristis serra from the Chattian Chandler Bridge Formation, and the taxon has been reported from the Oligocene Old Church Formation of Virginia (Müller 1999). Interestingly, although Hemipristis has been documented from Oligocene strata of Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007) and Oman (Thomas et al. 1989), it is not known from the European Oligocene. Müller (1999:54) commented that H. serra was common in warm waters during the Neogene, and von der Hocht (1978b) hypothesized that the absence of Hemipristis in the European Rupelian is related to the colder water conditions that existed during that time. ...
... Müller (1999:54) commented that H. serra was common in warm waters during the Neogene, and von der Hocht (1978b) hypothesized that the absence of Hemipristis in the European Rupelian is related to the colder water conditions that existed during that time. Adnet et al. (2007) and Ebersole et al. (2021) considered the possibility that their Oligocene Hemipristis teeth represented a transitional species from H. curvatus Dames, 1883 (Eocene) to H. serra (Oligocene to Early Pleistocene), and Chandler et al. (2006) reported from a lower anterior/antero-lateral position. Specimen SC2007.36.203 ( Fig. 4T-V) has an erect main cusp, ornamentation is limited to the crown foot, and two pairs of lateral cusplets (which are only preserved on the distal side), suggesting it is a lateral tooth, possibly from the lower dentition. ...
Matrix surrounding a dermochelyid carapace and two cetacean skulls recovered from the Givhans Ferry Member of the Ashley Formation (lower Oligocene, Rupelian Stage) in South Carolina, USA yielded a surprisingly diverse assemblage of euselachian and teleost fishes. We identified 21 elasmobranch taxa, including 13 selachians and eight batoids, nearly all of which are known to occur in the overlying upper Oligocene (Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation. Notable occurrences within the Ashley Formation paleofauna include a new shark, Scyliorhinus weemsi n. sp., and the first South Carolina Oligocene records of Squalus sp., Pristiophorus sp., and Pachyscyllium sp. Numerous teleost taxa were also documented based on isolated teeth, including species of Albulidae, Paralichthyidae, Osteoglossidae, Sparidae, Sciaenidae, Sphyraenidae, Scombridae, Trichiuridae, and possibly Labridae.
... Although these species have morphologically similar teeth, those of H. curvatus are smaller in overall size and have fewer mesial denticles. Traditionally, H. curvatus teeth have been reported from upper Eocene deposits, whereas H. serra has been documented from the late Oligocene through the early Pleistocene (Adnet et al. 2007;Cicimurri and Knight 2009;Cappetta 2012). Unfortunately, we are unable to determine with confidence if the single small specimen available to us represents H. curvatus, H. serra, or a transitional form between the two (i.e., Adnet et al. 2007). ...
... Traditionally, H. curvatus teeth have been reported from upper Eocene deposits, whereas H. serra has been documented from the late Oligocene through the early Pleistocene (Adnet et al. 2007;Cicimurri and Knight 2009;Cappetta 2012). Unfortunately, we are unable to determine with confidence if the single small specimen available to us represents H. curvatus, H. serra, or a transitional form between the two (i.e., Adnet et al. 2007). Additional teeth, especially those from the upper lateral files, will be needed to ascertain which species of Hemipristis is present within the Glendon Limestone Member of Alabama. ...
The Oligocene (Rupelian) Byram Formation (Vicksburg Group) in Alabama, USA, is divided into three members, including (in ascending order) the Glendon Limestone, unnamed marl, and the Bucatunna Clay. The Oligocene marine units in Alabama have been historically under-investigated, but bulk samples re-cently obtained from Glendon Limestone Member exposures at site AWa-9 in Washington County yielded 20 unequivocal elasmobranch and teleost taxa. This surprisingly diverse paleofauna, based on isolated teeth, bones and otoliths, includes the new taxon, Gobiosoma? axsmithi sp. nov., as well as “Aetomylaeus” sp., Albula sp., Aplodinotus gemma Koken, 1888, Ariosoma nonsector Nolf and Stringer, 2003, Balistidae indet., Citharichthys sp., Myliobatoidei indet., Diretmus? sp., Hemipristis sp., Negaprion aff. N. gilmorei (Leriche, 1942), Pachyscyllium sp., Paralbula sp., Physogaleus sp., Preophidion meyeri (Koken, 1888), Sciaena pseu-doradians (Dante and Frizzell in Frizzell and Dante, 1965), Sciaenops? sp., Sparus? elegantulus Koken, 1888, Sphyraena sp., and Syacium sp. Additional remains were recovered but could not be identified beyond unde-termined Elasmobranchii or Teleostei. All these taxa represent first occurrences within the Glendon Limestone Member in Alabama, and the “Aetomylaeus” sp., Pachyscyllium sp., Paralbula sp., and Sciaenops? sp. spec-imens represent the first occurrences of each in the Oligocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA. Wealso report the first record of Oligocene Paralbula Blake, 1940 teeth, and the first occurrence of an Oligocene member of the Balistidae in the Western Hemisphere. This marine vertebrate assemblage indicates that the Glendon Limestone Member at site AWa-9 represented a subtropical to temperate, middle shelf paleoenviron-ment with a paleowater depth interpreted as 30–100 m.
... It is quite possible that many of the pre-Miocene teeth which were earlier classified under the genus Dasyatis may belong to other genera including Himantura (Cappetta 2012). The oldest record of Himantura comes from middle to late Eocene (Lutetian to Priabonian) of Egypt (Underwood et al. 2011), Morocco and Pakistan (Case and West 1991;Adnet et al. 2007Adnet et al. , 2010. Himantura sp. has been reported from the Rupelian of Pakistan and Oman (Thomas et al. 1989;Adnet et al. 2007), Miocene deposit of Nosy Makamby locality of Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascar (Andrianavalona et al. 2015) and also from the Pliocene of Italy (Cappetta and Cavallo 2006). ...
... The oldest record of Himantura comes from middle to late Eocene (Lutetian to Priabonian) of Egypt (Underwood et al. 2011), Morocco and Pakistan (Case and West 1991;Adnet et al. 2007Adnet et al. , 2010. Himantura sp. has been reported from the Rupelian of Pakistan and Oman (Thomas et al. 1989;Adnet et al. 2007), Miocene deposit of Nosy Makamby locality of Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascar (Andrianavalona et al. 2015) and also from the Pliocene of Italy (Cappetta and Cavallo 2006). The Genus Himantura, occurs widely in Indo-Pacific region (Borsa et al. 2013;Andrianavalona et al. 2015;Weigmann 2016;Borsa 2017), Pliocene of Italy (Cappetta 2012) and Miocene of Madagascar (Andrianavalona et al. 2015). ...
We report here a diverse assemblage of sharks and batoids representing the genera Carcharhinus, Rhizoprionodon, Galeocerdo, Sphyrna, Myliobatis, Aetobatus, Dasyatis, Pastinachus, Himantura and Pristis from Tapar and Jangadia the two late and early Miocene sites, respectively, of Kutch (Gujarat, India). The shark Rhizoprionodon and batoids, Dasyatis rugosa, D. cf. probsti, Dasyatis sp., Pastinachus and Himantura are being reported for the first time from the Miocene of western coast of India. The presence of Carcharhinus sp., Rhizoprionodon sp., Lamna sp., Negaprion sp., Sphyrna lewini, Myliobatis sp., Aetobatus sp. in the early Miocene Khari Nadi Formation exposed at Jangadia suggest existence of lagoonal, near shore to outer shelf environment. The rich batoid assemblage at the Late Miocene hominoid (Sivapithecus) bearing site of Tapar indicates the presence of a fresh to brackish water environmental condition. The faunal similarity of Miocene chondrichthyan of Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea regions has been assessed using the beta diversity (Sørensen–Dice coefficient) data. The early Miocene elasmobranchs from Kutch shows close affinities with those from Mediterranean Sea. Similarly, in the Indian Ocean region Miocene fauna of Kutch shows close similarity with those of Baripada Beds, Orissa, Bhuban Formation of Mizoram, Gogha Coast, Piram Island and Madagascar.
... Moreover, such wholesale lineage turnover coincided with the loss of many cephalopod [6] and pelagic amniote [5] groups, as well as the explosive radiation of middle trophic-level teleost fishes [1]. We hypothesize that a combination of prey availability and post-extinction trophic cascades favored extant shark antecedents and laid the foundation for their extensive diversification later in the Cenozoic [7][8][9][10]. ...
... In contrast, carcharhiniforms constitute the largest order of extant sharks with over 250 species, and substantially outnumber lamniforms, which are represented by only 15 species [41]. Previous studies have calibrated this turnover with the late Eocene proliferation of reef fishes [7][8][9][10][42][43][44], although, our results reveal that the foundations were probably laid during the K-Pg event. We also fundamentally dismiss assertions that the K-Pg transition had a limited overall evolutionary impact on the radiation of selachimorphs [14], and would alternatively underscore its pivotal role in shaping the biodiversity and ecosystem complexity that is expressed in the shark communities of today. ...
The Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction profoundly altered vertebrate ecosystems and prompted the radiation of many extant clades [1, 2]. Sharks (Selachimorpha) were one of the few larger-bodied marine predators that survived the K-Pg event and are represented by an almost-continuous dental fossil record. However, the precise dynamics of their transition through this interval remain uncertain [3]. Here, we apply 2D geometric morphometrics to reconstruct global and regional dental morphospace variation among Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) and Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks). These clades are prevalent predators in today's oceans, and were geographically widespread during the late Cretaceous-early Palaeogene. Our results reveal a decoupling of morphological disparity and taxonomic richness. Indeed, shark disparity was nearly static across the K-Pg extinction, in contrast to abrupt declines among other higher-trophic-level marine predators [4, 5]. Nevertheless, specific patterns indicate that an asymmetric extinction occurred among lamniforms possessing low-crowned/triangular teeth and that a subsequent proliferation of carcharhiniforms with similar tooth morphologies took place during the early Paleocene. This compositional shift in post-Mesozoic shark lineages hints at a profound and persistent K-Pg signature evident in the heterogeneity of modern shark communities. Moreover, such wholesale lineage turnover coincided with the loss of many cephalopod [6] and pelagic amniote [5] groups, as well as the explosive radiation of middle trophic-level teleost fishes [1]. We hypothesize that a combination of prey availability and post-extinction trophic cascades favored extant shark antecedents and laid the foundation for their extensive diversification later in the Cenozoic [7-10].
... Carcharhinus teeth have been identified from deposits as old as the middle and late Eocene (Adnet et al., 2007;Case, 1981;Kriwet, 2005). Louis Agassiz (1833) identified the first fossil species of Carcharhinus from an isolated tooth, naming it Corax egertoni, although it is now considered to be a Carcharhinus species. ...
... Carcharhinus gibbesi, C. gilmorei, and C. elongatus are also species names that have been proposed for Eocene and Oligocene Carcharhinus teeth, although some authors have placed them in Negaprion or Sphyrna (Cicimurri and Knight, 2009). Some species names are only known from one location; Adnet et al. (2007), for example, identified four Carcharhinus species from teeth collected from the late Eocene-early Oligocene of Pakistan, naming two new species (C. balochenisis and C. ...
Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus are commonly represented in fossil assemblages by isolated teeth. Neogene fossil teeth from this genus have been identified by many authors as belonging to extant species. Their association with specific modern or extinct species is particularly challenging due to similarities in tooth shape among species. This study tests the ability of elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) to identify the upper teeth of twelve modern species in this genus which have been independently identified using standard morphological characters and dental formulae. Teeth were extracted from three jaws for each of the fourteen species. After extraction from the jaw, EFA was performed on the digitized images, transforming the outline into a series of elliptic Fourier coefficients. These coefficients were then subjected to principal components analysis, and DFA was performed on the principal component values. Test and training set results demonstrate the discriminatory ability of this method, with over 55% of teeth being correctly identified to species. Anterior and posterior tooth positions were more likely to be misidentified. Also, teeth that were misidentified were commonly assigned to other species with similar tooth morphologies. The practical paleontological applications of this morphometric method include species identification and the construction of artificial dentitions using isolated fossil teeth.
... It has also been described from both the eastern and western coasts of India including the Late Miocene Baripada Beds in the eastern coast (Modak, 1952: Ghosh, 1959: Mohanty, 1966Mishra, 1985;Mondal et al., 2009; and the Lower Miocene shale of Matanumadh and Lakpat (Mehrotra et al., 1973;Sahni and Mehrotra, 1981) in the western coast. Occurrence of Hemipristis serra has also been noted from the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene of Balochistan (Adnet et al., 2007) and from the Lower Miocene deposits of Moghra, Egypt (Cook et al., 2010). ...
... Hemipristris is particularly abundant in the Miocene deposits of Europe . The fossil teeth of Carcharhinus is found in the Miocene of Ecuador, Tertiary of Caribbean province (Longbottom, 1979;Gillette, 1984), Pliocene of Angola (Antunes, 1978), Miocene of Pirabas Formation of Brazil (Reis, 2005), Eocene to Oligocene of Baluchistan Pakistan (Adnet et al., 2007). Carcharhinus is well adapted in the coastal-pelagic, inshore, warm-temperate and tropical waters of continental and insular shelves and their adjacent oceanic waters (Portell et al., 2008). ...
We present here a list of the vertebrate fauna collected during fieldwork carried out in Kutch between 2010-2011from several early Miocene localities in the Lower Miocene. We describe and comment on fossil remains of fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes), reptiles (tomistomid crocodiles) and mammals (Deinotherium sp., Gomphotheriidae indet. and Brachypotherium sp.) from an early Miocene ferruginous Khari Nadi Formation exposed at localities Jangadia, Samda, Pasuda and Baadra. We report for the first time a shark, Megaselachus chubutensis from India and a batoid Rhinoptera from Kutch. A fossil latid fish has also been recorded for the first time from India. Our findings indicate that these fossils were deposited under tropical-subtropical conditions. The present terrestrial and freshwater fauna has common elements in North Africa and Europe and supports hypotheses of faunal exchange between these regions caused by the opening of land route between Afro-Arabian plate and Eurasia in the early Miocene time. However, this land connection might have been disrupted intermittently by marine incursions as appears by the presence of similar shark fauna in all of these areas.
... is, in fact, the true Carcharhinus frequens whereas the larger species identified by the latter authors as N. frequens is different. Adnet et al. (2007) described badly preserved specimens from the late Eocene of Pakistan as Carcharhinus sp.1 and stated that these teeth can hardly be differentiated from the other Eocene Carcharhinus species and confusion is therefore possible with C. frequens. However, unlike C. frequens, C. sp.1 displays a betterindividualized cusp, and longer lateral heels on its upper and lower teeth. ...
TWENTY six species of “megascopic” elasmobranchs have been identified, described
and figured, and a local biostratigraphic scheme has been constructed. Ginglymostoma
angolense Dartevelle & Casier, 1943 is reported for the first time from the Egyptian Eocene.
The average size of Misrichthys stromeri Case & Cappetta, 1990 seems to be age dependent,
younger populations generally being larger in size. If this trend is confirmed by future studies,
it may be used to separate specifically older populations from younger ones. Several species
appear to be characteristic of specific horizons and, hence, could be used in the future for
regional biostratigraphic correlation.
Ginglymostoma angolense Dartevelle & Casier, 1943, «Carcharias» koerti (Stromer,
1910), Moerigaleus vitreodon Underwood &Ward, 2011, Rhizoprionodon sp. and Anoxypristis
mucrodens (White, 1926) are reported for the first time from the middle Eocene of Qatar.
Keywords: Mokattamian, Eocene, elasmobranchs, Egypt, Qatar
... is, in fact, the true Carcharhinus frequens whereas the larger species identified by the latter authors as N. frequens is different. Adnet et al. (2007) described badly preserved specimens from the late Eocene of Pakistan as Carcharhinus sp.1 and stated that these teeth can hardly be differentiated from the other Eocene Carcharhinus species and confusion is therefore possible with C. frequens. However, unlike C. frequens, C. sp.1 displays a betterindividualized cusp, and longer lateral heels on its upper and lower teeth. ...
Twenty six species of “megascopic” elasmobranchs have been identified, described and figured, and a local biostratigraphic scheme has been constructed. Ginglymostoma angolense Dartevelle & Casier, 1943 is reported for the first time from the Egyptian Eocene. The average size of Misrichthys stromeri Case & Cappetta, 1990 seems to be age dependent, younger populations generally being larger in size. If this trend is confirmed by future studies, it may be used to separate specifically older populations from younger ones. Several species appear to be characteristic of specific horizons and, hence, could be used in the future for regional biostratigraphic correlation.
Ginglymostoma angolense Dartevelle & Casier, 1943, «Carcharias» koerti (Stromer, 1910), Moerigaleus vitreodon Underwood &Ward, 2011, Rhizoprionodon sp. and Anoxypristis mucrodens (White, 1926) are reported for the first time from the middle Eocene of Qatar.
... Among the latter stock of mostly thermophilic forms, the bull shark C. leucas and the oceanic whitetip shark C. longimanus are known as large-sized, voracious carcharhinides that include a component of marine mammals in their diet, both as prey items and as carrion (e.g., Voigt & Weber 2011). Both C. leu cas and C. longimanus have robust upper teeth that conform to the overall dental morphology of the "Bullgroup" of Cappetta (1987Cappetta ( , 2012, consisting of species of Carcharhinus having broadly triangular upper teeth with erect to semi-oblique cusps and no mesial heels, weakly to moderately incised distal edges and both cutting edges fully serrated (Adnet et al. 2007). ...
Predation and scavenging by Cenozoic sharks are witnessed by relatively common tooth marks on vertebrate bones and much more infrequent shark teeth or tooth fragments that are found embedded in the skeletal elements of their prey/scavenging items. However rare, finds of the latter type are true “smoking guns” that provide the strongest evidence for the trophic palaeoecology of ancient sharks – one that is remarkably unaffected by the kind of problems that sometimes hinder the unambiguous identification of bite marks while often allowing for a positive taxonomic determination of the biting organism(s). Here, we report on a cetacean rib from the Pliocene of Monterotondo Marittimo (Tuscany, central Italy) that is pierced by a partial requiem shark (Carcharhinus sp.) tooth. Interestingly, in Pliocene times, the Mediterranean Basin was inhabited by a diverse carcharhinid stock, including the mammal-eating species Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharhinus longimanus and Galeo cerdo cuvier, none of which inhabits the present-day Mediterranean Sea on a regular basis. Evidence for requiem sharks (mostly broad-toothed members of the genus Carcharhinus and tiger sharks) foraging upon cetaceans is preserved in the Mediterranean Pliocene fossil record in the form of bite marks, teeth associated with bones and, with the present study, teeth embedded in bones. It is thus tempting to speculate that the abundance of mammal-eating requiem sharks in the Pliocene Mediterranean Sea was at least partly supported by a richer-than-today marine mammal fauna. A different primary productivity regime, a currently unparalleled distribution of nutrients along the water column, and/or higher seawater temperatures may in turn explain the high diversity of the Pliocene Mediterranean marine mammal assemblages. © 2022 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany
... Koot et al. (2013) described teeth, dermic denticules and fin spines of Ctenacantiforms and Hybodontiforms from the Middle Permian-Lower Triassic in the Haushi-Hugf region. Adnet et al. (2007) and Thomas et al. (1989) mentioned teeth of early Oligocene sharks and rays from Taqah and Thaytiniti, in the Dhofar region, and Roger et al. (1994) a rare spine remain of a ray from Ghaba in the early Miocene of the Dam Fm., in the region of Hugf. More broadly, Miocene elasmobranchs from the Arabian Plate are scarce and rarely illustrated. ...
Here we describe a new elasmobranch assemblage consisting of isolated dental material from the Aquitanian near-shore marine deposits of the Shuwayr and Warak formations at Sharbithat, in eastern Sultanate of Oman. The faunal composition clearly indicates affinities to other early Miocene elasmobranch-bearing localities worldwide. This assemblage is predominantly composed of large and common pelagic sharks as well as teeth attributable to a new species of fantail stingray, Taeniurops tosii, as old as the oldest undisputable fossil records of Taeniurops. The study of this fossil assemblage presented here improves the knowledge of the ancient elasmobranchs that frequented the eastern Arabian coasts during the closure of the Neotethys and the birth of the Arabian Sea.
... The fish fauna of the Jbel Qatrani Formation is diverse, with remains of lungfish as well as teleost fishes including ostariophysans (characiforms and catfishes) and three percomorphsa latid, a channid, and a cichlid (Murray, 2002(Murray, , 2004(Murray, , 2006Murray and Attia, 2004). Elasmobranch teeth are also known from the lower part of the formation, representing a dasyatid ray (Murray, 2004) and a carcharhinid shark (Adnet et al., 2007;previously reported as a lamniform shark by Murray, 2004). The articulated fish crania preserved at the L-41 locality (e.g., Parachanna fayumensis; Murray, 2006) are contained in fine grained sediments that cannot be removed without damaging the fossils; this is in contrast with the isolated elements preserved in easily removed sandy matrix found in other quarries of the formation. ...
We here describe a fossil catfish from freshwater deposits of the Jbel Qatrani Formation of the Fayum Depression, Egypt, as a new species of an extant genus, †Clarotes eocenicus, sp. nov., in the family Claroteidae. We base this placement on several cranial osteological features, including robust, laterally oriented anterior cornua of the mesethmoid, cranial fontanelle formed in mesethmoid and frontals but not extending into the parieto-supraoccipital, dermal ornamentation of small bumps concentrated on the posterior part of the skull, and supraoccipital crest short and broadly triangular. The material comes from the upper Eocene L-41 locality, which represents deposition in an oxbow lake environment. The new taxon, along with a previously described catfish from Tanzania, indicate that claroteid catfishes were established in both North and East Africa in the Eocene, and, unlike North America, Europe and Asia in which modern genera of catfishes were not present in the Eocene, at least two extant catfish genera had already evolved in the fresh waters of Africa by 45–35 million years ago.
... As regards carcharhinids, it should be noted that some closely allied genera (e.g., Scoliodon and Loxodon, which comprise a monophyletic group according to Sorenson et al. 2014) are hardly distinguishable from each other on the basis of the teeth alone (Cappetta 2012). Similarly, some species of Carcharhinus (e.g., those comprising the "bull group" sensu Adnet et al. 2007) possess broadly overlapping dental morphologies, while others (e.g., C. brachyurus) have much more taxonomically diagnostic dentitions (Purdy et al. 2001;Marsili 2007). As far as our study is concerned, the Ecuadorian fossil teeth MSNUP I-16951 and MSNUP I-16952 have been identified phenetically as consistent with those of the extant blacknose shark; thus, in light of the morphological species concept that sustains the palaeontological research on shark teeth (e.g., Ward & Bonavia 2001;Tapanila & Pruitt 2019), they could (and should) be assigned straightforward to C. acro notus. ...
The extant blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus is a small-sized, tropical to warm-temperate carcharhinid shark occurring along the western Atlantic coasts from North Carolina (USA) through the Gulf and Caribbean regions to Uruguay. Here, we report on two carcharhinid teeth from lower Pliocene (4.07-3.76 Ma) strata of the Upper Onzole Formation exposed in the vicinities of Ca-marones (northwestern Ecuador). These specimens are assigned to C. acronotus, of which they apparently represent the first occurrence in the Pacific Ocean. The blacknose shark is regarded as the sister group of the whitenose shark Nasolamia velox, an idiosyncratic carcharhinid that currently inhabits the eastern Pacific coasts from Baja California (Mexico) to Peru; furthermore, the divergence between C. acronotus and N. velox has been recently estimated at about 3.7 Ma, which matches well the final phases of formation of the Isthmus of Panama. In light of these data, our Ecuadorian specimens might document an early Pliocene phase in which the newly originated C. acronotus occurred West of the then-fading Panamanian Seaway, possibly as a consequence of occasional dispersal through the latter. Alternatively, they might represent the teeth of an as yet unnamed C. acronotus-like carcharhine, from which the the morphologically conservative C. acronotus and the highly autapomorphic N. velox later arose by vicariance as the Isthmus of Panama rose. A survey of the fossil record of these two taxa does not falsify either hypothesis. Further research on the fossil chondrichthyans from the Cenozoic marine successions of Ecuador will hopefully shed new light on this issue and, more generally, on the role played by the closure of the Panamanian Seaway as a macroevolutionary trigger in the late Cenozoic marine realm.
... In Cappetta (2012), this canal is described as the main lingual duct and the main labial duct, respectively. The Rajiformes, Squatina, Chlam ydoselachus, the Heterodontiformes, the Orectolobiformes, the Lamniformes, the Carcharhiniformes and Palaeocarcharias have only one such canal (Casier 1947a, b, c, Goto & Hashimoto 1976, Herman 1977, Thies 1983, Herman et al. 1988, 1992, Werner 1989, Welton & Farish 1993, Case 1994, Cavin et al. 1995, Delsate & Thies 1995, Case et al. 1996, Siverson 1996, Ward & Averianov 1999, Zhelezko & Kozlov 1999, Cunningham 2000, Underwood & Ward 2004b, Malyshkina 2006, Adnet et al. 2007, Adnet & Cappetta 2008, Consoli 2008, de Carvalho et al. 2008, Underwood & Ward 2008, Schmitz et al. 2010, Underwood & Cumbaa 2010, Cappetta 2012, Guinot et al. 2013b, Cook et al. 2014, Reinecke 2014. There are, on the other hand, more than one of these canals present in the tooth roots of the Pristiophoridae, Echinorhiniformes and the Hexanchiformes (Chabakov & Zonov 1935, Casier 1947a, b, c, Welton 1974, Herman et al. 1987, 1992, Cappetta 1990b, Kemp 1991, Smart 1995, Zhelezko & Kozlov 1999, Cione & Medina 2009, Adnet et al. 2012, Cappetta 2012, Kitamura 2013, Kriwet & Klug 2014, Trikolidi 2014. ...
... Where was this tooth picked up? Pimiento & Clements, 2014), although some authors have suggested that the latter occurs as early as the Burdigalian of Europe and North America (e.g., Goedert et al., 2017;Leriche, 1938;Purdy, Schneider Also mentioned are teeth of modern sharks and rays from Taqah and Thaytiniti, dated to the early Oligocene in the Dhofar region (Adnet et al., 2007;Thomas, Roger, Sen, Bourdillon-de-Grissac, & Al-Busaidi, 1989), and a few remains of rays dated to Early Miocene of the Dam Formation, in the region of Hugf (Roger et al., 1994). ...
A mega‐tooth belonging to a Miocene fossil shark was discovered along the shores of the Arabian Sea inside one of the Neolithic domestic settlements at Sharbithat (SHA‐10) (Sultanate of Oman). Attributed to a representative of the extinct genus Otodus (Megaselachus), this tooth is the first ever discovered in the Arabian Peninsula. In the field, research permitted the localization and study, a few kilometres away, of the palaeontological deposit where this retrieval was made. The shark, traditionally extensively hunted on the shores of the Arabian Sea, is well attested in the region's Neolithic ichthyological assemblages. Moreover, during this period, some groups of seaborne hunters were specialized in this form of fishing, which was indeed quite dangerous. But why did an individual some 5,500 years ago collect this curio, an unusual fossil, but also one he could easily recognize? The fossils of large sharks sometimes played an important part in ancient societies. Could this also have been the case in South‐Eastern Arabia?
... Leriche (1942) erected Sphyrna gilmorei based on teeth occurring in upper Eocene deposits of Alabama. White (1956) assigned the morphology to the subspecies Negaprion gibbesi gilmorei, and Müller (1999) and Adnet et al. (2007) used the name Carcharhinus gilmorei. Underwood et al. (2011) and Underwood and Gunter (2012) identified unserrated to weakly serrated teeth, such as those reported here, as Negaprion rather than Carcharhinus. ...
... The present paper gives a brief preliminary data on the microstructural features of some selected shark teeth of the genus Galeorhinus, Carcharhinus and Carcharodon from the Late Miocene, Baripada Beds, Orissa, India. Sahni and Mitra, 1980;Adnet et al., 2007;Milankumar, 2013); B. Location map of study area; C. Lithosection of Mukurmatia (After Milankumar, 2013). ...
Numerous shark teeth were collected during the recent geological field work (2017-2018) conducted at the well known shark bearing deposits of Makurmatia section of Late Miocene Baripada Beds, Orissa. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of some of the selected shark teeth (Galeorhinus sp., Carcharhinus sp., Carcharodon sp.) were carried out to study the microcrostructural arrangement of the teeth enamel. The scanning electron micrographs of the shark teeth enamel crystals are highly ordered and arranged in different fashions as single crystallite enameloid (SCE), bundle crystallite enameloid (BCE) which can be subdivided into parallel bundle enameloid (PBE) and tangled bundle enameloid (TBE) as compared to the basal neoselachian which present only the single crystallite enameloid (SCE). The TBE of the Carcharodon sp. is more matured and more compacted than the other two Carcharhinus sp. and Galeorhinus sp. The microstructural arrangement of Galeorhinus sp, Carcharhinus sp. and Carcharodon sp. suggest that these sharks belong to the modern Neoselachian group of sharks.
... The significance of these ratios as witnesses of renewal within any given taxonomic shark lineage should be interpreted and assessed in relation with other interconnected markers (e.g., ecological, environmental, etc.). For example, the more conservative lamniform lineage (and, in particular, the mega-toothed sharks) are often closely related to those marginal sea areas (e.g., the East Pisco Basin) whose ecological structure was driven, through the time, by coastal upwelling dynamics supporting high-standing crops, mostly consisting of marine mammals and coastal-pelagic fishes (Adnet et al., 2007;Mondal et al., 2009;Avila et al., 2012;Sorenson et al., 2014;Landini et al., 2017a). ...
A newly discovered elasmobranch assemblage from the fossil-bearing area of Zamaca (Chilcatay Formation, southern Peru) is described herein, providing a first comprehensive view on the early Miocene shark and ray paleocommunities of the East Pisco Basin, whose sedimentary infill represents one of the most important Cenozoic Fossil-Lagerstätten worldwide. The studied assemblage includes at least twenty-two species attributed to twelve families and five orders. Thirteen taxa are recorded for the first time from the Chilcatay Formation, and four of them are recorded for the first time from the Pacific coast of South America. The reconstructed paleoenvironmental scenario is consistent with a shallow-marine coastal area, representative of a sheltered shelfal setting, influenced by both brackish and open-ocean waters. This paleoenvironment was inhabited by a community of small mesopredator elasmobranchs that exploited the Zamaca area as a nursery ground and recruitment area. The structure of the Zamaca assemblage is mainly explained by three key-features: 1) a taxonomic composition dominated by two shark lineages, Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes, the former being predominant; 2) the leading role played by two species, Carcharhinus brachyurus and †Cosmopolitodus hastalis, accounting for about 60% of the analyzed specimens; 3) the distinctly juvenile imprint of the entire assemblage. Striking similarities emerge between the elasmobranch assemblage from Zamaca and the late Miocene one from Cerro Colorado (Pisco Formation, East Pisco Basin), thus suggesting the persistence of a peculiar “biological enclave” driven by the concurrence of the ecological, environmental, and oceanographic factors that characterized the coast of present-day Peru during the Neogene.
... 7M-O) seem instead to belong to Himantura, based on the short folds on the upper part of the lingual face of the crown. Other remains have been reported from the Early Oligocene of Pakistan (Adnet et al. 2007) and the Miocene of Madagascar (Andrianavalona et al. 2015, fig. 5B-G). ...
The highest biodiversity of marine fishes occurs in South-east Asia in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA). However, the fossil record of fishes is very sparse and extremely incomplete in the IAA. Here we present a diverse fossil cartilaginous fish fauna from Borneo, found in late Miocene sediments in Brunei Darussalam. This fauna provides the first insight into the types of fishes that existed in the IAA region about 6.5–8 million years ago. The chondrichthyan remains belong to 24 selachian and batoid taxa. The shark fauna is dominated by Carcharhiniformes, comprising three families with at least 12 taxa, most related to modern species: Hemigaleidae (one species), Carcharhinidae (nine) and Sphyrnidae (two). In addition, the teeth of one Lamniformes shark, the extinct giant macro-predator Otodus (Megaselachus) megalodon, are present in the fauna. The batoids are dominated by Myliobatiformes from the following families: Dasyatidae (three species), Aetobatidae (one), Myliobatidae (three), Rhinopteridae (one), while three taxa of the order Rhinopristiformes were also recovered: Pristidae (one species), and Rhinidae (two). Such diversity of fossil cartilaginous fish has never before been reported from the tropical region of South-east Asia. The dominance of the carcharhinid sharks and small rays suggests a shallow marine, coastal palaeoenvironment. The presence of the freshwater shark genus Glyphis indicates a nearby fluvial influence. Some species of the ray genera, such as Himantura or Pastinachus, have also been reported from estuaries and fresh water. The lack of some generally common Neogene taxa, such as Odontaspididae, Lamnidae and Alopidae, may be linked to such local factors and the coastal shallow-water environment.
... strongly remind those of unnamed species from Priabonian of Egypt the Cenozoic record of elasmobranchs frequenting the Eastern Indian Ocean area (originally the western part of Neotethys) is better (e.g. White 1927;Casier 1971;Kumar and Loyal 1987;Thomas et al. 1989;Case and West 1991;Bajpai and Thewissen 2002;Rana et al. 2005;Adnet et al. 2007;Kumar et al. 2007;Andrianavalona et al. 2015). However, no modern hypolophin (e.g. ...
Hypolophin ‘dasyatids’ are a common group of large stingrays today frequenting the Indo-Pacific inshores. Being often harvested in their restricted area, few are known about their biology and their evolutionary history despite a very peculiar dental pattern making it easy to track their fossil record. An abundant material
consisting of isolated teeth from Late Bartonian (38-40 Ma) lagoonal deposits of Djebel el Kébar, Tunisia, allows to describe a new stingray, Pastinachus kebarensis nov. sp. This taxon represents the oldest occurrence for this genus but also the oldest fossil record for hypolophins. A dental comparison of these fossils with 3D rendered models of fresh specimens testifies that early hypolophin representatives had already a strongly arcuate and bulbous upper jaw, interlocking with a broad and elongated tooth plate on the lower jaw. This new fossil and its fossil relatives (here updated), indicate a pre-Bartonian origination for hypolophins in western Neotethys, and reveal a rapid and widespread colonization of the proto-Mediterranean Sea, western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific coasts during the late Paleogene–early Neogene. Finally, it is worth noting that early hypolophin representatives seemingly entered freshwater habitats occasionally as modern cowtail stingrays do.
... A Lower Oligocene Hemipristis cf. serra from Pakistan is reported as having transitional characters between H. curvatus and H. serra with weaker and less vertically developed serrations (ADNET et al., 2007;CICIMURRI & KNIGHT, 2009). The Late Oligocene to Neogene species H. serra has some morphological similarities with the Recent H. elongatus Klunzinger 1871. ...
The work herein reports some Badenian (Middle Miocene) fish of western Transylvanian Basin documented by teeth. So far, the Middle Miocene fish teeth from Transylvania were very rarely reported and hardly ever illustrated. Teeth from recent fieldwork and from several collections were analyzed. They originate from the localities Gârbova de Sus, Cetea, Lopadea Veche and Rachiș, all in Alba County. The present article describes and illustrates nine fish teeth that belong to Otodus (Megaselachus) megalodon Agassiz 1835, Hemipristis serra, Agassiz 1835, Carcharodon hastalis Agassiz 1838, Carcharias sp., Diplodus jomnitanus and Sparidae indet. These representatives refine the knowledge of the upper trophic links in the Badenian Paratethys Sea
ecosystems in the Inner Carpathian region of Romania.
... For example, the more conservative lamniform taxa (megatoothed sharks in particular) are often closely related to those areas (e.g. Pungo River and Pisco basin) driven, through the time, by coastal upwelling regimes supporting high-standing crops, mainly based on marine mammals and pelagic fishes (Adnet et al., 2007;Mondal et al., 2009;Avila et al., 2012;Sorenson et al., 2014). ...
The new late Miocene elasmobranch assemblage from Cerro Colorado (Pisco Formation) described herein provides a first comprehensive view on the composition and structure of this community in the Pisco Basin (Peru), one of the most important Neogene Konservat-Lagerstätten of the world. The studied assemblage includes at least 21 species attributed to 10 families and 5 orders: 7 taxa are recorded for the first time in the Pisco Formation and 3 for the first time in the fossil record of Peru. Three shark-tooth bearing intervals have been recognized at Cerro Colorado. Changes in the taxonomic composition of these three fossiliferous deposits allowed us to reconstruct ecological, trophic and environmental dynamics over the stratigraphic succession of Cerro Colorado. In particular, the environmental scenario of the most diversified shark-tooth bearing interval (ST-low1) is consistent with a shallow marine coastal area, influenced by both brackish and open sea waters, dominated by a community of small mesopredator sharks that used this ecospace as reproductive ground (nursery) and recruitment area.
... This is in accordance with the replacement of lamniform-dominated ecosystems by carcharhinid-dominated ones during the Eocene, as demonstrated by e.g. Adnet et al. (2007) and Underwood et al. (2011). In general, both community structures presented herein suggest a relatively shallow-marine environment, with rich invertebrate and fish faunas. ...
Temporal patterns in biodiversity are affected largely by changes in environmental conditions. Sea level fluctuations rank
amongst the major factors that affect marine biodiversity or community structure on a local or regional scale, as confirmed by numerous
case studies relating lithology with fossil assemblages in order to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions. However up to now,
few studies quantified selachian and batoid faunas (Elasmobranchii) in such a context. In the present study, we compare elasmobranch
teeth from two successive facies of Ypresian (Early Eocene) age, as exposed at the Marke clay pit in the southern part of the Belgian
Basin. We present a significant link between the difference in lithology of these levels and elasmobranch community structure. In
general, selachians are notably more common in clayey levels, while batoids predominate in sandy levels. Following the principle of
uniformitarianism, such a link indicates that the recognised patterns in elasmobranch diversity depend mainly on the preferred sea level
and/or habitat requirements by a species or a species group, in analogy to what is seen in modern communities. Additional notes on the
palaeoenvironment are presented, as well as a list of 36 elasmobranch taxa from Marke, including a number of new recorded taxa for
the Ypresian of Belgium
... However, "Bugti" is not a locality but the name of a tribal territory, in which dozens of vertebrate localities range from the middle Eocene up to the Pleistocene (Welcomme et al., 1997Métais et al., 2009a;Antoine et al., 2013). The locality of Paali DB-C2 has been dated from the early Oligocene, based on a species-rich mammalian fauna including a wide array of micro-, meso-, and mega-mammals (for review, see Marivaux et al., 1999Marivaux et al., , 2001Antoine et al., 2003Antoine et al., , 2004Marivaux et al., 2005;Adnet et al., 2007;Métais et al., 2009aMétais et al., , 2009bAntoine et al., 2013). The suoid assemblage of Paali DB-C2 was studied by Orliac et al. (2010b). ...
from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World. Palaeontologia Electronica 18.2.30A: 1-18 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1232-turkish-early-miocene-suids ABSTRACT Suoids are conspicuous components of late early Miocene faunas in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Strikingly, despite a rich fossil record at the Old World scale, no early Miocene suoid remains were known thus far from Anatolia, a region located at the crossroads between Africa, Arabia, Asia, and Europe. Here we describe a fragmentary cranium, mostly preserving the palate, and a dp4 of small suids from the Şemsettin locality in the Çankiri-Çorum Basin, north Central Anatolia. These remains document the first suoids ever recorded in the Early Miocene of Turkey. Both remains are attributed to the subfamily Hyotheriinae. The fragmentary cranium presents an original combination of characters and is attributed to Nguruwe? galaticum sp. nov. The isolated dp4, of much smaller size, is here attributed to another hyotheriine taxon of indeterminate genus and species. Nguruwe? galaticum sp. nov. shows equal affinity with both Asiatic and African Hyotheriinae. Maëva J. Orliac
... De manera errónea, Case & West (1991) describieron esta especie para el Eoceno tardío de la Formación Kirthar en el Miembro Drazinda en Pakistán que de acuerdo a Adnet et al. (2007), corresponde a la especie indeterminada Negaprion sp. para el Oligoceno temprano de Beluchistán. ...
Se estudia la ictiofauna de la localidad de Pacuare de Tres Equis de edad Mioceno Inferior donde se registran 8 géneros de tiburones: Heptranchias, Megaselachus, Isurus, Carcharias, Mitsukurina, Hemipristis, Negaprion y Carcharhinus; y 6 familias de osteíctios, Sparidae, Acanthuridae, Scaridae, Labridae, Sphyraenidae y Tetraodontidae. Esta asociación de peces sugiere un ambiente marino sublitoral - nerítico, con aguas cálidas tropicales y salinidad normal.
... Hemipristis serra was first described by Agassiz (1843) from the Miocene of southern Germany. It is known from the Oligocene to the Pleistocene of all continents apart from Antarctica and is very common throughout the Neogene (e.g., Cappetta, 2012;Adnet et al., 2007;Marsili et al., 2007;Cicimurri andKnight, 2009). D'Erasmo (1934) had previously identified the species from the presumably marine strata of the Maradah Formation, exposed in Qarat al Luban (Garet el-Luban) northwest of Jabal Zaltan. ...
Paléomammalogie (mammifères de moyenne et grande taille)/Palaeomammalogy (large and mid-sized mammals) Lorenzo Rook (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze) Paléomammalogie (petits mammifères sauf Euarchontoglires)/Palaeomammalogy. 2022.-Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan fauna from the middle Miocene deposits of Palasava, Kutch, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography. Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (43): 939-968. https://doi. ABSTRACT The Neogene of Kutch, India is well known for its rich marine and terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. However, the data of piscean fauna from the middle Miocene of India is very scarce. We report here additional chondrichthyan and osteichthyan remains from the middle Miocene deposit of Chhasra Formation, Palasava site, Kutch, Gujarat, India.
Nowadays, the requiem sharks comprise one of the most diverse and widespread families of selachians, i.e., Carcharhinidae. Among the carcharhinids, the genus Carcharhinus has the largest number of living species, namely, at least 35. Known from fossils as old as the Cretaceous, the requiem sharks did not significantly radiate before the Eocene (when Carcharhinus also appeared), and their diversification mainly occurred in Neogene times. Here, we describe a new species of requiem shark, Carcharhinus dicelmai sp. nov., based on fossil teeth from Lower Miocene (18.4–18.1 Ma) strata of the Chilcatay Formation of the East Pisco Basin (southern Peru). Upper teeth of C. dicelmai sp. nov. are typically provided with a slender, smooth-edged cusp; a marked coronal twist; and a distal heel that bears 1–5 coarse, angularly lobate serrae that become more prominent toward the base of the cusp. The dentition of C. dicelmai sp. nov. appears less akin to that of most other carcharhines to the cutting-clutching type, and seemingly testifies to the development of more predominantly clutching adaptations. A carcharhinid tooth from the Burdigalian to lower Langhian Cantaure Formation of Venezuela is reassigned to C. dicelmai sp. nov., suggesting a trans-Panamanian distribution for this extinct shark species.
Evaluation of two historical collections of Louisiana vertebrate fossils housed in museum repositories revealed the presence of Paleogene shark and ray taxa that were heretofore unknown from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA. These include a new species of Carcharhinus, the sharks Isogomphodon sp., Mustelus sp., and Xiphodolamia ensis Leidy, 1877, and the ray Gymnura sp. Additionally, the first known lateral tooth of Eoplinthicus yazooensis Cappetta & Stringer, 2002 is described, improving our knowledge of the dentition of this extinct mobulid ray. The Isogomphodon sp. teeth represent the third fossil record of the genus from North America, whereas a single Mustelus sp. tooth is only the second Eocene record of this genus on the continent. One tooth of X. ensis provides the first record of the taxon in the Gulf Coastal Plain. The new Carcharhinus is distinct from all previously described Paleogene species, and it is the second Bartonian representative of the genus to be identified from deposits of the Eocene Mississippi Embayment. Two late Eocene Gymnura sp. teeth are the second Paleogene record of the genus in North America. These fossils improve our knowledge of Paleogene elasmobranch faunas on a local (Louisiana), regional (southeastern USA), and global scale.
The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, 1839) is a large, primarily coastally distributed shark famous for its ability to penetrate far into freshwater bodies in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate climates. It is a cosmopolitan species with a geographical range that includes the coastlines of all major ocean basins (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean). As a consequence, freshwater occurrences of C. leucas are possible everywhere inside its geographic range. Carcharhinus leucas is a fully euryhaline, amphidromous species and possibly the widest-ranging of all freshwater tolerating elasmobranchs. This species is found not only in river systems with sea access that are not interrupted by human impediments but in hypersaline lakes as well. Rivers and estuaries are believed to be important nursery grounds for C. leucas, as suggested by observations of pregnant females in estuaries and neonates with umbilical scars in rivers and river mouths. Due to the physical capability of this species to enter riverine systems, the documentation of its occurrence in fresh and brackish water is essential for future conservation plans, fishery inspections, and scientific studies that focus on the link between low salinity habitats, shark nurseries, and feeding areas. The author’s review of the available literature on C. leucas revealed the absence of a comprehensive overview of fresh and brackish water localities (rivers and associated lakes, estuaries) with C. leucas
records. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a global list of rivers, river systems, lakes, estuaries, and lagoons with records and reports of this species, including a link to the used references as a base for regional, national, and international conservation strategies. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present lists of fresh and brackish water habitats with records of C. leucas as the result of an extensive literature review and analysis of databases. This survey also took into account estuaries and lagoons, regarding their function as important nursery grounds for C. leucas. The analysis of references included is not only from the scientific literature, but also includes semi-scientific references and the common press if reliable. The result of 415 global fresh and brackish water localities with evidence of C. leucas highlights the importance of these habitats for the reproduction of this species. Moreover, gaps in available distribution maps are critically discussed as well as interpretations and conclusions made regarding possible reasons for the distribution range of C. leucas, which can be interpreted as the result of geographic circumstances, but also as a result of the current state of knowledge about the distribution of this species. The results of the examination of available references were used to build a reliable and updated distribution map for C. leucas, which is also presented here.
The biostratigraphic information from the last remnants of the Tethys Seaway in northern Pakistan was used to date the cessation of marine sedimentation as a result of the closure of the eastern Tethys Seaway and to give a minimum time for the India–Asia collision. The current detailed biostratigraphic investigations of the Eocene Kohat Formation in the Kohat Basin divulged that the rock unit in the study area contains age-diagnostic larger benthic foraminiferal (LBF) species of middle Eocene age. Based on the association of identified LBF species, two local biozones, i.e. PKBZ 1 and PKBZ 2, are documented and are comparable with published SBZ 13 and SBZ 14 zones, suggesting an early to middle Lutetian age of the rock unit. The integration of current biostratigraphic
information of the Kohat Basin with detailed literature on other basins suggests that
the closure of the eastern Tethys Seaway in Pakistan occurred in four stages: (i) closure of the northwestern Kohat region during the early Ypresian (55.9–55Ma), (ii) followed by the closure in the Potwar region, apart from its northwestern domain, during the middle to late Ypresian (54–49.9 Ma), (iii) closure of the Tethys Seaway in the Hazara–Kashmir and northwestern Potwar regions during the early Lutetian (49–45.8 Ma) and (iv) the final stage of Tethys closure has occurred in the Kohat region during the middle Lutetian 1 (45.8–43.6 Ma). The biostratigraphic information in the current study suggests that the final stage of eastern Tethys closure in northern Pakistan occurred at 45.8–43.6Ma, and thus it gives a minimum age for the India–Asia collision. Such diachroneity can be observed elsewhere in the eastern Tethys, including Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh, Turkey and Tibet. The closure started first in eastern Tethys, continued in both eastern and western Tethys, and was finally completed in eastern Tethys.
The early Miocene stingray †Trygon vorstmani represented by a single specimen collected from the fish-bearing limestones of the Tonasa Formation of SW Sulawesi, Indonesia, is redescribed here in detail. This taxon exhibits a unique combination of features that clearly support the presence of a new genus, †Protohimantura gen. nov. and its assignment to the whiptail stingrays (Dasyatidae) of the subfamily Urogymninae. The morphological and phylogenetic affinities of †Protohimantura gen. nov. with the living whiprays suggest a close association of this taxon with tropical shallow-water habitats hypothesized for the SW Sulawesi palaeoenvironment during early Miocene. Moreover, this occurrence, which also represents the first holomorphic stingray specimen from the Neogene, provides new insights into the role of the Indo-Australian Archipelago for the evolutionary history of fishes associated with reefs in the context of the shift of the marine biodiversity hotspot across the globe during the last 50 million years.
A studied of the Lower Miocene fish fauna of the Pacuare de Tres Equis locality is made. In this area it is recorded 8 genera of sharks: Heptranchias, Megaselachus, Isurus, Carcharias, Mitsukurina, Hemipristis, Negaprion and Carcharhinus; and 6 families of osteichthyans, Sparidae, Acanthuridae, Scaridae, Labridae, Sphyraenidae and Tetraodontidae. This fish assemblage points out to infralittoral-neritic, tropical warming waters environments with normal salinity.
5 Recent recovery of the teeth of fossil sharks and rays, as well as the rostral spines of sawfishes in the Irwinton Sand Member of the Barnwell Formation at a Kaolin operation in northeast-central Georgia, allows us to compare the faunal assemblage of the present study with that of the Twiggs Clay Member of the Barnwell Formation of Late Eocene age (Jacksonian) (CASE, 1981). At the present time there are no new species to be considered, and we regret that only two species of microteeth (Heterodontus cf. H. pineti and Urolophis cruciatus) have so far been collected. No doubt-with furter collecting , more specimens of the microfauna will come to light. The fauna of this study consists of the following taxa: Heterodontus cf. H. pineti CASE; Carcharocles sp.; lsurus praecursor (LERICHE); Cretolamna twiggsensis (CASE) ; Carcharias cuspidata (AGASSIZ) ; Nebrius thielensis (WINKLER); Hemipristis curvatus DAMES; Abdounia enniskilleni (WHITE); Galeocerdo latidens (AGASSIZ); Negaprion eurybathrodon (BLAKE); Pristis cf. P. lathami GALEOTTI; Propristis schweinfurthi DAMES; Urolophis cruciatus (LACEPEDE) and Hyliobatis sp. The following teleosts are also present in the fauna: Cylindracanthus cf. C. rectus (DIXON); Sphyraena sp ., and Trichiurides sagittidens WINKLER.
The selachian fossil record of the Neogene into the Caribbean región used to be poorly known. The locality of Alto Guayacán hasyieldedthe richest fauna assemblage known up to now, with 39 species of chondricthyans (seven of then are assumed like new species) plus 25 species of teleosteans based on otoliths and isolated teeth. The research was focussed to find the microscopical specimens, by this reason was necessary the utilisation of screen washing techniques to collect the fossil samples whose sizes don't reach lengths over 2 mm. The selachianfaunal assemblage was compared with other similar faunas recorded to establish paleobiogeographical statements and a paleoecological interpretaron of its environmental scenery. There is not doubt that Alto Guayacán selachian fauna is one of the most important assemblage in the Caribbean región, enough to change the present paleontológica! visión of the Caribbean neogene fossil ichthyofauna known until now.
A diverse near-shore marine fauna existed during the early Miocene in what is today an arid inland region about 90 km south of the Caribbean coast of northern Venezuela, a poorly known area geologically and paleontologically. The fossil locality consists of more than 100 m of section exposed in an area of about 1 km 2 . We report the discovery of 20 molluscan species, one crab ( Portunus oblongus ), at least three sharks ( Hemipristis serra and Carcharhinus spp.), one turtle (“ Podocnemis” venezuelensis ), one crocodile (Crocodylidae), two whales (Odontoceti) and a three dimensional cast of the mesocarp or endocarp of a palm fruit. Several taxa are reported for the first time in Venezuela or in northern South America. The fauna indicates, or at least is consistent with, an early Miocene age for the locality, and a near-shore and shallow water marine depositional environment. We suggest that the earliest mammal previously reported from Venezuela, the pyrothere Proticia venezuelensis, was collected in Miocene rocks of the Castillo Formation instead of Eocene rocks of the Trujillo Formation.
The discovery of two horizons rich in vertebrate fossils situated in the Sands of Fontainebleau (sables de Fontainebleau, southwest part of the Paris Basin, geological map of Chartres 1/50000) has allowed to record and describe a new Elasmobranch fauna.
The fish remains, including 104 species from 52 families, collected at the Lee Creek Mine near Aurora, Beaufort County, North Carolina, constitute the largest fossil marine fish assemblages known from the Coastal Plain of the eastern United States. The fish faunas came principally from the Pungo River Formation (Burdigalian, planktonic foraminifera zones N6-7) and the Yorktown Formation (Zanclian, planktonic foraminifera zone N18 and younger). A few specimens were obtained from the James City Formation (early-middle Pleistocene). As an assemblage, the fishes found in the Pungo River Formation, including 44 species of selachians and 10 species of teleosts, are most similar to those from the “Muschelsandstein” of the Swiss Molasse. The Yorktown Formation fish assemblage includes 37 species of selachians and 40 species of teleosts, derived mostly from the base of the Sunken Meadow Member. Although the Pungo River Formation fish fauna is dominated by warm-water (18°-25°C) taxa, the Yorktown Formation fossil fish fauna includes warm and cool water species. Both fish assemblages occur with a cool-temperate invertebrate fauna. The abundant remains in both faunas permit us to make the following interpretations concerning shark taxonomy. We reassign Megascyliorhinus to the family Parascyllidae and Parotodus benedenii (Le Hon) to the Lamnidae. Among the mako sharks, we designate the lectotype of Isurus desori (Agassiz) and synonymize it with 7. oxyrinchus Rafinesque and separate Isurus xiphodon (Agassiz) from I. hastalis (Agassiz). Palaeocarcharodon, Procarcharodon, Megaselachus, and Carcharocles are synonymized with Carcharodon. Sphyrna laevissima (Cope) is synonymized with S. zygaena (Linnaeus), and Galeocerdo triqueter Cope is synonymized with Alopias cf. A. vulpinus (Bonnaterre). This fauna produced four new records and two new species. Among the selachians, we note the first records of Megascyliorhinus, Rhincodon, Megachasma, and Isistius from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and among the bony fishes, the first occurrences in the fossil record of Caulolatilus and Pomatomus. We also describe two new species of bony fishes, Lopholatilus rayus and Pagrushyneus.
Zoogeography is the study of patterns of distribution of animals on earth and the biological, geological and climatic processes that influence these patterns (Lieberman, 1999; Mooi and Gill, 2002). Historically, two major fields of scientific inquiry have developed relative to zoogeography: historical zoogeography and ecological zoogeography (Brown and Lomolino, 1998; Mooi and Gill, 2002). Historical zoogeography examines distributions of animals over large spatial scales, often at various taxonomic levels, and involves zoogeographic mechanisms over long temporal scales (Briggs, 1995). Ecological zoogeography focuses on short-term ecological and evolutionary processes that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of animals, usually at lower taxonomic levels and small spatial scales (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967). This chapter presents a review of the historical zoogeography of sharks (Selachii).
