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Strategic planning before and after a mega-event
Abstract
This paper examines strategic planning in Sheffield, England around its hosting of the 1991 World Student Games, considering this before and after the mega-event. Aspects of strategic planning considered in this case study were identified from three theoretical perspectives on strategy: the classical, processual and systemic. The paper focuses on three aspects of Sheffield's strategic planning around the 1991 Games. The first aspect is the extent to which strategic planning was effective in linking the Games investment with the development of tourism for urban regeneration. The second is the degree to which there was a clear strategy around the Games investment both in advance of, and following, the Games. The third aspect is whether strategy emerged from formal analysis and decision-making or by learning, accident and political processes. The social and political circumstances affecting Sheffield's planning are also central to this assessment of strategy. The final part of the paper examines potential lessons from Sheffield's strategic planning.
... Numerous researches (Table 1) have pointed out the contemporary tendency of the strategic integration of mega event planning with large urban developments such as infrastructure provision and regeneration in which the event has been regarded as a catalyst or justification for development projects (Bramwell, 1997;Burbank et al., 2002;Lei and Spaans, 2009;Müller, 2015). For instance, Salt Lake City and Atlanta considered Olympic preparation and planning as a part of a long-term development agenda (Burbank et al., 2002). ...
... Accordingly, the need of long-term research and monitoring as well as independent urban planning evaluation has been outlined (Bramwell, 1997;Gaffney, 2013). ...
... The study utilizes a network analysis and the results can be used for providing co-operative strategy and complementarity among attractions (Hunt and Crompton, 2008;Lue et al., 1993;Nelson, 1958) Although the results warn that the expectation of spillover and durable effect can be hasty, the following results imply that the redevelopment project induced by a mega event has brought the changes and reorganized the travel pattern in small city. Based on the empirical data, this study supports the governments' efforts to integrate mega-event planning with urban redevelopment, as well as, connecting the event with tourism for city revitalization (Bramwell, 1997;Burbank et al., 2002;Lei and Spaans, 2009;Müller, 2015). ...
Background and objective: Although mega-events are generally expected to have both short-and long-term lasting favorable effects on host cities, few quantitative studies have investigated this impact based on demand-oriented evidences and through a phased data collection. This study examines the case of Gangneung, a Winter Olympic host city, in order to identify the extent to which the effects of the Olympics are durable.Methods: City map survey was conducted 48 times for 527 visitors for a year and half for visitation pattern observation. In order to investigate the temporal impact of the Olympic event and seasonality, attraction visitation network for seven periods are compared based on using Network density comparison analysis. In addition, a regression analysis-a QAP (Quadratic Assignment Procedure) was followed to examine different factors affecting network formation.Results: As the Winter Olympics were taking place mainly around the Olympic Park, the visitation network results displayed very strong connections among the Olympic park, the Northern coast, and the Southern city’s downtown. However, except the major connections, all other connecting strengths were presented with noticeably weaker strengths when compared to the pre-Olympic period. After the Olympics, the edge strengths were restored to levels similar to those of the pre-Olympic period and, the most noticeable change was the reduced gap between the strongest and weakest attraction group, indicating that the edge strengths tend to distribute equally. Another change was that the strengths of connections to the Olympic Park became stronger, indicating that the Olympic legacy was included as one of the touristic attractions. The results of the following season indicated that the connections among the Northern and Eastern coasts, the Western historical sites, and the Southern downtown area remained strong and connections to the downtown became more prominent with new powerful attraction points.Conclusion: The longitudinal observations revealed that there is a noticeable durable impact of hosting the Olympics. To some extent, Olympic hosting and the KTX railway construction seem to have changed tourist visitation patterns. Although the results warn that the expectation of spillover and durable effect can be hasty, the following results imply that the redevelopment project induced by a mega event has brought the changes and reorganized the travel pattern in small city. This also provides evidence that mega-event impact sometimes lags behind the city government and local community’s schedule, which explains the need for a long-term evaluation.
... AccordingtoDavidetal. (2017) (Rowe,2014). Bramwell(1997)viewsstrategicplanningasathree-dimensionalmanagementtoolendowedwith multi-perspectives.Thefirstdimensionisconstructedarounda"classicalperspective",whichlooks atthepreciseformulationofthestrategy,followedbyitsimplementation.Theanalysisisconstructed tofacilitatespecificevaluationandcleardecisionscenteredonspecificandlogicalstepsthatareused todevelopandimplementaplan.Accordingtotheresearch,suchstepscanleadtoa"definitionof purposetosituationanalysis,determinationofstrategicgoals,specificationofstrategiestomeetthe goals,identificationofspecificobjectives,actions,andtargets".Thisindividuallydesignedstrategic initiativethenleadstothefinalphase,inwhichaprocessofimplementationisenacted.Theprocess monitoring,analysis,andfinalreviewfollowit. ...
... This "classical perspective" (Bramwell, 1997) is preparatory in design and facilitates the achievementofobjectives.Itisprecededbythe"surveyofelements,analysisandsynthesis,policyand planformulation,andimplementationandmonitoring" (Bramwell,1997;Schryen,2012).Moreover, thisperspectivecreatestheabilitytoassessmarketconditions,determinationofobjectives,plansof action,andsignificantrevision.Thistypeofrevisionprocessindicatesthattheprocessisongoing andsubjecttocontinualdevelopment.Theperspectiveisviewedfromalogicalorobjectivestance, andtheemphasisisdirectedtotheanalyticalprocess,order,andinclusionofacontrolmechanism. Althoughthestanceisconstructedtobeobjective,itcangeneratesubjectiveorganizationalviewpoints thatarequalitativeindesignandfunctionality(Shenhar&Levy,1997). ...
... Thefinaldimensionalperspectiveconcernsthe"systemicperspective."Thisviewpointisseen asmorestructurallybasedandtargetsstrategicplanningasitpertainstosocietal"social,economic and political structures." Here, Bramwell (1997) contends that the system or structural context influenceshowplanningstrategiesareconstructedandimplemented.Furthermore,theresearchers claimthatthis"relativistpositionindicatesthatstrategymustbeinterpretedwithsociologicaland politicalsensitivity." ...
This paper investigates marketing and strategic planning issues, its relationship to project management, and the factors affecting these relationships. The authors perform an unstructured and structured literature review, which identified 83 articles that explore the critical variables in this paper. Factors are often seen as operational factors that are directed towards personnel tasked with daily operations. Notably, project management, when tasked with marketing and strategic planning, is challenged to cope with evolving situational alterations that require a different set of skills. Particularly, they contribute to several bodies of knowledge, including project management, decision-making, strategic planning, marketing, and leadership. The study builds on these bodies of knowledge and also addresses gaps identified in these research fields. They contribute to research on factors through various avenues for future research.
... If this phenomenon arises, the power of the large Olympic project may connect beneficiaries of various interests (Horne and Manzenreiter, 2006). Bramwell (1997), Cashman (1999) and Getz (1991Getz ( , 2008 all wrote about the importance of setting core objectives, with coherent coordinated leveraging activities before hosting the event. ...
... Event sport tourism became a niche sector for the tourism market, as it is demonstrated by the mass tourism promotion of host cities (Chen, 2012;Kim et al., 2010). Cities hosting the Olympic Games for instance may target specific market segments during the planning of the Games (Bramwell, 1997;Chalip, 2001;Getz, 1997;O'Brien and Chalip, 2008). Therefore, understanding the sport tourist market can be significant in the development of destination tourism (King et al., 2015). ...
... Practitioners interviewed for this research argued that as London is a unique city and already receiving high numbers of visitors, it can be critical to shift tourism away from the host city. Initiatives to leverage immediate tourism in non-host UK destinations can be a tool to avoid overtourism and can be incorporated in the strategic planning of the event (Mhanna et al., 2017;van der Berg et al., 1995;Bramwell, 1997;Chalip, 2004;Preuss, 2007). The data revealed that it can be useful to spread tourists around the host country because of the fact that the Olympic Games was already considered a "fast-track" tourism development factor Strategy to overcome overtourism (Preuss, 2004), in the UK Government's agenda. ...
Purpose
This study aims to recommend initiatives that can be adopted to overcome overtourism in host destinations of mega sport events.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopts a qualitative research design that involves 20 semi-structured interviews with key informant stakeholders of the London 2012 Olympic Games. An exploratory case study approach was used to investigate strategies used to leverage tourism benefits in host destinations, and the authors used thematic analysis to present strategies to overcome overtourism in host cities.
Findings
This study emphasises the need for spreading tourists beyond the host city as a main strategy. To do so, three initiatives are recommended: spreading domestic tourism outside the host city, showcasing destination beyond the host city and promoting regional collaboration.
Practical implications
This research provides tourism practitioners and destination management organisations in host destinations of mega sport events with an advanced strategic insights to capitalise on mega sport events. The authors suggest considering the events as a theme through an event planning process to overcome potential overtourism in unique host cities.
Originality/value
As overtourism has an impact on visited destinations, this study argues that overtourism can be generated by mega sport events. This paper offers an extended insight into overcoming overtourism by implementing strategic event tourism, leveraging initiatives that can be extended in use to reach geographic areas beyond host cities of mega sport events.
... Hall and Getz argued that strategic planning represents an essential ingredient to create successful events which generate benefits for a long time and grow of a community along with them. Thus, there were developed different approaches of the strategic planning process in the case of large scale events based on three major perspectives: classical, processual and systemic (Bramwell, 1997). If the classical and processual perspectives tend to be inward-looking, the systemic approach is more oriented to the influence of external factors, like social, economic and political. ...
... The processual perspective comes to revise the previous idea of a formal process, establish from the outset, emphasises more the strategy as an emergent process of learning and adaptation (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985). The third perspective considers that strategy evolves in time under the pressure of external influences which are more and more important for the successful events and festivals, and due to this should be able to emphasis the social system as the context shaping the interests and outcomes of strategy (Bramwell, 1997). ...
... Hall and Getz argued that strategic planning represents an essential ingredient to create successful events which generate benefits for a long time and grow of a community along with them. Thus, there were developed different approaches of the strategic planning process in the case of large scale events based on three major perspectives: classical, processual and systemic (Bramwell, 1997). If the classical and processual perspectives tend to be inward-looking, the systemic approach is more oriented to the influence of external factors, like social, economic and political. ...
... The processual perspective comes to revise the previous idea of a formal process, establish from the outset, emphasises more the strategy as an emergent process of learning and adaptation (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985). The third perspective considers that strategy evolves in time under the pressure of external influences which are more and more important for the successful events and festivals, and due to this should be able to emphasis the social system as the context shaping the interests and outcomes of strategy (Bramwell, 1997). ...
Big events are playing an important role in our society and lives; therefore, there was an increase in their number in the past ten years, which automatically made them also an economic power in different countries. Throughout the paper, we are focusing on the music festival events that grew organically since their existence, and together with their development; it helped the society and economy of Romania grow. The study is focusing on good practice in organizing these events from planning to the target market and all the things that need to be taken into consideration when creating an event. The study focused on assessing the managerial team perceptions, attitudes, and values regarding the development strategy for this event with the scope to identify the key elements used in their process. To conduct the study analysis, we created a research process structured in two phases. Phase 1 involved observations of the main decisions and actions implemented during the previous editions of the festival and analysis of the official points of view of the festival's managerial team. The results of this part of the study together with the main aspects identified in the literature prepared the second part that aimed to detail more the strategical thinking of the managerial team. Therefore, this study's main goal is to identify what strategic elements are required to develop strong festivals' identities and brands in the market.
... Essentially, strategic planning serves as the basis for leveraging in its approach to recognise events as an opportunity for designing and implementing strategies and tactics to achieve desired impacts. Earlier studies that delve in to the strategic planning of sport events argue the importance of assessing planned strategies pre-and post-event hosting (Cooper 1995;Bramwell, 1997). Advanced research on leveraging agrees with this view by referring to leveraging as a strategic ex-ante, analytical approach as opposed to an expost, impact-driven, outcomes approach (O'Brien & Chalip, 2008;Smith 2014). ...
... Thus it is reiterated by Hemmonsbey and Tichaawa, (2018) that the fostering of stakeholder collaboration has become a clear imperative in addition to the strategic objectives as mentioned in the general event leveraging framework by Chalip (2004). Due to the significant finding on stakeholder collaboration and varied objectives, these results underpin previous studies conducted on strategic planning by Cooper (1995) and Bramwell (1997) as well as in recent leveraging research by O'Brien and Chalip (2008) and Smith (2014) and the findings of Hemmonsbey and Tichaawa (2018) which, when all things considered, threatens the trajectory of strat egic planning through the use of sport and in particular home-grown events. ...
This paper discusses the home-grown sport with a regular occurrence as equal opportunities for strategic planning. This study employed a qualitative research design which featured in-depth, semi-structured interviews with key industry stakeholders involved in sport event and tourism and destination branding organisations. A thematic analysis of the results revealed the imperative of events of the home-grown nature to contribute to the continued benefits relating to tourism and destination branding. The results further revealed the importance of including other tourism and destination branding offerings as part of the strategic planning and implementation of destination branding which consequently lengthen visitor stays. Moreover, stakeholders emphasised the importance of strategic planning through leveraging activities that underpin authentic destination brand awareness. The results of this paper add significant contributions to destination branding theory by investigating the role of sport for destination brand development. This paper further contributes to stakeholder policy and practice through its empirical findings that outline stakeholder views and strategies of planning home-grown events for brand-related benefits.
... Furthermore, the economic impact of large events on local communities and hosting regions has been explored in the context of tourism and event management research (Bramwell 1997;Chalip & McGuirty 2004;Dwyer et al. 2005;Matheson 2002). Such studies offer implications for (public) managers to decide whether and to what extent to invest into these events (Crompton et al. 2001;Dwyer et al. 2000). ...
Event management is a vibrant and growing industry that influence tourism entrepreneurs in the recent times. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the experience of rural tourism entrepreneurs on sustaining their competitiveness with the concept of event management during the COVID-19 outbreak. This research was conducted with a qualitative method by using the phenomenological approach. The data was collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs in rural hotels located in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. The analysis of data used the general qualitative data analysis method including the coding, sorting and synthesizing. As per the findings, rural entrepreneurs encounter numerous experiences while handling event management during the pandemic and they tend to be existed for a longer period of time by enhancing their competitiveness. The competitiveness of the hotels in rural areas highlight its tourist attractions and provide goods and services for tourists better than other competitors do. Events may be considered to be a factor of rural tourism competitiveness because they can attract visitors to the rural areas and encourage them to spend money, which makes significant economic impact on tourism and the local economy. For that the engagement of entrepreneurs in the event management were themed as differentiate from competitors through events. By attracting the customers, the tourism industry can gain more profit. This has been addressed by the second theme, stimulate customer seduction. The third theme is to facilitate the use of the local resources to address the utilization of available resources in the rural area to promote the tourism since the rural area tourism is mainly based on it's the natural environment. Further, findings have shown that entrepreneurs have initiated various efforts to achieve competitive advantage while experiencing difficulties in sustaining the continuity to retain in the market during the pandemic situation. Moreover, the event management has been identified as a competitive tool for sustaining the tourism entrepreneurs in Batticaloa in the future.
... The reverse is also true, because the literature largely agrees that the nature and quality of future events largely depends on the planning that takes place to engender value (Bramwell, 1997). Building on event outcomes generated when the event took place in the same country previously may be useful and inform planning because it may contribute to planner's and managers' effort to maximize the opportunities presented (Reis, de Sousa-Mast, and Gurgel, 2013). ...
... While several scholars had initiated early discussions around what later became known as event leverage (see, e.g. Bramwell, 1997;Chalip & Leyns, 2002;Morse, 2001), the concept was formally introduced by Chalip in 2004. In his early work, Chalip (2004) proposed a general model for event leverage that has guided subsequent thinking and investigations into events, economic leverage, and brand enhancement. ...
Research question
For the past 20 years, the concept of event leverage has underpinned a variety of academic research across different event settings and with diverse goals in mind. Despite the significant increase in event leverage publications as well as growing interest from event planners and policymakers, scholars have yet to synthesize academic contributions in this burgeoning field. Our systematic review addressed this issue and provides a new agenda for event leverage research.
Research methods
We conducted a systematic review of event leverage literature that followed a well-established six-step process. Specifically, we identified and interrogated 92 relevant publications to determine key findings.
Findings
We identified a growing trend of event leverage publications overall; a publication focus on (sport) business/management and tourism/hospitality journals; a predominance of mega- and large-scale event settings; a concentration on business/economic and social goals; a strong emphasis on empirical studies with qualitative research approaches; and a lack of research contributions from scholars in low-and middle-income countries.
Implications
Based on our findings, we discuss practical and theoretical implications and conclude by proposing a future agenda for event leverage research that recommends an advancement of leverage conceptualizations; a diversification of research contexts and benefactors; a specification of focal outcomes related to a different event types and sizes; an expansion of perspectives including an acknowledgement of changes over time; and a clarification of terminology used in event leverage scholarship.
... Mega-events are described as 'large events of world importance and high profile which have a major impact on the image of the host city' (Bramwell, 1997). For host cities, the role of mega-events as catalysts for urban development has been recognised in recent years. ...
Mega-events have been explored by cities for urban reimaging and urban transformation processes. Due to their scale and catalytic effects, mega-events offer great opportunities for cities to showcase their local culture and create opportunities for their local economy, as well as the tourism and retail sectors, while also serving as catalysts for urban regeneration. The current COVID-19 pandemic has created a global crisis of unprecedented scale. Several extreme measures have been deployed to avoid contagion risk, including city lockdowns, subjecting residents to COVID-19 quarantine and social distancing, the closure of tourism attractions and the retail sector, as well as travel restrictions. This global crisis created a temporary shock to large-scale travel, the tourism sector and mass gathering, which resulted in the cancellation or postponement of nearly all mega-events in 2020. This paper identified the various challenges faced by event organisers during the COVID-19 pandemic and examined how relevant stakeholders addressed event risks and uncertainties. This paper suggests the incorporation of resilience in strategies for event legacy creation. Mega-events must incorporate adaptability and flexibility in their design, as well as event legacy planning and capacity building, to address the vulnerability and disturbances that future mega-events may encounter.
... Previous research has taken an ex-post, outcome-orientated approach to event outcomes, with a focus on impact assessments and not on strategies that can be engaged to obtain or enhance these destination brand outcomes (Bramwell, 1997;Cornelissen et al., 2011;Scheu & Preuss, 2018;Yürük, Akyol & Şimşek, 2017). Thus, a consideration of a strategic approach to investigating event benefits which is linked to the phenomenon of event leveraging is a relatively unique area (O'Brien & Chalip, 2008). ...
The aim of this paper is to explore the development a sustainable events risk management framework for the South African (SA) events industry. This conceptual paper has its foundation in current applicable secondary data sources, identified through a systematic review of academic literature. The systematic literature review investigates event risk management and related themes. The documentation of core events literature by custodian events scholars are used to benchmark identified themes emanating from the systematic literature review to inform the development of a sustainable events risk management framework (SERMF). Results highlighted the insufficient integration of sustainable development in the reviewed literature. By applying the principles of sustainable development in an events risk framework, events managers and organisers are capacitated to comply with the South African events law requirements and ensure that risks are mitigated in a manner that can be practically applied. The development of a SERMF may be significant by adding value to the private, governmental and academic sectors in terms of practical application and theoretical contribution.
... Hosting mega-events, such as world fairs, football championships, or the Olympics, is highly prized by policymakers. Mega-events are promoted as opportunities for triggering radical changes in the political, economic, and urban agendas (Stevens & Bevan, 1999;Kang & Perdue, 1994;Spilling, 1996;Bramwell, 1997). However, the planning and implementation of such events have received several critiques (Gursoy & Kendall, 2006). ...
When a major corruption scandal emerged during the organisation of the 2015 Universal Exposition in Milan, the government set up a brand-new system of preliminary controls for the procurement of all Expo contracts. Controls can certainly be beneficial in many respects, but they inevitably complicate procedures and even produce delays and red tape. Indeed, for a time-pressed schedule as that of the 2015 Expo, preliminary controls were considered a fatal blow. Contrary to expectations, not only bureaucratic delays did not materialise, but controls actually sped up procedures. Therefore, it is worth explaining and learning from this unique outcome. Can it be replicated in other cases? We answer this question by building a model of controls based on programme and non-programme features that support three causal mechanisms: threat attribution, repeated interactions, and actor certification. Such a model is an indispensable tool for designers; it allows to explain how controls work in practice and provide clues on how to adjust the design of the policy to changing contexts. In this respect, the analysis of the Expo controls and their subsequent replications raises several methodological issues relevant to extrapolation-oriented research.
... The ability to successfully leverage these networking opportunities is highly dependent on the vision, planning and coordination of the hosts (Bramwell, 1997;Chalip & Leyns, 2002;O'Brien & Chalip, 2008). In the aforementioned twinning scheme, another city was paired with the Welsh team, but the vague mandate of the programme and the lack of strategic vision from the host community mitigated the potential benefits (Kellett et al., 2008). ...
Research Question
With more transition or developing economies hosting major sports events (MSE), it is increasingly relevant to research how they can impact sport organisations’ capacity in such environments. Using the Gaborone 2014 African Youth Games (AYG) as its research setting, the goal of this paper is to investigate how hosting a MSE can impact the perceived organisational capacity of sporting organisations within the context of a developing or transition economy.
Research Method
Data were gathered through 13 semi-structured interviews. Results are deductively coded and presented according to Hall et al.’s (2003) conceptualisation of organisational capacity.
Results and Findings
Results show that individuals perceived positive capacity outcomes related to skill development, international relationships and, in some instances, material resources. Conversely, adverse outcomes included lack of opportunities to apply new skills, strained relationships, and unmet financial expectations. Moreover, the findings reveal that the AYG generated similar capacity outcomes as other MSEs, but that the relative impact of those outcomes may differ.
Implications
The findings re-emphasise the need for hosts to engage in strategic management to maximise positive capacity outcomes. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the impact of MSEs on sport organisations using multiple methods and settings.
... International mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, have become key for host cities seeking economic growth, urban development dynamics, and city image branding [12,[16][17][18]. Mega-events are also frequently considered as a highly significant tourist asset for a host city; firstly, because they directly attract participants, and secondly, because they increase general visitation as a result of the raised profile of the area [19]. The issue has aroused significant scientific interest and has spawned a substantial number of studies. ...
The Olympic Games have a huge impact on the cities where they are held, both during the actual celebration of the event, and before and after it. This study presents a new approach based on spatial analysis, GIS, and data coming from Location-Based Social Networks to model the spatiotemporal dimension of impacts associated with the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Geolocalized data from Twitter are used to analyze the activity pattern of users from two different viewpoints. The first monitors the activity of Twitter users during the event—The arrival of visitors, where they came from, and the use which residents and tourists made of different areas of the city. The second assesses the spatiotemporal use of the city by Twitter users before the event, compared to the use during and after the event. The results not only reveal which spaces were the most used while the Games were being held but also changes in the urban dynamics after the Games. Both approaches can be used to assess the impacts of mega-events and to improve the management and allocation of urban resources such as transport and public services infrastructure.
... Based on research findings, we argue here that sports megaevents may be rationalized through the performative framework as "simulacrums"-declared actions that are substitutes for and imitations of the social, economic, and environmental changes required to host mega-events, as opposed to meeting the real needs of the local host communities. The imitative practices arise due to the limited time frames and lack of strategic planning of the host cities' governance or other internal and external factors (Bramwell 1997;Kassens-Noor 2016;Müller 2015Müller , 2017a. Based on original case studies of Kazan and Kaliningrad, two of the Russian host cities for World Cup 2018, the authors critically analyze the various types of "mega-event simulacrum" in connection with implementation of the FIFA 2018 Sustainability Strategy. ...
The research critically reflects on the way that the 2018 FIFA World Cup Sustainability Strategy was implemented for Russian host cities through case studies of the cities of Kazan and Kaliningrad. The authors employ the term “mega-events simulacrum“ for actions that are a substitute for the social, economic and environmental changes required by mega-events, leaving the real needs of the local host communities unfulfilled. Comparative analysis shows that in contrast to Kaliningrad, the city of Kazan made a step forward in the employment of sustainability practices. However, most of them were imitative by nature to meet the rigid FIFA requirements but did not serve as a sustainability legacy for their own citizens.
... International mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, have become key for host cities seeking economic growth, urban development-dynamics, and city image branding [16][17][18]12]. Mega-events are also frequently considered as a highly significant tourist asset for a host city, firstly, because they directly attract participants, and secondly, because they increase general visitation as a result of the raised profile of the area [19]. The issue has aroused significant scientific interest and has spawned a substantial number of studies. ...
Olympic Games have a huge impact on the cities where they are held, both during the actual celebration of the event and before and after it. This study presents a new approach based on spatial analysis, GIS, and data coming from Location Based Social Networks to model the spatiotemporal dimension of impacts associated with the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Geolocalized data from Twitter are used to analyze the activity pattern of users from two different viewpoints. The first monitors the activity of Twitter users during the event -the arrival of visitors, where they came from, and the use resident and tourist made of different areas of the city. The second assesses the spatiotemporal use of the city by Twitter users before the event, compared to the use during and after the event. The results not only reveal which spaces were the most used while the Games were being held but also changes in the urban dynamics after the Games. Both approaches can be used to assess the impacts of mega-events and to improve the management and allocation of urban resources such as transport and public services infrastructure.
... Os megaeventos esportivos são também utilizados para ampliar o número de visitantes, diminuir a sazonalidade no fluxo turístico e alongar o ciclo de vida de uma cidade como destino turístico (Choe, Park, & Kim, 2016;Johnson, 2010). Eles são vistos como um trunfo turístico altamente significativo para as cidades sedes, pois atraem um grande número de turistas (Bramwell, 1997;M. Müller, 2015b;Preuss, 2007) dispostos a dispenderem uma quantia significativa de recursos para poderem vivenciar a experiência de participar destes eventos (Matheson & Baade, 2004). ...
Objetivo: Explorar quais foram os impactos gerados pelo GP Brasil de Fórmula 1 para a cidade de São Paulo no período de 2015 a 2019.Metodologia/abordagem: Qualitativa e exploratória. Analisamos documentos como relatórios publicados pela Prefeitura de São Paulo e pela empresa promotora do evento, bem como informações divulgadas em veículos de comunicação. Também conduzimos entrevistas com os seguintes interlocutores: a vice-prefeita da cidade de São Paulo na época e o diretor da empresa municipal responsável pela gestão do Autódromo de Interlagos, a CEO da empresa promotora e organizadora do evento no Brasil, um jornalista esportivo e um morador do bairro de Interlagos, região onde se localiza o Autódromo.Originalidade/Relevância: Os Grande Prêmios de Fórmula 1 são utilizados por governantes como instrumentos de desenvolvimento e de promoção da imagem de suas sedes em nível internacional. Entretanto, ainda são incipientes os estudos acadêmicos sobre os impactos deste tipo de megaevento para suas cidades sedes.Principais resultados: O GP Brasil gerou os seguintes impactos para a cidade: econômicos (recursos públicos investidos, geração de empregos temporários, melhora na venda de alguns serviços como hospedagem e alimentação e oportunidades para negócios entre empresas), físicos (modificações na estrutura de trânsito e manutenção de vias de acesso ao Autódromo) e socioculturais (sensação de orgulho dos moradores e aumento de insegurança na região do Autódromo).Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que a realização de megaeventos pode ter impactos positivos quando ocorrem na mesma cidade ao longo dos anos, pois geram a possibilidade de reutilizar recursos pré-existentes e desenvolver conhecimentos e habilidades por parte de governantes e seus organizadores.
... Otros autores explican que estos gestores se centran en el desarrollo de los destinos, descuidando el mantenimiento y la conservación de otros atributos (recursos naturales) que resultan ser los que realmente atraen al turismo (Bergstrom, Yu y Medweth, 1994). Los destinos están formados por una combinación de productos, recursos y servicios donde existe una clara dependencia entre unos y otros para tener éxito en la atracción, el servicio y la satisfacción del turista (Bramwell, 1997;Rodríguez, Díaz y Santana, 2012). ...
Los problemas ambientales ocupan hoy un lugar central en el debate social. La pérdida de calidad de nuestro entorno físico y biótico ha dejado de ser una hipótesis pesimista para las generaciones futuras. Sus efectos en los servicios y los recursos que este nos procura son ya una evidencia en las condiciones de vida de la población actual.
Las relaciones que mantienen las sociedades humanas con el medio ambiente han sido un tema de interés recurrente para la Antropología. La variabilidad de las relaciones ambientales no refiere solo a los usos y las prácticas de los grupos sociales sino que incluye la concepción misma de la naturaleza, revelando la diversidad de los proyectos culturales en el espacio y en el tiempo.
Los trabajos publicados en este volumen muestran el potencial de la Antropología Ambiental en la comprensión de la problemática ambiental contemporánea y su amplia gama de intereses. En un momento en que la interferencia de los seres humanos en el funcionamiento del planeta está planteando la identificación de una nueva época geológica, el Antropoceno, el análisis sociocultural proporciona argumentos valiosos y deviene una urgente necesidad.
... Finally, with respect to organisational strategy for future bids, a more classical perspective needs to be undertaken to formulate a bidding plan in advance (Bramwell, 1997). This should deliberately take into account the overall costs in advance, given the learning from the trial and error experience of organising CWG 2010. ...
... The development of festivals increases cultural tourism and provides tourist destinations with economic and cultural benefit and offer tourists a glimpses of the uniqueness and diverse cultural experience (Magpantay, et.al, 2014). Festivals and other events that attract visitors (Light, 1996) compensate for the seasonality of ordinary tourism (Higham & Hinch, 2002), promote a city's image (Roche, 1994), and contribute to the development and sustainability of the urban economy (Bramwell, 1997). Therefore, it is in the best interest of those public, private, and non-profit organizations that wish to promote the image and "brand" of their city to support special events (Gursoy et al., 2004;Lee, Lee & Wicks, 2004). ...
... Perhaps next to this is the popularity of strategic planning theme in events analysis as reflected by the diversity of the research work in that domain. Papers by Bramwell (1997), Briedenhann (2011), Burbank, Andranovich, andHeying (2001), Cela, Kowlski, and Lankford (2006), Collins and Flynn (2008), Mules (1992, 2000), Burns (1987), Burns and Mules (1986) as well as Carlsen and Taylor (2003), among others, attest to this fact. The apparent low level of interest in the analysis of event utilities may arise from the close connection between the objectives of such an analysis and a parallel analysis in the area of tourism destination. ...
This paper analyses selected attributes of event centres in Lagos in the context of their increasing relevance as socioeconomic utilities in the state. Based on rural-urban and income-level differentials, the study purposively focuses on three local government areas of Lagos. Data collection involved direct and rigorous fieldwork to obtain specific physical cum service attributes of the individual centres. Employing appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics, the paper analyses and compares the numerical growth and spatial descriptive summary of event centres in the selected study domains. Next, it analyses the basic-service capacities of individual centres, in terms of the relative pressure which the local population theoretically impinges on available seating capacities. Furthermore, it computes and compares supplementary utilities' serviceability index for individual centres to reflect their relative competitiveness. It then examined the strength of correlation between some selected attributes of event centres to further describe inter-centre competitiveness: firstly, whether rental charges correlate strongly with the centre's supplementary utilities' status; secondly, whether observed correlation between centres' age profile and their supplementary utilities status reflects their locus in the innovation-adoption curve, given that individual investment in event centres is perceived as an innovation adoption. Major findings indicate that Ikeja centres exhibit the highest degree of concentration and the least numerical growth rate. Centres in Ikorodu manifest the least level of service capacity and competitiveness. Overall, however, there is no statistical significance for the impression that the differences in the centres' competitiveness and their respective ages reflect their locus in the innovation-adoption curve.
... Una estrategia usada por los profesionales de marketing de destinos puede ser el uso de los elementos de un evento en una campaña promocional. O sea que se utiliza estratégicamente el evento para mejorar la imagen de la ciudad anfitriona (Brarnwell, 1997;Chalip, 2001;Chalip, Green & Hiil, 2003;Brown et al., 2004;Xing & Chalip, 2006). ...
... Many researchers have found positive relationships between the Olympic Games and tourism (e.g. Bramwell, 1997;Burton, 2003;Chalip, Green, & Hill, 2003;Chalip & McGuirty, 2004;Getz, 1991Getz, , 1998; de Groote, 2005;Florek & Insch, 2011;Jago, Chalip, Brown, Mules, & Ali, 2003;Jones, 2001). Host countries of the mega event have experienced tourism benefits well beyond the event such as improved destination awareness, enhanced country image or destination image, and increased visitation (Arnegger & Herz, 2016;Chalip, 2003;Getz, 1989;Lai, 2018;Weed, 2008). ...
This study tracked the change in South Korea's image due to hosting a mega event. Americans' perceptions of South Korea were measured before, during, and at four points in time after the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. The findings revealed no significant changes in country image, destination image, or Olympics image over time. This may indicate no influence of the Olympic Games, against the common expectation, or a missed opportunity of taking advantage of this mega event properly, using all possible media channels. Destination marketing organizations need to consider both of these indications in their decisions to bid for mega events.
... Again, planning for such event must take a strategic approach [12]; therefore the Games changed its preparations plans and approach in the direction of engaging city development plans with hosting development plans. London 1948 OG was the first to adapt this approach clearly and wisely, having hosted a previous OG in the 1908 th the site didn't need much further development instead they tried to use most of the existing facilities surrounding London. ...
Through decades, the Olympic Games have become the most spectacular public cultural event in modern days. Every four years the Games capture our attention to a grand festive that fascinates millions of people. Accordingly, when a city decides to make a bid, all its concerns are much more captivated by the urban transformation impact on the city whether it's a positive or a negative one. As a result, several factors, if not well-organized and taken into consideration in the strategic development plans of the host cities, may be a burden on the city. Site selection for the event is considered one of the main critical decisions to assure the possibility of the host of the Games by the city. Therefore, this paper reviews several case studies that proved its success in location choice under the delivery of sustainable urban design and strategic planning for the host city. It attempts to mention the main urban design elements affected by the preparation process. Consequently, an urban design sustainable assessment will be developed highlighting both the main urban design factors affected due to the host of the Olympic Games and, the main sustainable key factors affected by the urban changes on site.
... Again, planning for such event must take a strategic approach [12]; therefore the Games changed its preparations plans and approach in the direction of engaging city development plans with hosting development plans. London 1948 OG was the first to adapt this approach clearly and wisely, having hosted a previous OG in the 1908 th the site didn't need much further development instead they tried to use most of the existing facilities surrounding London. ...
Through decades, Olympic Games have become the most spectacular public culture event in modern days. Every four years the Games capture our attention to a grand festive that fascinates millions of people. Accordingly, when a city decides to make a bid, all its concerns is much more captivated by the urban transformation impact on the city whether it's a positive or a negative one. As a result, several factors, if not well-organized and taken into consideration in the strategic development plans of the host cities, may be a burden on the city. Site selection for the event is considered one of the main critical decisions to assure the possibility of the host of the Games by the city. Therefore, this paper reviews several case studies that proved its success in location choice under the delivery of sustainable urban design and strategic planning for the host city. It attempts to mention the main urban design elements affected by the preparation process. Consequently, an urban design sustainable assessment will be developed highlighting both the main urban design factors affected due to the host of the Olympic Games and, the main sustainable key factors affected by the urban changes on site.
... These analyses found a positive relationship between these two variables because natural resources derive value from being finite and excludable. Foreign investors commonly consider the natural resources at hand that can be utilized to fuel needed infrastructure projects (Bramwell 1997;Getz 2009)either SME-related or otherwise. Thus, the analysis includes the dollar amount of natural resources present in the nation (NatRes). ...
Can sport mega events (SMEs) incite entrepreneurial rent-making in nations that host them? The manuscript investigates this question using frameworks in sport event leverage and sport-based entrepreneurship as a foundation. Results from a sample of N = 2259 observations from 1970 to 2017 tied to 156 nations and 59 SMEs produced two takeaways. First, hosting a sport mega event (SME) was associated with increases in entrepreneurial rents for firms in developed host nations. Second, that relationship did not exist for the subsample classified as ‘developing’ nations. The first result implies that developed nations can use SMEs to stimulate entrepreneurialism– a finding that solidifies sport-based entrepreneurship within the sport management landscape and bolsters frameworks of SME leverage. The second finding reinforces that there is no documentable upside to hosting a SME for developing nations – at least under the current approach. Managerial implications are outlined for developing and developed host nations.
1982 Anayasası’nda halkın mahalli müşterek nitelikteki ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla kurulduğu ifade edilen belediyeler, mevzuatla kendilerine verilen görev, yetki ve sorumlulukları kapsamında ihtiyaçları karşılamanın ötesinde aslında kentin kaderini tayin etmektedirler. Bununla da kalınmamakta, David Harvey’in vurguladığı üzere kentin kaderi belirlenerek kentlilerin geleceği biçimlendirilmektedir. Bu nedenle yöneticilerin, kentlilerin nasıl bir kentte yaşamak istediği sorusuna cevaplar araması ve hizmet rotalarını buna göre şekillendirmeleri gerekir. Her çağda bu soruya verilecek cevaplar değişecek olsa bile, “insan onuruna yaraşır bir yaşam imkanı sunan kent” yaklaşımı her zaman geçerliliğini koruyacak bir cevap olacaktır. Bu anlamda belediyelerin kentin ve kentlinin kaderini tayinde birincil derece önemli bir aktör olduğu gerçeğini göz ardı etmeden faaliyetlerini sürdürmesi gerekmektedir. Bunun ilk ve en önemli adımı olan planlama ise çalışmanın konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmanın kapsamını ise insan vücudunun iskelet sistemi ve damarları gibi kentlerin yapı taşlarını belirleyen imar planları ve yönetim sürecinde kaynakların rasyonel ve hedef odaklı kullanılmasına aracılık eden stratejik plan oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, belediyelerin planlama yetkilerinin, kentin kimliğini oluşturan değerlere sahip çıkılması ve yeni değerler yaratılarak bunların gelecek nesillere taşınmasının yanı sıra yaşanabilir kaliteli kentler ve kurumsal yönetim modelleri oluşturulmasında ne kadar etkili bir araç olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çalışma literatür taraması yapılarak hazırlanmış, planlamanın teori ve uygulama safhasında yaşanan sorunlara ışık tutularak, planlamanın beraberinde getirdiği fırsatlara vurgu yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın kent yöneticileri başta olmak üzere, bu alanda akademik çalışmalar ve okumalar yapanların planlamanın önemine odaklanmasını sağlayarak fayda üretmesi hedeflenmektedir.
Um significativo desafio dos clubes desenvolverem esportes de alto rendimento é a captação de recursos financeiros, seja de fontes próprias e/ou no mercado. Nesse contexto, a Lei de Incentivo ao Esporte (LIE) surge como uma alternativa. Este trabalho apresenta um relato de experiência de um clube da Paraíba, filiado ao Comitê Brasileiro de Clubes (CBC), para captar recurso pela LIE e implantar esportes de alto rendimento. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de janeiro a maio de 2022. O clube possui 2 processos de LIE para desporto de rendimento e obteve a adesão de 12,5% das empresas contactadas, com um montante resultante de 14,4% do valor. O principal motivo identificado para a baixa adesão foi falta de interesse na parceria. Por esse motivo, o recurso foi utilizado para priorizar um único esporte - o Wrestling. No Quadro Geral de Medalhas do CBC, dos 178 filiados, o clube já se posiciona na 12ª colocação, o que evidencia o êxito da estratégia da diretoria. Palavra-chave: Financiamento no esporte; Marketing esportivo; Patrocínio esportivo; Formação de atletas.
This analysis investigates the strategies which are implemented in event management and planning. Creating an event requires strategic planning with decision-making procedures toward a sustainable and effective vision that has clear objectives (Bramwell, 1997, p.4). That includes a business strategy with a well-developed marketing communications plan with clear goals and a brand strategy that focuses on long-term potential in order to survive in the market
Oddajemy do Państwa rąk kolejny tom monografii „Kultura i Turystyka”, tym razem poświęcony turystyce wydarzeń. Wydarzenia zarówno dla kultury, jak i turystyki stanowią nieodłączny element funkcjonowania. Są magnesem przyciągającym nie tylko miłośników kultury, ale także turystów. Coś się wydarza…, coś, co należy zobaczyć, coś, w czym trzeba wziąć udział, uczestniczyć…, coś, co nakazuje wyjść z domu. Ale żeby wyjść, najpierw trzeba się przygotować, zaplanować, przywdziać odpowiedni strój podkreślający wyjątkowość chwili. Właśnie aura wyjątkowości, niecodzienności, odświętności jest nieodłączną cechą i kultury, i turystyki. Zarówno idąc do filharmonii na koncert, jak i ruszając na turystyczne szlaki chcemy oderwać się od powszednich problemów, doświadczyć żywych emocji, doznać prawdziwych, głębokich wzruszeń, do których jeszcze długo będziemy wracać we wspomnieniach. Również w tym sensie kultura i turystyka są niczym dwie siostry, bardzo do siebie podobne.
Na rynku kultury i turystyki występuje bardzo duże zróżnicowanie wydarzeń, począwszy od imprez stricte kulturalnych, takich jak wystawy, koncerty, festiwale (muzyczne, filmowe, teatralne), poprzez tradycyjne obrzędy, święta religijne, wydarzenia folklorystyczne, rekonstrukcje historyczne, aż po wydarzenia sportowe i rekreacyjne. Różnorodność tematyczna wydarzeń idzie w parze ze zróżnicowaniem ich rangi (globalne, międzynarodowe, krajowe, regionalne), skali (masowe, niszowe), form organizacyjnych (festiwale, wystawy, imprezy plenerowe, kameralne itp.) czy cykliczności (cykliczne, jednorazowe).
Ostatnie lata przyniosły niezwykle dynamiczny wzrost popularności wydarzeń w Polsce. Często obserwowanym przejawem działalności kulturalnej władz samorządowych czy organizacji społecznych, ale też i podmiotów komercyjnych, jest powoływanie do życia coraz to nowych imprez i festiwali. Ta masowość i powszechność wydarzeń niesie jednak ze sobą nieoczekiwane zagrożenia. Brak koordynacji terminów wydarzeń sprawia, że odrębne imprezy zaczynają ze sobą konkurować o tych samych widzów. Zbyt duża liczba wydarzeń nie jest korzystna również z innego powodu: doprowadza bowiem do ich dewaluacji. Coś, co miało być odświętne, wyjątkowe, wyczekiwane, staje się powszechne, łatwo dostępne.
Z drugiej strony wydarzenia wzbudzają coraz większe zainteresowanie wśród turystów. Pewnie zaspokajają one jakieś żywotne potrzeby współczesnego człowieka. Być może jest to potrzeba poczucia grupowej wspólnoty, współuczestnictwa w widowisku, poczucia elitarności, przynależności do grona „wybrańców”, czy też pragnienie celebrowania wyjątkowych chwil, doznawania emocji „na żywo”, których nie jest w stanie zapewnić żadna transmisja telewizyjna. Turystyka już nie tylko wykorzystuje karnawał jako atrakcję, ale sama stała się swoistym karnawałem, wieczną fiestą, nieustanną pogonią za zabawą, nowymi wrażeniami i zmysłowymi przyjemnościami. Ilościowy i jakościowy rozwój wydarzeń w Polsce oraz związany z tym wzrost ruchu turystycznego znalazły już odzwierciedlenie w dość licznych publikacjach naukowych. Oprócz badań podstawowych dotyczą one jednak przede wszystkim klasyfikacji wydarzeń i form turystyki (niekiedy bardzo szczegółowych).
Niniejsza publikacja koncentruje się wokół trzech zagadnień:
− istoty wydarzeń – co stanowi sens wydarzenia?, czy wydarzenia ewoluują jedynie w kierunku tanich emocji i hedonistycznej zabawy?, jak kreować wydarzenia wokół „poważnych” tematów (nauka, historia, religia)?;
− metod pomiaru efektów wydarzeń – jak oceniać wydarzenia?, jak w obiektywny sposób mierzyć psychologiczne, społeczne i gospodarcze skutki wydarzeń?, czy ważniejsze są efekty krótko- czy długoterminowe?, czy możliwa jest wiarygodna identyfikacja tych ostatnich?;
− wydarzeń jako narzędzia promocji regionów, miast, obiektów, idei – jak kreować markę obszaru za pomocą wydarzeń?
Na te i wiele innych pytań stara się odpowiedzieć kilkunastu autorów z Polski i zagranicy, reprezentujących różne dyscypliny, ośrodki naukowe i instytucje. Mamy nadzieję, że zapoczątkuje to głębszą refleksję nad fenomenem turystyki wydarzeń (1) w naszym kraju.
(1) Coraz częściej polskie „wydarzenie” wypierane jest przez angielski „event”. Obce wyrażenie brzmi „lepiej” – jest bardziej nowoczesne, modne, ale też krótsze, łatwiejsze w użyciu, zwłaszcza w języku potocznym. Słowa te mają też trochę inny odcień znaczeniowy. Wydarzenie, czyli coś, co się wydarzyło lub wydarza się, niekiedy nawet bez naszej kontroli. Event zaś ma swojego organizatora, „eventem” ktoś kieruje, w „evencie” wszystko jest zaplanowane… Ekspansja języka angielskiego sprawia, że również w terminologii naukowej coraz częściej używane są określenia: „turystyka eventowa” czy „eventyzacja”. Nie uznając tego za właściwe (wszak zadaniem naukowca jest również troska o precyzję i poprawność języka ojczystego), pozostawiliśmy jednak swobodę wypowiedzi autorom, zachowując oryginalne, używane przez nich pojęcia.
Examines how temporality manifests in and impacts tourism in different parts of the world looking at climate, culture and/or structural conditions of the tourism operation. It looks at the reasons and causes for temporality within tourism and how this effects both the industry, the consumer and the environment.
Bu çalışma belediyelerde göçün stratejik yönetimine ilişkin faaliyetlerin analizini amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca uygun olarak aynı coğrafi bölgenin hem kendi hem de ikamet eden Suriyeli nüfusu bakımından birbirine yakın üç kenti olan Hatay, Adana ve Mersin tercih edilmiş, bu üç büyük kent özelinde belediyelerin göç konusunu stratejik olarak nasıl ele aldıkları ve bu kapsamda ne tür politikalar üretmeye çalıştıkları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda konuya ilişkin ulusal ve uluslararası literatür taranmış, her üç belediyenin stratejik planları üzerinden içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda üç büyükşehir belediyesinin stratejik planlarında hizmet sunulacak kesimin yerel vatandaşlar olduğu vurgusunun öne çıktığı; stratejik amaçların mekânsal ve toplumsal boyuta ilişkin olduğu; misyon, vizyon, temel ilke ve değer bildirimlerinin stratejik amaçlarla kısmen örtüştüğü ancak her üç kent yönetiminin stratejik göç yönetimi konusunda tam olarak kurumsallaşamadığı görülmüştür.
Sport is the desire of people in modern times to engage in certain activities away from difficult conditions and people around them. The emergence of sports dates back to the very ancient times of human society. The sources related to the historical development of sports indicate that the first sports activities appeared in Egypt and Babylon 5-6 thousand years ago. Sport is a concept that we encounter at every moment of modern life. Sport is an activity that is the only common denominator of an average of 3 billion people around the world, in different cultures and social life. Sport is health and a healthy lifestyle. However, sports is also one of the main income-generating areas of the economy. The share of sport in economic earnings and employment is measured by sports equipment, sports goods, role in tourism and sports clubs. Sport as a social institution is emerging today as the most radical, popular and widespread field of activity and means of development.
Even in economically less developed countries of the world, sports events and related consumer goods have become an important sector in the economy. In modern times, states use the benefits of sports to strengthen their economies and make them sustainable. Compared to the 20th century, sports in the 21st century are now more widespread and have permeated all societies and cultures.
Analysis in the book is an attempt to better understand the factors and drivers of urban evolution, as well as benefits and costs. Based on the lessons from three transformed cities, Berlin, Budapest, and Warsaw it also proposes some possible solutions for curbing the changes for a more resilient, just and safer future.
This article fills a void in the literature by investigating the impacts of royal weddings—arguably the grandest and the most iconic of public ceremonies involving royals—on destination-level brands. The direct and short-term effects of royal families and indeed the direct effect of seminal events involving the royals on destination-level accommodations and tourism service providers are more somewhat obvious. However, the more intriguing question and the one which we are more concerned with is: do royal weddings leave a more enduring legacy on the local tourism industry? The engagement announcement and the wedding date produce significant positive increases in the valuation of the home country’s tourism firms. Important managerial implications are derived in line with the long-term impact of unique events on tourism firms’ performance and the transference of brand knowledge from the destination to the companies is effective.
Event marketing has become an increasingly important role as a marketing tool for marketers. Nowadays, the ability of event marketing to provide deeper consumer participation with new, creative, unique, tailored, interactive, and compelling events attracts great interest among marketers. The enormous impact of digital development on our daily lives is now more important than ever. Digital technology, from a facial recognition app for easy recording to creating an event app or using virtual reality for realistic demonstrations, can help deliver a superior experience to participants. As key technological practices matured, a number of important trends and developments in event marketing emerged. The event industry enriches the experiences of the participants by using technological applications and creates new applications. All these activities that are vital to a successful event are an important part of the marketing function because event marketing strategy and planning is a whole with general event planning.
A concise introduction to portfolio theory and methods for use in event management and event tourism. Divided into 2 parts of ‘Theory’ and ‘Practice’ it explains why it is important in event studies and management, and then shows how related methods can be used and adapted using real world international case studies.
A complete insight into the ever-growing snow sports industry, looking at changing demographics, climate change and how these issues can be managed.
This study aims to better understand how South Korean sport tourists show their preferences for Winter Olympic travel products. Comparing a series of discrete choice model (DCM) techniques, this study also investigates what attributes comprising PyeongChang Winter Olympic travel products are considered by sport tourists important and how they make trade-offs among those attributes for purchasing an optimal product. Study findings suggest that respondents place distinctive importance on each attribute to yield their greatest amount of utility through jointly considering a set of Olympic travel product attributes. Results also indicate that sport tourists put high willingness-to-pay values for multiple opportunities of attending skating competitions and popular tournaments while they show strong interests in more sightseeing and recreational experiences. Based on different DCM estimation results, several management strategies are presented for developing quality Olympic travel products.
Günümüzde küreselleşme hareketlerine bağlı olarak değişimin ve dönüşümün ivme kazanması, özel örgütlerde olduğu gibi kamu
örgütlerini de etkisi altına almıştır. 21.yy’den itibaren artık geleneksel yönetim tekniklerinin çeşitlenen insan ihtiyaçlarına karşı yetersiz
kalması yeni yaklaşımların oluşturulmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Gerek dünyada gerekse Türkiye’de Yeni Kamu Yönetimi (YKY)
anlayışının benimsenmeye başlamasıyla birlikte özellikle kamu yönetiminde girişimcilik ve insan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi alanında
önemli adımlar atılmıştır. Yaşanan bu gelişmelerin getirilerinden biriside stratejik yönetim yaklaşımı olmuştur. Nitekim bu yaklaşıma göre
stratejik yönetim, bir örgütün gelecekteki hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek için yapacağı eylemleri ve bu eylemlerini neden yaptığını analiz
ederek yürütmüş olduğu disiplinli çaba ve girişimler sistemidir.
Bu yönetim anlayışına bağlı olarak Türkiye’de özellikle 2000’li yılların başından itibaren stratejik planlama sürecine geçilmiş ve bununla
birlikte yerel yönetimlerin daha etkin, verimli ve sürekli plan yapabilmelerine imkân tanınmıştır. Öyle ki yerel yönetimler için stratejik
planlar; insan kaynaklarında niteliğin artırılabilmesi, gelecekteki girişim alanlarını saptayabilmesi, yerel yönetimlerin sahip oldukları kıt
kaynaklar karşısında vatandaşların talep ve beklentilerinin karşılanabilmesi, yönetim tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi ve arzu edilen nihai
sonuçlara ulaşılabilmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Zira Türkiye’de stratejik planlamanın yasal dayanaklarından olan 5018 Sayılı
Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu, 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu ve 5216 Sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu irdelendiğinde
yerel yönetim organlarının stratejik plan hazırlamaları yönündeki yükümlülüklere değinilmektedir.
Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı; Muğla ve Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyeleri tarafından hazırlanan stratejik planlarının analiz edilmesidir. Bu
doğrultuda çalışmada, söz konusu büyükşehir belediyelerinin son dönem stratejik planlarında (2015-2019) yer verdikleri belli başlı
unsurlar (misyon, vizyon, kalite politikası ve temel değerler, stratejik amaçlar) karşılaştırılarak incelenecek ve elde edilen bulgular ilişkileri
bakımından değerlendirilecektir.
This article reviews recent scholarship on the urban politics of mega-events. Mega-events have long been promoted as drivers of urban development, based on their potential to generate beneficial legacies for host cities. Yet the mega-event industry is increasingly struggling to find cities willing to host. Political arguments that promote mega-events to host cities include narratives about mega-event legacy—the potential for events to generate long-term benefits—and mega-event leveraging—the idea that cities can strategically link event planning to other policy agendas. In contrast, the apparent decline in interest among potential host cities stems from two political shifts: skepticism toward the promises made by boosters, and the emergence of new kinds of protest movements. The article analyzes an example of largely successful opposition to mega-events, and evaluates parallels between the politics of mega-events and those of other urban megaprojects.
Although the concept of social leverage has been a key component of research on mega sport events, authors know little about how the initial partnership between stakeholders of the event allows for social leveraging prior to the event. Thus, the purpose of this study is to understand what intentions stakeholders of a newly formed interorganizational relationship for the 2019 Federation of International Basketball Associations World Cup have toward social leverage initiatives and whether they coordinate such efforts with other stakeholders. Data were collected through two rounds of interviews with high-ranking leaders in the stakeholder organizations. The authors found that social leverage is not part of the early planning for the event because (a) different stakeholders/organizations have little knowledge of social leverage, (b) the media amplifies current values and beliefs of the interorganizational relationship stakeholders, and (c) the Chinese culture has an implicit/explicit influence on the interorganizational relationship. The study contributes to our understanding of challenges surrounding social leveraging.
Festivals have come to play an important role in tourism, and managing their legacy has become an important challenge for governments and the events industry. Festivals typically take place over limited periods of time, but they also bring longer lasting legacies for the economy, local communities and the environment. Festival legacies are characterized by interpretive flexibility; they are interpreted differently by various actors. This complicates attempts to adapt the management of festivals in such a way that aspired legacies are realised and unwanted (negative) legacies minimised. This paper elicits the recursive relationship between the ways in which event legacies are socially constructed, and how events are managed. Building on constructivist approaches to governance and management, and drawing on the empirical variety of six cultural festivals in different parts of Europe, this contribution shows how event legacy can be unpacked along actors’ diverse cognitive, social, temporal and spatial demarcations, and how these understandings relate to particular repertoires of management and governance. Highlighting how event legacies are pursued through combinations of control-oriented project management and more broadly scoped process management approaches, the study concludes with strategic reflections on the possibilities for elevating ephemeral events into vehicles for social change.
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Mega-events play an invaluable role in the development of many destinations. These events contribute significantly to the host destinations' economy, enhance the awareness of the destinations, encourage cultural exchange, and promote the preservation of local culture. This study adopts a narrative review method to indicate research production in the field of the effect of event-based destination marketing. The review proposes an event-based destination marketing model to delineate how event, destination, and market characteristics, as well as the degree of collaboration between event committee and destination marketing organization (DMO), may affect the effectiveness of eventbased destination marketing strategies (produce, price, place and promotion).
During the later 1980s, support for public-private sector partnerships came to the fore in British urban policy. This paper explores one particular manifestation of partnership in an English provincial city, the Sheffield Central Area Study, within the context of growth coalition and regime theories. Analysis of agendas adopted by partners and questions of power, suggests that existing theories do not satisfactorily account for experience within partnerships. In particular, in the British context, conceptualisations of partnership need to embrace questions such as the relatively strong position of local government and its professionalised bureaucracy, and the commensurately weaker status of the business community in general and landowners in particular
Hall, C.M. 1992, Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management, and Planning, Belhaven Press, London. 215pp, ISBN 1 85293 147 7 (Hbk) (co-published in the Americas by Halsted Press, an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. ISBN 0 470 21929 7)
This article focuses on the widespread trend among British industrial cities to develop tourism as part of their local economic policy. It details what is needed for success in such schemes and concentrates upon one example, that of Sheffield, England. In the case of Sheffield there is growing support from the city council for the development of tourism as part of their economic regeneration policy. The article details the problems likely to be encountered in the light of recession and also highlights the lack of strategic planning previously undertaken. Further problems include the lack of a single strong theme linking attractions and also their geographic dispersal. -S.Tanner
Through their actions it would appear that cities are in active pursuit of growth and the economic rewards tourism seems to promise. Growth extends its benefits most abundantly when it occurs as part of a healthy economic process and considers the needs of all constituents within a community. Growth, however, is not a valid objective. Growth is the outcome of successful performance. For tourism businesses, that means satisfying visitors. For cities that means enhancing quality of life. Cities should focus, instead, on development with emphasis not simply on tourism development in cities but on the overall development of cities. As an active ingredient in the development of cities, tourism needs to be carefully planned. Planners, developers and managers, however, require a broad perspective of urban tourism so that the challenges it creates can be more easily identified and managed.
In the northern hemisphere a number of destinations have experienced a decline in tourism volume due to both the emergence of competitive destinations elsewhere and also their own failure to comprehend changing market trends. This paper analyses the particular vulnerability of small island destinations in the decline stage of the tourist area life cycle. In particular the benefits and procedures of strategic planning are analysed and the barriers to the adoption of strategic planning at tourism destinations discussed. The offshore islands of the UK are used to evaluate how the stages of strategic planning have developed and been adopted by the public sector and a framework is provided to allow the various approaches to be located.
In recognizing tourism as a community industry the intention of this article is to focus broadly on developing a framework for encouraging a broader, more participatory approach to tourism planning. Specifically, the constraints that befuddle community involvement are identified, and the difficulties facing public participation are discussed, as are some provisional action steps. The characteristics of a diversified approach to tourism planning are then highlighted. Appropriate creative, involving and learning techniques, such as scenarios should be utilized and the application of scenarios as a device to help develop and integrate a community's tourism goals, as a prelude to further planning, is explained.
How do strategies form in organizations? Research into the question is necessarily shaped by the underlying conception of the term. Since strategy has almost inevitably been conceived in terms of what the leaders of an organization ‘plan’ to do in the future, strategy formation has, not surprisingly, tended to be treated as an analytic process for establishing long-range goals and action plans for an organization; that is, as one of formulation followed by implementation. As important as this emphasis may be, we would argue that it is seriously limited, that the process needs to be viewed from a wider perspective so that the variety of ways in which strategies actually take shape can be considered.
The paper argues that the search for explanation should guide mega-event research. The influence of planning, political, and urban contextual processes and factors on mega-event production is illustrated through a discussion of comparative event research and a case study of Sheffield's Universiade 1991. This research indicates the important influence of contextual societal change, urban leadership, and nonrational planning in event production processes. These factors are important for understanding both event causation and also the potentially rational character of event policymaking. The strengths and limitations of ‘planning’ and ‘political’ approaches to understanding events are considered. A relevant research agenda is briefly outlined.RésuméLes méga-événements et la politique urbaine. La recherche sur les méga-événements doit surtout fournir des explications. L'influence de la planification et des facteurs et processus contextuels, politiques et urbains, est illustrée par une discussion de la recherche comparative sur les événements et par une étude de l'Universiade de 1991 à Sheffield. On souligne l'influence importante des changements sociaux et contextuels, les initiatives urbaines et la planification non rationnelle sur la genèse d'un événement. Ces facteurs permettent de comprendre la causalité des événements ainsi que le caractère rationnel de la formation des politiques pour les événements. Les points forts et les limitations de la planification et des approaches pour comprendre les événements sont considérés. On esquisse également un programme de recherches.
This paper examines the extent to which, and why, places project either similar or different images in their tourism marketing. Specific consideration is given to the similarities and differences in the place images for tourism marketing used by five old industrial English cities: Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Sheffield, and Stoke-on-Trent. It is found that, while there was some standardization in their overall marketing imagery, there were also significant differences. Consideration is also given to some of the influences shaping the images projected by these cities using insights from geographical studies, marketing, and critical sociology. An integrated, multidisciplinary research agenda is outlined for future work on city tourism images.RésuméImages pour la commercialisation touristique des villes industrielles. Cet article examine le degré auquel les villes projettent des images différentes ou similaires dans leur publicité et la raison de cette différence ou similitude. On prête une attention toute particulière aux ressemblances et aux différences entre les images touristiques de cinq vieilles villes industrielles britanniques: Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Sheffield et Stoke-sur-Trent. On trouve une certaine standardisation dans leurs images publicitaires, mais il y a aussi des différences significatives. On examine quelques influences qui déterminent le caractère de ces images en se basant sur des théories des domaines de la géographie, du marketing et de la sociologie critique. On propose les grandes lignes d'un plan de recherche intégré et multidisciplinaire pour le travail futur au sujet des images touristiques des villes.
Special events are a unique form of tourism product, but they should not be viewed narrowly as mere attractions for exploitation in tourism development schemes. This article discusses five different but interrelated perspectives on the event product, and argues that effective event planning and management must be based on a comprehensive model. Conclusions are drawn concerning potentially useful research themes for increasing our understanding of events and improving events tourism planning.
Tourism planning has been looked upon as a means of maximizing benefits from tourism development; however, there has been limited research on the accomplishments of tourism plans. This paper provides a longrun analysis of tourism planning in Pacific island destinations, using Hawaii, French Polynesia and the Cook Islands as case examples. A major conclusion of the study is that government tourism plans have little probability of influencing market forces to achieve economic success in destination areas. In view of this, future government planning efforts should be redirected to focus on issues such as the negative social and environmental impacts which are not ameliorated by market forces, leaving the private sector to assume the planning and financial risks of developing specific tourist areas. In order to achieve this, government tourism organizations may have to be restructured from economic development and/or marketing organizations to incorporate broad social responsibilities.
The types and mix of organizations involved in city marketing for tourism are examined in five old industrial cities in Britain (Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Sheffield and Stoke-on-Trent). Two trends in the tourism marketing organizations in these cities are identified and evaluated, namely the increasing use of public-private sector partnerships in the form of visitor and conference bureaux and a recent trend towards corporate city marketing. The objectives behind the tourism marketing activities by the five cities were found to be very similar, although some differences were evident. The potential consequences of establishing a public-private sector visitor and conference bureau are considered for two key aspects of urban governance: for the coordination of urban policy and management, and for local democracy.
This article describes a communitybased process which had as its goal the crafting of a ‘vision’ for the long-term development of tourism of one particular destination. The process involved a task force of 18 committed citizens and industry leaders in the city of Calgary, Canada for a period of over 12 months. After first establishing how tourism related to other opportunities for economic and social development, these Calgary residents subsequently focused on the ‘crafting’ of a vision statement describing how they felt Calgary could and should develop as a tourism destination over the next 15–20 years. They identified the major facilities, events, and programmes that will be required to realize this vision. Their ultimate goal is to put in place the facilities, events and programmes required to make Calgary a major ‘Host, Consultant and Educator to the World’.
This document is not a strategy for service provision in metropolitan Adelaide. It is a strategy for the planning and management of the metropolitan health services for the purpose of realising a vision for the metropolitan health services. It is also a statement on the role of the Division as the purchaser of services on behalf of the community and the metropolitan health service providers.
The rapid development of local enterprise agencies in Britain in the 1980s has been an important focus for the increasing involvement of the private sector in economic development. These agencies present themselves as locally oriented partnerships and the paper draws on evidence from a recent survey, undertaken by the author in Greater London, to show what partnership can mean in practice. A particular focus is the relation between enterprise agencies and local authorities. This leads to a discussion of some of the policy issues arising from the development of these agencies which is part of a wider growth of the non-elected state in Britain through the decade. It is argued that their development raises important questions concerning their lack of local democratic accountability. Copyright 1991 by The Policy Studies Organization.
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