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Experimental taxonomic studies in Psilocybe sect. Psilocybe

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Toen Boekhout
Toen Boekhout
Toen Boekhout
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Joost Stalpers at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
Joost Stalpers
Sebastiaan J.W. Verduin
Sebastiaan J.W. Verduin
Sebastiaan J.W. Verduin
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Jan L.W. Rademaker at HAN_ University of Applied Sciences
Jan L.W. Rademaker
  • HAN_ University of Applied Sciences
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The species of Psilocybe sect. Psilocybe formerly classified in the genus Deconica were investigated using morphology, mating behaviour and RAPD analysis. Psilocybe inquilinus and P. crobula do not seem to be closely related. Based on the morphology, two varieties could be accommodated in P. subviscida namely as vars. subviscida and velata. The mating group of P. montana is characterized by rather thick-walled, dark spores with a fairly large germ-pore. Putative representatives of P. muscorum and P. physaloides freely interbreed with typical P. montana and, consequently, these taxa are considered to represent one variable species. The ex-type strain of P. chionophila did not mate with isolates of P. montana. One collection of P. chionophila from a lowland habitat, morphologically resembling P. montana was found to be interfertile with the ex-type strain of P. chionophila but not with P. montana. We identified several collections as P. magica which is morphologically similar to P. schoeneti. Mating studies showed that these specimen belong to the same biological species, but failed to mate with the ex-type of P. schoeneti.
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... Psilocybe magica Svrček (Svrček 1989) was originally described from former Czechoslovakia (Central Bohemia) and subsequently reported from Denmark, United Kingdom (Scotland), Sweden and The Netherlands (Boekhout et al. 2002, Bon and Roux 2003, Horak 2005, Noordeloos 2001). However, it was not known to occur outside Europe. ...
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... b P. cf. subviscida forming monokaryotic arthroconidia from dikaryotic hyphae. P. cf. subviscida has previously been shown to produce monokaryotic arthroconidia [50,51]. c P. cf. subviscida exudates forming copper coloured crystals (likely oxalates [52]). ...
Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips
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How do fungi navigate through the complex microscopic maze-like structures found in the soil? Fungal behaviour, especially at the hyphal scale, is largely unknown and challenging to study in natural habitats such as the opaque soil matrix. We monitored hyphal growth behaviour and strategies of seven Basidiomycete litter decomposing species in a micro-fabricated “Soil Chip” system that simulates principal aspects of the soil pore space and its micro-spatial heterogeneity. The hyphae were faced with micrometre constrictions, sharp turns and protruding obstacles, and the species examined were found to have profoundly different responses in terms of foraging range and persistence, spatial exploration and ability to pass obstacles. Hyphal behaviour was not predictable solely based on ecological assumptions, and our results obtained a level of trait information at the hyphal scale that cannot be fully explained using classical concepts of space exploration and exploitation such as the phalanx/guerrilla strategies. Instead, we propose a multivariate trait analysis, acknowledging the complex trade-offs and microscale strategies that fungal mycelia exhibit. Our results provide novel insights about hyphal behaviour, as well as an additional understanding of fungal habitat colonisation, their foraging strategies and niche partitioning in the soil environment.
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... Studies about the relationships within Deconica using molecular data have been published by Moncalvo et al. (2002), which included 22 taxa of non-bluing Psilocybe; Boekhout et al. (2005), using mating, morphology, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data with 13 species, and finally, Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2013), with 14 taxa of Deconica, in which they recovered a clade they referred to as "Chrysocystidiatae." In this paper, we describe two new species based on collections from Australia and Mexico, both with chrysocystidia. ...
Two new species of Deconica (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Australia and Mexico
Article
  • Nov 2020
Two new species of Deconica with chrysocystidia are described from Australia and Mexico. Deconica milvispora, from a warm temperate rainforest in Queensland, Australia, is characterized by rhomboid basidiospores with nodulose angles not observed in any member of the genus until now. Deconica esperancensis, from a cloud forest in the south of Mexico, is characterized by subrhomboid basidiospores and short cheilocystidia. Full descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons with similar species are provided for both species. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed employing sequences of nuc ITS rDNA, including seven new sequences from historical type collections of D. aequatoriae, D. alpestris, D. semiinconspicua, Deconica submaritima, D. thailandensis, D. umbrina, and Psilocybe subrunneocystidiata (= Deconica neorhombispora). As expected, the results showed the phylogenetic position of the new species described here within Deconica sect. Chrysocystidiatae, a supported monophyletic group. This section comprises many species, the majority with chrysocystidia, ten of them newly discovered but unnamed taxa. At this time, two taxa are described. Additionally, discussion of the traits found in the four major clades of Deconica is presented.
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... Psilocybe magica Svrček (Svrček 1989) was originally described from former Czechoslovakia (Central Bohemia) and subsequently reported from Denmark, United Kingdom (Scotland), Sweden and The Netherlands (Boekhout et al. 2002, Bon and Roux 2003, Horak 2005, Noordeloos 2001). However, it was not known to occur outside Europe. ...
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Species Diversity of the Genus Psilocybe (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the World Mycobiota, with Special Attention to Hallucinogenic Properties
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2005
  • INT J MED MUSHROOMS
An exhaustive world revision of all names considered in the genus Psilocybe s.l. is presented, of which the hallucinogenic species were treated with special emphasis. Seven hundred eighteen names related to Psilocybe were found reported in the bibliography, of which only 227 are accepted taxa in Psilocybe. The concept of the genus followed here is that of Guzmán 1983; therefore Hypholoma, Melanotus, and Stropharia were excluded. Moreover, 53 species of Psathyrella, many times related with Psilocybe, were also excluded. The hallucinogenic species are 144, which are distributed in all the continents, of which Latin America (including the Caribbae), has the top, with more than 50 species. There are only 22 species in Canada and the US, while Mexico is the country with the higest number in the world, with 53 species. Europe has only 16 species, Asia 15, Africa 4, and Australia and eastern islands 19. Some Psilocybe species are common in several countries or regions, as are P. cubensis and P. subcubensis in all the tropics; P. coprophila in many temperate and tropical regions; P. argentina in several high mountains or in the Austral and Boreal regions; and P. fimetaria and P. semilanceata in Europe, Canada, and the US, but unknown in Mexico.
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Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam - XXXIV: Further notes on Psilocybe
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1999
A key to the species is given of Psilocybe subgenus Stercophila (Romagn.) Noordel., with a full description of Psilocybe dorsipora, new to the Netherlands, and the status of subgenus Stercophila is discussed. Within subgenus Hypholoma section Psilocyboides four new subsections are presented, viz. subsect. Elongatae, subsect. Marginatae, subsect. Tuberosae, and subsect. Ericaeae. A key is given to the species of subsect. Elongatae, with comments on the species and full descriptions of Psilocybe olivaceotincta Kauffm., new to Europe, and a still unnamed dark-coloured species. New combinations within subgen. Stropharia and Melanotus are given.
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  • Jan 1978
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Grouping of strains of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris [(Frank) Donk] based on hyphal anastomosis reactions has been described as the principle most helpful to plant pathologists in studies of R. solani during a 15 year period beginning in 1965 (Anderson, 1982). Similarly, Vilgalys and Cubeta (1994) state that “Since its inception, the anastomosis group concept has represented the single most important advance toward understanding genetic diversity in Rhizoctonia,”. Indeed, the anastomosis group concept has been and is a powerful tool to use as we seek to unravel the complex nature of this very important plant pathogenic fungus. Grouping based on hyphal anastomosis of Rhizoctonias other than R. solani, including the binucleates (Ogoshi et al., 1983) and those with Waitea teleomorphs (Oniki et al., 1985), is also successfully practiced although hyphal anastomosis reactions in Aquathanatephorus pendulus (Tu and Kimbrough, 1978) have not been studied. This chapter will focus only on hyphal anastomosis reactions in R. solani.
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Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control
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The Rhizoctonia disease complex of potatoes comprises two distinct phases: infection of growing plants (Rhizoctonia canker) and infestation of daughter tubers by sclerotia (black scurf). Either or both phases may be present in potato crops. Both are economically important and each has been the object of much research. However, caution must be used when interpreting data reported in the literature because not all authors define which phase they are dealing with when talking about the “Rhizoctonia disease”.
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Five Genes Determining Intersterility in Heterobasidion annosum
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Previous studies of Heterobasidion annosum have shown the existence of two intersterility groups (biological species) designated "S" and "P." Nearly complete intersterility exists between Finnish representatives of the two groups; however, a significant degree of interfertility exists between North American "S" and "P" groups. Analyses of progeny from laboratory crosses of North American representatives of the "S" and "P" groups identified five genes that specify intersterile and interfertile mating reactions. Segregation of alleles was observed for four of the five genes, linkage analysis was performed, and a model for the interaction of these genes is proposed. The genetic basis of biological species in higher fungi is discussed.
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