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Social Capital and Economic Development in Regional Australia: A Case Study
Abstract
This article reports the findings of a case study of social capital and economic development conducted in two towns in regional Australia between 2001 and 2002. The hypothesis driving the research states that a town displaying a high level of social capital will also display a high level of economic development, while a town with a low level of social capital will display a low level of economic development. Moreover, it is suggested the social capital will exert a positive causal influence on economic development. The study goes some way to confirming this hypothesis and provides empirical evidence to suggest that both bonding and bridging social capital are important for successful community economic development outcomes.
... Moreover, UNDP defines CCB "as investments in social, human, physical, and financial capital and is the outcome of the interaction between stakeholders like individuals, businesses, networks, organizations, and policy institutions, at both the national and international levels" (Tang, 2019). According to Woodhouse (2006) social capital is the element that keeps together the inherent network found in institutions along with the trusts and norms that encourage cooperation and coordination between individuals as well as assist collective action for reciprocal benefit. Thus, it can be measured by the degree to which communities trust one another and the way they perceive the availability of mutual aid. ...
... Therefore, human capital building is a way to remove barriers for successful tourism. In terms of physical capital, Woodhouse (2006) refers to infrastructure used in tourism that is set by people which benefits the local communities whereas financial capital is an essential factor to support other capitals. Financial capital refers to the capacity to access funds from investment, bank deposits and government support. ...
... According to the results of the literature review, although CCB is the key to develop successful tourism development, research is limited on the CCB of eco-tourism especially in developing countries (Tang, 2019;Moscardo, 2008;Woodhouse, 2006;Balint, 2006;Reid & Gibb, 2004). ...
... There is ample evidence in the literature that the availability of social capital engenders economic growth [1][2][3][4] and environmentally responsible behaviour and action [5][6][7]. Despite these empirical findings there are few studies on the impact of social capital and income on carbon emissions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
... Regarding the linkage between social capital and economic growth, the analysis by Ref. [33] on the role of social capital for political institutions and economic performance in Italy paved the way for a large body of studies at different jurisdictional scales. A common argument for a positive association between social capital and economic growth is that abundance of social capital, usually measured as trust or civic engagement, facilitates transactions and communication within and between groups of agents and thereby foster economic development [1][2][3][4][45][46][47]. On the other hand, social capital could also mitigate economic growth when there are strong ties within group that hinder transactions and communication among groups [48][49][50][51][52]. ...
... se/rus/Sv/statistik-och-data/nationell-emissionsdatabas/Pages/default.aspx (accessed July 31, 2020). 4 Statistics Sweden (2020) Regional accounts. At https://www.scb.se/en/fin ...
Several studies have found empirical evidence for the role of social capital in environmental management where a high level of social capital reduces emissions of pollutants, and other studies point out a negative relation between income and environmental performance. Therefore, this paper examines if and how social capital explains Swedish county-level per capita CO2 emissions together with income in the period 2000–2017. A social capital composite index is constructed and different specifications of impacts on CO2 emissions of social capital and income and functional forms, linear and non-linear, are tested. The system generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to account for endogeneity in the presence of dynamic and spatial effects. Robust results are negative and significant effects of social capital on emissions, and positive effects of income. Other common results observed are significant dynamic and spatial carbon emissions effects.
... Although the concept of social capital seems to have gained more importance in recent years, it is a sociological factor whose importance and effectiveness in the development of society have been recognized by social scientists much longer ago. In particular, theorists such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Thorstein Veblen, and Max Weber have emphasized the importance of social capital in economic development and solving social problems (Woodhouse, 2006). However, it is observed that the number of studies that systematically addressed the issue of social capital and emphasized its economic dimension intensified in the 1990s. ...
... It is known that theorists such as Portes and Sensenbrenner (1993), Putnam (1995), Labonte (1999), and Bankston and Zhou (2002) pioneered the related studies. Social capital, one of the most important economic and social concepts of recent years, is considered a factor directly related to the economic, political, and social success of countries (Woodhouse, 2006). ...
Article This study, which is aimed at examining the relationship between social capital, employee performance, and employee empowerment in educational organizations, was designed with a correlational survey design from quantitative research methods. A total of 392 teachers working in public schools in Maltepe, Kartal, Pendik, and Tuzla districts of Istanbul province, selected by simple random sampling method, participated in the study. The research data were collected using the "Social Capital Scale", "Employee Performance Scale" and "School Participant Empowerment Scale". Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to reveal the relationship between the concepts using the collected data set. As a result of the analyses, it was revealed that there is a positive relationship between employee performance and employee empowerment, employee performance and social capital, and employee empowerment and social capital. Moreover, it has been observed that social capital and employee performance perception have a positive predictive effect on employee empowerment perception.
... Vertical social capital considers the relations between individuals or groups where there are differences in formal power and/or authority, for example, between a teacher and principal (Grubb and Flessa, 2006;Szreter, and Woolcock, 2004;Woodhouse, 2006). Linking capital occurs in those relations. ...
... When this form of leadership extends to the broader community of stakeholders, it is also likely that bridging (crossing the organization's borders) and linking (crossing hierarchy levels) social capital will emerge. These forms of social capital aid leaders facing increasing job demands (Bauer et al., 2019;Grubb and Flessa, 2006;Szreter and Woolcock, 2004;Woodhouse, 2006). In addition, a large body of educational research has been looking into subcomponents of social capital and its relation with principals' well-being, or related variables. ...
The well-being and mental health of principals is being threatened by changing working conditions such as a broader variety of roles and tasks. In this article, we argue that social capital might buffer against declining (mental) health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential influence of social capital, including both internal (bonding) and external (bridging and linking) social capital, on principals’ well-being. A longitudinal study was set up across three waves of data. Questionnaires were collected from 2084 Australian principals and 829 Irish principals, across six and two timepoints, respectively. The hypotheses were tested using a longitudinal path model approach using maximum likelihood estimation in lavaan for R. In line with our hypotheses, the results indicated that principals who reported higher levels of either internal or external social capital also reported higher levels of well-being. More specifically, support from colleagues outside the school and supervisor support (external social capital) and collaboration and trust in management (internal social capital) predicted well-being positively across time. The results of this study highlight the importance of having social support from colleagues and supervisors and possibilities for collaboration to maintain well-being as a school principal.
... They are comprised of different statuses, classes, values, and other circumstances that may hinder social capital, since they often experience tensions and conflicts that are difficult to overcome in transition economies, cf. [31,[53][54][55]. In this respect, a more differentiated account of social capital is needed, since rural communities are heterogeneous on the one hand and social capital on the other is difficult to apply, build and maintain [28,31,54]. ...
In the move towards bioeconomy, little is known about the contribution of factors such as social capital and trust in farmers' motivation for adopting innovative practices like the cultivation of drought-tolerant bioenergy crops. Based on the broad notion of social capital, this research investigates the level of trust in institutions, cooperation, and the cultural value of farming in Greece and in Germany. Focus group discussions and interviews with farmers show similar levels of trust in institutions in both countries. Trust in cooperation positively related to community social cohesion in Germany, in contrast to the predominant mistrust of formal and informal forms of cooperation in Greece. In Germany, the cultural value of farming, urban "demands" impeding traditional small-scale farming, and their primary role in producing and guarding the rural environment tend to hinder the adoption of bioenergy crop cultivations. In Greece, the marginalization of farming results in an uncertain/ambiguous farming self-concept and, in turn, to an easier adoption of innovations such as the cultivation of bioenergy crops. All three dimensions are pivotal in agriculture, rural development, and energy transition, as they affect how people relate to institutions and to each other and organize and perceive themselves in the current representations of rurality.
... Modal sosial adalah sumber daya yang dapat digunakan untuk mencapai berbagai tujuan dan tertanam dalam jejaring sosial (Woodhouse 2006). Grootaert dan Van Bastelaer(2002) mendefinisikan modal sosial sebagai lembaga, hubungan, sikap, dan nilai-nilai yang mengatur interaksi di antara orang-orang dan berkontribusi terhadap pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial. ...
... So, each agricultural and plantation production process activity will be divided based on work groups. The operation of this system is greatly influenced by humans as actors in this life, so it is very important to study human behavior as a basis for developing a sustainable and dynamic life (Woodhouse, 2006). Trust is an important social capital for building a community, both for the community itself and its relationships with other communities (Mladovsky & Mossialos, 2008). ...
This research aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of social capital and a culture of mutual assistance on the smooth supply chain of household needs and its implications for the success of economic development. The research used quantitative methods with a sample of 89 respondents consisting of religious leaders and traditional leaders. This research was carried out in Kampung Jawa Tondano, also often abbreviated to JaTon, which is one of the sub-districts in North Tondano sub-district, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi province, Indonesia. Data collected through questionnaires was then analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results of research and data analysis show that: social capital directly has a positive and significant effect on the smooth supply chain of household needs; a culture of mutual help directly has a positive and significant effect on the smooth supply chain of household needs; social capital directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development; a culture of mutual assistance directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development; Differentiated learning innovation directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development. The smooth supply chain for household needs can partially mediate the social capital and culture of helping each other towards the success of economic development in Kampung Jawa Tondano, also often abbreviated to JaTon, North Tondano sub-district, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi province, Indonesia.
... The reduction of social capital will reduce the degree of local economic agglomeration and lead to a decline in the productivity of individuals and groups. Furthermore, it also will hinder the spread of innovation and weaken the informal insurance function of social capital against risks, which people's willingness to take commercial risks are reduced (Woodhouse, 2006). The decrease of investment return leads to the decline of economic vitality and individual welfare utility. ...
Eliminating poverty and improving welfare are the value pursuit of global development. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2020, the path relationship among urban shrinkage, urban–rural development, and residents' welfare growth is empirically tested. The heterogeneity of urban shrinkage affecting residents' welfare are further revealed from multidimensional perspectives such as public financial pressure, attention to ageing cause, provincial capital welfare spillover, land expansion, and geographic differences. The research shows that: (1) Urban shrinkage not only directly inhibit residents' welfare, but also curb the improvement of residents' welfare through widening urban–rural income gap and strengthening urban–rural dual economic structure. (2) The higher the public financial pressure and the attention to the aging cause, the more obvious the inhibitory effect of urban shrinkage on the welfare. The welfare spillover of provincial capital cities show a distinct characteristics of distance attenuation. (3) The inhibitory effect of urban shrinkage on welfare growth is stronger in cities with a higher degree of land expansion. The inhibitory effect of the widening urban–rural income gap on welfare growth presents a V-shaped trend with land expansion. (4) The overall impact of urban shrinkage, urban–rural income gap, and urban–rural dual economic structure on residents' welfare is negative, and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity is significant. The impact of urban shrinkage on residents' welfare in seven cities of Hebei and Shandong province is at the stage of turning from negative to positive during the study period.
... Drawing on the social capital literature, I offer the following hypothesis. There are correlations between social capital and economic development (Woodhouse 2006). (This is probably the mechanism through which agglomeration works.) ...
... A. Black et al. (2000) and Kearns (2009) propose that education, as a method of inclusion, encourages the distribution of social equity across all geographical areas. Alston (2002), Australian Government (2009c), Woodhouse (2006) and Foa (2008) state that diverse sources of information arising from education are especially important in rural areas. Australian Government (2009c) and Babacan (2007) concur, stating that there is a consistent association between education and the containment of social exclusion forces due to location. ...
Current research on social networks in some rural communities reports continuing demise despite efforts to build resilient communities. Several factors are identified as contributing to social decline including globalisation and rural social characteristics. Particular rural social characteristics, such as strong social bonds among members of rural communities may not extend to those deemed as “outsiders”: thus restricting the information and skills afforded by extended social networks. It is predicted that rural communities may fail unless they are able to renew existing social structures to more socially inclusion arrangements. It is proposed that better social inclusion of individuals will supply novel solutions to innovate rural communities. Globalisation intensifies the demands on social networks, leading to the rearrangement of social institutions in rural communities. Rapid rearrangement of rural institutions impacts the wellbeing of rural people and threatens rural futures. The viability goals of rural communities are proposed to be linked to social concepts, such as liveability and sustainability. It is anticipated that viability challenges may be partly met through social strategies, such as social inclusion, which expand the social networks of rural communities. Australian government initiatives such as the National Social Inclusion Principles are intended to curb growing inequity between people and regions. Contemporary social inclusion initiatives focussed on social participation are discussed. Somewhat in contrast to a social participation focus, education is forwarded as reliably associated with a range of positive social outcomes. Literacy education is argued to be the basis of positive outcomes in both self-realisation and social achievement. Suggestions are made for the role of further research involving contributions from adult rural literacy students. It is anticipated that this outlook will allow an examination of social strategies, which benefit individuals and community networks.
... Moreover, in several papers, Social Capital has been studied as an element that affects the quality and the success of territorial development projects. Positive impacts can also be traced to the effect of economic growth (Woodhouse, 2006): ...
Most EU policy documents highlight the need to ensure and contribute to the achievement of the multifaceted goal of social sustainability. In this framework, the paper investigates tokenism, a common phenomenon of crucial importance for rural development, although not widely studied. The paper focuses on a scoping literature review to analyse the forms of tokenism affecting the territorial development practices and which factors can prevent this phenomenon. More specifically, recent scientific papers dealing with tokenism, social capital, rural areas, and decision processes were analysed to shed light on the various underhand practices in which tokenism occurs and possible limiting factors. The results show the role played by adopting participatory approaches and by some variables (e. g., trust, influence, involvement, civic engagement, information) in reducing the phenomenon of tokenism. It is important to highlight how improving the local amount of social capital represents a key factor positively affecting the success of territorial development strategies. The originality and the value of the present study lie in the fact that notwithstanding tokenism is analysed by several authors, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies focusing on the relationship between tokenism and territorial development.
... Sociologists and political scientists also define social capital as, a network of social relationships created by norms and mutual trust (Xue 2008;Woodhouse 2006). Unlike other capital, social capital does not exist physically, but it results from group and social interactions and norms, and on the other hand, its increase can lead to a serious drop in the level of the expenses of public administration as well as the operating costs of the organizations (World Bank 1999). ...
Social capital approaches consider the empowerment of societies against disasters, which enable rural communities to recover from the negative effects of hazards. Social capital is a mediator for collective action and can help people build common property resources. Not only can social capital improve access to natural resources, it can also improve access to physical capital. Using the descriptive and analytical survey, this article analyzes the impact of social capital on managing an earthquake in the villages of Khodabandeh in northwest of Iran. The findings indicate that according to the single sample T test as well as the opinions of local authorities and household heads. The components of attitude and cohesion have the strongest direct effect on reducing vulnerability at the level of households and rural authorities, the component of trust has the strongest indirect effect, and the network component has no indirect effect on either level.
... Social capital is a component of economic development. Several studies (Helliwell and Putnam, 1995;Rupasingha et al., 2000;Woodhouse, 2006) have examined the relationship between social capital and economic performance and have proven the positive effect of social capital on production and economic growth. However, despite its important and influential role in the economy, it is often neglected. ...
Determination of the factors affecting energy consumption has always been considered by planners, economists, and policymakers. Energy plays an essential role in ensuring the social welfare of societies. Considering the high intensity of energy in Iran, reforming the consumption pattern in the country is an inevitable necessity. The modification of energy consumption patterns, in addition to economic factors and price balancers, needs the recognition and application of social variables. The present paper aims to investigate the simultaneous effect of economic variables and social capital on energy consumption in Iran. In this regard, first, the social capital variable has been estimated by fuzzy logic. Then, using the GMM method, the effects of the social capital index and economic variables on energy consumption in Iran have been estimated in the time series and data of the period 1981-2019. The obtained results showed that social capital had a significant negative effect on energy consumption. Despite the government's focus on price policy and the targeting of subsidies to control consumption, social capital has had a constructive effect on reducing energy consumption without any kind of mechanism. Per capita income, urbanization, trade liberalization, and industrialization have a positive effect on energy consumption. The results also showed that the energy consumption of the previous period had the greatest effect on the energy consumption function.
... The argument regarding the influence of social capital in the economic development has been widely discussed. Across European countries, Svendsen and Sørensen (2006) documented the social capital influence in Denmark's economic growth, and Woodhouse (2006) presented a case study that highlights the importance of the social capital in regional economic development. In Africa, Mubangizi (2003) demonstrated how social capital has been used as a strategy for economic development. ...
The paper proposes a cost-benefit analysis of alternative school networks that are otimized to cover the territory of the central part of Huambo Municipality in Angola. Benefits comes from increases in housing prices associated with changes in employment generated by schools, evaluated by variations in values of real estate estimated by the bid-rents of a spatial interaction model using hedonic regression methods. Costs are associated with construction and functioning of schools. The more advisable school networks alternatives are the ones that optimize the coverage of the region with education services while securing individual viability of each one of the schools.
... Sosyal sermaye kavramının temelleri Aristoya kadar dayandırılmakla birlikte sosyal bilimlerin gelişimi sürecinde 18. yy. itibarıyla Adam Smith, Tocqueville, Durkheim, Tönnies, Hume, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx ve Max Weber gibi teorisyenlerin katkılarıyla temelleri ortaya konulmuştur (Tüylüoğlu, 2006;Woodhouse, 2006). Kavram ilk defa Lydac Judson Hanifan tarafından 1916 yılındaki "The Rural School Community Center" adlı, eserde günümüzde kabul gören ve ortak kullanım olan sosyal sermaye ifadesine ulaşmıştır (Akman & Abaslı, 2017;Şan & Şimşek, 2011). ...
Bu araştırmada, son yıllarda girişimcilik literatüründe önemli bir araştırma alanı olan girişimcinin sosyal sermayesi kavramı açıklanarak, ulusal literatürde girişimcinin sosyal sermayesi ölçümleyebilecek niteliğe sahip geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmek hedeflenmektedir. Bu ölçek uyarlama çalışması, Hernández-Carrión ve arkadaşları (2017) tarafından geliştirilen Girişimci’nin Sosyal Sermayesi Ölçeğinin Türkçe geçerlemesi kapsamında, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik değerlerini içermektedir. Türkiye’den 375 adet girişimci ile yürütülen bu çalışmada, ölçeğin orijinal dört faktörlü yapısına uygun şekilde dilimizde de 24 maddeden ve dört boyuttan oluşan bir yapıya sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu boyutlar; kişisel ilişkiler, profesyonel ilişkiler, yardımcı ilişkiler, kurumsal ilişkiler olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan güvenilirlik analizinde girişimcinin sosyal sermayesi ölçeğinin Cronbach Alfa katsayısı, sırasıyla 0,83, 0,77, 0,82 ve 0,87’dir. Yapılan araştırma kapsamında ulusal literatüre girişimcinin sosyal sermayesi ile ilgili yeni bir kavram kazandırılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler neticesinde, uyarlama çalışması yapılan girişimcinin sosyal sermayesi ölçeği, Türkiye’deki girişimcinin sosyal sermayesinin ölçülmesinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
... The determinants of participation in the labour force are as varied as the individuals that comprise it, with the academic literature covering a breadth of factors including demographic traits such as race and ethnicity, sex, and age (Hunter and Gray, 1999;Baum and Mitchell, 2008;Mavromaras and Zang, 2015); social and human capital (Liefbroer and Corijn, 1999;Wilson, 2006;Woodhouse, 2006); educational aspiration, standards, and attainment (Cuervo, Chesters, and Aberdeen, 2019); government policies and regulations (OECD, 2018a); access to resources, technology, and infrastructure (Alam and Mamun, 2017); and level of trade openness and access to outside markets (Madanizadeh and Pilvar, 2019). Section 3.2.1 will outline some of the regional location-based determinants of LFP; section 3.2.2 will explore various demographic factors, with sections 3.2.3 to 3.3.5 detailing gender, age, and Indigenous Australians, respectively; section 3.2.6 will analyse socioeconomic factors, 3 and section 3.2.7 will provide a summary. ...
... Since the concept of the strength of weak ties was introduced (Granovetter, 1973), and Putnam (1995) brought attention to the concept of 'social capital', significant efforts to further define the concept have followed. Here, we use existing work to segregate forms of social capital by the number and direction of connections labelled: bonding, bridging, and linking social capital (Cofré-Bravo et al., 2019;King et al., 2019;Klerkx and Proctor, 2013;Woodhouse, 2006). Table 2 provides an overview of the number and directionality of connections. ...
We report on qualitative social research conducted with stakeholders in a local agricultural knowledge and advice network associated with a collaborative water quality monitoring project. These farmers, advisors and researchers allude to existing social dynamics, technological developments, and (more general) social evolution which is analysed against a novel analytical framework. This framework considers notions of power, social capital, and trust as related and dynamic, forming the basis of our contribution to knowledge. We then probe the data to understand perceived impacts of the collaborative project and social interaction associated with this research project, which involved cutting edge automated and frequent water quality monitoring that allowed for near real-time access to data visualisation displayed via a bespoke mobile or web 'app' (1622WQ). Our findings indicate that a multi-faceted approach to assessing and intervening based on consideration of multiple social dimensions holds promise in terms of creating conditions that allow for individual and group learning to encourage changes in thinking required to result in improved land management practice.
... Kavram olarak son yıllarda çok fazla önem kazanmış olmasına karşın sosyal sermaye, başta toplum olmak üzere, devletlerin, işletmelerin ve girişimcilerin önemi ve etkinliği bağlamında incelenmeye başlanan sosyoloji temelli bir kavramdır. Marx, Smith, Durkheim, Weber gibi kuramcılar sosyal sermayenin önemini ekonomik ve toplumsal kalkınma ile birlikte incelemiş, ayrıca sosyal problemlerin de çözüme kavuşturulması kapsamında önemini belirtmişlerdir (Woodhouse, 2006). Bütün bu gelişmelere bağlı olarak kavrama yönelik ilgi ve araştırmalar da 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren hızlı bir şekilde artış göstermiştir (Putnam, 1995;Bankston ve Zhou, 2002). ...
... In this study, the role played by farmers' social capital in accepting and adopting new irrigation systems is investigated. We quantify social capital of farmers through a scale developed by Woodhouse [58]. This 35-item scale captures elements of social association, bridging social capital, family social capital, community engagement, thin trust, and work social capital. ...
Sustainable water usage is an important global concern and an urgent priority, especially
in dryland regions such as Iran. The Iranian government is actively addressing the challenge of water scarcity by encouraging farmers to adopt new water application technology. Its main element to decrease water consumption is to encourage new irrigation systems, in particular drip irrigation. However, despite the benefits of drip irrigation technologies and the availability of generous government subsidies, adoption rates of the improved irrigation technology remain critically low among Iranian farmers. Therefore, this study seeks to determine what is limiting the uptake of improved irrigation technology in Iran. While it is well known that acceptance of new technology ultimately depends on multiple and interrelated factors, we examine those factors affecting farmers’
adoption from three theoretical perspectives in the adoption literature: farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, social capital, and technology characteristics. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Behbahan district in Khuzestan province in southwest Iran. The sample comprises 174 farmers who adopted drip irrigation in that region and 100 non-adopters who were located in the same region. Discriminant analysis reveals that a socio-economic approach is the strongest model to predict adoption of drip irrigation technology in the study area, followed by models of technical characteristics, and social capital. These results can help agricultural extension agents and policymakers design appropriate and effective strategies that facilitate the adoption of drip irrigation at an increasing rate.
... A rurális újrástrukturálódásnák vánnák áltálánosább folyámátái, trendjei, ugyánákkor á helyi szintű sájátosságok, áz egyes települések korábbi dinámizmusá és jellege nágymértékben befolyásolhátjá áz újrástrukturálódás irányáit, konkrét hátását. Az európáitól eltérő folyámátok jellemzik például áz Egyesült Állámok vágy Ausztráliá rurálitásánák újrástrukturálódását is, hiszen á vidéki térszerkezet csupán áz eltérő méreteiből fákádóán is más sájátosságok szerint változik (Argent, 1999;Hancock, Steinbach, Nesbitt, Adler, & Auerswald, 2009;Woodhouse, 2006). Európái viszonylátbán á legalápvetőbb eltérést a Nyugat-és Kelet-Európá térszerkezeti fejlődésének különbözősége jelenti, már csák á mezőgázdásági termelés jellegének 20. ...
... One of the issues emerging in the subject literature, as well as in practice, is the formation of social capital [1][2][3] as a factor that might positively impact regional development. In practice, this thematic area may be encountered, among others, in the framework of actions financed from European Union (EU) resources-that is, the EAFRD or ERDF-or as part of national (Polish) regional actions-for instance, those defined in the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas, Agriculture and Fisheries 2012-2020 (SZRWRiR), or the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020. ...
Increasing the participation of inhabitants in the activities of local authorities has been one of the topics in the discussion on sustainable development for a long time. In rural development, there is also a demand for increasing the participation of inhabitants. This is possible thanks, among other things, to tools that enhance bonds in local communities, encompassing processes based on the mechanisms of the co-creation and co-production of public services, or various forms of participation in the decision-making processes of self-government. In Poland, some regional self-governments (voivodeships) have introduced solutions based on a system of grants for small local communities (villages/sołectwa) linked to deliberative participation, co-creation, and co-production processes. The goal of this article is thus to analyse the design, operation, and scale of grant mechanisms implemented by regional authorities for local communities in Poland’s rural areas (sołectwa). The first stage of the research process was a review of the literature, followed by analysis of the existing solutions and mechanisms for supporting small local communities in individual regions of Poland by financing or co-financing projects that engage inhabitants in the co-creation and co-production of public goods or services. Based on this, the key assumptions considered when creating this type of mechanism of support by voivodeship self-governments were determined. A subsequent stage of research involved analysing the case study of a solution introduced in 2016 by the Łódź regional self-government. The research results indicate that the analysed grant system model stimulates local communities that were previously passive/excluded by other programmes and that, as a result of the stable conditions of a grant contest, the process of “learning” and “imitating” the actions of the communities that succeeded occurs. The research results indicate that the proposed system of grants, which is conditionally based on the participation and co-operation of the inhabitants, seems to be an effective means of activating communities. The findings also point to features that could determine the success of the introduced grant model, such as its simplicity, limiting the bureaucracy (partially limiting the influence of local authorities on who obtains grants), and the transparency of the procedure.
... Social capital is the level of connectedness and trust of people and organisations within and between local communities (Cocklin & Alston, 2002;Onyx & Bullen, 2000;Woodhouse, 2006). Social capital reflects an ability to work together in a cooperative and coordinated way to tackle problems. ...
... Social capital is the level of connectedness and trust of people and organisations within and between local communities (Cocklin & Alston, 2002;Onyx & Bullen, 2000;Woodhouse, 2006). Social capital reflects an ability to work together in a cooperative and coordinated way to tackle problems. ...
... The latter is based on the internal relational resources that facilitate trust and cohesion and are beneficial when it comes to pursuing the collective organizational goals (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Bonding SC connects the members of homogeneous groups (Granovetter, 1985;Putnam, 2000;Woodhouse, 2006) and acts as a "super-glue" internally. In SMOs the hybrid purposes usually rely on the individual altruism of the founders, who integrate their social and work motivations into the SMO project (Bargsted, Picon, Salazar, & Rojas, 2013;Tan, Williams & Tan, 2005). ...
La habilidad de las organizaciones híbridas para alcanzar simultáneamente objetivos diferentes y potencialmente conflictivos puede causar tensiones con sus stakeholders. El objetivo de este paper es explorar cómo las pequeñas y medianas organizaciones (PMO) tratan de equilibrar a través del capital social sus objetivos sociales y económicos cuando está en riesgo su hibridez. Para alcanzar este objetivo seguimos un enfoque de estudio de casos para explorar como tres PMOs gestionan su hibridez. Los resultados muestran la importancia de equilibrar los diferentes tipos de capital social, tanto los vínculos que vinculan a agentes similares (bonding) como a diferentes (bridging) para ser capaces de encarar los riesgos de bloqueo y dependencia que amenazan su naturaleza híbrida. Identificamos las condiciones que las PMOs tienen que satisfacer para evitar estos riesgos y desplegamos un conjunto de estrategias para alcanzar una hibridez sostenible. Finalmente, destacamos la relevancia de los ecosistemas que sostienen a las PMOs en la consecución de sus objetivos híbridos.
... Among a number of pathways through which rural-to-urban migration contributes to the economic and social sustainability of sending communities, not fully investigated is how return migrants' contributions to the enhancement of the social capital (i.e., features of social organization, such as individual or household networks and the associated norms and values that create externalities for the community as a whole; [52]) of rural communities and to rural development [53][54][55]. Le and Nakagawa [22] recently observed that return migrants behaved more prosocially than did individuals who had never outmigrated in a Vietnamese rural community and thus contributed to the social capital, speculating that this observation might be theoretically explained in terms of sense of responsibility. Specifically, they generalized the qualitative findings of earlier studies on highly skilled migrants (e.g., health workers and international students; [56][57][58][59][60][61][62]) and argued that out-migrants in general who acquired skills and knowledge in their destination communities might feel a sense of responsibility to contribute to their sending communities. ...
Rural-to-urban migration contributes to the economic and social sustainability of sending communities. The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative evidence supporting the theoretical argument that (i) rural-to-urban migrants contribute to the sustainability of their sending communities, and (ii) once they return, they are likely to behave prosocially as return migrants because they feel a responsibility to apply the knowledge and skills they acquired during migration for the sake of others in their sending communities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hanoi, Vietnam, a typical destination city of domestic rural-to-urban migrants. Three hundred rural-to-urban migrants participated in this survey. The ultivariate regression analysis results indicate that rural-to-urban migrants contribute more to the social and economic sustainability of their rural home communities when they have spent longer in their migration destinations and have accumulated skills and knowledge because their experiences foster a sense of responsibility toward their home communities. This is the first quantitative investigation of the relationship between rural-to-urban migrants’ characteristics representing their accumulation of skills and knowledge in their destination cities and their supportive attitudes toward their home communities. This investigation seemed important because it was expected to clarify the conditions under which rural-to-urban migration stimulates migrants’ sense of responsibility and thus their contributions to the social and economic sustainability of their sending communities.
... In addition, Fukuyama (1995) stresses the necessity of trust and the relationship between a high levels of social trust (high social capital) to high levels of economic benefits. Woodhouse (2006) states that a community with high levels of social capital will have high levels of economic development. His study on social capital and economic development in regional Australia confirms that a town with relatively high social capital will experience a high level of economic development and vice versa. ...
This paper examines rural social entrepreneurship program in rural Malaysia communities. The program seeks to promote and turn rural entrepreneurs into social entrepreneurs by strengthening their economic activities and enhancing social capital. This paper focuses on a component of the rural entrepreneur program (REP), namely the Social Entrepreneur Club (SEC). The club runs the rural entrepreneur program and upholds the program’s objectives. It promotes the socialization of rural communities by engaging them in entrepreneurial activities. The club operates under the Rural Internet Centre (RIC); a telecentre that provides space for rural communities to enhance their ICT knowledge and skills. However, despite the opportunity provided, some of the rural entrepreneurs do not show adequate interest in the program as they prefer being entrepreneurs, but not social entrepreneurs. Thus, the success of the SECs depends on the entrepreneurs’ participation in the program, the geographical locations and the support from the telecentre managers. This paper employs the economic gardening concept and community informatics approach to empirically gather evidence to test the theory on ICT for development; particularly rural development for rural communities. A quantitative method has been used to measure the implications of ICT in this program. Data from the entrepreneurs is obtained through an online survey which has been conducted across the varying regions in Malaysia. The quantitative data is supported by interviews (qualitative method) with telecentre managers. The primary data has been triangulated to analyze the results. The key findings show that the SEC is seen as economic development strategy by creating jobs, as well as increasing income and business opportunities. It also strengthens social networking needed to build social capital within and outside of the rural communities. Hence SEC is also a community connector and can be used as an indicator on the quality of rural communities’ wellbeing.
... Selected comments on each topic are presented as insights into the purpose of the paper. Balint, 2006;Bokor, 2001;Comello, 2005;Hounslow, 2002;Laverack, 2005;Mattessich, Monsey, Roy & Foundation, 1997;Moscardo, 2008c;Simpson, Wood & Daws, 2003;Smith, Littlejohns & Thompson, 2001;Verity, 2007;Williams & Lawson, 2001;Woodhouse, 2006 Dimensions of community capacity Bennett et al., 2012;Laverack, 2005;MacLellan-Wright et al., 2007;Thompson et al., 2003 Measurement of community capacity Bennett et al., 2012;Bopp et al., 2000;Ebbesen, Heath, Naylor & Anderson, 2004;Hawe, King, Noort, Jordens & Lloyd, 2000;Kwan, Frankish, Quantz & Flores, 2003;Laverack, 2005;Laverack & Thangphet, 2009;MacLellan-Wright et al., 2007;Smith, Littlejohns & Roy, 2003 Sharareh Khosravi, Badaruddin Mohamed & Vikneswaran Nair Arole, Fuller & Deutschmann, 2004;Chaskin et al., 2001;Chinman et al., 2005;Craig, 2007;Frank & Smith, 1999;Hunt, 2005;Koutra, 2007;Kretzmann & McKnight, 1993;Matachi, 2006;Raik, 2002;Simmons, Reynolds & Swinburn, 2011;Victurine, 2000 Barriers to community capacity Aref, 2011;Moscardo, 2008a;Timothy, Sharpley & Telfer, 2002 ...
... Ena od temeljnih študij o rabi koncepta socialnega kapitala na področju raziskav gospodarstva je opisana v prispevku Social capital: prospects for a new concept (Adler in Kwon 2002). Primer takšne raziskave je tudi študija Social capital and economic development in regional Australia (Woodhouse 2006), ki potrjuje hipotezo o premem razmerju med kazalniki razvitosti socialnega kapitala in kazalniki gospodarske uspešnosti na primeru izbranih avstralskih mest. ...
Opredelitve in pristopi k preučevanju socialnega kapitala so v znanstvenih vedah (na primer geografiji, sociologiji, zgodovini, politologiji, antropologiji) raznoliki in celo protislovni, koncept socialnega kapitala pa je zato kritiziran zaradi teoretske nekonsistentnosti. Koncept socialnega kapitala se kot predmet preučevanja različnih znanstvenih ved nekritično in brez utemeljitev označuje kot »interdisciplinarni«. Prispevek z namenom osvetlitve interdisciplinarnosti koncepta, vsebinsko analizira 17 opredelitev socialnega kapitala. Z vsebinsko analizo je prepoznanih šest gradnikov socialnega kapitala, ki so med seboj tesno prepleteni in ne omogočajo enoznačne določitve pomenskega jedra. Opisani so raziskovalni pristopi iz geografije in sorodnih ved, ki so zasnovani na teh opredelitvah. Pristopi odsevajo, da se socialni kapital krovno uporablja kot hevristični model za teoretsko, metodološko in epistemološko sicer zelo raznolike raziskave. Raziskav, ki bi bile zasnovane primerjalno, primanjkuje, prezrto pa je tudi preučevanje na lokalni ravni. Koncept socialnega kapitala je razširjen v številnih znanstvenih vedah, vendar pa so raziskave z interdisciplinarno zasnovo dokaj maloštevilne. // The definitions and research approaches of the social capital are diverse and even contradictory in the scientific disciplines (i.e. geography, sociology, history, political sciences, anthropology). The concept of social capital as a research object of various scientific disciplines is often criticized due to its theoretical inconsistency and labelled as an interdisciplinary approach uncritically and without any references in the scientific literature. Paper aims to enlighten interdisciplinarity of concept through 17 definitions of social capital, which are assembled through literature review. The content analysis points out six building blocks of social capital, which are tightly connected; there is no simple identification of the semantic core of definitions. The research approaches in geography and related disciplines, which are conceptualized based on those definitions, are also described. The research approaches reflect a diversity, as social capital is used as a heuristic model for theoretical, methodological and epistemological diverse researches. Through the literature review, lack of comparative researches on a local level is identified. The concept of social capital is extended in many disciplines, but there are only a few interdisciplinary conceptualized researches.
... Moreover, some studies mentioned the importance role of informal connections between government officials and private agents. In addition, Dalton et al. (2002) and Woodhouse (2006) also examined the patterns of social relations and social capital. They used some variables such as family, friends, works, religious, education, age, gender, and income, but they only compared the interaction between these variables by several simple methodologies. ...
This paper focuses on investigating the impacts of political connections on household income and agricultural investments in mountainous areas of Vietnam by employing several matching methodologies. Propensity score matching (PSM) is an increasingly well-known approach for evaluation studies in agricultural economics. Additionally, this study attempted to verify the significance of political connections in rural economics. To conduct the empirical approach, we used survey data of 550 households from three provinces in Northern Vietnam. The findings indicate that political connections have significantly positive impacts on the total income of households and farming behavior, but significantly negative impacts on agricultural investments of the households. Differences between the income of household connected and not were connected group of households is estimated at approximately 30 million VND (US$ 1,304) per year. However, the total income of the connected households was not heavily based on agricultural production, non-agricultural activities accounted for a larger share of the total income. Another important outcome confirmed the privileges of politically connected households in terms of receiving extension courses substantially increased the inequality between rural households in the survey areas because the distribution of government subsidies was distorted to target the necessities.
... Bunun gerçekleşmesinde firmaların ve kamunun olduğu kadar sivil ağların sivil toplumda oynadığı rol bir sözleşme paydaşı kadar etkili görülmüştür. Putnam tarafından yürütülen çalışmalarda sosyal sermayenin kalkınmaya olan etkisinin ne olduğu ve ekonomik performanslar bağlamında bunun nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiği, sosyal örgütlere sağlanacak katılımın yüksek olduğu bölgelerde daha etkin katılım modelinin oluştuğu ortaya konulmaktadır (Woolcock, 1998;Inglehart, 1999;Torsvik, 2000;Kitson ve Toh, 2005;Bjornskov, 2006;Woodhause, 2006). ...
ÖZET Rekabet kavramı, günümüzün işletme dünyası için oldukça hayati bir konudur. Rekabet etme, artık şirketleri ilgilendirdiği kadar şehirleri ve ülkeleri de ilgilendirmektedir. Şehirlerin rekabet etmesi, geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de yadsınamaz bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Sosyal sermaye kavramı ise, öneminin anlaşılmaya başlamasıyla birlikte, son yıllarda tüm dünyada ve ülkemizde gözde bir kavram haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu kavram sosyolojiden işletmeye kadar birçok disiplini bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada şehirlerin rekabet etmesi sürecinde sosyal sermayenin bir rolünün olup olmadığı ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede ikincil veri kullanılarak Türkiye genelinde seçilen 20 ilin rekabet etme sürecinde sahip oldukları sosyal sermaye güçlerine bakılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 20 ile ait bir endeks çalışması ve yoğunlaşma tablosu hazırlanmıştır.
... Social capital is a type of capital that cannot be immediately transformed into economic capital, and it takes time to establish and maintain it (1). The importance and effectiveness of the concept of social capital have been sociologically adopted by philosophers such as Smith, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber in solving economic and social problems (2). Bourdieu, Coleman, Burt, Putnam, and Lin are considered as early social capital thinkers (3). ...
The concept of social capital is a comprehensive social phenomenon consisting of social support, social integration, values, and norms. In social and economic transactions and economic and physical capital, non-monetary human, cultural, and social capital types have been accepted as neoclassical capital theories. The increase in information communication technologies, especially in economic relations, has now caused individuals to connect with weaker bonds compared with that in the past. Social capital parameters have gained importance to achieve this interaction. This article reveals that the issue of providing corporate loyalty to emergency department employees with a good team spirit is considered as a strong social capital parameter.
... Moreover, some studies mentioned the important role of informal connections between government officials and private agents. In addition, Dalton et al. (2002) and Woodhouse (2006) also examined the patterns of social relations and social capital. They used some variables such as family, friends, works, religious, education, age, gender and income, but they only compared the interaction between these variables by several simple methodologies. ...
This paper focuses on investigating the impacts of political connections on households’ income and their agricultural investment in mountainous areas of Vietnam by employing several matching methodologies. Propensity score matching (PSM) is an increasingly well-known approach for evaluation studies in agricultural economics. Additionally, this study attempts to verify the significance of political connection in rural economics. To conduct the empirical approach, the article uses surveyed data of 550 households from three provinces in the north of Vietnam. The findings indicate that political connection has a significantly positive impact on households’ total income and farming behaviour, but has a very negative impact on households’ agricultural investment. The difference between the income of the connected and non-connected group of households is estimated at approximately 30 million VND (US$ 1,304) per year. However, the total income of the connected households is not heavily based on agricultural production, their non-agricultural activities account for a larger share of their total income. Another important outcome is to confirm the privileges of politically connected households in terms of receiving extension courses that substantially increase the inequality between rural households in survey areas because the distribution of government subsidy is distorted to target the necessities.
... On the other hand, involvement in sustainable growth depends on social capital as a partnership. Numerous cases of wealthy social capital groups pursuing inclusive, sustainable development are recorded in this study(Schulman & Anderson, 1999;Tregear & Cooper, 2016;Woodhouse, 2006). ...
In the mainstream parlance, tourism is constructed as conspicuous consumption for the exclusively chosen few. Historically, the term “inclusive” in the tourism industry was exclusively used with all-inclusive tourism. All-inclusive tourism is often quite an unethical approach and is probably the antithesis of inclusive development. Likewise, traditional definitions of sustainable tourism, too, did not stress enough of inclusiveness. The focus of sustainable tourism has been to ensure the sustenance of nature and culture and inclusiveness was just one of the conditions that would support this. This paper attempts to blueprint the idea of inclusive, sustainable tourism – which brings inclusion to sustainable development. Inclusion in the cooperative governance framework activates social capital and thereby, tourism businesses can gain lasting competitive advantage. A special mention about the challenges being faced by the Caribbean tourism destinations is given during the discussion. Caribbean tourism is criticized for its powerful thrust for everything that is unsustainable. The “third way” is gaining traction, but it also excludes certain important voices and stakeholders. For the Caribbean region, ending the Sun-Sea-Sand-Sex model of tourism altogether, all of a sudden is not only impractical but also unsustainable. So, the solutions should reform it with more and more inclusivity and sustainability elements. There is still hope, with a new generation of entrepreneurs armed with a combination of idealism survival spirits. Tourism is now at the center of the inclusive economic development paradigm in the Caribbean, more than ever before. During the discussion, certain myths about inclusive, sustainable tourism are demolished, too: say, it is not who controls tourism but how it is controlled which determines inclusiveness and sustainability; also, there is evidence emerging which indicate that even large scale private enterprises could advance inclusiveness and sustainability provided these results in their competitive advantage and increased profitability; finally, inclusiveness does not necessarily mean sustainability or vice versa. Keywords: Inclusive Sustainable Tourism, Ethics, Social Responsibility, Culture, Competitive Advantage, Cooperative Networks, Policy Framework.
... 2.1. Capital social y sector cooperativo Desde la década de los noventa, el capital social ha adquirido una mayor relevancia consecuencia de su consideración como un factor explicativo del crecimiento económico (Knack & Keefer, 1997, Woolcock, 1998, Woodhouse, 2006 dando lugar a que diferentes organizaciones internacionales, como por ejemplo el Banco Mundial, desarrollen programas para su estímulo. A pesar de ello, el concepto no es nuevo. ...
Las bases del creci miento económico de las economías occidentales han sido seriamente dañadas por la crisis actual. Algunas de las respuestas políticas pasan por la reactivación económica sobre la base de la promoción de la iniciativa empresarial. Si bien existe una abundante literatura sobre este aspecto, poca atención recibe el estudio de las formas societarias. Entre ellas, el empresariado colectivo, en general, y las cooperativas, en particular, tiene una especial relevancia a la luz de su mayor resistenciay flexibilidad en contextos de crisis como el actual. El obje tivo del artículo es profundizar en el cono cimiento del impacto de los factores que expliquen la dimensión del sector cooperativo utilizando como cuadro teórico los factores del crecimiento. La aportación del trabajo reside en su enfoque comparativo internacional, superando los enfoques microeconómicos del comportamiento empresarial, basado en datos de 29 países europeos en los años 2009-2010
... 1. Social capital: the level of connectedness and trust of people and organisations within and between local communities (Cocklin & Alston, 2002;Onyx & Bullen, 2000;Woodhouse, 2006). Social capital reflects an ability to work together in a cooperative and coordinated way to tackle problems. ...
The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) has undertaken a regional study of the role and value of agriculture to the Wet Tropics region of North Queensland. A theoretical framework was developed, as part of the project, in order to quantify and qualify the contributions that agriculture makes to regional economies, and to identify the constraints and opportunities that influence these contributions. The framework was then applied to the Wet Tropics region as a pilot study. In developing such a framework, RIRDC aims to support the economic development of agricultural regions within Australia, by identifying and maximizing sources of competitive advantage specific to those regions. This fact sheet summarises the project.
... Sosyal sermaye açısından ise; son yıllarda yapılan ampirik çalışmalarda, üretim aşamasında kullanılan kaynaklarda israfın önlenmesinde, işlem maliyetlerinin azaltılmasında ve maliyeti arttıran dışsallıkların önlenmesinde, eğitimde başarının artmasında, yatırımların kalitesinin artmasında ve yeni teknolojilerin kolaylıkla özümsenmesinde, gelir dağılımının düzeltilmesinde, ekonomik büyümenin hızlanmasında, toplumdaki sosyal sermaye düzeyinin önemli bir rolünün olduğu saptanmıştır (Norris, 2001;Christoforou, 2004). Ayrıca ülkelerin bölgesel kalkınma stratejilerinde de yüksek düzeyli sosyal sermayenin önemli katkısı bulunmaktadır (Woodhouse, 2006). Sosyal sermayenin pozitif etkilerini sadece makro ölçekte değil, mikro ölçekli firma boyutunda da görebilmek mümkündür. ...
Öz: 1960'lı yıllara kadar 'sermaye', üretime katılan makine ve teçhizat gibi fiziksel değerleri nitelemekte iken, bugün bunlara ek olarak üretime pozitif katkısı olan insan gelişiminin, ilişkilerinin ve yaşam kalitesinin, bireyin yaşadığı kurumsal yapıyı oluşturan sosyal ve beşeri tüm dinamik faktörlerin etkileşimini nitelendirmektedir. Gelişen ve değişen sermaye kavramı ile birlikte gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kalkınmanın sağlanmasında kamu kurum ve kuruluşların sermaye türlerini güçlendirmesindeki rolü de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; vakıf mallarını işletmek, vakfa ait müesseseleri gayelerine göre yaşatmak, mimari ve tarihi değere sahip vakıf eski eserlerini muhafaza ve imar etmek için kurulan merkezi yönetime bağlı Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü (VGM)'nün, Türkiye'nin fiziki, beşeri ve sosyal sermaye biçimlenişi üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında VGM'nin gerçekleştirdiği, fiziki, beşeri ve sosyal sermaye yatırımlarını değerlendirmek üzere; fiziki ve beşeri sermaye konusunda VGM'nin veri tabanından yararlanılmış, sosyal sermayenin ölçülmesindeki zorluklar göz önü alındığında niceliksel verilerin yanı sıra vakıf temsilcileri ve vakıf hizmetlerinden yararlananlar ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar VGM'nin fiziki, beşeri ve sosyal sermaye yatırımları ile ülkenin sosyo-ekonomik kalkınmasına destek sağlayan kurumlardan biri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, fiziki sermaye, beşeri sermaye, sosyal sermaye, sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma
Çevrimiçi Sosyal Sermaye, Algılanan Sosyal Destek, Aile, Sosyal Hayat, Sanal Dünya
Gerek ülkeler arasında gerekse ülke sınırları içerisinde yer alan bölgeler arasında kalkınma farklılıklarının mevcudiyetini koruduğu herkesçe dile getirilen bir gerçektir. Gelişmiş ekonomiler de dâhil, bölgeler arası kalkınma farklılıkları tam olarak giderilememiştir. Bu nedenle, kalkınma kavramı halen güncelliğini korumakta ve merkezi yönetimlerin öncelikli meseleleri içinde yer almaktadır. Kalkınmaya etki eden faktörlerin somut bir şekilde ortaya konulması, uygulanacak politikalarının etkinliğini ve tutarlılığını artıracaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı firmaların kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) faaliyetlerinin illerin kalkınması üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda, TR52 ve TR71 bölgelerinde yer alan ve gelişmişlik düzeyi birbirinden farklı olan Ankara, Konya, Karaman, Aksaray ve Niğde il merkezlerinde yerleşik, mal üretimi yapan ve KOBİ niteliğinde olan firmaların KSS faaliyetleri saha araştırması ile ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler çoklu lojistik regresyon modeli ile analiz edilerek firmaların KSS faaliyetleri ile bulundukları illerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki istatiksel olarak belirlenmiştir.
This study aimed at analyzing the effect of social capital on the level of community participation in cobblestone road provision. The study employed a quantitative approach. Samples were selected by using a probability sampling technique. From the probability sampling technique, the researchers used a stratified random sampling technique followed by simple random sampling for the selection of households. The survey questionnaire was administered for 368 sample respondents. Findings revealed that community participation was expressed more in financial terms. Participation in policy formulation, planning, implementation, maintenance and operation, and evaluation were not evident. The study shows that there is a strong and positive relationship between the socioeconomic status of respondents and social capital with the level of community participation. The study also found that there was poor communication and relationship among the municipality and kebele leaders that managed the project, and the community. The study concludes that bottom-up approaches, building an effective communication channel between the community, kebele leaders and institutionalization of participation in the City is essential. Capacity-building strategies are also required to promote community participation.
Göç etmeye karar vermiş bireylerin ya da toplumların önceki göçerlerden bilgi alması, irtibata geçmesi, göç süreci ve sonrasında da çeşitli ilişki ağları kurması göçmenlerin yaşayacağı bir takım risklerden kaçınmayı ve maliyetleri azaltmayı sağlar. Her göçmen toplumu gibi İranlı mültecilerin de benzer süreçleri yaşadığı açıktır. İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin uygulamış olduğu politikalardan etkilenen halk göç yolunu tercih etmektedir. Türkiye’nin transit ülke olduğu İran göç hareketinde, Türkiye’nin göç politikaları çerçevesinde belirlenen ve transit mültecilerin yerleştirildiği uydu kentlerden biri de Denizli’dir. Fakat Birleşmiş Milletler’in ve diğer ülkelerin değişen göç politikaları nedeniyle İranlı göçmenler üçüncü ülkelere gidememiş ve Denizli’de arafta kalmışlardır. Öte yandan son dönemde yaşanan göçler Türkiye’ye yerleşme niyetiyle de gerçekleşmektedir. Söz konusu kaotik durum Denizli’de toplumsal uyum süreci yaşamayı, uzun yıllar barınmayı ve kent içerisinde bir alt nüfus oluşturmayı beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışma Denizli’de barınarak heterojen içeriklere sahip bir alt nüfus oluşturan İranlı mültecilerin göç öncesi, göç süreci ve göç sonrası toplumsal uyum süreçlerinde sahip oldukları ve işe koştukları sosyal sermayelerinin ve ilişki ağlarının neler olduğunu ortaya koymayı hedefleyen bir çalışmadır. Bu amaçla nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış, yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığıyla, toplamda kartopu örnekleme yoluyla ulaşılan 14 İranlı ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; Denizli’ye uzun yıllar önce göç eden İranlılarla son dönemde göç eden İranlıların sahip olduğu sosyal sermaye ve ilişki ağlarındaki farklılıkların varlığı tespit edilmiş ve bu farkların toplumsal uyum sürecini etkilediği ortaya konulmuştur.
Redes, Herramientas para la competitividad de las empresas rurales en México. IIS UNAM-BUAP- Juan Pablos eds.
Changes and developments in the world of information and communication technologies have become an indispensable part of life by expanding the usage areas of social media both in daily life and in business life. Especially in business life people use the qualities they have gained through the opportunities provided by social media in a very effective way. The use of social media has begun to attract more interest and research in the recent period when individuals have discussed their ideas, their way of doing business has been changed and everyone can use their new features. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that are effective in terms of employees and to determine the effect of social media usage, psychological capital, social capital, individual creativity and employee performance on the other. In this context, firstly, domestic and foreign literature on the subject has been scanned and conceptual framework has been formed. As a result of the literature review conducted in detail, the model of the exploratory study has been formed. As a study population, working academics in 7 state universities of 7 cities in Turkey were selected. Then, the PLS-SEM method, one of the structural equation modelling methods of the research model and SmartPLS as statistical analysis software were empirically tested. In order to understand better research model variables, frequency analysis, percentage analysis and difference tests were conducted by using SPSS 22.0 statistical analysis software. The effects of social media usage on psychological capital, social capital, individual creativity, employee performance and the effects of psychological and social capital on individual creativity and employee performance were tested within the scope of the research model. According to the results, the positive effect of social media usage on psychological capital and social capital was determined. The positive effect of social media usage on individual creativity and employee performance was determined through psychological capital. At the same time, the usage of social media has been positively impacted on individual creativity and employee performance through social capital. However, it was concluded that the usage of social media had no significant effect on individual creativity and employee performance. In addition, it has been determined that social media usage, psychological capital, social capital, individual creativity and employee performance differ in terms of some demographic variables. Lastly, in the light of the findings of the research, evaluations and suggestions were made regarding the use of social media.
A agricultura familiar tem problemas associados ao bem-estar rural. A literatura científica apresenta elementos ligados aos cinco tipos de capital (econômico, humano, social, cultural e ambiental) como influenciadores na solução deste problema. Capital social é um conceito que tem sido explorado para mensurar o bem-estar em áreas rurais, mas há que se considerar os diferentes níveis de maturidade de capital social em que as comunidades se encontram. Esta pesquisa se propôs a identificar, à luz do conceito de capital social, fatores que influenciam a percepção de bem-estar de agricultores familiares em duas regiões agrícolas vizinhas e com diferentes níveis de maturidade de capital social, por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória quantitativa, com amostra de 417 agricultores. Os resultados apresentam evidências de que comunidades de agricultores familiares com nível mais baixo de amadurecimento de capital social consideram como entrave ao bem-estar rural o capital cultural. Comunidades com nível mais alto de amadurecimento de capital social percebem como entrave à sucessão familiar.
To help small firms navigate changing rural markets, this study investigated how small businesses use social media to expand their customer and stakeholder networks to sustain their businesses. Focus group interviews with owners of small retail and service businesses were conducted in three selected rural Iowa communities. Our findings indicate that social media is an innovative marketing tool to promote interactive, collaborative, and personalized interactions with customers and stakeholders. These interactions enabled small businesses to attract new customers and foster commitment to the business. In addition, reciprocal relationships with stakeholders leveraged social media content creation and fostered social capital formation. However, social media integration poses challenges for many small businesses, due to operational, economic, infrastructural, legal and regulatory, and psychological factors. Our findings highlight education, legal and regulatory guidelines and policies, tools to measure the effectiveness of social media on marketing, and business assistance and support for small businesses to utilize social media to build customer and other business support networks. Implications support the potential for social media to enhance online interactions for these small firms, leading to the development of social capital, a valuable source of competitive advantage and business sustainability in rural markets.
Rural immigrants, including return migrants, introduce new beliefs, ideas, cultures, and behavioral styles, which can serve as new blood to rural areas. The aim of the present paper is to attach an additional meaning to this metaphoric expression, demonstrating that return migrants are more prosocial than others in rural regions, thereby enhancing rural social capital in the short and long run. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and data from a total of 250 participants were collected from a rural village in Vietnam, including 107 return migrants. Their prosociality was measured using the “giving” part of the 2‐Way social support scale and the social generativity scale. Consistent with the literature, the possession of migration experiences was significantly associated with both of these two scale scores. Taken together with a supplementary qualitative survey on the motivation for return migrants' decision to migrate, the results show that migration experience makes returnees more prosocial, rather than prosocial villagers selectively out‐migrating. The present study contributes to the deepening debate about whether sending people to more developed regions is beneficial for less developed regions. It concluded that the sending side can benefit from return migrants' prosocial behavior and thus the strengthening of social capital in rural areas. The practical implications are also discussed.
The concept of social capital has become more important in understanding contemporary economic development in the era of globalization. This concept, however, requires a theoretical framework that could help to distinguish between forms of social capital with positive effects on local development and other forms that may have negative consequences. This article argues that in order to understand this difference, two conditions are crucial. First, social capital has to be considered in terms of social relations and social networks, rather than in terms of culture and civicness. The second condition is that the interaction between social capital and other institutions, especially political institutions, has to be carefully analysed. Therefore, this article points to the crucial role of political factors - of the `embedded autonomy' of political action - in favouring a positive role of social capital in local economic development.
The concept of social capital will be key to individual and organizational success throughout the twenty-first century. Social capital is the stock of accumulated resources that one can access based on the relationships that can aid or be leveraged in accomplishing an end or furthering a pursuit. Several attributes of social capital are explored that distinguish it from other forms of capital; namely, physical, financial, human, market, intellectual, and knowledge capital. These attributes considered are capital’s transferability, controllability, fungibility, entropy, and synergy. Implications for career development and one’s ability to contribute to organization effectiveness are discussed, as well as management practices affecting the development of social capital. Concludes with propositions for future research.
What are the roots of social capital and how can it be measured and built? Social capital is considered as a new production factor that must be added to the conventional concepts of human and physical capital. Social capital is productive because it increases the level of trust in a society and allows more transactions to take place without third-party enforcement. Theory and lessons from empirical evidence lead to the general recommendation that any loss in social capital must be deducted from the economic gain following market forces. For example, the voluntary organization of small-sized groups in the Danish Co-operative Dairy Movement was eliminated due to economies of scale. It may be so that an alternative way of production, taking social capital into ac-count, could have increased economic growth further.
L'A. etudie le lien entre capital social et developpement economique. Il analyse la notion de capital social et souligne que cette notion caracterise un reseau de relations sociales jouissant d'une certaine autonomie et d'un relatif enracinement dans la vie sociale. Il examine la place du capital social dans le cadre des politiques de developpement economique et met en lumiere un certain nombre de contraintes et de possibilites inherentes aux dilemmes propres aux strategies de developpement «bas-haut» et «haut-bas». Il envisage de facon critique les theories et les politiques concues en matiere de developpement
In this paper, the authors report their qualitative research examining the origins, modus operandi and outcomes of two networks. The concept of social capital explains, at least in part, the apparent success of these networks. The two networks attracted substantial funding, created opportunities for participation and shared learning, carried out extensive on-ground works, improved communication structures, adopted more professional management practices and increased the knowledge of members. The key elements of social capital that were important in achieving these outcomes were trust, norms, expectations of reciprocity and linkages. Empowerment acted as a bridge that linked social capital with other factors contributing to network outcomes. The success of these Landcare networks suggests that top-down government stimulus can be a catalyst for bottom-up community development.
This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations, I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may jeopardize its heuristic value.
This ten-chapter book was the first of its type in Australia, bringing a critical sociological perspective to the analysis of contemorary regional change. Synthesising results from over 15 years of research by the authors, the book sought to explain regional disadvantage. In then provided ideas for a platform for regional revitalisation, based upon the application of principles of 'sustainable regional development'. following publication of the book, over 30 interviews were given by the authors on national radio and television. Federal and State government ministers and departmental heads were briefed on the books findings
In the 1990s the concept of social capital—defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively—enjoyed
a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital
research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian,
networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating
different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital
can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions.
The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox
divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.
"The Truly Disadvantagedshould spur critical thinking in many quarters about the causes and possible remedies for inner city poverty. As policy makers grapple with the problems of an enlarged underclass they—as well as community leaders and all concerned Americans of all races—would be advised to examine Mr. Wilson's incisive analysis."—Robert Greenstein,New York Times Book Review "'Must reading' for civil-rights leaders, leaders of advocacy organizations for the poor, and for elected officials in our major urban centers."—Bernard C. Watson,Journal of Negro Education "Required reading for anyone, presidential candidate or private citizen, who really wants to address the growing plight of the black urban underclass."—David J. Garrow,Washington Post Book World Selected by the editors of theNew York Times Book Reviewas one of the sixteen best books of 1987. Winner of the 1988 C. Wright Mills Award of the Society for the Study of Social Problems.
Journal of Democracy 6.1 (1995) 65-78
As featured on National Public Radio, The New York Times, and in other major media, we offer this sold-out, much-discussed Journal of Democracy article by Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone." You can also find information at DemocracyNet about the Journal of Democracy and its sponsor, the National Endowment for Democracy.
Many students of the new democracies that have emerged over the past decade and a half have emphasized the importance of a strong and active civil society to the consolidation of democracy. Especially with regard to the postcommunist countries, scholars and democratic activists alike have lamented the absence or obliteration of traditions of independent civic engagement and a widespread tendency toward passive reliance on the state. To those concerned with the weakness of civil societies in the developing or postcommunist world, the advanced Western democracies and above all the United States have typically been taken as models to be emulated. There is striking evidence, however, that the vibrancy of American civil society has notably declined over the past several decades.
Ever since the publication of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, the United States has played a central role in systematic studies of the links between democracy and civil society. Although this is in part because trends in American life are often regarded as harbingers of social modernization, it is also because America has traditionally been considered unusually "civic" (a reputation that, as we shall later see, has not been entirely unjustified).
When Tocqueville visited the United States in the 1830s, it was the Americans' propensity for civic association that most impressed him as the key to their unprecedented ability to make democracy work. "Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of disposition," he observed, "are forever forming associations. There are not only commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but others of a thousand different types -- religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute. . . . Nothing, in my view, deserves more attention than the intellectual and moral associations in America."
Recently, American social scientists of a neo-Tocquevillean bent have unearthed a wide range of empirical evidence that the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions (and not only in America) are indeed powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement. Researchers in such fields as education, urban poverty, unemployment, the control of crime and drug abuse, and even health have discovered that successful outcomes are more likely in civically engaged communities. Similarly, research on the varying economic attainments of different ethnic groups in the United States has demonstrated the importance of social bonds within each group. These results are consistent with research in a wide range of settings that demonstrates the vital importance of social networks for job placement and many other economic outcomes.
Meanwhile, a seemingly unrelated body of research on the sociology of economic development has also focused attention on the role of social networks. Some of this work is situated in the developing countries, and some of it elucidates the peculiarly successful "network capitalism" of East Asia. Even in less exotic Western economies, however, researchers have discovered highly efficient, highly flexible "industrial districts" based on networks of collaboration among workers and small entrepreneurs. Far from being paleoindustrial anachronisms, these dense interpersonal and interorganizational networks undergird ultramodern industries, from the high tech of Silicon Valley to the high fashion of Benetton.
The norms and networks of civic engagement also powerfully affect the performance of representative government. That, at least, was the central conclusion of my own 20-year, quasi-experimental study of subnational governments in different regions of Italy. Although all these regional governments seemed identical on paper, their levels of effectiveness varied dramatically. Systematic inquiry showed that the quality of governance was determined by longstanding traditions of civic engagement (or its absence). Voter turnout, newspaper readership, membership in choral societies and football clubs -- these were the hallmarks of a successful region. In fact, historical analysis suggested that these networks of organized reciprocity and civic solidarity...
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Social capital is a topical concept in economic development. The claim is that regional differences in economic success can be explained in terms of differences in various social variables, called social capital. This paper attempts to delineate the mechanisms that link social capital and economic development. I show that social capital can produce two kinds of trust, both of which can reduce transaction costs. It is important to keep these two sources of trust apart, since development policies utilizing social capital have different impacts, depending on the basis of trust.
In Australia, as in the rest of the industrialised world, social capital has been identified as a key element in rural regeneration. For example, the Prime Minister, John Howard, speaks openly of the need for a ‘social coalition’ between communities, governments and businesses that will build social cohesion and trust at community level. For two decades successive Australian governments have followed the world-wide trend in industrialised nations to devolve responsibility for social welfare programs to local areas and to nongovernment agencies, the stated rationale being to break down welfare dependency and to promote individual responsibility. The dismantling of the welfare state and the triumph of capitalism have been defining features of the Australian landscape in recent years.
It pays for poor households to participate actively in local associations. At low incomes, the returns to social capital are higher than returns to human capital. At higher incomes, the reverse is true. Grootaert empirically estimates how social capital affects household welfare and poverty in Indonesia. His focus: household memberships in local associations, an aspect of social capital especially relevant to daily household decisions that affect welfare and consumption. The data suggest that households with higher social capital spend more per capita. They also have more assets, more savings, and better access to credit. To estimate how social capital contributes to household welfare, Grootaert uses a reduced-form model of household welfare, which controls for relevant household and location characteristics. He measures social capital along six dimensions: density of memberships, internal heterogeneity of associations (by age, gender, education, religion, and so on), meeting attendance, active participation in decision-making, payment of dues, and community orientation. The strongest effects come from: - Number of memberships. Each additional membership (an average 20 percent increase) raises per capita household spending 1.5 percent. - Internal heterogeneity. An increase of 20 percent in the heterogeneity index correlates with 3.3 percent more spending. - Active participation in decision-making. An increase of 20 percent in the participation index correlates with 3.2 percent more spending. Grootaert also estimates structural equations and uses instrumental variable estimation and historical data to address the possible endogeneity of the social capital variable and to demonstrate that the causality runs from social capital to household welfare. This paper - a product of the Social Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to assess empirically the role of local institutions in the delivery of services and poverty alleviation.
The network concept has become widely utilised in socioeconomic studies of economic life. Following the debates around exogenous and endogenous development, networks may also have particular utility in understanding diverse forms of rural development. This paper assesses whether networks provide a new paradigm of rural development. It seeks to capture a series of differing perspectives on economic networks — including political economy, actor-network theory and theories of innovation and learning — and attempts to show how these perspectives might be applied to different types of rural areas. The paper demarcates two main “bundles” of networks: “vertical” networks — that is, networks that link rural spaces into the agro-food sector — and “horizontal” networks — that is, distributed network forms that link rural spaces into more general and non-agricultural processes of economic change. It is argued that rural development strategies must take heed of network forms in both domains and that rural policy should be recast in network terms.
Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive ...
This paper reviews the contribution that the concept of social capital might make to geography, and the contribution geography might make to the analysis of social capital. We begin by summarizing the conceptual origins and dimensions of social capital, in the process of which we distinguish it from several other social properties (human and cultural capital; social networks). We then summarize key criticisms of the concept, especially those levelled at the work of Robert Putnam. The core of the paper is a discussion of the issue of whether there might be a geography of social capital. We consider links between geographical debates and the concept of social capital, and we assess the difficulties of deriving spatially disaggregated measures of social capital. We illustrate this discussion with reference to literature on three sets of issues: the question of ‘institutional tissue’ and its effects on regional development; the understanding of health inequalities; and the analysis of comparative government performance. In conclusion, we argue that the popularity of the concept reflects a combination of academic and political developments, notably the search for ostensibly ‘costless’ policies of redistribution on the part of centrist governments. We therefore conclude with a discussion of the practical applications of the concept in different contexts.
This article examines, within a livelihoods framework , what social capital does for communities living in rural areas and the potential it holds for improving rural living conditions. It concludes by making suggestions on how this all‐important form of capital can be drawn upon and fully utilized to fast track the fight against poverty through community economic development , and promote sustainable livelihoods. It is hoped that the information summarized in this article will be helpful to agencies implementing community development initiatives or attempting to conduct research in the field.
Despite many approaches of neoclassical and endogenous growth theory, economists still face problems in explaining the reasons for income differences between countries. Institutional economics and the deep determinants of growth literature try to depart from pure economic facts to examine economic development. Therefore, this article analyzes the impact of institutions, geography, and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal, and economic restrictions are not the only constraints on human behaviour. Norms and values also limit possible actions. Therefore, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. Informal institutions are defined as beliefs, attitudes, moral, conventions, and codes of conduct. Property rights are assumed to be the basic formal institutional feature for economic success. Despite their direct impact on growth through individual utility maximization, property rights also make a statement concerning the political and legal environment of a country. Regarding the regression analysis, different religious affiliations are used as instrumental variables for formal and informal institutions. The regression results affirm a crucial role of informal and formal institutions concerning economic development. However, a high proportion of Protestant citizens encourage informal institutions that support economic growth, while a high Muslim proportion of the population is negatively correlated with growth-supporting formal institutions. --
This paper presents evidence that “social capital” matters for measurable economic performance, using indicators of trust
and civic norms from the World Values Surveys for a sample of 29 market economies. Memberships in formal groups—Putnam's measure
of social capital—is not associated with trust or with improved economic performance. We find trust and civic norms are stronger
in nations with higher and more equal incomes, with institutions that restrain predatory actions of chief executives, and
with better-educated and ethnically homogeneous populations.
Using the lens of social capital-especially bridging or cross-cutting ties that cut across social groups and between social groups and government-provides new insights into policy design. Solidarity within social groups creates ties (bonding social capital) that bring people and resources together. In unequal societies, ties that cut across groups (bridging social capital) are essential for social cohesion and for poverty reduction. The nature of interaction between state and society is characterized as complementarity and substitution. When states are functional, the informal and formal work well together-for example, government support or community-based development. When states become dysfunctional, the informal institutions become a substitute and are reduced to serving a defensive or survival function. To move toward economic and social well-being, states must support inclusive development. Investments in the organizational capacity of the poor are critical. Interventions are also required to foster bridging ties across social groups-ethnic, religious, caste, or racial groups. Such interventions can stem from the state, private sector, or civil society and include: Changes in rules to include groups previously excluded from formal systems of finance, education, and governance, at all levels. Political pluralism and citizenship rights. Fairness before the law for all social groups together. Infrastructure that eases communication. Education, media, and public information policies that reinforce norms and values of tolerance and diversity.
Assessing Community Strength: Report Prepared for the Department of Family and Community Services. University of Queensland, Social and Economic Research Centre in Association with the Aboriginal Environments Research Centre
- J Western
- R Stimson
- P Mullins
- P Memmott
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- J Johnston
- Van Gellecum
Western, J., Stimson, R., Mullins, P., Memmott, P., Baum, S., Johnston, J., Van Gellecum, Y., 2002. Assessing Community Strength: Report Prepared for the Department of Family and Community Services. University of Queensland, Social and Economic Research Centre in Association with the Aboriginal Environments Research Centre, Brisbane. Whyte, W.F., 1955. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: a review of theories. Paper for the International Conference of the Regional Studies Association 'Reinventing Regions in the Global Economy
- I J Terluin
- J H Post
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Small town decline and survival: trends, success factors and policy issues. Paper Presented at the “Future of Australia's Country Towns” Conference
- P Collits
Collits, P., 2000. Small town decline and survival: trends, success factors and policy issues. Paper Presented at the ''Future of Australia's Country Towns'' Conference, La Trobe University, Bendigo.
Social capital and rural development: a discussion of issues. Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 10. The World Bank
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Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia World Bank, Local Level Institutions Publications
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Sources of social capital Social Capital and Public Policy in Australia
- J Onyx
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Onyx, J., Bullen, P., 2000. Sources of social capital. In: Winter, I. (Ed.), Social Capital and Public Policy in Australia. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, pp. 105–135.
Coal is Our Life: An Analysis of a Yorkshire Mining Community. Eyre and Spotti-swoode
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Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. World Bank: Working Paper, available online
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Narayan, D., 1999. Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. World Bank: Working Paper, available online: http://www.world-bank.org/poverty/scapital/index.htm (Accessed 27/07/02).
Our community, our future: a guide to community development
- J Cavaye
Cavaye, J., 2000. Our community, our future: a guide to community development. Cavaye Community Development, Toowoomba, Qld. Unpublished manuscript www.communitydevelopment.com.au.
Surviving and thriving in North Queensland: social capital in action
- Woodhouse
Woodhouse, A., Janssen-May, S., 2004. Surviving and thriving in North Queensland: social capital in action. Sustaining Regions 3 (3), 31–38.
Regional divide? A study of incomes in regional Australia. Discussion Paper No. 51
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Lloyd, R., Harding, A., Hellwig, O., 2000. Regional divide? A study of incomes in regional Australia. Discussion Paper No. 51. National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra.
Social Capital Assessment Tool. Paper prepared for the Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction
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Krishna, A., Shrader, E., 1999. Social Capital Assessment Tool. Paper prepared for the Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction, The World Bank, Washington, DC, June 22–24, 1999.
Sources of social capital
- Onyx