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Using the Internet: Skill related problems in users’ online behavior
Abstract
This study extends the conventional and superficial notion of measuring digital skills by proposing definitions for operational, formal, information and strategic skills. The main purpose was to identify individual skill related problems that users experience when navigating the Internet. In particular, lower levels of education and aging seem to contribute to the amount of experienced operational and formal skill related problems. With respect to information skills, higher levels of education seem to perform best. Age did not seem to contribute to information skill related problems. Results did reveal that age had a negative effect on selecting irrelevant search results. Individual strategic Internet skill related problems occurred often, with the exception of subjects with higher levels of education. Younger subjects experienced far less operational and formal skill related problems, but there was no difference regarding information and strategic skill related problems.
... Ahora bien, al analizar a las TIC cabe definir los términos de acceso, calidad de acceso y uso. El acceso hace referencia a la disponibilidad de dispositivos (computadora, tablet, teléfono celular, etc.) y a la conectividad a internet (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009), mientras que la calidad del acceso tiene que ver con el nivel de fluidez vinculado (velocidad de internet, facilidad en las operaciones de encendido, etc.) (Claro et al., 2011). Por su parte, el uso se conceptualiza a partir de las habilidades, modos y motivos para utilizar las TIC, lo cual refleja la capacidad de usufructuar los beneficios de estas (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009). ...
... El acceso hace referencia a la disponibilidad de dispositivos (computadora, tablet, teléfono celular, etc.) y a la conectividad a internet (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009), mientras que la calidad del acceso tiene que ver con el nivel de fluidez vinculado (velocidad de internet, facilidad en las operaciones de encendido, etc.) (Claro et al., 2011). Por su parte, el uso se conceptualiza a partir de las habilidades, modos y motivos para utilizar las TIC, lo cual refleja la capacidad de usufructuar los beneficios de estas (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009). Así, se observan dos brechas digitales: la primera, referida a las diferencias en el acceso, y la segunda, vinculada a las discrepancias en el uso . ...
En 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró la pandemia del covid-19 y muchos gobiernos tomaron medidas de precaución para evitar contagios. En Argentina, se dispuso el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio. Así, el objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar las implicancias de esta medida y el uso de las TIC sobre la inequidad educativa. Se aplicó una metodología de índole cualitativa y se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas como técnica de recogida de datos.Se concluye que el aislamiento generó una superposición de roles y espacios para los docentes y estudiantes, así como un aumento de la inequidad educativa.
... Each question is rated with an ordinal Likert scale from 1 to 5 (no to yes) [18]. The total score is expressed as , and the quality level can be very poor (scores [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], poor (scores 27-38), fair (scores 39-50), good (scores 51-62), and excellent (scores 63-80) [19]. The brief process of the study method is indicated in Figure 1. . ...
... However, a patient can naturally view some of these results. van Deursen et al. [20] stated that 91% of individuals do not go beyond the first page with their search results. Similarly, Olkun et al. [21] considered the top 10 websites in their studies. ...
Background: Due to their ability to mimic human responses, anthropomorphic entities such as ChatGPT have a higher likelihood of gaining people's trust. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of information generated by ChatGPT-4, as an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot, on periodontal disease (PD) using the DISCERN instrument.
Methods: Using Google Bard, the topics related to PD that had the highest search volume according to Google Trends were identified. An interactive dialogue was created by placing the topics in the standard question pattern. As a patient with PD, detailed information was requested from ChatGPT-4 regarding the relevant topics. The 'regenerate response' feature was not employed, and the initial response generated by ChatGPT-4 was carefully considered for each topic as new prompts in the form of questions were entered. The response to each question was independently assessed and rated by two experienced raters using the DISCERN instrument.
Results: Based on the total DISCERN scores, the qualities of the responses generated by ChatGPT-4 were 'good', except for the two responses that rater-2 scored as 'fair'. It was also observed that the 'treatment choices' section of both raters had significantly fewer scores than the other sections. In both weighted kappa and Krippendorff alpha measures, the strength of agreement varied from 'substantial' to 'almost-perfect', and the correlation between values was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Despite some limitations in providing complete treatment choice information according to the DISCERN instrument, it is considered valuable for PD patients seeking information, as it consistently offered accurate guidance in the majority of responses.
... For each of the 5 search engines, search results were collected from the first page for each search engine because most users rarely read past the first page of search results [43] and because our focus was to analyze the most frequently accessed web-based PrEP information. We did not include sponsored listings, as we wanted to focus on the most relevant and unbiased information. ...
... The web-based PrEP information included in our study was collected from a variety of sources, yet it is possible that some important information was missed. We limited our search to English language materials, and the first page of the search result imitated users' web-based behavior [43]. Lastly, we did not use generic names of PrEP medications, thus potentially not including PrEP information that only might use the generic names. ...
Background
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is proven to prevent HIV infection. However, PrEP uptake to date has been limited and inequitable. Analyzing the readability of existing PrEP-related information is important to understand the potential impact of available PrEP information on PrEP uptake and identify opportunities to improve PrEP-related education and communication.
Objective
We examined the readability of web-based PrEP information identified using search engines and on Twitter. We investigated the readability of web-based PrEP documents, stratified by how the PrEP document was obtained on the web, information source, document format and communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience.
Methods
Web-based PrEP information in English was systematically identified using search engines and the Twitter API. We manually verified and categorized results and described the method used to obtain information, information source, document format and communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience. Documents were converted to plain text for the analysis and readability of the collected documents was assessed using 4 readability indices. We conducted pairwise comparisons of readability based on how the PrEP document was obtained on the web, information source, document format, communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience, then adjusted for multiple comparisons.
Results
A total of 463 documents were identified. Overall, the readability of web-based PrEP information was at a higher level (10.2-grade reading level) than what is recommended for health information provided to the general public (ninth-grade reading level, as suggested by the Department of Health and Human Services). Brochures (n=33, 7% of all identified resources) were the only type of PrEP materials that achieved the target of ninth-grade reading level.
Conclusions
Web-based PrEP information is often written at a complex level for potential and current PrEP users to understand. This may hinder PrEP uptake for some people who would benefit from it. The readability of PrEP-related information found on the web should be improved to align more closely with health communication guidelines for reading level to improve access to this important health information, facilitate informed decisions by those with a need for PrEP, and realize national prevention goals for PrEP uptake and reducing new HIV infections in the United States.
... For each construct, we provide the definition, the indicators used to measure it, an explanation of how it was operationalized, references, and a comparison with the construct employed in the van Deursen and van Dijk (2015) van Dijk (2009van Dijk ( , 2014, van Dijk and Hacker (2003) Medium-and ...
Working with SEM and cross-sectional data, and depending on the studied phenomenon, assuming an acyclic model may mean that we obtain only a partial view of the mechanisms that explain causal relationships between a set of theoretical constructs, given that variables are treated as antecedents and consequences. Our two-step approach allows researchers to identify and measure cyclic effects when working with cross-sectional data and a PLS modelling algorithm. Using the resources and appropriation theory and the sequential model of internet appropriation, we demonstrate the importance of considering cyclic effects. Our results show that opportunities for physical access followed by digital skills acquisition enhance internet usage (acyclic effects), but also that internet usage intensity, in reverse, reinforces both digital skills and physical access (cyclic effects), supporting Norris (Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001) social stratification hypothesis regarding future evolution of the digital divide.
... The technological advancements that form the bedrock of the information society elevate the importance of strategic skills [49]. As technology evolves, it necessitates not just the ability to operate tools and access information but also the capacity for strategic thinking, which includes planning, problem solving, and decision-making in digital contexts. ...
This study investigates the implementation and impact of maker culture—viewed as a tool for developing green digital skills—in higher education institutions in Hong Kong. Maker culture, a collaborative educational approach, embraces students’ capacity for self-paced, autonomous learning and applies this knowledge to creative problem-solving and innovation, key aspects of sustainability education. An empirical study was conducted, focusing on the experiences of teachers in the higher education sector in Hong Kong. Eight individuals were interviewed to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences with maker education within sustainability contexts. The sample was limited to ensure cross-sectional comparability and direct weighting of teachers’ experiences within a singular, complementary educational setting. The findings provide valuable insights into the benefits and challenges of integrating maker education into traditional educational systems to foster green digital skills. It became evident that adequate resources, effective teachers, and improved administrative systems play significant roles in the successful implementation of this approach. Maker education, as a tool for developing green digital skills, offers a promising alternative to traditional performance-based studies. It has the potential to lead to a future of education that is creative, innovative, and student-directed, fostering sustainability competencies. Therefore, despite the challenges, with the right support and resources, the integration of maker culture into educational systems could significantly transform teaching and learning processes, advancing sustainable education.
... As another important cognitive factor, digital information skills refer to the extent to which people can identify true and reliable information, and include the possession of sufficient knowledge and operational command of the internet to allow searches for information, the use of discretion for information selection, the identification of reliable sources, and the recognition of false information (Beauvais, 2022;Jones-Jang, Mortensen & Liu, 2021;Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2014). Unfortunately, not all adults possess the basic information skills required to process disinformation effectively (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009). In this article we argue that it is crucial to study people´s digital information skills to improve our understanding of how people accept and share disinformation. ...
Este estudio examina predictores cognitivos, ideológicos y sociodemográficos de la detección e intención de compartir desinformación sobre el COVID-19 vía WhatsApp. Mediante una encuesta en línea, una muestra convencional de 553 adultos costarricenses fue expuestos a contenidos desinformativos sobre vacunas y la respuesta estatal a la pandemia. Los resultados muestran que las personas que apoyan ideologías autoritarias, conservadora y pro-Estado, y personas con bajo pensamiento reflexivo, fueron más proclives a aceptar y compartir desinformación. Además, entre personas con bajo pensamiento reflexivo, aquellas con mayor edad mostraron una mayor detección de desinformación. Finalmente, las personas muy religiosas y conservadores jóvenes con menor nivel educativo, mostraron mayor intención de compartir desinformación.
... Instrumental skills (technical technology operation), structural skills (information structure), and strategic skills (the basic preparedness to actively seek out information, make decisions based on that knowledge, and monitor the surroundings for pertinent data) are all defined by Steyaert. In this regard, Van Deursen and van Dijk (2009a), Van Deursen and Van Dijk (2009b), Deursen and Van Dijk (2010) used the following domains to assess digital skill: operational (technical abilities to control digital media); formal (the ability to manage the specific digital media structures, e.g., hyperlinks and menus); information (the capability to find, choose, as well as assess digital media information; strategic (the ability to use the digital media information to achieve a specific professional or personal objective). ...
This study is likely to make a positive contribution, particularly in increasing the productivity of virtual workers and as an evaluation material for companies looking to further optimize their workers' digital skills to produce more productive work results. This study used a purposive non-probability sampling method and a quantitative approach by E-survey to collect a complete dataset of 387. The SPSS 26 was used to inspect all items' validity and reliability in the research instrument. To assess the overall structural model, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized, and to identify the amount to which all variables observed were connected to the underlying latent components, and it used a structural equation model with AMOS. The proposed theoretical model results revealed that the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) score is 0.961 with 0.070 in RMSEA and 0.039 in RMR. The NFI value is 0.976 with an AGFI score of 0.927 and a CFA score of 0.984, which satisfy all the criterion values. It is found that digital skills do not have a significant and no direct relationship with E-worker productivity. However, digital skills are found to directly and positively impact the direction, persistence, and intensity of work effort.
... Information handling information skills refer to the ability to efficiently define the information needed, identify the available information online, and select among the information (Ananiadou and Claro 2009). Several studies in different disciplines examine the issue of information handling (Hargittai 2005;Van Deursen and Van Dijk 2009;Ben Youssef et al. 2012Van Laar et al. 2020). Although none of this work is related to information handling skills in the context of virtual tourism, it is assumed that the ability to handle digital information will increase the intensity of use of virtual tourism. ...
The COVID-19 crisis seems to have accelerated the use of virtual tourism. A quantitative methodology is applied to examine whether virtual tourism was perceived as a substitute for physical tourism during the lockdown in Kosovo. Based on the results of a survey of residents of Kosovo, a structural equation model is used to identify what promoted virtual tourism during the lockdown in Kosovo. First, authenticity, enjoyment, and the experience of a tourist flow impacts the intensity of use of virtual tourism. Second, the experience of a tourist flow increases with the level of enjoyment of the virtual tourism experience. Third, the intensity of virtual tourism increases if it is considered a genuine substitute for physical tourism. Fourth, authenticity is crucial for virtual tourism to be perceived as a real substitute for physical tourism. Fifth, the level of digital skills has no effect on the intensity of use of virtual tourism.
... When searching for health content, most individuals read the results on the first page of the search results [38,39]. Therefore, in this study, the first page results were expected to be more readable than the rest of the pages. ...
Introduction: The growing use of online information influences people's healthcare decision making in terms of treatment or consulting a doctor. The readability of a website is a factor that influences the correct understanding of its content. Regarding that there is little information about the readability as well as the credibility of health websites in the field of kidney transplantation, the present study assesses the readability and trustworthiness of websites in this topic.Material and Methods: Google, Yahoo, and Bing search engines were used to search for "Kidney Transplantation" and "Renal Transplantation.". Four readability scales were applied to assess the readability of the first 30 results of each search engine. The HONcode toolbar was applied to recognize credible websites. The relationship between HONcode verification and website position on the search results pages was explored. Furthermore, the difference between the readability scores and website position on the search results pages was tested. The readability difference between search result pages was also examined.Results: According to the results, the assessed websites are suitable for students or high school graduates. Furthermore, the association between the average readability of websites and website position on the search results pages was significant (p-value<0.05). A significant association between HONcode-verified sites and website position on the search results pages was also revealed (p-value=0.011).Conclusion: The readability of kidney transplantation websites is far above the recommended level. Therefore, health organizations must consider readability while designing their websites.
... Moreover, not all LSMT-related videos were made for educational purposes. Also, most Internet users do not go beyond the first two pages of the results of an online search [25] therefore, the study was limited to the first 50 videos, which were thought to be educational. Another limitation was the dynamic nature of YouTube. ...
Background and objective:
YouTube has become a digital visual library in almost all fields of life, including medicine. Healthcare professionals and students frequently use YouTube to gain new skills and knowledge; however, the content of these videos has not been scientifically evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the descriptive adequacy and quality of YouTube videos on lumbar spine manipulation techniques (LSMTs) prepared by different healthcare professionals.
Methods:
The first 50 most relevant videos retrieved on searching YouTube for the keyword 'lumbar spinal manipulation techniques' were included in the study. The video metrics (total duration, number of views, time since upload, number of comments, number of likes, and number of dislikes) that could be accessed from video descriptions were recorded. However the videos were scored according to manipulation definition criteria proposed by the American Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapists (AAOMPT manipulation description score - AAOMPT-MDS) and benchmark criteria for quality of digital content by the Journal of American Medical Association's (JAMA). The video metrics, AAOMPT-MDS and JAMA scores of the videos prepared by medical doctors, chiropractors, osteopaths, and physiotherapists were compared.
Results:
Video metrics of groups were similar. The mean AAOMPT-MDS of the videos was 2.40 ± 1.57 out of 6.00 (higher score was better), and the mean JAMA score was 2.14 ± 1.05 out of 4.00 (higher score was better). Videos created by all professional groups had statistically comparable AAOMPT-MDS and JAMA scores (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:
Although YouTube videos on LSMTs offer valuable information for professionals and students, creators should follow the proposed recommendations when producing these videos to ensure quality content and systematic presentation.
... These assessments incorporate interactive, simulated digital environments (e.g., simulated web browsers, search engine results, and/or webpages) and ask test takers to interact directly with the interface to achieve certain tasks (e.g., interacting with a list of links in a simulated search results page to identify a website that meets certain criteria; see OECD, 2019a). While the scoring models of these assessments are often focused on the outcomes of students' interactions in such tasks, the collection of process data in digital log files enables finer-grained investigation of students' inquiry processes (e.g., Hinostroza et al., 2018;Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009). Prior research using process data from these large-scale assessments to model DIL skills has primarily focused on identifying patterns in how individuals locate information in digital environments (e.g., Hahnel et al., 2019). ...
Background
Digital Information Literacy (DIL) refers to the ability to obtain, understand, evaluate, and use information in digital contexts. To accurately capture various dimensions of DIL, assessment designers have increasingly looked toward complex, interactive simulation-based environments that afford more authentic learner performances. These rich assessment environments can capture process data produced by students’ goal driven interactions with digital sources but linking this data to inferences about the target constructs introduces significant measurement challenges which cognitive theory can help us address.
Methods
In this paper, we analyzed data generated from a simulated web search tool embedded within a theoretically-grounded virtual world assessment of multiple-source inquiry skills. We describe a multi-step clustering approach to identify patterns in student’s search processes by bringing together theory-informed process data indicators and sequence clustering methods.
Results
We identified four distinct search behaviors captured in students’ process data. We found that these search behaviors differed both in their contribution to the web search tool subscores as well as correlations with task level multiple-source inquiry subconstructs such as locating, evaluating, and synthesizing information. We argue that the search behaviors reflect differences in how students generate and update their task goals.
Conclusion
The data-driven approach we describe affords a qualitative understanding of student strategy use in a complex, dynamic simulation- and scenario-based environment. We discuss some of the strengths and challenges of using a theoretical understanding of multiple-source inquiry to inform how we processed, analyzed, and interpreted the data produced from this assessment tool and the implications of this approach for future research and development.
... The Internet is considered an essential component of daily routines, providing numerous benefits to humankind. It has offered better opportunities for communication, social interaction, information, and entertainment (Deursen & Dijk, 2009). The advantages of the Internet have become even more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic as it has connected people and provided new, advanced tools for daily life, such as online work meetings, teaching, and gatherings (McKee & Stuckler, 2020). ...
The Internet provides better access to knowledge, social interaction, and education for young adults, but excessive Internet use can lead to addiction. Catholic seminarians are another vulnerable group because they have daily and easy access to the Internet. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the roles of social support and spiritual well-being in relation to Internet addiction among Indonesian seminarians. The study included 402 Indonesian seminarians enrolled in various Indonesian seminaries during the 2022–2023 academic year. Data collection was conducted through the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). The data were examined using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression analysis in SPSS version 23.0. The study found that seminarians had moderate levels of both spiritual well-being and perceived social support and that they had a mild level of Internet addiction. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant negative correlation between perceived social support and Internet addiction (−0.217; p < .01). Similarly, spiritual well-being also revealed a negative correlation with Internet addiction (−0.341; p < .01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that existential well-being (β = −0.344; p < .01) and friend support (β = −0.105; p < .01) predict Internet addiction in Indonesian seminarians. These results suggest that encouraging seminarians to intensify their spiritual-based activities and seek support from friends in the seminary may help reduce their level of Internet addiction.
... Educational inequality is often regarded as one of the most significant variables creating socio-digital inequalities, and in the digital context it is mostly linked to digital literacy. The research findings mirror the aforementioned studies that focused on SES and digital inequalities; higher education seems to correlate with more complex Internet use resulting in more productivity and personal gains [62] [64]. For example, Deursen and Dijk [63] show that although low educated Internet users in Netherlands spend more time online than those having higher social status, the latter group uses the Internet in more beneficial ways. ...
... While digital skills have many dimensions, core skills are those for obtaining information, managing information, communicating, and solving problems (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2009, 2010. ...
Most theoretical and empirical explanations of the generation of digital divides have been integrated into the resources and appropriation theory, which proposes a sequential model reflecting a socially unequally distributed digital divide. The unequal social distribution is reflected in internet use that is sequentially influenced by motivations/attitudes, physical access, and digital skills. We extend the sequential model by exploring the complementary role of information security concerns in producing the digital divide. Using a predictive approach, we tested a comprehensive partial least squares-structural equation model with data from a European Union survey, finding that information security concern is another significant determiner of the digital divide. Heterogeneity in social internet appropriation can be summarized in social mechanisms explained by education and age among well-educated Europeans, and by country digital development among less well-educated Europeans. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and policy implications of our findings.
... Al estudiar el rol de las TIC es pertinente diferenciar entre acceso y uso. Mientras que el acceso se vincula a la disponibilidad de las tecnologías, el uso tiene que ver cómo y con qué fines se utilizan (Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009). Es así que, es factible definir dos brechas digitales, una denominada "primera" referida al acceso a las TIC y otra llamada "segunda" relacionada a las desigualdades en la capacidad de obtener beneficios de las mismas (Hargittai, 2002;Robinson et al., 2003). ...
Desde el campo de la Economía de la Educación, se han estudiado diferentes determinantes de los logros educativos, obteniéndose resultados concluyentes. No obstante, el rol de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) aún no se encuentra definido claramente, existiendo trabajos que hallan evidencia positiva, negativa o nula. Este disenso en la evidencia empírica motiva el análisis de las TIC en educación y, asimismo, el actual contexto de aislamiento social generado por la pandemia mundial provocada por el virus de COVID-19 hace que el interés por las TIC sea creciente en todos los ámbitos y, en particular, en el ámbito educativo, dada la imposibilidad de llevar adelante clases presenciales. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la relación entre el acceso a las TIC en los hogares y el fracaso escolar, el cual se define como el no alcance de los resultados escolares básicos en el último año del nivel secundario. La hipótesis que se sostiene es que la posesión simultánea de computadora y conexión a internet en los hogares de los estudiantes, disminuye su probabilidad de fracaso escolar. Luego -a partir del planteo de un modelo econométrico utilizando la técnica de emparejamiento o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) con datos de la evaluación nacional de los aprendizajes “Aprender 2016” para estudiantes del último año de nivel educativo medio en la provincia de Buenos Aires—se encuentra evidencia a favor de dicha hipótesis.
... Van Deursen and Helsper solved this problem by introducing the concept of realized internet benefits as the third level of the digital divide and by no longer including strategic skills in their conceptual and empirical models. Indeed, whereas, in their combined work, van Deursen and van Dijk initially used strategic skills [40,42,43], these strategic skills were ultimately not included in the effective development and validation of the Internet Skills Scale (ISS) in 2016 by van Deursen, Helsper, and Eynon [39], nor in Helsper's conceptual model [12] and later in empirical studies investigating determinants of internet adoption and internet benefits conducted after the development of the ISS [17,22,28], including the work completed by van Dijk himself [18]. ...
... It is widely reported that users view only the first page of internet search results. 9 Thus, the top 10 websites from each search were included for screening. Exclusion criteria included adverts, duplicates and websites that were not relevant to the search terms. ...
##Statement of the problem: Dental professionals have embraced the internet as a means to enhance patient care and optimise access to dental services. However, dental information present on the internet is unregulated and varies in quality, accuracy and readability.
##Purpose of the study: This paper aims to assess the quality of the information online relating to third molars. Materials and methods: Two key terms (wisdom tooth pain and wisdom tooth extraction) were entered into Google, Yahoo and Bing search engines. Websites were assessed using the DISCERN and the HoNCode instruments.
##Results: A total of 60 websites were assessed. 2 websites were excluded in accordance with the exclusion criteria and 15 duplicate websites were excluded, leaving 43 unique sites. In the websites addressing “wisdom tooth pain” the average HoNCode score awarded was 40% (range 13-72%) while the average DISCERN score awarded was 43(range 24-70). In the websites addressing “wisdom tooth extraction” the average HoNCode score awarded was 35%(range 15-75%) while the average DISCERN score awarded was 35(range 25-69).
##Conclusions: The overall quality of the websites assessed is fair. This result shows that the reasonable patient may be misinformed by Internet sources on material risks. Clinicians should be aware of tools such as DISCERN and HoNCode and utilise them in the development of online content for their own practice.
... The results suggest that ranking of search results affects the content that will eventually be accessed by the user, where users are more likely to open pages ranked higher by the search engine. This finding is consistent with those from previous studies (Eysenbach & Köhler, 2002;van Deursen & van Dijk, 2009). Furthermore, this study expands upon previous findings suggesting that such ranking-based selection of articles was true regardless of participants' fear of COVID-19 and regardless of the severity of the content of the article ranked first (i.e., low or high severity). ...
Cyberchondria is defined as excessive online health research followed by distress. Theoretical models of cyberchondria suggest that it can be influenced by both characteristics of the internet (content, information ranking, amount and quality of information) and individual vulnerability factors (general health anxiety or COVID-19 fear). In order to simultaneously explore the role of both factors, an innovative search engine software (Foogle) was developed and used in the present study that enables manipulation of the presented content and content ranking while also recording users' online behavior. A total of 36 participants with high and 28 participants with low COVID-19 fear searched for the long-term health effects of COVID-19 using Foogle. They were presented with search engine results that rank long-term health effects of COVID-19 from more to less severe or vice versa (randomized). Results revealed that participants who were presented with articles describing more to less severe long-term COVID-19 health effects accessed articles with a higher mean severity index. In general, participants spent more time on articles depicting more severe content. Participants with high COVID-19 fear felt more anxious post-search than those with low COVID-19 fear and expressed a greater wish to continue searching.
... Digital skills reflect knowledge, capacity, and adeptness in using the internet efficiently and effectively(Hargittai 2002a;Hargittai and Shafer 2006). Digital skills are most widely used classified as medium-related skills, content-related skills, information skills, communication skills, safety skills, and problem-solving skills(Ferrari 2012;Hargittai, Piper, and Morris 2018;van Deursen and Mossberger 2018;van Deursen and van Dijk 2009van Dijk and Hacker 2003). The possession of adequate digital skills has been found to have a positive effect on internet usage(van Deursen, Helsper, and Eynon 2014;van Deursen and van Dijk 2015), and particularly on expressive uses(Shaw and Hargittai 2018). ...
Working with SEM and crosssectional data, and depending on the studied phenomenon, assuming an acyclic model may mean that we obtain only a partial view of the mechanisms that explain causal relationships between a set of theoretical constructs, treated as antecedents and consequences. Our twogiven that variables are step approach allows researchers to identify and measure cyclic effects when working with cross algorithm. Using the resources and appropriation tsectional data and a PLS modelling heory and the sequential model of internet appropriation, w e demonstrate the importance of considering cyclic effects. Our results show that opportunities for physical access followed by digital skills acquisition enhance internet usage (acyclic effects), but also that internet usage intensity, in reverse, reinforces both digital skills and physical access (cyclic effects), supporting Norris (2001) social stratification hypothesis regarding future evolution of the digital divide.
... As society is becoming digitalized, the necessary competencies are becoming diverse and multifaceted. (Ferrari et al., 2012) There is still no mutual definition of digital competency among scholars; thus, the term has various interpretations, such as »internet skills«, »digital skills« and »abilities« (Van Deursen et al., 2009;Van Deursen & Hacker, 2003). Nevertheless, there are several examples of definitions of the »digital competency« concept: ...
The research of company efficiency can be quite challenging when using
different methods of multicriteria decision-making. This paper looks into the
efficiency of trade companies in Serbia using the ARAS method, with the aim to
achieve improvements in the future. The empirical results of efficiency evaluation of
trade companies in Serbia for 2020 using the ARAS method reveal that the most
efficient company is MERCATA VT. It is followed by DELHAIZE SERBIA, NELT
CO., PHOENIX PHARMA, LIDL SRBIJA, KNEZ PETROL, AGROGLOBE,
MERCATOR-S, MOL SERBIA, and LUKOIL SRBIJA. This ranking of trade
companies in Serbia was influenced by economic climate, but even more significantly
by management efficiency as regards human resources, assets, capital, sales and
profits. Obviously, this efficiency differs in these companies, depending on the skills
and competences displayed by their management. Another important aspect is full
digitalisation of operations. Those who had embarked on e-commerce early enough
were able to avoid some of the negative consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. As is
the case elsewhere in the world, e-commerce has significantly alleviated the negative
impact of the pandemic on the performance of trade companies in Serbia.
Keywords: efficiency, factors, ARAS method, trade, Serbia
Due to the large-scale application and spread of mobile Internet and its deep integration with PC wired internet, the divide between the vulnerable groups and the general public in terms of hardware device ownership has been greatly reduced. This means the traditional digital divide has been effectively improved, but not means that the problems facing the vulnerable groups have been completely solved. Instead, they are currently caught in another kind of divide, which is the digital information divide. Most of the existing literature only pays attention to the phenomenon of digital divide, but lacks in-depth exploration of the digital information divide between vulnerable groups and the general public. Based on a South Korean survey report-the Survey of Digital Information Divide, this paper gives a detailed explanation of the concept of digital information divide, and analyses the digital information divide of the South Korean vulnerable groups mentioned in the report. Based on the current situation of the digital information divide between the vulnerable groups and the general public in South Korea, this paper puts forward the countermeasures to narrow the digital information divide.
Aim:
The aim was to examine the quality of online patient information resources for patients considering parastomal hernia treatment.
Methods:
A Google search was conducted using lay search terms for patient facing sources on parastomal hernia. The quality of the content was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. Readability of written content was established using the Flesch-Kincaid score. Sources were also assessed against the essential content and process standards from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) framework for shared decision making support tools. Content analysis was also undertaken to explore what the sources covered and to identify any commonalities across the content.
Results:
Fourteen sources were identified and assessed using the identified tools. The mean Flesch-Kincaid reading ease score was 43.61, suggesting that the information was difficult to read. The overall quality of the identified sources was low based on the pooled analysis of the DISCERN and Flesch-Kincaid scores, and when assessed against the criteria in the NICE standards framework for shared decision making tools. Content analysis identified eight categories encompassing 59 codes, which highlighted considerable variation between sources.
Conclusions:
The current information available to patients considering parastomal hernia treatment is of low quality and often does not contain enough information on treatment options for patients to be able to make an informed decision about the best treatment for them. There is a need for high-quality information, ideally co-produced with patients, to provide patients with the necessary information to allow them to make informed decisions about their treatment options when faced with a symptomatic parastomal hernia.
p>Este trabajo se enmarca en el paradigma de gobierno abierto cuyo objetivo consiste en empoderar a la ciudadanía a partir de la apertura de datos de carácter público y promover su participación en la toma de decisiones. Por ese motivo, este estudio analiza los factores que contribuyen a explicar la apertura de datos a nivel países desde una metodología cuantitativa. Con este fin, se emplea un modelo de panel de datos para 27 países del mundo correspondiente al período 2014-2017. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que a mayor PBI per cápita, mayor desarrollo en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación, y mayor nivel de empleo, mayor es la apertura de datos de un país.</p
Background
Report cards can help consumers make an informed decision when searching for a long-term care facility.
Objective
This study aims to examine the current state of web-based public reporting on long-term care facilities in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Methods
We conducted an internet search for report cards, which allowed for a nationwide search for long-term care facilities and provided freely accessible quality information. On the included report cards, we drew a sample of 1320 facility profiles by searching for long-term care facilities in 4 US and 2 UK cities. Based on those profiles, we analyzed the information provided by the included report cards descriptively.
Results
We found 40 report cards (26 in the United States and 14 in the United Kingdom). In total, 11 of them did not state the source of information. Additionally, 7 report cards had an advanced search field, 24 provided simplification tools, and only 3 had a comparison function. Structural quality information was always provided, followed by consumer feedback on 27 websites, process quality on 15 websites, prices on 12 websites, and outcome quality on 8 websites. Inspection results were always displayed as composite measures.
Conclusions
Apparently, the identified report cards have deficits. To make them more helpful for users and to bring public reporting a bit closer to its goal of improving the quality of health care services, both countries are advised to concentrate on optimizing the existing report cards. Those should become more transparent and improve the reporting of prices and consumer feedback. Advanced search, simplification tools, and comparison functions should be integrated more widely.
El artículo analiza la participación política en las redes sociales de la Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administración Tributaria (SUNAT) desde el 2019-2022. Después de la pandemia por COVID-19 el proceso de digitalización se incrementó en las instituciones públicas de manera decisiva. Proceso de ampliación de la ciudadanía que conlleva al desarrollo de brechas digitales pronunciadas, especialmente entre los usuarios con menos educación, menos ingresos económicos y mayor edad. Además, el examen de los emoticones de la red social Facebook, la más utilizada, permite una aproximación a la gestación de un cuadro emocional polarizado en la ciudadanía, entre los que gustan y aceptan la información de la SUNAT y aquellos a los que les molestan y entristecen los mismos contenidos. La investigación es longitudinal, se llevó a cabo una encuesta pre-test, se efectúo un análisis de la participación política y de los emoticones a partir del Big data de Facebook.
İnternet ve internet tabanlı hizmetlerin kullanımı sadece altyapı olanaklarının daha fazla olduğu kent merkezlerinde değil, kırsal bölgelerde de hızla yaygınlaşmaktadır. Mobil internet altyapı hizmetlerinin de etkisiyle günümüzde Türkiye’deki hanelerin yaklaşık yüzde 94’ü ve bireylerin yüzde 85’i internet kullanmaktadır. İnternetin ve ilişkili diğer hizmetlerin yeni kullanıcıları, önceki ve tecrübeli kullanıcılara göre daha dezavantajlı konumdadırlar. Potansiyel tecrübe eksiklikleri kullanıcıları dolandırılma, yanlış bilgi edinme ve mahremiyet ihlali gibi risklere açık hale getirir. Bu riskin kent merkezlerinden kırsal bölgelere doğru arttığı söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, kırsal bölgelerde yaşayan enformasyon ve iletişim teknolojisi kullanıcılarının dijital okuryazarlık düzeyleri ve çevrim içi mahremiyete ilişkin tutumlarının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 2021 yılında, Kayseri’nin ilgili mevzuat değişiklikleri öncesinde köy veya belde statüsünde olan mahallelerinde yaşayan 374 katılımcı ile yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen saha araştırması sonucunda, katılımcıların dijital okuryazarlık düzeylerinin düşük olduğu ve bu düzeyin yaşa, eğitim seviyesine ve kullanım sıklıklarına göre farklılaştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, katılımcıların mahremiyet konusunda hassas ve dikkatli oldukları ve kendi mahremiyetlerine ilişkin kaygılarının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.
Objective
YouTube® has gained popularity as an unofficial educational resource for surgical trainees, but its content's quality and educational value remain to be evaluated. The aim of this study is to analyze the current content on these techniques for lower extremity DVT (LEDVT) on YouTube®.
Methods
A search was performed on YouTube® using 13 search terms in August 2022 on a clear-cached browser. Open-access videos focusing on the surgical techniques of venous thrombolysis or thrombectomy for LEDVT were included. Quality and educational value were assessed and graded based on metrics for accountability (4 items), content (13 items), and production (9 items).
Results
Out of 138 videos regarding LEDVT oriented towards medical professionals, only 14 met inclusion criteria. Videos ran for a median of 3.4 min (range 0.37–35.6 min) with a median of 941 views (range 106–54624). Videos scored a median of 5.5 (range 1.0–8.0) out of 11 for content, a median of 2.0 out of 6.0 (range 0.0–2.0) for accountability, and a median of 5.5 out of 9.0 (range 3.0–9.0) for production.
Conclusion
Few YouTube® videos focus on the technical aspects of DVT thrombolysis/thrombectomy, and they vary significantly in content with overall poor accountability and production quality.
With the development of digital technologies, digital marketing tools have developed and diversified. The spread of digital marketing and the development of digital marketing tools have caused consumers to start benefiting from the digital versions of the products they have physically purchased. This situation has shown how important the authority of consumers to use digital marketing tools is for businesses. For this reason, it reveals the necessity of correctly perceiving the skills of consumers to use digital marketing tools and developing new digital marketing strategies for businesses in order to develop these skills. In the research, the effect of consumers' authorization to use digital marketing tools on digital product perceptions will be measured and what needs to be done in terms of developing new digital marketing strategies for businesses will be explained. The aim of this study is to measure the competencies of digital consumers in using marketing tools and to explain what needs to be done in terms of businesses at the point of improving consumers' digital product perceptions.
Amid urban digital transformation, products and services have undergone extensive digitization, yielding convenience and benefits for residents. However, this rapid change has also posed challenges to individuals' online rights. Protecting these rights is not only legally essential but also crucial for nurturing digital economic growth. This investigation delves into the impact of education on people's inclination to uphold their online rights. It also explores the intermediary role of two key factors: the ability to acquire digital information and the skill to effectively utilize such information. The findings reveal three essential points: Firstly, education both have directly and indirectly positive influence on citizens' Internet rights protection willingness. Secondly, digital information acquisition ability and digital information utilization ability play a parallel intermediary role in education and Internet rights protection willingness. Thirdly, in comparison to the ability to utilize digital information, education has a more pronounced impact on the ability to acquire digital information. This study underscores the necessity for governmental bodies to assign significant importance to enhancing citizens' competence in both acquisition and utilization digital information. Such efforts are pivotal in bolstering individuals' determination to safeguard their internet rights effectively.
A push towards digitalization and a solid inflow of foreign investments has provided a basis to create new jobs and facilitate a smoother transition of youth into the Serbian labor market. Although still inordinately high when compared to its EU counterparts, the unemployment rate youth has decreased over the last decade following improved macroeconomic trends. Further positive outcomes necessitate targeted, labor market policies focused on strengthening employability - of interest to research are changes in the external environment (particularly Industry 4.0 requirements) and deficiencies caused by rigidity in formal education. Taking into consideration youth career aspirations and capacities, a Principal Component Factor Analysis was applied to data collected from the survey of youth (18-29 years old, n=125). The results help provide conclusions on youth attitudes related to learning preferences, additional skills required and the self-estimation of their digital-skill capacities. The analysis extracts five factors relevant for developing effective active labor market measures.
Objective:
This study seeks to evaluate the quality and readability of freely available online patient information resources for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Methods:
Internet searches were performed for five DVT and PE search terms in July 2020 across three search engines and two metasearch engines. Qualitative content analysis was performed. Readability was assessed using four validated instruments.
Results:
Two hundred fifty websites were identified of which 62 websites met inclusion criteria.Website structure and content were satisfactory (>50% overall score), accountability was mixed between DVT (47%) and PE (56%) sites, while interactivity was poor (<30%). On qualitative content analysis, anticoagulation (95.2%) was the most discussed treatment while the most discussed procedures were IVC filter placement for DVT and thrombolysis for PE. Overall readability was difficult with median level suitable for ages 14-18 years.
Conclusion:
Freely available online DVT and PE patient information resources publish appropriate content but have very variable accountability and poor readability for the average patient.
The rapid development of the Internet as a dominant medium in the field of information brought with it several novelties, caused by the nature of digital networked media. First and foremost is the hyperproduction of information as a result of each user's free creation of content, but also the major problem of orientation in a narratively disconnected hyperspace and the proliferation of a large number of fake news. All of these changes resulted in the phenomenon of information chaos, or users' disorientation in the Internet environment. In order to adapt to the new environment, users must learn a variety of new skills, which is much easier for younger generations than for older generations. The aim of the study is to determine to what extent users use the Internet for the purpose of information and in which ways they perceive information chaos. The goal is also to determine if there are any differences in the subjective feeling of disorientation on the Internet between younger and older users. The basic working hypothesis is that Internet users use the Internet as their primary source of information every day and are aware of information chaos on this medium, and that older users experience information chaos to a greater extent than younger users. The sample consists of 120 people divided into two groups: those aged 15 to 35 and those aged 45 and up. The data was collected using a specially designed questionnaire distributed via the Google Forms application, and the results were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics in the SPSS 24.0 program. The findings show that the respondents use the Internet for information on a daily basis, but certain differences in perception of the Internet chaos were noticed between age groups. Besides, younger respondents use the Internet as primary source of information, whereas older respondents use the Internet as a secondary source of information, that is as a supplement to other media.
Background:
Patients commonly use the internet to obtain medical information. Patients in our outpatient setting frequently have incomplete or even incorrect information about hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy that they have found on the internet. We aimed to assess the quality and content of Web-based information on hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy using validated and novel scoring systems.
Methods:
The keywords "HIPEC" and "hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy" were entered into the most commonly used internet search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo). The first 10 websites from each search were analyzed. Website quality was assessed using the validated Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria and DISCERN scoring systems. We created a novel hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy-specific score with surgeon experts in the field.
Results:
Eighteen unique websites were identified. The majority (78%) were from academic institutions. The mean total DISCERN score for all websites was 41.8 ± 8.4 (maximum possible points = 75). The mean Journal of the American Medical Association and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy-specific scores were 1.72 ± 1.13 (maximum possible score = 4) and 11.5 ± 4.5 (maximum possible score = 31), respectively. The lowest Journal of the American Medical Association scores were in the category of authorship. In total, 78% of websites omitted author details; 83% and 78% included the temperature and duration of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, respectively. Only 39% of websites mentioned complications of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
Conclusion:
Web-based information on hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is of variable content and quality. None of the websites achieved maximum scores using any of the scoring tools. Less than half of the websites provided any information on possible complications of the procedure. These findings should be highlighted to patients using the internet to obtain information about hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Vielfalt der Quellen in den Google-Suchergebnissen im Zuge der Bundestagswahl 2021 nach. Dafür betrachten wir zunächst relevante theoretische Zugänge zum Konstrukt der Quellenvielfalt in Suchergebnissen. Wir greifen dafür auf demokratietheoretische Ansätze sowie auf aktuelle Befunde der Informations- und Medienvielfalt zurück. Darauf aufbauend operationalisieren wir das gewonnene Verständnis von Vielfalt in drei Dimensionen und erarbeiten geeignete Operationalisierungen und Messmethoden für jede Dimension. Für den empirischen Teil wurden schließlich Google-Suchergebnisse mithilfe von 285.966 agentenbasierten Tests im Vorfeld der Bundestagswahl gesammelt, die auf einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Befragung aufbauen. Im Ergebnisteil analysieren wir die gesammelten Daten im Hinblick auf die Vielfalt ihrer Quellen und die damit in Verbindung stehenden demokratietheoretischen Ansprüche. Dabei zeigt sich ein eher gemischtes Bild der Tauglichkeit unterschiedlicher Operationalisierungen. Empfehlungen für künftige Forschung, aber auch für ein nachhaltigeres Monitoring der Quellenvielfalt im Rahmen von Suchmaschinen werden abschließend diskutiert.
Despite the potential of visual search services (VSSs) to increase the size of the global visual search market, there is no VSS effectiveness measurement scale in the literature. Prior studies of traditional text-based search services have aimed to establish a method for assessing the performance of web search services. Our primary objective is to integrate state-of-the-art research in the fields of information-seeking behavior, visual search performance, and human–computer interaction pertaining to evaluating VSS effectiveness. The key dimensions of VSS effectiveness were identified by adopting the Delphi method, and the associated measures were developed. Then, survey data were collected from 426 VSS users, and the developed measures of VSS effectiveness were validated using the exploratory factor analysis technique. Finally, the scale developed includes 19 measures belonging to three key dimensions: user dependency on VSSs, the perceived ability to use VSSs, and VSS retrieval performance. The nomological validity of the developed scale’s three dimensions was also ensured and was evident from the positive correlations between them and VSS user continuance intention. Overall, we find that the better the functionality of a VSS is, the more users with a high perceived ability can acquire better information. This study also contributes to the theory development in the literature on search service effectiveness measures in terms of highlighting the VSS feature to be considered when providing a VSS that is suitable for the user’s preference.
This research paper aims to examine and understand the dynamics of cancel culture by analyzing the controversy surrounding J.K. Rowling. The paper explores the reasons behind the controversy, the reactions of different groups of people, and the impact of cancel culture on public opinion and on the individuals who are targeted by it. Through an analysis of 1,000 tweets using Twitter Analytics platform, we found that the tone of coverage was generally negative towards J.K. Rowling, with many Twitter posts criticizing her statements and actions. However, there were also a significant number of tweets that were supportive of the author and defended her right to express her opinions. The analysis also found that the sentiment on Twitter was mostly negative towards J.K. Rowling, with an average of 60% of the tweets being negative, 25% being neutral, and 15% being positive. The methodology used in this research study included a content analysis of tweets related to the J.K. Rowling controversy. A sample of 1,000 tweets were collected and analyzed using the Twitter Analytics platform. The tweets were collected from Twitter accounts registered in the United Kingdom and the United States and were automatically sampled. The tweets were analyzed for their tone, sentiment, and the groups of people represented in the tweets. The analysis was conducted to understand the dynamics of cancel culture by analyzing the controversy surrounding J.K. Rowling.
Improving total factor productivity (TFP) is essential to achieving high‐quality and sustainable economic development. The existing literature mainly focuses on the impact of traditional infrastructure on TFP but generally ignores the role of new digital infrastructure in TFP and does not test impact mechanisms and whether there is heterogeneity in effects. Using panel data of 30 regions in China from 2006 to 2017, this paper analyzes the impact of new digital infrastructure on TFP and its mechanisms. The results are as follows: (1) New digital infrastructure can significantly improve regional TFP. After the robustness test, the results still support the findings. (2) New digital infrastructure can promote technological innovation, optimize factor allocation, and achieve economies of scale, thus improving TFP. (3) Further analysis shows that the positive effect of new digital infrastructure on TFP shows significant heterogeneity. In regions with high economic development levels, high research and development (R&D) levels, and high traditional infrastructure development levels, the positive effect of new digital infrastructure on TFP is more obvious. These findings not only enrich the literature on digital infrastructure and economic growth but also serve as a reference for governmental departments as they optimize their strategy for developing digital infrastructure and realizing sustainable economic development.
The digitalisation of public services brought challenges for their access and use. This article looks at the migrants as claimants of the public services to analyse the problems with the digital delivery of public services. The previous research recognised the various resources, such as digital skills and administrative literacy, needed for the successful use of digital services. However, the role of administrative literacy has not been studied in linguistically and culturally diverse contexts, such as migration. This article draws on the qualitative study of Russian-speaking migrants in Finland. By analysing the perspective of the service users, it describes in detail the requirements that people with migrant backgrounds try to meet to gain access to social protection. Findings demonstrate the multiple obstacles that burden or prevent access to entitlements.
The increased presence of digital technologies in the workplace has encouraged the workforce to acquire new competencies to face the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The existing literature addresses the positive and negative effects of digital technologies on organizational outcomes. In addition, the relationship between digital competencies and job performance has been previously discussed. However, the impact of psychological variables as potential mediators of this relationship has been less studied. To fill this gap in the literature, this study analyzed the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The data were collected from 357 professionals. Using structural equation modeling, it was found that digital competencies increased job performance and enhanced employees' psychological empowerment, while psychological empowerment positively impacted job performance. Moreover, the results showed that psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between digital competencies and job performance. The study's findings highlight the importance of digital competencies in achieving organizational goals.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the intention to continue using online purchases among Kosovan consumers. Specifically, the study aims to investigate how personal characteristics, combined with perceived usefulness and satisfaction, affect consumers to continue using online purchasing services. We extend the IT Continuance Model by incorporating personal innovativeness, e-skills, and perceived security/privacy. A survey is conducted with 339 students representing all universities in KosovoKosovo. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is applied for data analysis. The results show that all IT Continuance Model hypotheses are confirmed, with satisfaction being the most important factor. Moreover, perceived security and personal innovativeness are found to significantly influence continuance intention, while e-skills do not have a significant impact on it. The main limitation of this study is that the survey only includes university students. Since this group has typically more competent users of new technologies, generalizing the findings of this paper should be done with caution. These findings should serve as good guidelines for targeting youths, but the usage and intention to continue using e-commerce may differ across different age groups. There are a very few studies that deal with consumer online purchasing in KosovoKosovo, even fewer for post-consumer online purchasing. This paper fills this gap by examining the effect of personal characteristics on online purchasing continuance intention. Another contribution is the combination of the IT Continuance Model with personal characteristics in the context of online purchasing services.
Digital literacy is recognized as a fundamental skill integrated into the capabilities of the modern student to learn effectively in a digital environment, with new languages, ways of communicating and unknown environments that require new skills and abilities. The implementation of literacy and the development of necessary technological skills in students form a key part of digital inclusion, which is why research has been originated with the purpose of diagnosing both basic skills and digital literacy to determine, among others, the existence of gaps. The objective of this study is focused on determining the most competent instruments in the diagnosis of skills, for which, as a Method, a systematic search and review of the literature has been carried out, linked to instruments for measuring competences and digi tal literacy, to identify categories, level of knowledge and skills to function safely in the virtual space. The results delimited 24 publications considered in the systematic review, whose analysis considered the design, validation and application of a competency diagnosis instrument, including the comparison of the models of consultations carried out, to collect the most relevant indicators. The conclusions indicate that the studies carried out in the classroom are slow, but effective, to manage and transfer an objective vision of the diagnosis, but the cost and time justify carrying out self-applied surveys, self-reports and self-assessments, just as plausible, making it possible to deploy numerous students. questions, problems and developments, on a wide range of digital skills in a short time and online.
The use of ICTs for teaching and learning saw an incremental increase during COVID-19. Religious institutions had to rely on ICTs to continue their congregations under strict lockdown and social distancing norms. Sant Nirankari Mission (SNM), a spiritual organization, having branches worldwide, used ICT platforms for online spiritual meets (OSMs). To examine how the ICTs influenced and advanced one of SNM's core functions, viz. spiritual congregations during the pandemic, a quantitative study grounded on the Unified Technology Acceptance and Use Technology Model (UTAUT) was conducted. The study sought to examine whether perceptions of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions influence devotees' adoption intentions, use, and recommendation intentions of OSMs. Spiritual inclinations of users (devotees) and their attitude toward the technology were included in the model. Individual differences like age, gender, and voluntariness were hypothesized to act as moderators to influence the strength of relationships amongst these constructs. The study's results revealed that only facilitating conditions determined the intentions to use OSMs. Spiritual inclinations determined the use and recommendation intentions of users. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy influenced users' attitudes towards technology, which in turn influenced the use of OSMs by devotees. We suggest continuing the research into the phenomenon of OSMs and considering the influence of user networks and task-technology fit. Institutions are suggested to communicate the benefits and usage guidelines and make religious/spiritual case for the adoption of ICT.
The study focused on computer skills as correlates of use of online information resources by Library and Information Science undergraduates of University of Benin, Edo State. The study was guided by three research questions and two null hypotheses. A correlation research design was adopted for study. A census study technique was adopted to cover the entire population of 273 Library and Information Science undergraduates of University of Benin, Edo State. A rating scale titled “Students’ Computer Skills and Use of Online Information Resources” (SCSUOIR) was used as data collection instrument. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer research question one, while Pearson (r) statistics was used to answer research questions two and three. The hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics of simple linear correlation at 0.05 level of significance. Findings showed that: the students use online information resources to a high extent; there is a positive relationship between students’ operational skills and their use of online information resources; and there is a positively very low extent of relationship between students’ strategic retrieval skills and their use of online information resources. It was therefore, recommended among others that since the use of online information resources is highly influenced by the LIS undergraduates’ level of computer skills (operational and strategic skills), the university library management should be organizing regular training for students on the acquisition of these skills.
The problem of navigation in hypertext is quite often associated with (dis)orientation. We begin this article by making a review of several mechanisms to support navigation after having done a brief presentation of the phenomena "getting lost in the hyperspace." To simplify and clarify our explanation we have assembled the various proposals of support to navigation into the following: 1) solutions regarding the tools to support navigation, 2) solutions regarding interface and navigation metaphors, and 3) solutions regarding hardware and other approaches to deal with this problem. The analyses made of each mechanism to support navigation intend to offer different points of view about the pros and cons of their use.
■ Although the knowledge gap hypothesis is often mentioned in connection with the social consequences of the Information Society, there is little discussion of its theoretical background or specific empirical evidence. Therefore, this article explores the theoretical potential of the knowledge gap perspective for Internet research and presents data based on two recent Internet surveys, which demonstrate a double digital divide. Access to the Internet in Switzerland is still dominated by well-educated, affluent, young males and between 1997 and 2000 the gap between those who do and those who do not have access widened not narrowed. Furthermore, there are gaps in the use of the Internet too. More educated people use the Internet more actively and their use is more information oriented, whereas the less educated seem to be interested particularly in the entertainment functions of the Internet. ■
The spatial metaphor can be used as a framework for explaining and designing tools that alleviate disorientation problems in hypertext systems. The approach based on this metaphor would involve developing tools analogous to navigational aids in physical environments and applying analogous concepts from research on human spatial processing and navigation in physical spaces. Research on hypertext browsing with respect to the spatial metaphor is reviewed and contrasted with the larger task context where users are trying to explore, learn, analyse, and summarize the contents of the hypertext space.
Research in management information systems often examines computer literacy as an independent variable. Study subjects may be asked to self-report their computer literacy and that literacy is then utilized as a research variable. However, it is not known whether self-reported computer literacy is a valid measure of a subject's actual computer literacy. The research presented in this paper examined the question of whether self-reported computer literacy can be a reliable indication of actual computer literacy and therefore valid for use in empirical research. Study participants were surveyed and asked to self-report their level of computer literacy. Following, subjects were tested to determine an objective measure of computer literacy. The data analysis determined that self-reported computer literacy is not reliable. Results of this research are important for academic programs, for businesses, and for future empirical studies in management information systems.
In the Netherlands, access to IT is unevenly distributed among population groups. As in other countries, males, young people, the higher educated and higher income groups take the lead. This pattern also applies for the possession of a PC and for Internet access at home, as well as for the frequency and diversity of use and for digital skills. These differences coincide with old inequalities. However, the rise of IT also leads to new inequalities. Early adopters of a PC have gained an early advantage, and they have a lasting lead compared to laggards. Early adopters more often have Internet access at home, they have more digital skills, and they use the PC more often. These differences cut across existing social inequalities. This lead by early adopters also applies to differences between early and later adopters with regard to e-commerce and establishing new social contacts via the Web.
The concepts of ‘information literacy’ and ‘digital literacy’ are described, and reviewed, by way of a literature survey and analysis. Related concepts, including computer literacy, library literacy, network literacy, Internet literacy and hyper-literacy are also discussed, and their relationships elucidated. After a general introduction, the paper begins with the basic concept of ‘literacy’, which is then expanded to include newer forms of literacy, more suitable for complex information environments. Some of these, for example library, media and computer literacies, are based largely on specific skills, but have some extension beyond them. They lead togeneral concepts, such as information literacy and digital literacy which are based on knowledge, perceptions and attitudes, though reliant on the simpler skills-based literacies
This research examines the pattern of Web information seeking in four groups of nurses with different combinations of domain expertise and Web expertise. Protocols were gathered as the nurses carried out information-seeking tasks in the domain of osteoporosis. Domain and Web novices searched breadth-first and did little or no evaluation of the results. Domain expert/Web novices also searched breadth-first but evaluated information more thoroughly using osteoporosis knowledge. Domain novice/Web experts searched in a mixed, breadth-first/depth-first pattern and attempted to evaluate information using general criteria. Domain expert/Web experts carried out depth-first searches, following deep trails of information and evaluated information based on the most varied and sophisticated criteria. The results suggest that there are distinct differences in searching patterns related to expertise. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are provided.
This is my last version of a book contribution, before it was edited and proof-read. For the final version as well as for reference, see: Steyaert, J. (2002). Inequality and the digital divide: myths and realities. In S. Hick & J. McNutt (Eds.), Advocacy, activism and the internet (pp. 199-211). Chicago: Lyceum Press. Comments on this text are still very much welcome. Some of the statements made in this paper were valid at the time of writing (beginning of 2000) but subject to heavy debate now (summer 2002). The latest version of the Falling through the Net survey suggests that some divides are narrowing and that disparities along e.g. gender lines are diminishing. Others claim the opposite. For my more recent writings on the digital divide, see www.steyaert.org/Jan/ under publications.
Searching for relevant information on the World Wide Web is often a laborious and frustrating task for casual and experienced users. To help improve searching on the Web based on a better understanding of user characteristics, we investigate what types of knowledge are relevant for Web-based information seeking, and which knowledge structures and strategies are involved. Two experimental studies are presented, which address these questions from different angles and with different methodologies. In the first experiment, 12 established Internet experts are first interviewed about search strategies and then perform a series of realistic search tasks on the World Wide Web. From this study a model of information seeking on the World Wide Web is derived and then tested in a second study. In the second experiment two types of potentially relevant types of knowledge are compared directly. Effects of Web experience and domain-specific background knowledge are investigated with a series of search tasks in an economics-related domain (introduction of the Euro currency). We find differential and combined effects of both Web experience and domain knowledge: while successful search performance requires the combination of the two types of expertise, specific strategies directly related to Web experience or domain knowledge can be identified.
This article presents a framework for research and development in user interfaces that support information seeking. The information-seeking process is described, and each of the subprocesses are discussed with an eye toward making user interfaces that closely couple support mechanisms. Recent results from studies related to term suggestions for queries, coupling search and examination, and seamless interaction between overviews and previews are used to illustrate highly interactive information-seeking services.
In spite of the radical enhancement of Web technologies, many users still continue to experience severe difficulties in navigating Web systems. One way to reduce the navigation difficulties is to provide context information that explains the current situation of Web users. In this study, we empirically examined the effects of 2 types of context information, structural and temporal context. In the experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of the contextual navigation aids in 2 different types of Web systems, an electronic commerce system that has a well-defined structure and a content dissemination system that has an ill-defined structure. In our experiment, participants answered a set of postquestionnaires after performing several searching and browsing tasks. The results of the experiment reveal that the 2 types of contextual navigation aids significantly improved the performance of the given tasks regardless of different Web systems and different task types. Moreover, context information changed the users' navigation patterns and increased their subjective convenience of navigation. This study concludes with implications for understanding the users' searching and browsing patterns and for developing effective navigation systems.
The purpose of this research was to develop an instrument to assess people's fluency with the computer, e-mail, and the Web (CEW fluency). Such an instrument, tapping into digital divides, could fill the existing void that exists between previously developed computer literacy or experience scales and the ever faster development of Internet technology. The research was conducted in 2 stages. The first study (N = 284) tested 52 Internet fluency items. A principle component factor analysis with varimax rotation resulted in 21 remaining items in 4 constructs: computer fluency (α = .85), e-mail fluency (α = .89), Web navigation (α = .84), and Web editing (α = .82). The 4-factor solution accounted for more than 67% of the total variance. Correlation analysis showed that there was no multicolinearity of items. The second study (N = 143) aimed at testing the CEW Fluency Scale for reliability and validity. Participants completed a 77-item questionnaire containing the CEW Fluency Scale, the Computer Use Scale (Panero, Lane, & Napier, 1997), items from the Georgia Tech WWW survey (GVU, 1998), and demographic items. The 4 constructs of the CEW Fluency Scale held up in the reliability analysis, as Cronbach's alphas were as follows: computer fluency (α = .72), e-mail fluency (α = .75), Web navigation (α = .64), and Web editing (α = .79). Correlation analysis showed that comfort with the computer or the Internet, or satisfaction with one's skills, correlated highly with the CEW fluency items. Regression analysis revealed that duration of Internet usage and level of expertise as defined by the Georgia Tech WWW survey were the strongest predictors of CEW fluency, R = .614, adjusted R 2 = .368, F(2, 131) = 39.643, p < .001. Overall, preliminary support for the scale's reliability and validity was found.
Within an overall focus on media literacy, the present report examines the internet literacy of children and young people aged 9-19, based on the UKCGO survey findings. We examine the relations among the three main dimensions of media or internet literacy (access, understanding and creation), showing how developing online expertise increases online opportunities and, it turns out, also increases online risks. We also ask what difference parental regulation of children’s internet use makes, revealing a more complex picture than often assumed.
Having digital literacy requires more than just the ability to use software or to operate a digital device; it includes a large variety of complex skills such as cognitive, motoric, sociological, and emotional that users need to have in order to use digital environments effectively. A conceptual model that was recently described by the authors suggests that digital literacy comprises five major digital skills: photo-visual skills ("reading" instructions from graphical displays), reproduction skills (utilizing digital reproduction to create new, meaningful materials from preexisting ones), branching skills (constructing knowledge from non-linear, hypertextual navigation), information skills (evaluating the quality and validity of information), and socio-emotional skills (understanding the "rules" that prevail in cyberspace and applying this understanding in online cyberspace communication). The present paper presents results from a performance-based pioneer study that investigated the application of the above digital literacy skills conceptual model among different groups of scholars. Results clearly indicate that the younger participants performed better than the older ones, with photo-visual and branching literacy tasks, whereas the older participants were found to be more literate in reproduction and information literacy tasks. Research results shed light on the cognitive skills that users utilize in performing with digital environments, and provide educators and software developers with helpful guidelines for designing better user-centered digital environments.
There is widespread concern that the growth of the Internet is exacerbating inequalities between the information rich and poor. Digital Divide examines access and use of the Internet in 179 nations world-wide. A global divide is evident between industrialized and developing societies. A social divide is apparent between rich and poor within each nation. Within the online community, evidence for a democratic divide is emerging between those who do and do not use Internet resources to engage and participate in public life. Part I outlines the theoretical debate between cyber-optimists who see the Internet as the great leveler. Part II examines the virtual political system and the way that representative institutions have responded to new opportunities on the Internet. Part III analyzes how the public has responded to these opportunities in Europe and the United States and develops the civic engagement model to explain patterns of participation via the Internet.
Although the knowledge gap hypothesis is often mentioned in connection with the social consequences of the Information Society, there is little discussion of its theoretical background or specific empirical evidence. Therefore, this article explores the theoretical potential of the knowledge gap perspective for Internet research and presents data based on two recent Internet surveys, which demonstrate a double digital divide. Access to the Internet in Switzerland is still dominated by well-educated, affluent, young males and between 1997 and 2000 the gap between those who do and those who do not have access widened not narrowed. Furthermore, there are gaps in the use of the Internet too. More educated people use the Internet more actively and their use is more information oriented, whereas the less educated seem to be interested particularly in the entertainment functions of the Internet.
From the Publisher:
Digital Divide examines access and use of the Internet in 179 nations world-wide. A global divide is evident between industrialized and developing societies. A social divide is apparent between rich and poor within each nation. Within the online community, evidence for a democratic divide is emerging between those who do and do not use Internet resources to engage and participate in public life. Part I outlines the theoretical debate between cyber-optimists who see the Internet as the great leveler. Part II examines the virtual political system and the way that representative institutions have responded to new opportunities on the Internet. Part III analyzes how the public has responded to these opportunities in Europe and the United States and develops the civic engagement model to explain patterns of participation via the Internet.
Review of Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide / by Pippa Norris. Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80751-4.
A behavioural model derived from analysis of the information-seeking patterns of academic social scientists is employed to provide recommendations for information retrieval system design. The six major characteristics identified in the information-seeking patterns - starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, monitoring and extracting - are described in relation to retrieval system facilities, and the possibility of implementing an experimental system in a hypertext environment is considered.
Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. By Karen Mossberger, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Mary Stansbury. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003. 208p. $19.95.
Whether or not certain demographic groups within society have sufficient access to information and communication technology (ICT) has become a major subject of debate. So-called digital divides have been examined in regard to many demographic categories, such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, and even the level of urbanization. Most empirical efforts to examine issues of technological inequities within the United States have been primarily descriptive in nature and theoretically limited in scope. Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide adds a valuable contribution to the debate by examining not only who has access to ICT but also to what extent they have sufficient skills to truly make use of such technologies and the information that they potentially provide.
This article investigates how individuals' adventurousness (a personality characteristic) influences their experience with different types of computer text formats and whether expanding hypertext, a new hybrid hypertext format, addresses the most frequently cited hypertext problem, disorientation. Two hundred and one college students participated in an experimental study which evaluated three variations of computer text formats. Specifically, the study investigated how individuals with different levels of adventurousness exhibited different preferences for, and disorientation with, different computer text formats. Participant adventurousness was found to interact with text format on participant feelings of disorientation. The participants prefered the paged hypertext and the expanding hypertext over the scrolling text format.
Several previous studies have measured differences in the information search success of novices and experts. However, the definitions of novices and experts have varied greatly between the studies, and so have the measures used for search success. Instead of dividing the searchers into different groups based on their expertise, we chose to model search success with task completion speed, TCS. Towards this goal, 22 participants performed three fact-finding tasks and two broader tasks in an observational user study. In our model, there were two variables related to the Web experience of the participants. Other variables included, for example, the speed of query iteration, the length of the queries, the proportion of precise queries, and the speed of evaluating result documents. Our results showed that the variables related to Web experience had expected effects on TCS. The increase in the years of Web use was related to improvement in TCS in the broader tasks, whereas the less frequent Web use was related to a decrease in TCS in the fact-finding tasks. Other variables having significant effects on TCS in either of the task types were the speed of composing queries, the average number of query terms per query, the proportion of precise queries, and the participants' own evaluation of their search skills. In addition to the statistical models, we present several qualitative findings of the participants' search strategies. These results give valuable insight into the successful strategies in Web search beyond the previous knowledge of the expert–novice differences.
This paper aims to provide an overview of some of the most recent developments in concepts and practices associated with information literacy worldwide, revealing the paradox that, while information literacy is a key discipline of the information society and knowledge economy and is well-understood in its broader sense, it has made little progress educationally, save for a few exceptions in countries such as Australia, the USA, Canada and the UK. Deriving from the authors' background as university professors, the paper concentrates on approaches to promote information literacy in higher education. The paper concludes by pointing to the need to expand the debate on information literacy and how to raise ethical and moral concerns in the use of the Internet and the new technologies. It also explores the potential role that the European Commission eSafe (2003-2004) programme can play to encourage research and practice on information literacy in its widest sense, as an intrinsic competency in the fight against the effects of disseminating illegal and harmful content through online and other new technologies.
Using Layder's domain theory (1997)14.
Layder , D. 1997. Modern social theory:Key debates and new directions, London: UCL Press. View all references as an analytical framework, this article shows how the information society can be measured through various levels of society. Layder's notions of psychobiography, situated activity, social setting, and contextual resources help identify cultural and social indicators for understanding changes in the information society. With the help of empirical indicators for each domain, this article uses the case of Estonia to show that there is often more to the information society than what is captured by traditional measures. This article calls for a context-sensitive approach, which takes into consideration social and cultural indicators. Measurements from all four domains are necessary for understanding the complexity of information-society-related issues.
This paper describes an experiment which looks at how the users of a hypertext document cognitively represent its layout. A document was formed into three different hypertext styles and was presented to the readers, they were then asked a series of questions about information contained in the hypertexts. The way the users found the answers and the time taken was recorded, they were also ask to lay out cards, with reduced versions of the screen on them, on a board and as they thought them to be arranged in the document and also to draw any connecting hypertext links they thought existed between these screens. The users selected for this experiment consisted of 27 university undergraduates 15 male and 12 female with a mean age of 20.5 years with little or no computing experience. They were each assigned one of the three hypertext methods and their performance was recorded. The three methods consisted of a hierarchical, a mixed and an index based method.
In this paper I will examine individual access to information on the Internet through a cognitive - behavioral perspective. I argue that the objective structure of information resources in cyberspace is not helpful for understanding the experience of individual accessibility in cyberspace. Instead, cyberspatial cognition is crucial in constituting the effective cyber-environment and shaping human cyberspatial behavior. I propose a behavioral model of cyber-accessibility and examine how notions underlying conventional accessibility measures such as impedance and opportunity set can be extended for measuring individual cyber-accessibility. I argue that theories about spatial learning, cognitive mapping, and decisionmaking behavior are helpful for understanding individual cyberspatial behavior. This suggests that behavioral theories and models may provide a theoretical foundation for cybergeography.
Adults with low literacy may encounter informational obstacles on the Internet when searching for health information, in part because most health Web sites require at least a high-school reading proficiency for optimal access.
The purpose of this study was to 1) determine how low-literacy adults independently access and evaluate health information on the Internet, 2) identify challenges and areas of proficiency in the Internet-searching skills of low-literacy adults.
Subjects (n=8) were enrolled in a reading assistance program at Bidwell Training Center in Pittsburgh, PA, and read at a 3rd to 8th grade level. Subjects conducted self-directed Internet searches for designated health topics while utilizing a think-aloud protocol. Subjects' keystrokes and comments were recorded using Camtasia Studio screen-capture software. The search terms used to find health information, the amount of time spent on each Web site, the number of Web sites accessed, the reading level of Web sites accessed, and the responses of subjects to questionnaires were assessed.
Subjects collectively answered 8 out of 24 questions correctly. Seven out of 8 subjects selected "sponsored sites"-paid Web advertisements-over search engine-generated links when answering health questions. On average, subjects accessed health Web sites written at or above a 10th grade reading level. Standard methodologies used for measuring health literacy and for promoting subjects to verbalize responses to Web-site form and content had limited utility in this population.
This study demonstrates that Web health information requires a reading level that prohibits optimal access by some low-literacy adults. These results highlight the low-literacy adult population as a potential audience for Web health information, and indicate some areas of difficulty that these individuals face when using the Internet and health Web sites to find information on specific health topics.
To aid designers of digital library interfaces and web sites in creating comprehensible, predictable and controllable environments for their users, we define and discuss the benefits of previews and overviews as visual information representations. Previews and overviews are graphic or textual representations of information abstracted from primary information objects. They serve as surrogates for those objects. When utilized properly, previews and overviews allow users to rapidly discriminate objects of interest from those not of interest, and to more fully understand the scope and nature of large collections of information resources. We provide a more complete definition of previews and overviews, and discuss system parameters and aspects of primary information objects relevant to designing effective preview and overviews. Finally, we present examples that illustrate the use of previews and overviews and offer suggestions for designers. 1 Previews and Overviews in Digital Libraries: Designing Surrogates to Support Visual Information Seeking Stephan Greene, Gary Marchionini 1 , Catherine Plaisant, and Ben Shneiderman 2 Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies 1 also College of Library and Information Services 2 also Department of Computer Science and Institute for Systems Research College Park, Maryland 20742-3255, +1 301 405 2725 {greene,plaisant,ben}@cs.umd.edu, march@oriole.umd.edu, http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/hcil ABSTRACT To aid designers of digital library interfaces and web sites in creating comprehensible, predictable and controllable environments for their users, we define and discuss the benefits of previews and overviews as visual information representations. Previews and overview...
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