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Biochemical composition of deep-sea decapod crustaceans with two different benthic life strategies off the Portuguese south coast
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to characterize the benthic life strategies of Aristeus antennatus (Crustacea: Penaeidea), Parapenaeus longirostris (Crustacea: Penaeidea) and Nephrops norvegicus (Crustacea: Astacidea) on the basis of biochemical composition (proximate chemical composition, total lipids, glycogen and cholesterol contents), and its response to biological and environmental factors (sex, maturation, reproduction, food availability and depth) into account. The specimens were collected at depths between 200 and 600 m off the Portuguese south coast (Algarve). The nektobenthic species (A. antennatus and P. longirostris) showed higher protein, lipid, cholesterol and glycogen contents, and lower moisture content in the muscle than the benthic–endobenthic species (N. norvegicus). Consequently, the energy content of the nektobenthic species was also higher. Principal component analyses were used to assess the relationship between the different biochemical contents and to relate them to the biotic and abiotic factors. Depth seems to have the most important role in the observed trends of the biochemical composition. The increase of the ovarian lipid levels occurs as a result of the maturation process. The highest values were obtained in mature N. norvegicus females. The differences can be due to maternal investment (lipid metabolism of the female is geared to the provision of egg lipid), since N. norvegicus produce large lecithotrophic eggs. The biochemical differences observed in the three species did not seem to be due to distinct trophic strategies, but instead were a consequence of depth, which may have a significant interspecific effect on food intake. It was also evident that reproductive cycle has profound effects upon the biochemistry of the three species. Gonadal maturation has large associated energy costs due to the increase in biosynthetic work. Moreover, the biochemical composition would be influenced by or synchronized with seasonal feeding activity or food availability.
... Shellfish are food sources of high nutritional value, offering high amounts of proteins, minerals, vitamins, n-3 fatty acids, and amino acids e.g., [1][2][3][4][5]. It is generally accepted that shellfish consumption positively contributes to the prevention of several diseases, such as cardiovascular, inflammatory, heart diseases, and cancer [2][3][4]6]. ...
... Results of the present study indicated significantly higher protein, fat, and energy contents in the northern brown shrimp, whereas moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in the European spiny lobster. The proximate compositions of both species were well within the range reported for other lobsters and shrimps in the Mediterranean Sea [1][2][3][4]42,43] and within those of P. aztecus from the USA [41]. Furthermore, the proximate composition of both studied species exhibited similarities with the stomatopod Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) [53], the white seabream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758), and the brown meagre Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758, with respect to lipid and protein contents [13]. ...
... The European spiny lobster is considered as an omnivorous species that feeds mainly on mollusks, crustaceans, and sea urchins [54], which could explain the significantly lower fat, protein, and energy contents of the present spiny lobster specimens. In addition, seasons may be an important factor that could have an impact at the proximate composition of lobster species e.g., [1]. However, all spiny lobster specimens of the present study were collected during the main fishing season (June-August 2019). ...
The European spiny lobster is a species of great commercial value, yet a limited scientific knowledge exists on its biology, ecology, and physiology, especially for the stocks from east Mediterranean waters. The northern brown shrimp, a non-indigenous established species, is commercially exploited in regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Both species’ proximate composition and fatty acid profile were assessed for the first time in the Mediterranean region, exhibiting an overall significant statistical difference. Protein, fat, and energy contents were significantly higher in the northern brown shrimp, whereas moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in the European spiny lobster. The proximate composition for both species was well within the reported range for other lobster and prawn species in the Mediterranean Sea.
... BR). En estos casos es probable que los requerimientos de derivados orgánicos necesarios para el desarrollo de las gónadas y otras actividades metabólicas, pueden estar dependiendo más de la fracción aportada por vía del alimento ingerido, que de las reservas del hepatopáncreas, como ha sido propuesto en otros estudios realizados con crustáceos decápodos (Rosa & Nunes, 2002, 2003a. El incremento presentado en BR, puede reflejar la alta disponibilidad de recursos evidenciada en ese hábitat (Cap.III, análisis de contenido estomacal). ...
... La disminución durante las lluvias en el contenido foliar de polifenoles en los hábitats hipersalinos (TAC y TIB) evidenciada en estudios previos (Rondón, 2000), debe favorecer el incremento de la calidad de las reservas del HEP. El hecho de que estos cambios se visualicen en las hembras solamente, podría deberse a la mayor demanda energética de éstas, asociada a la síntesis de huevos y el mantenimiento de embriones (Rosa & Nunes, 2003a;Dutra et al., 2008). Un comportamiento equivalente ha sido mencionado para otras especies de cangrejos grápsidos, en los que se ha documentado que las hembras poseen una mayor tasa de consumo de alimento durante la época reproductiva, como consecuencia de la mayor demanda energética que involucra la síntesis de gametos y el mantenimiento de embriones (Kyomo, 1988(Kyomo, , 1999(Kyomo, , 2000. ...
... En particular se presentó el menor nivel de N MUSC en la localidad hipersalina (TAC) durante la temporada de sequía Durante periodos de escasez o ausencia de alimento, las proteínas del músculo de los crustáceos pueden ser empleadas para subsanar el déficit generado por la escasez del recurso y lograr el mantenimiento del animal (Dall, 1981;Barclay et al., 1983). Cuando ocurren estos periodos de escasez de alimento, la movilización de las proteínas del músculo son un indicador de estrés fisiológico; cabe subrayar, que aún pequeños cambios en los niveles de proteína muscular son suficientes para hacer una contribución sustancial al metabolismo del individuo (Barclay et al. 1983;Herreid & Full, 1988;Kennish, 1997;Rosa & Nunes, 2003a;Dutra et al. 2008). Los menores valores de N MUSC detectados en los cangrejos de TAC, aunado a la alta relación C/N HEP (C/N HEP =17,37) evidenciada en la temporada de sequía, que sugiere el consumo de recursos que no suplen las necesidades de proteína, lleva a sugerir la posibilidad de que esta población de cangrejos pueda recurrir al uso de las reservas de proteína del músculo durante la temporada seca para su mantenimiento y así suplir la baja calidad de los recursos. ...
Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) is one of the most common crustaceans in American mangroves. Certain features of their life history and population dynamics, such as size and percentage of mature females have been correlated with the structural development of mangroves. In particular, it has been documented that the size of crabs increases progressively from less developed mangroves located in hypersaline lagoons, to a maximum in mangroves at the mouths of rivers with greater structural development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a structural gradient of mangroves leads to a variation in energetic condition and food resources used and assimilated by A. pisonii and also to assess possible variations between periods of drought and rain. The results show that the quality of the body reserves varied along the structural gradient of mangroves, suggesting the consumption of resources with diverging nutritional quality. There was an increase in the level of body reserves in hypersaline habitats with lower structural development during the dry season. The variables that described the structure of mangroves (basal area, height of mangroves) were more important than the nutritional characteristics of the leaves (Nfoliar, polyphenols), in explaining the variation in the level and quality of body reserves and gonads of this crab along the mangrove gradient.
The crabs in the estuarine mangrove, the habitat with the highest structural development within the gradient evaluated, exhibited low levels of body reserves. The body stores as expressed by the C / N of the hepatopancreas, showed an increase to the habitats with higher salinity and lower structural development. The same trend was observed in nitrogen levels in skeletal muscle. Have been reported the largest body sizes of these crabs in the mangrove estuary, as well as the maximum percentage of mature females and a continuous and balanced reproduction throughout the year. It is proposed that estuarine mangrove crabs are constantly compensating for the metabolic requirements, without having to store body reserves, therefore, are directing energy to both, growth and reproduction throughout the year. The results of the analysis of stomach contents showed that in the mangrove estuary was high availability of resources in both seasons of the year, suggesting that these crabs have enough resource, which coincides with a lower storage of body reserves. The body condition of crabs decreased to less structural development mangrove with hypersaline condition, in line with a foliar resource of lower quality in these environments. Populations of A. pisonii of hypersaline environments with lower structural development seem to rely heavily on stored reserves during the drought, to achieve reproductive success in the rainy season. The storage of body reserves would be necessary for crabs in these habitats with seasonal reproduction, gather the necessary energy and achieve reproductive success.
It was shown that populations of crabs that inhabit the mangroves of lower structural development (stunted) and hyper salinity conditions are limited by the resource. A trade-off was observed between the energy directed to growth and reproduction in stunted mangrove. This was confirmed by the inverse relationship observed between the energy directed to growth and reproduction. Cannibalistic behavior occurred with greater intensity in these crabs, supports the limitation of resources of these populations. In addition, these crabs have the lowest nitrogen content of muscle and lower body sizes. Stable isotope analysis showed that with decreasing the structural development of the mangroves and increasing salinity, the crabs exhibited a greater assimilation of the fraction of C and N from insects. It is likely that the crab body condition influencing the selection of the resource, especially during the drought in the hypersaline mangrove scrub, where cannibalism was detected. This behavior may be a consequence of the low quality of available resources in that habitat. Trophic relationships of A. pisonii change along the structural gradient of mangroves. In crabs living in more structural development mangrove was observed a greater assimilation of C and N of leaves. However towards the mangroves with intermediate structural development, Aratus populations behave as generalists, meaning that treated more equitably funding sources. These results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship “mangrove – crab” and extensive knowledge of the ecology of this species in the Americans mangrove.
... This adequate influx of energy is not only used for maintenance of ovarian development but also for other metabolic activities as well. Rosa and Nunes (2003) have also reported significant increase in the protein content in muscle of deep sea decapods, Aristeus antennatus during winter and early spring. Love (1970) documented that the building up of gonads during gonadal growth is always accomplished at the expense of body proteins thus supporting the present observations. ...
... The mean lipid content (1.72±0.71%) in the muscles of M. dayanum in the present study matches well with other crustaceans. A large number of workers estimated lipid content of muscles in decapod crustaceans (Barclay et al., 1983;Sureshkumar and Kurup, 1998;Cavalli et al., 2001;Wouters et al., 2001;Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Langer et al., 2008). The mean value of ash content (2.37±0.58%) ...
... The differential variation in the biochemical composition of the muscles might be attributed to many factors viz. the differences in the sex of prawn, environmental factors, maturity of gonads/spawning time, food availability and genetic factors. Similar factors have also been put forth by other authors especially in fishes and crustaceans (Love, 1957;Roustainian and Kamarudin, 2001;Lemos and Phan, 2001;Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Langer et al., 2013;Devi et al., 2015). ...
The present study describes the seasonal fluctuation in the proximate body composition of different size groups of Macrobrachium dayanum and among the sexes MdbI (Size 6.0-20.0 mm), MdbII (Size 21.0-40.0 mm), MdbIII, (Size 41.0-60.0 mm Male) and MdbIV (Size 41.0-60.0 mm Female). The results revealed that average moisture and protein content in muscles of M. dayanum was found to be maximum (79.42±0.59% and
... For instance, in marine ectotherms at higher or warmer temperatures their development time is shorter, with faster growth rates and metabolism, while body weights are lower and contain less lipids and proteins, when compared to specimens that develop at lower or colder temperatures (Fischer & Thatje, 2016;Tropea, Stumpf & López, 2015;Wang & Stickle, 1988). Body mass, in particular, is one of the most important traits of an organism in terms of physiology and fitness traits (Rosa & Nunes, 2003a) and a positive correlation between latitude and body mass has been well documented (Anger & Hirche, 1990;Rosa & Nunes, 2003b;Rotllant et al., 2014). In our study, juvenile females from the SFU (a higher latitude) showed a higher total body mass than those from the NFU (at lower latitudes). ...
... Hence, the general trend to increase body size as latitude increases (Rotllant et al., 2014) holds true for the juvenile females of P. monodon studied herein. This tendency has also been reported for other decapod crustacean species from high latitudes and/or temperate regions (e.g., Uca uruguayensis, (Rosa & Nunes, 2003b); Plesionika edwardsii, (Gonzalez et al., 2016). ...
The red squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon is an important fishery resource in the Humboldt Current System (HCS). This decapod is exploited in two fishing units: (a) the northern fishing unit (NFU, from 26°S to 30°S) and (b) the southern fishing unit (SFU, from 32°S to 37°S), each of which have an adjacent nursery area that is the source of recruits to replace the exploited adult populations (in the NFU: off the coast of Coquimbo (28°S) and in the SFU: off the coast of Concepción (36°S)). Marked spatial differences in the environmental conditions of the NFU and SFU, and the biogeographic break that exists between these nursery areas (30°S) may promote changes in the bioenergetic condition of new P. monodon juveniles. To evaluate this, we analyzed the bioenergetic condition (measured as: body mass, lipids, proteins, glucose, and energy) of new juvenile females in the main nursery areas off the Chilean coast. The juvenile females from the SFU showed a higher body mass than those from the NFU. Consistently, the juvenile females from the SFU had a higher content of lipids, proteins, and glucose than those from the NFU, indicative of higher energy contents and a higher lipid/protein ratio in the south compared to the north. Considering the current overexploitation of this fishery resource in the HCS, it is essential to understand how the bioenergetic condition of juvenile females of P. monodon may vary in nursery areas at different latitudes in order to generate sustainable fishery management policies with an ecological approach, designed specifically to each fishing unit. Furthermore, identifying the latitudinal variations of these biochemical compounds in P. monodon juveniles can elucidate the geographic origin of red squat lobsters that present a ”better bioenergetic condition” in the HCS, which may significantly benefit sustainable fishing certification processes.
... The protein and carbohydrate content of C.smithii are more or less similar to that of other Portunid crabs. Rosa and Nunes [6] studied the biochemical composition of deep sea decapod crustaceans with two different benthic life strategies at the Portuguese South Coast. They accounted the biochemical changes were observed in single populations and would be influenced or synchronized with food availability and activity of crustaceans. ...
... In the present study, the antibacterial activities of the crab extracts were recorded against different bacterial strains including E.coli, P.aeruginosa, E.aerogenes, K. Pneumoniae and S.aureus. The extracts of S. serrata showed uneven activities indicated different zones of inhibition [ Table 1, pictures [4][5][6][7]. In the current study, the ethanol extract of crab sample I has shown high zone of inhibition in P.aeruginosa. ...
Natural products from the aquatic organisms provide unlimited opportunities for the production of new drugs. To verify this fact in the present study ‘the biochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of different samples of the estuarine crab, Sylla serrata’ was investigated. Biochemical study of the body parts of the crab gains substantial attention for their specificity in connection to the food values of the crab and for the evaluation of their physiological needs at different periods of life. The total protein was estimated by Lowry's method and the amount of protein was highest in the soft muscle sample (20.27mg/ml). The total sugar was estimated by the Phenol-Sulphuric acid method and it was highest in the leg sample (209.8mg/ml). The lipids of the samples were estimated by Folchs method. Lipid was highest in the shell sample (28.35mg/ml). Thin Layer chromatography was done for characterization of protein. Antibiotics are used against bacterial infections. The natural products gained importance to screen antibiotics. For this reason the antibacterial activity of the samples were tested against grampositive and gramnegative pathogenic bacterial strains. The bacterial strains like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes were used as the test strains. In the present study, the ethanol extract of crab sample I showed maximum zone of inhibition (13 mm) in P. aeruginosa. The sample I showed moderate zone of inhibition (11 mm) in K.pneumoniae. The sample II showed the minimum zone of inhibition (7 mm) in P. aeruginosa. It indicated that the shell of crabs would be a good source of antimicrobial agents and would replace the existing inadequate and cost effective antibiotics. The microbial associates of crustaceans have proven to be a rich source of bioactivity with antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. So the organism used in the present study will be the promising source to the biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
... The proximate analysis is a scheme for routine description of animal feedstuffs devised in 1865 by Henneberg and Stohmann of the Weende Experiment Station in Germany. The proximate composition of the prawns, crustaceans and other aquatic organisms has found to be varied due to the seasonal factors, climatic factors, geographic factors, habitat, developmental stage, sex, sexual maturation [3,4]. Its biochemical composition may be affected by several factors as the species, environmental factors, size, age, natural diet and feed composition [5]. ...
... The greater the protein and lipid content represents higher the energy density [10]. However, quantities of these constituents vary considerably within and between species, size, sexual condition, feeding season and physical activity [3,11]. There is paucity in the studies on proximate composition of the giant River prawn which has high amount of proteins, lipids and unique taste with high demands in national and international markets, so this determine the proximate compositions of M. vollenhovenii sampled from River Osun (Figure 1). ...
... Crayfish meat is juicy, low-fat, low calories, and rich in protein (Konieczny et al., 2004). Regarding the biochemistry of crustaceans, it has been stated that environmental factors such as habitat, food availability, and seasonality can modify their metabolism (Schirf et al., 1987;Kucharski & Silva, 1991;Dliveira et al., 2003;Moreno-Reyes et al., 2015) and their chemical composition (Rosa & Nunes, 2003). ...
... A. leptodactylus feeds as active from spring to early autumn (Alpbaz, 1993) therefore the protein contents in their muscles are high in summer (nutrient-rich in high temperature). The protein content in their muscles loses during starvation period in winter (Dall, 1981;Rosa & Nunes 2003). A. leptodactylus completes its gonad development in the autumn and mates in winter (Alpbaz, 1993). ...
Effects of interaction of season, sex and size on nutrient composition and fatty acid profiles of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) caught from the Eğirdir Lake were investigated on a factorial level. In the factorial analysis; 4 levels of season factors (autumn, winter, spring, summer), 2 levels of sex factor (male, female) and 1 level size factor were available. According to the results of biochemical analysis, effects of seasons were determined on crude protein and moisture levels. Crude ash levels changed depending on sex and season. There were no interactions of these three factors on the crude fat levels. The season and sex affected on LA, α-LNA and ∑HUFA levels. ARA, EPA, DHA, ∑SFA and ∑PUFA levels were affected from seasonal changes. Interaction of season/sex affected to ∑MUFA levels. The crude protein content, DHA, EPA and n-3 contents in tail muscle of A. leptodactylus increased by feeding in summer while these contents decreased by gonadal development in autumn. Therefore, in terms of nutritional protein contents, EPA, DHA and n-3 of this species were higher in summer. EPA, n-3 and DHA contents are important for A. leptodactylus.
... Moisture, ash, lipid and crude protein levels are, therefore, important indicators when evaluating the physiological state of an organism and the food potential of the meat (Bhavan et al., 2010;Dempson et al., 2004). These parameters can change when comparing different species or individuals of different size, sex and feeding season (Barrento et al., 2009a;Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Pulina et al., 2017). Ash, crude protein, moisture and lipid levels of Cherax spp. ...
The breeding of Cherax spp., initially conducted in Australia, has aroused interest in Europe and Italy over the past two decades. The use of these species in aquaculture has led to the study of their nutritional properties to evaluate the commercial potential and to identify biochemical haemolymphatic parameters which may be of use when monitoring the health status of farmed animals. Moisture, ash, lipid, protein and fatty acid contents of the abdomen muscle of Cherax destructor and Cherax quadricarinatus were evaluated in this study and compared with other crustacean species. Haemolymphatic levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured. The two species did not show significant differences in nutritional or biochemical hae-molymphatic parameters (except for glucose) and were found to possess good nutritional values for human consumption.
... The levels of different bio molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and glycogen in muscle and gill tissues of PLs gradually acclimated to different salinity levels were observed. Salinity strongly affected the biomolecules levels in crustaceans [6][7] . When crustaceans placed in an medium of low osmotic pressure, energy-consuming processes are required to maintain the internal osmotic pressure constant. ...
... Notably, berried females exhibited lower protein levels in the tissue compared to males and non-berried females. This distinction can be attributed primarily to the greater allocation of protein for the development of eggs in berried females (Dinakaran et al., 2009;Rosa and Nunes, 2003). Chakraborty et al. (2022c), deep-sea shrimps from the Arabian Sea, displayed protein content ranging from 9.8% to 12.7%. ...
This study presents the first comprehensive examination of the nutritional profile of the deep-sea shrimp, Plesionika semilaevis from the Arabian Sea. The research compared the gender-related differences in proximate
composition, mineral content, amino acids, and fatty acids composition. Notable distinctions were observed in carbohydrate, lipid, and fat levels, with females displaying significantly higher quantities than males. Palmitic, oleic acids and C20–22 n-3 fatty acid analogues, were the principal saturated, monounsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Fatty acid profile exhibited substantial variations by sex and season with C20–22 n-3 fatty acid analogues being prominent during the pre-monsoon period in males, berried females, and non-berried females. Lower thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices indicate that this shrimp species holds promise as a healthful dietary choice. Potassium is the most prevalent macro-mineral in P. semilaevis, followed by phosphorus while among micro-minerals, iron predominates, followed by zinc. The amino acid profile indicates the shrimps as an ideal protein-rich food with a well-balanced ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids.
These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional value of this deep-sea shrimp species, aiding in its utilization as a source of nutritious food.
... The quality of food affects more than the quantity at the level of biochemical structure, especially the composition of organic matter and life cycle of zooplankton (Al-Owafeir, et al. 2012). Rosa and Nunes (2003) found that the quality of lipids is related to the maturity and depth of some different types of decapods, as the content of lipids and proteins in the plankton decreases the percentage of wet weight with water density (Childress et al., 1990). Lipid is greatest in summer and protein in the spring. ...
The study of the biochemical composition of zooplankton, which constitutes an important part of the food chain, is an accurate criterion for the nutritional importance of these organisms, as they constitute the basic food for fish in their various stages of growth and other aquatic organisms of economic value. The present study aims to describe the significance of biochemical composition of marine zooplankton from Khour Al-Zubair. This study investigates the biochemical structure of zooplankton by studying their contents of proteins, lipids, ash, moisture and carbohydrates in the Iraqi marine waters (Khour Al-Zubair Port) during the period from August to December 2016. This has been accompanied by studying the water temperature and salinity. The results showed that the protein content of the zooplankton were 19.23 – 22.31 %, ash amounted to 3.86 – 4.45 %, while the lipids were 6.27 – 7.18 %, moisture were 65.82 –70.12 % and the carbohydrates 0.25 – 0.47 % wet weight
... Lipids in crustaceans are the vital organic source of metabolic energy and also important in keep up health and development [22]. Generally, they act as main food reserve as protein and are affected by some environmental conditions like temperature [14]. ...
... Gutzler & Butler 2017). Factors that can influence nutritional condition include food availability (Barclay et al. 1983, Moore et al. 2000, Sánchez-Paz et al. 2007, seasonal changes in feeding, growth, and reproduction (Rosa & Nunes 2003), and water chemistry (Ocampo et al. 2003, Stoner et al. 2010, Lorenzon et al. 2011. Anthropogenic influences can also reduce nutritional reserves of crustaceans as a result of trap fishing (e.g. ...
The sublethal effects of fisheries (e.g. reduced nutritional condition or injuries) on the target species population are poorly understood, yet have the potential to reduce fishery efficiency and sustainability. The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus trap fishery in Florida (USA) uses live, sublegal-size lobsters as bait to lure other lobsters into the ~462000 traps employed by the fishery. Long-term confinement of lobsters used as live bait causes stress, leading to the degradation of their nutritional condition or mortality; however, cumulative effects of confinement on nutritional condition throughout the fishing season and the effect on the population were unknown. We sampled sublegal- and legal-size lobsters hand-caught from a fished area (potentially affected by traps) and caught in commercial lobster traps in the fished area to determine how lobster health varies throughout the year and whether the intense recreational and commercial fisheries exhibit sublethal effects on lobster health. We compared the health of lobsters monthly for 1 yr using 2 nutritional indices (hepatopancreas dry weight and blood serum protein), and by the presence of external injuries and shell disease. Lobster blood serum protein and dry weight index varied throughout the year, peaking in late summer to early fall, dropping sharply during the winter, and rising again through the spring, likely in response to seasonal changes in environmental factors, such as water temperature. Both legal and sublegal lobsters within actively fished traps showed lower nutritional condition than lobsters from the surrounding population throughout the fishing season, suggesting that few lobsters escape traps.
... In the present study, we found noticeable differences in body biomass (size and weight), proximate biochemical composition (proteins, glucose, and lipids), and FA profiles between the sexes (female vs. male) of new juvenile red squat lobsters from this breeding area, This is especially true in new juvenile females that must support not only the energy demand due to an accelerated growth rate (successive molting events: (Choy, 1987;Hirose et al., 2013;Leme, 2005)), but also the high energy cost of the first reproductive event (characterized by embryo production and incubation under the abdomen: (Brante et al., 2003;Clarke, 1993;Rosa & Nunes, 2003)), which oc- Nonetheless, the new juvenile females were, on average, slightly larger than the new juvenile males. This slight difference may be F I G U R E 5 Variations in the lipid contents (measured in mg g −1 DW (a) and in % DW (b)) of new juveniles (N = 40; males vs. females) of red squat lobsters (Pleuroncodes monodon) from an important breeding area off the southern coast of Chile (Biobío region). ...
In the wide distribution range of the red squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon in the Southeast Pacific Ocean, there is an important nursery area on the southern coast of Chile. The new juvenile individuals from this nursery area are directly recruited into the adult squat lobster population, which is exploited by industrial fisheries. Despite the importance of new P. monodon juveniles for recruitment estimations in fishery management models, their bioenergetic condition and/or nutritional status at the onset of their benthic phase remain unknown, as are the differences in the biochemical composition and energy reserves of the two sexes, which could help explain the cost of the first breeding event in females. Therefore, in new juvenile squat lobsters with the same degree of immaturity, we quantified and compared between the sexes (female vs. male): the size (cephalothorax length, CL), body biomass (dry weight and organic matter), biochemical composition (proteins, glucose, and lipids), and fatty acid profiles (FAs). The results indicate that the CL of new juveniles was similar between the sexes, while the dry weight and organic matter presented significant differences, with higher values in new juvenile females (NJF) than new juvenile males (NJM). Similarly, the NJF had a higher content of proteins, glucose, and lipids than NJM. The FAs also showed significant differences between the sexes; the NJF had a higher content than NJM in all fatty acid classes (i.e., saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated), with the FAs DHA (C22:6n-3), EPA (C20:5n-3), oleic (C18:1n-9), palmitic (C16:0), and eicosatrienoic (C20:3n-3) significantly contributing to the differentiation of FA profiles between the sexes. All of the aforementioned differences among the multiple variables of the bioenergetic condition can indicate biochemical adaptations in the storage capacity of energy reserves, particularly among NJF that must support the high energy cost of the first reproductive event (characterized by embryo production and incubation), which occurs during the austral winter, a period predominated by cold-water temperatures and scarce food availability in the habitat. Overall, our findings have significant implications in fishery management models. In this case, defining the bioenergetic condition of the new juvenile squat lobsters can aid in predicting the density and stability of the adult population, which is exploited by commercial fisheries.
... At low temperatures, organisms tend to accumulate greater energy reserves due to decreasing metabolic rates [23,57,82]. Furthermore, lipids are the main energy source of many marine invertebrates [33,83] and studies have documented that several crustacean species (P. monodon, Crangon crangon, Meganyctiphanes norvegica) tend to accumulate greater energy reserves at lower temperatures or during cold seasons [26,27,39,48,84,85]. ...
The red squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon is a species of high commercial value that inhabits the Humboldt Current System. Along the Chilean coast, two populations are exploited by the fishing industry, one located off the coast of Coquimbo and the other off the coast of Concepción. Yet, it is unknown whether there are differences in the “bioenergetic fuel” (measured as lipid content and fatty acid profile) of juvenile populations of these two fishing units and whether these bioenergetic compounds can be modulated by differences in the environmental parameters (such as temperature or chlorophyll-a) of their breeding areas. To shed some light on this, we measured the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the viscera and muscle of juvenile female red squat lobsters from these two fishing units, specifically from breeding areas near long-exploited fishing grounds: a) the northern fishing unit (NFU, from 26°S to 30°S) and b) the southern fishing unit (SFU, from 32°S to 37°S). We found differences in the lipid content, fatty acid profiles, and ratios of saturated fatty acids (C16:0/C18:0) of juvenile females from these two locations. In addition, the essential fatty acids (DHA/EPA) found in the viscera versus the muscle of these lobsters varied significantly. Juvenile females from the SFU (i.e. Concepción) showed a higher lipid content compared to the juvenile females from the NFU (i.e. Coquimbo). Consistently, individuals from the SFU had a higher content of fatty acids, which also proved to be richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to those from the NFU. Our results are important for the fisheries in both areas because these juvenile populations are the source of new recruits for the adult populations that are exploited by the fishing industry. Our study also aids in determining which populations are healthier or of better quality in bioenergetic terms. Furthermore, increasing the incorporation of bioenergetic parameters in fishery models is essential for the recruitment and stock assessment within an ecosystem approach, since it allows for the evaluation of the nutritional condition of different fishing populations.
... The possible reason of the increased muscle protein might be due to the optimum range of temperature and more food availability as different zooplankton, phytoplankton and algal blooms. A similar study was reported on Aristeus antennatus and protein content was high in the summer and spring seasons (Rosa & Nunes, 2003). According to Nargis (2006), a high amount of muscle protein was observed in the medium size of Anabas testudineus and was recorded a decrease in fish of increased age. ...
... The possible reason of the increased muscle protein might be due to the optimum range of temperature and more food availability as different zooplankton, phytoplankton and algal blooms. A similar study was reported on Aristeus antennatus and protein content was high in the summer and spring seasons (Rosa & Nunes, 2003). According to Nargis (2006), a high amount of muscle protein was observed in the medium size of Anabas testudineus and was recorded a decrease in fish of increased age. ...
The seasonal effect on haematology and body composition of Rohu and Mrigal carp were evaluated. Fifty-four fish of each species (Rohu length and weight 28.00±0.34 cm and 385±3.40 g; Mrigal carp length and weight 29.48±0.24 cm and 393±5.48 g) were collected from the Dera Ismail Khan. The values of WBCs (9.31 and 8.41×10 6 mm-3), RBCs (2.37 and 2.12×10 6 mm-3), Hb (9.58 and 8.78) and HCT (38.06 and 36.04 %) of Rohu and Mrigal carp were higher in summer whereas declined in winter (P<0.05). The MCV, MCH and MCHC of both species were higher (P<0.05) in winter, and decreased during summer. The moisture content of both Rohu and Mrigal carp was higher during winter followed by spring and lower in summer season. Lipid and protein content of both species were higher (P<0.05) in summer and lower in winter. The moisture content, proteins and lipid were found higher in Rohu than Mrigal carp. According to the findings, it was concluded that the water quality parameters vary seasonally which in turn impacts on body physiology of fish species.
... ELN -Electrona Antarctica, GYB -Gymnoscopelus braueri; GYN -Gymnoscopelus nicholsi; KRI -Euphausia superba; PROT -protein content; LPO -lipid peroxidation levels; ETS -electron transport system activity; GLY -glycogen content; GPx -glutathione peroxidase; GSTs -glutathione S-transferases activity; SOD -superoxide dismutase activity; CAT -catalase activity. but the content of GLY was higher than in other crustacean species (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). These findings can be related to the fact that the current study was performed during the austral summer, when Southern Ocean organisms tend to build up energy reserves for winter time. ...
Indicators of oxidative stress and metabolic capacity are key factors in understanding the fitness of wild populations. In the present study, these factors were evaluated in the pelagic Southern Ocean taxa Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and myctophid fish (Electrona antarctica, Gymnoscopelus braueri and G. nicholsi) to establish a baseline record for future studies. Mercury (Hg) concentrations were also analysed to evaluate its potential impacts on species biochemical performance. E. superba had higher metabolic activity than most of the myctophid species, which may explain the comparatively lower energy reserves found in the former. The activity of antioxidant enzymes showed, generally, a lower level in E. superba than in the myctophid species. The lack of any relationship between Hg concentrations and organisms' antioxidant and biotransformation defence mechanisms indicate that levels of Hg accumulated in the studied species were not high enough to affect their biochemical processes adversely.
... Such kind of variation we recorded may be due to geographical variation, food availability and environmental condition of the study site [33]. Great variation between chemical composition in edible food generally reflects their physiological functions, metabolic needs and available diet [34][35]. On comparing the nutrient profile of B. dussumieri with commercially available fishes sold and consumed in India, the concentration of essential nutrients like proteins and lipid was observed to be higher (Table. ...
In present study, nutritive content of Boleopthalmus dussumieri (mudskipper) was analysed. Samples were collected from fish markets of Gujarat state (Ghogha, Sartanpar, Bilimora, Amalsad, Onjal) and Maharashtra state (Kalyan, Bhiwandi, Mira-Bhayandar). Major biochemical components like moisture, protein, carbohydrate and total lipid content were estimated in body muscles of the male and female specimens using standard protocols. Nutritive content of studied species was variable amongst different study sites. Moisture (84.7 ± 1.21%) and protein content (36.76 ± 13.18%) were recorded maximum in male body muscle collected from Sartanpar and Mira-Bhayandar respectively, while carbohydrate (11.67 ± 6.16%) and lipid (3.21 ± 1.17%) were recorded maximum in female body muscle collected from Sartanpar and Amalsad respectively. Variation occurring in nutritive content of B. dussumieri collected from various sites may be due to the effect of geographical area, the environmental factors and available food resources.
... In immature and mature wild shrimps Aristeus antennatus and Parapenaeus longirostris, and the wild lobster Nephrops norvegicus the major EAA are arginine, lysine and leucine, and the quantitatively most important NEAA are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline and glycine [100]. Finally, in both shrimp and lobster species, the limiting amino acid is methionine [101]. Variations in amino acids that cannot be synthesized de novo (EAA) reflect the dietary condition [10], and deficiencies or excesses of one or more EAA limit protein synthesis, growth or both [102][103][104]. ...
The southern king crab (SKC) Lithodes santolla is an important commercial species in southern South America. Fishing pressure has caused the deterioration of its stocks. Currently, culture techniques are being developed for producing SKC juveniles to enhance the natural population and to recover the fishing stock. Therefore, it is necessary to know about physiology, energetic and nutritional requirements for SKC maintenance in hatchery. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the biochemical and physiological changes in the midgut gland, muscle and hemolymph of juveniles, pre-adults and adults of wild SKC. The energetic reserves, digestive enzymes activity, amino acid profile and energy were quantified in twelve juveniles, ten pre-adult, and ten adult crabs. Juveniles showed high glycogen and low lipids in the midgut gland, and low proteins and low lactate in muscle. In the hemolymph, juveniles had high lipids. Pre-adults had high glycogen and lipids in the midgut gland, and both high protein and lactate in muscle. In the hemolymph, pre-adults had high lipids. Adults had low glycogen and high lipids in midgut gland, and both high proteins and high lactate in muscle. In hemolymph, adults had high glucose and lactate. Juveniles and pre-adults had high proteinase activity, whereas adults had high lipase activity. Major essential amino acids of SKC were arginine, methionine, and tryptophan, and the non-essential amino acids were glycine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. On another hand, SKC had similar energy in the midgut gland and muscle, regardless of the ontogenetic stage. Moreover, we demonstrated that the biochemical energy calculation underestimates the actual measured values by a calorimeter. Thus, our results help to understand the physiological changes, energetic and nutritional requirements of L. santolla, and this study is a baseline for research on diet formulation for maintaining this species under culture conditions.
... The World's Healthiest Foods (2012) reported that two portions per week may be sufficient to significantly increase the level of n3 fatty acids in the blood. These results were similar to those reported by several authors (Rosa and Nunes 2003;€ Ozogul and € Ozogul 2007;Fuentes et al. 2009;Prato et al. 2012;Prato and Biandolino 2012;Bongiorno et al. 2015). ...
The objective of the present study was to determine lipid content, fatty acid composition and the recommended daily portion of 13 fish species, nine bivalves, six crustacean, three echinoderm and three cephalopod species, from the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Italy). Fatty acids profile varied significantly among species (p < .05); polyunsaturated fatty acids represented an important proportion, with docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the highest amount. A high n3/n6 ratio was found in all species (from 1.0 in body wall of Holothuria polii and H. tubulosa to 10.9 in Mytilus galloprovincialis). The lipid nutritional quality indices (atherogenic index, thrombogenicity index and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio) showed crustaceans Parapaeneus longirostris, Plesionika martia, Melicertus kerathurus, Nephrops norvegicus, as likely to be more beneficial for the consumer health. This paper will be of practical value from a health perspective for populations who consume seafood and a powerful marketing tool for farmers.
... Crayfish store large amounts of energy (lipid) in the hepatopancreas for reproduction (Harrison, 1990;Moore et al., 2000;Rosa and Nunes, 2003), larval development (Rosa et al., 2005) and survival (Eversole and Mazlum, 2002;Mazlum and Eversole, 2004). The relative moisture content of the hepatopancreas has been suggested as an indicator of crayfish physiological conditions (Huner et al., 1985(Huner et al., , 1990. ...
The present study was to evaluate diversification of crayfish populations based on length and weight measurements. Crayfish were collected from natural stock with fyke-net at five different populations of Turkey in the lakes Iznik (IL), Egirdir (EL) and Sera (SL) as well as Hirfanlı Dam Lake (HD) and Keban Dam Lake (KL) from June to July, 2008. The mean length, weight and hepatopancreas moisture content (HM, %) of the individuals sampled from different regions were found in order from largest to smallest as EL>HD>KL>IL>SL, EL>HD>KL>SL>IL and IL>KL>HD>KL>SL, respectively. In this study the median value of b coefficient, describing growth type from length-weight relationship, of five populations was 3.08, and fifty percent of the values were fell between 2.72 and 3.75. The growth types in these populations were determined as isometric, except in Keban Dam Lake (positive allometric). DFA (Discriminant Function Analysis) showed that there were no significant differences among the populations, meanwhile 53.06 % dissimilarities between populations was driven by length and HP with the contribution of 60.18% and 39.82% (based on SIMPER analysis), respectively. Although results from b coefficients, HM values and DF analysis of populations may reveal that their environmental conditions and growth types were similar in a certain extent, many more data taken from at least one-year sampling period is highly recommended for better understanding on factors that influenced the growth of its crayfish structure.
... Nephrops norvegicus is a marine benthic decapod crustacean (Family Nephropidae) with a wide geographical and bathymetric distribution (captured even at 400 m in northern Aegean Sea fishing grounds). It is considered as highly commercial important species resulting in a recent interest as a new candidate species for aquaculture [3,5,6]. A high larval dispersal ability, although dependent on sea currents, such as many marine organisms [7], has been recorded also for N. norvegicus [8]. ...
Background: Comprehensively detailed information on population dynamics for benthic species is crucial since potential admixture of individuals could shift the genetic subdivision and age structure during a full breeding period. The apparent genetic impact of the potential recruitment strategy of Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus is still under research. For this reason the present study was focused on genetic variation of the species over a given continuous year period in a semi-enclosed gulf of the Aegean Sea.
Results: Analyses revealed that the relative smaller size class in females and the apparent faster growth of males may represent a key-role differential strategy for the two sexes, whereas females tend to mature slower. Heterozygosity fitness correlations (HFCs) showed substantially significant associations suggesting that inbreeding depression for females and outbreeding depression for males are the proximate fitness mechanisms, respectively.
Conclusions: Nephrops norvegicus uniformal genetic composition (background of high gene flow), could be attributed to potential population recolonization, due to a hypothesized passive larval movement from deeper waters, which may suggest that some offspring of local residents and potential male non-breeders from other regions admixture randomly.
... The highest crude protein content in this study was obtained in the peak of dry month (April). According to Rosa and Nunes (2003), the quantity of protein content varies considerably within and between the species, size, sex, sexual condition, feeding season, molting stage, reproductive stage of the life cycle etc. ...
Edible crabs constitute one of the major sources of nutritious food for human nutrition. The study was aimed to examine the protein, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of two edible crabs (Callinectes amnicola and Portunus validus) of Lagos coast, Nigeria. Samples were obtained from the water body, transported in crushed iced insulated containers and analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Crude protein varied from 55-68.92% (C. amnicola) and 51.9-67.51% (P. validus) on dry matter basis. Leucine (8.63-9.73g/100 g crude protein) and glutamic acid (12.71-16.19g/100 g crude protein) were the highest concentrated essential and non-essential amino acids, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the amino acid values indicated that C. amnicola has more variations, relative to its mean. The most concentrated saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid in the samples with significantly different (P <0.05) values of 14.32±1.05% (C. amnicola) and 24.52±0.00% (P. validus). With the exception of lauric, arachidic and lignoceric, all saturated fatty acids were more concentrated in P. validus than in C. amnicola. Oleic acid among the monounsaturated fatty acids occupied the highest position in C. amnicola (17.6233±0.04%) and in P. validus (12.4682±0.25%); whereas timnodenic acid was the most concentrated among the polyunsaturated fatty acids, with values of 23.9744±0.48 % (C. amnicola) and 15.7234±0.25 % (P. validus). Both species have reasonable levels of dietary protein and lipid quality.
... Le glycogène est une réserve généralement utilisée pour des besoins énergétiques à court ou moyen termes, puisque cette réserve est accumulée en quantité limitée. Le glycogène est principalement utilisé pour des activités locomotrices, respiratoires, des processus d'osmorégulation, de croissance et/ou de reproduction (Rosa and Nunes, 2003 ;Oliveira et al., 2004). Il s'agit également d'une réserve qui sera utilisée (fermentée) préférentiellement lors de passage en anaérobiose, car la glycogénolyse et la glycolyse ne nécessitent pas d'oxygène . ...
Les populations humaines sont exposées à de très nombreux polluants. Il apparaît donc essentiel d'évaluer la toxicité de ces molécules au sein des compartiments récepteurs. En milieu urbain, de nombreux polluants (principalement hydrocarbures et métaux lourds) s'accumulent sur les surfaces imperméables (routes, toitures, parkings, bâtiments…). Ils sont remis en suspension et drainés par les eaux de pluie jusque dans les bassins d'infiltration. Ces structures ont été construites afin de réinfiltrer les eaux de ruissellement dans les nappes phréatiques sous-jacentes et de les détoxifier. Ces molécules toxiques sont capturées et accumulées au niveau des sédiments fins constitutifs des bassins, où elles peuvent atteindre des concentrations très élevées. Malgré cette forte contrainte, quelques rares invertébrés vivent dans les sédiments pollués des bassins d'infiltration, ce qui sous-entend des adaptations métaboliques, physiologiques et/ou comportementales spécifiques. L'un des plus répandus est l'oligochète aquatique Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. Ce ver tubificidé construit des galeries (activité de bioturbation) dans les sédiments où il favorise l'activité des microorganismes sur la minéralisation de la matière organique et le recyclage des nutriments. Cette espèce présente donc un rôle essentiel dans le fonctionnement des bassins d'infiltration, et donc sur la qualité de l'eau des nappes phréatiques. Elle est aujourd'hui considérée à la fois comme une espèce sentinelle de l'état de santé de son biotope et comme un ingénieur des écosystèmes. Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de mettre en évidence les réponses écophysiologiques permettant à L. hoffmeisteri de survivre dans ces biotopes particulièrement anthropisés. Pour cela, nous avons exposé/élevé cet organisme pendant 1, 3 ou 6 mois dans des sédiments pollués issus de 3 bassins d'infiltration et un sédiment issu d'un milieu non urbanisé (sédiment témoin très peu pollué), en laboratoire. Nous avons ensuite analysé sur ce ver la survie, la consommation d'oxygène, l'état des réserves énergétiques, les concentrations de métaux lourds bioaccumulés, le stress oxydant engendré par les polluants (niveau de peroxydation lipidique) et enfin les mécanismes de protection associés (activités des principales enzymes antioxydantes). Le deuxième objectif a été de déterminer l'impact des polluants urbains sur les métabolismes aérobie et anaérobie chez L. hoffmeisteri. Pour cela, nous avons mesuré différents paramètres témoignant de l'activité mitochondriale (activités de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale et de l'ATP synthétase) ainsi que les concentrations des principaux produits terminaux du métabolisme anaérobie chez des vers exposés aux mêmes sédiments (4) pollués ou témoin. Cette étude a démontré que les contaminants induisent une transition partielle du métabolisme aérobie vers les voies anaérobies suite à un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial, et a aussi révélé que certains produits terminaux du métabolisme anaérobie (succinate et propionate) constituent des marqueurs pertinents de la pollution urbaine. Enfin, le troisième objectif de cette thèse a été d'évaluer l'impact d'une pollution d'origine anthropique sur l'activité d'ingénierie de L. hoffmeisteri (i.e. sur son rôle dans le fonctionnement des bassins d'infiltration). Pour cela, nous avons mesuré pendant 1 mois le comportement de fouissage de ce ver bioturbateur par tomographie aux rayons X dans des microcosmes contenant des sédiments pollués ou non. De plus, des mesures régulières des flux de nutriments, d'oxygène dissous, de CO2 et de CH4 au cours de l'expérimentation ont permis d'évaluer l'influence du taux de contamination sur le recyclage des nutriments dans nos systèmes expérimentaux. Ces mesures ont été effectuées à la fois dans des systèmes colonisés par L. hoffmeisteri, mais aussi dans des systèmes sans faune, afin de quantifier précisément le rôle de ces organismes ingénieurs
... In the present study, all the species except F. indicus and M. andamanensis have significantly higher quantities of essential amino acids than non-essential amino acids. Akiyama et al. (1997), Rosa & Nunes (2003) and Limin et al. (2006) stated that the amount of amino acid content can vary in fishes by the effect of various factors such as species, size, sexual maturity, food resources, fishing season etc. Major fatty acids present in the muscle of four deep sea shrimp were compared with coastal shrimp P. monodon and F. indicus, presented in Table 5. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic aicd, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found significantly higher level than saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in all the species. EPA and (Oksuz et al. 2009). ...
The chemical composition of deep-sea shrimp Aristeus alcocki, Heterocarpus gibbosus, Plesionika spinipus and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis harvested by deep-sea shrimp trawlers operating off the south west coast of India were evaluated and the nutritional composition was compared with coastal shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon. Among deep sea shrimp, the highest protein content of 22.82% was observed in H. gibbosus, whereas protein content in other species were in the range of 18.81-22.33%. Protein content in P. monodon and F. indicus were estimated as 17.46 and 19.23% respectively. Higher protein content in the muscle of deep sea shrimp indicates that deep sea shrimp meat can be a good source of amino acids. Among the species studied, fat content was comparatively high in A. alcocki (3.18%) followed by H. gibbosus (2.72%). Deep sea shrimp were found to have higher mineral content and have a higher amount of calcium and sodium when compared to coastal shrimp. The essential and non-essential amino acids were found higher in A. alcocki (17.78 and 15.71 g 100 g respectively) than other deep sea and coastal shrimp.
... The sensitivity of cephalopod species, such as S. officinalis, to seasonal variations is a potentially important factor to take into account in stock estimation and fishery management (Pierce et al., 2008). Indeed, the organisms tend toward an optimum biochemical composition, and the levels of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are an expression of an adaptive response to several factors such as temperature, salinity, productivity, and food supply (Childress et al., 1990;Rosa and Nunes, 2003). ...
The aim of the present work was to study the effect of season on phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAG) of mantle and tentacles of female and male wild Sepia officinalis. The identified phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and PtdEtn was the major fraction. Results showed apparent seasonal variation of phospholipid content, particularly with female samples. Fatty acid composition of phospholipid classes showed a differentiation much more in the proportions than in the diversity of fatty acids. Results showed that the major saturated fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0, the major monounsaturated fatty acids were 18:1 and 20:l, and the major polyunsaturated fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) (EPA). The results relative to TAG demonstrated significant variations. Principal component analysis confirmed the seasonal and sexual effects. This study could be appropriate for the improvement of consistent monitoring of phospholipid and TAG accumulation in cephalopod, which might be important for both physiological studies and food industries.
... The higher protein and lipid content of the tissues also reveals their involvement in energy production at cellular level [7]. However, the quantities of these constituents may vary considerably within and between the species, size, sex, sexual condition, feeding season, athletic activity, molting stage, reproductive stage of the life cycle etc., [15,13]. Fat acts as vehicle for the transport of lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. ...
The Guinean Mantis Shrimp is a crustacean of the Order Stomatopoda, having a carapace that does not cover the posterior thorax and a broad abdomen bearing gills on the appendages. The nutritional profile of Squilla aculeata calmani as whole organism and fillet was investigated using standard techniques. The proximate compositions of the fillet and whole organism were significantly different (P>0.05), with fillet having higher protein content (65.91 ± 2.24 %) to the whole organism (31.05 ± 3.55%). The whole organism was significantly higher in calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Cholesterol was not detected in Squilla aculeata calmani as whole organism and fillet. The samples were very good sources of oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid with hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects. The study showed that both the flesh and the shell contribute positively to the nutritional quality of the Guinea Mantis Shrimp, Squilla aculeata calmani. As the concentrations of the mineral content were within the allowed daily requirement, the shrimp could be employed as an alternative dietary supplement.
... However, the absence of seasonal changes in these environments has been disproved recently (Morales-Nin & Panfili, 2005;Danovaro et al., 2014). The seasonal food supply that reaches the deeper regions, in the form of particulate organic carbon, is used by the benthic fauna for maintenance (respiration) and growth (Rowe, 2013), and sexual maturation is influenced by and synchronized with, food availability (Rosa & Nunes, 2003). Besides, the sinking of carcasses, by natural death or discards by industrial fishing, constitutes an important food source for animals of large size and high mobility, such as C. ramosae. ...
The deep-sea crab Chaceon ramosae occurs at 350-1200 m depth in the southeast and south of Brazil. Here we evaluated the latitudinal, bathymetric, and seasonal abundance of C. ramosae in southern Brazil obtained during several research cruises. We also obtained populational data to evaluate the effectiveness of the fishing regulations for C. ramosae. Five sampling cruises were carried out in 2009-2010 and the sampling effort comprised 32 fishing hauls with four pots per mainline. In total, 195 individuals were caught, 128 males and 67 females, of which 17 were ovigerous. The highest catch per unit effort occurred between 29°03’ and 29°05’S at 800-1000 m in depth. The highest abundance occurred in winter, and almost all ovigerous females were captured in this season. The size at the onset of sexual maturity was estimated at 120 mm carapace width. Depth was the most critical environmental factor explaining C. ramosae distribution. The largest individuals, as well as the mature ones, were mainly captured in shallower regions (400-600 m). Our results confirm the need for prohibiting the fishing for C. ramosae at depths lesser than 500 m.
... Although crustaceans have been reported to have low levels of lipids, some of the MUFA and PUFA were found to be high as reported in this and previous studies (Deniz Ayas and Hatice, 2013;HMSO, 1994;Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Turan et al., 2007). ...
ABSTRACT
The proximate component, fatty acids composition, and nutritional quality index (NQI) of Macrobrachium nipponense at three habitats in Anzali wetland were investigated as a potential source for human consumption. The highest amounts of protein, lipid, ash and energy contents in muscle of M. nipponense were showed in autumn (non-reproductive season) (p< 0.05). The main monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were oleic acid (C18:1 n9 C, C18:1 ω9 T) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1). Moreover, the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were DHA (C22:6 n3), EPA (C20:5n3), ARA (C20:4 n6), LA (C18:2 ω6) and ALA (C18:3 n3). The predominant individual SFA was palmitic acid (0.07-13.4%) while oleic acid (14.7- 26.3%), eicosapentaenoic acid (3.5-12.7%) and linoleic acid (0.04-14.9%) represented the most abundant individual MUFA and PUFA in M. nipponense. The highest mean value of EPA+ DHA (14.0), n3/n6 (1.02), ΣMUFA/ΣSFA (1.05), ΣPUFA/ΣSFA (1.04) and EPA/DHA (3.8) ratios in M. nipponense was in autumn. The range of AI (atherogenicity index) and TI (thrombogenicity index) indexes was much low from 0.42 to 0.6 and from 0.33 to 0.57 respectively in terms of seasons. The results obtained in the present study shows that M. nipponense is an excellent nutritional food source in Anzali wetland.
KEYWORDS Macrobrachium nipponense, chemical composition, nutritional value, Anzali wetland
... Le glycogène est une réserve généralement utilisée pour des besoins énergétiques à court ou moyen termes, puisque cette réserve est accumulée en quantité limitée. Le glycogène est principalement utilisé pour des activités locomotrices, respiratoires, des processus d'osmorégulation, de croissance et/ou de reproduction (Rosa and Nunes, 2003 ;Oliveira et al., 2004). Il s'agit également d'une réserve qui sera utilisée (fermentée) préférentiellement lors de passage en anaérobiose, car la glycogénolyse et la glycolyse ne nécessitent pas d'oxygène . ...
Human populations are exposed to numerous pollutants. It is now necessary to evaluate the toxicity of urban contaminants in receptor ecosystems. In anthropized areas, many pollutants (mainly hydrocarbons and heavy metals) accumulate on the impervious surfaces (roads, parks, buildings, rooftops...). During a rainfall event, these compounds are re- suspended and drained up to stormwater infiltration basins. These structures were built to detoxify and to infiltrate runoff water to underlying groundwater. Toxic compounds are captured and accumulated in the fine sediment layer of the infiltration basins, where their concentrations may achieve important concentrations. Despite this harsh constraint, a few invertebrates inhabit stormwater basin sediments and have developed specific metabolic, physiological and/or behavioural adaptations. One of the most spread is the oligochaeta Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. This tubificid worm burrows galleries (bioturbation activity) in sediments where it enhances the organic matter mineralization and the nutrients recycling. This species has an essential role in the infiltration basin functioning and on groundwater quality. L. hoffmeisteri is considered both as a sentinel species of ecosystem health and an engineer species.
The first aim of this work was to highlight the ecophysiological responses that allow L. hoffmeisteri to survive in these harsh conditions. We exposed this organism during 1, 3 or 6 months to polluted sediments (from 3 infiltration basins), under laboratory conditions. Then, we measured the survival, the oxygen consumption, the energy body stores, the oxidative stress induced by urban pollutants (through the lipid peroxidation level), and the antioxidant defence mechanisms (the activity of the antioxidant enzymes) in L. hoffmeisteri. The same analyses were realized on worms incubated 1 to 6 months in a sediment from a non-urbanized environment (considered as a low-polluted/control sediment).
The second objective of the present work was to determine the impact of urban pollutants on aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms in L. hoffmeisteri. We measured several mitochondrial parameters (the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and the ATP production rate) and anaerobic end product concentrations in worms exposed to the 4 same sediments (polluted or not). This study demonstrated that urban pollutants induced a shift from aerobic to the anaerobic metabolism, linked to a mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Moreover, this study also showed that two anaerobic end products (succinate and propionate) constitute relevant biomarkers of urban pollution.
Lastly, the third goal of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of an anthropic pollution on the engineering activity of L. hoffmeisteri (i.e. its role in the infiltration basin functioning). To this end, we measured during 1 month the burrowing activity of this tubificid worm using X-ray tomography, in microcosms containing slightly or highly polluted sediments. We measured nutrients fluxes, dissolved oxygen, CO2 and CH4 concentrations during the experiment to determine the influence of the pollution rate on nutrients recycling. These measurements were also realized in microcosms with or without worms, to quantify the functional role of engineer organisms.
... Variations observed in the proximate composition between the three krill varieties during the present study, cannot be attributed to a particular reason. Alarge number of biological (species, sex, maturation stage, size, age, diet) and ecological (season, food availability and etc.) factors are known to have a clear effect on proximate composition of crustaceans (Rosa & Nunes, 2003;Dinakaran, Soundarapandian & Chandra, 2009;Pugalopezet al., 2013). Processing method also can affect the proximate composition. ...
... Celik, 2004. These variations could be explained due to the differences in species (Skonberg & Perkins, 2002;Gökoalu & Yerlikaya, 2003, Cherif et al., 2008, sex (Wu et al., 2010), age, nutrient composition of diet, surrounding medium and season (Rosa & Nunes, 2003;Barrento, et al., 2009;Maulvault et al., 2012). Regarding to the present study, total protein was the major constituent of S. aspera, it was higher in gonad than in muscle and also in female more than in male. ...
... The increase in protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations was estimated in the body tissue of M. tintinnabulum when their respective ovaries showed advancement in maturation. This is similar to the studies reported in other crustaceans, for example, during the reproductive period it has been found that not only protein increased in gonads, but the proteins reserves in hepatopancreas and muscle may move to gonads (Rosa and Nunes, 2003a, b). The hepatopancreas are considered as the main lipid storage site in crustaceans (Garcia et al., 2002), but lipids can be stored in muscle tissue and female gonad (Komatsu and Ando, 1992). ...
The concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and lipid were measured in the ovaries and body tissue of the barnacles, Megabalanus tintinnabulum Linnaeus, 1758 during the ovarian maturation stages that is, immature, growing and mature. The protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations increased significantly in ovarian tissue with the advancement of maturation stages. The same was the case with the body tissue, that is, the biochemical constituents in tissue increased with the advancement of maturation stages. The concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and lipids in ovaries reached maximum values in winter which is the brooding period of barnacles. In the winter season, the body tissue also contained the maximum concentrations of protein and lipid indicating that the body tissue served as a storage site in barnacles instead of hepatopancreas in other crustaceans.
... Compared to other species of crustaceans, crayfish have a lower protein content than, e.g., the deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (cf. Öksüz et al., 2009), the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L., 1758) and other shrimp species (Rosa & Nunes, 2003. The protein contents of crayfish caught from Iznik Lake and Keban Dam Lake were similar, whereas samples obtained from Egirdir Lake and Hirfanlı Dam Lake were significantly different (P <0.05) from the specimens of the other regions. ...
This research was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content of Astacus leptodactylus in various populations in the lakes Iznik and Egirdir, as well as in Hirfanlı Dam Lake and Keban Dam Lake, all in Turkey. Crayfish meat yield ranged from a minimum of 11.3% to a maximum of 16.3% of wet weight in specimens from Keban and Iznik, respectively. Meat yield was significantly different, depending on the living environment. The protein content of the meat of A. leptodactylus ranged from 15.4 to 17.5%. The moisture content of crayfish was significantly lower in the high lipid containing Iznik Lake’s crayfish. Crayfish lipids were poor in saturated fatty acids, but rich in PUFA’s and in particular EPA, DHA and ARA. In all groups, the major saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid. Among the omega-6 fatty acid series, a high level of ARA was observed in crayfish meat.
EPA may be considered as the major omega-3 fatty acid in crayfish lipids. There was no single fatty acid indicating regional differences in crayfish specimens.
... The observed fatty acid composition in both genders were almost similar and C20:5n, C226n-3, C16:0 accounted for the bulk of fatty acids. The presence of such fatty acids in other species of amphipods such as G. locusta, Caprella sp. have also been reported (Moore 1976;Cook et al 2010;Rosa & Nunes 2003;Correia et al 2003;Auel et al 2002). In a study on different species of Caprella, the fatty acid composition were almost similar across the species belonging to this genus with the exception that certain fatty acids including C18:1n-7, and C20:4n-6 were reported to have been higher in C. grandim than other species whereas C:226n-3 was found to be lower in C. acanthifera than other species (Garcia et al 2004). ...
Total lipid, protein, fatty acid contents and lipid peroxidation were investigated in Pontogammarus maeoticus in the southern Caspian Sea. The estimated lipid content in males during both seasons (summer and autumn) showed a lower level than females but in autumn lipid level in males was higher than in summer. Protein contents in both genders in autumn were lower than the levels in summer. Nevertheless, such a decrease was more noticeable in females than their male counterparts. Similar fatty acids composition observed in both sexes and they mainly included docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels in both sexes stood higher than other types of fatty acids with different contents in males and females. Females showed greater levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than males. The lipid peroxidation rate in males was significantly higher than females (p ≤ 0.05) whereas it decreased in both genders in autumn. The results indicated that there are sex related variations in P. maeoticus in terms of fatty acids and lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, the high amounts of PUFA are related with decrease in lipid peroxidation levels in this species.
... On the other hand, greater availability of resources observed in mangroves with higher structural development (López and Conde 2013), combined with a more stable environment, a constant supply of fresh water in estuarine mangroves (López 2010) and stable salinity in marine mangroves should contribute to a constant investment of energy for growth and reproduction in both sexes, thereby diluting the sexual dimorphism in size at these localities. The behaviour of the hepatopancreas reserves in the study area supports the above hypothesis, remaining stable between seasons (wet vs dry) in estuarine and marine crabs, and suggesting a compensation of hepatopancreas reserves as a result of food consumed (López 2010); a situation evidenced in other marine decapod crustaceans (Kennish 1997, Rosa andNunes 2003). In hypersaline mangroves with little structural development and a lower variety of resources (TIB, TIA, TAC), hepatopancreas reserves suffered a decline during the rainy months coinciding with the period of greatest reproductive activity (López 2010). ...
Aratus pisonii is one of the most common crab species in Neotropical mangroves. It shows great plasticity in its life history traits, which makes it an interesting subject for comparative studies. This study evaluated the morphometric variability in five populations of A. pisonii inhabiting mangroves with different degrees of structural development under contrasting environmental conditions. Mangrove forests located on the northwest coast of Venezuela were studied during the rainy season in 2006. The results showed morphometric differences and interaction between sampling sites and sex (PERMANOVA, P=0.0001), as well as the presence of five morphological groups in males and four in females. The findings support the existence of sexual dimorphism. Females from the dwarf hypersaline mangrove showed a wide variability associated with the chelipeds. The differences in crab morphology between sites seem to be related to a combination of environmental factors that is unique for each habitat, leading to the formation of different morphological groups, in which the mangrove structural development (resource availability) and salinity (which compromises the energy budget) play an important role. The presence of more robust chelipeds in females from the dwarf hypersaline mangrove seems to reflect an adaptation to the biomechanical properties of the leaves (sclerophylly).
... P. sewelli comprises the major catch of deepsea lobsters collected from depth up to 300 m in India and has a good export market potential. A study conducted by Rosa & Nunes, (2003) proved that protein content of a deep sea lobster, Nephrops norvegicus varied from 19.5 to 20.8% during an yearly survey off the Portuguese south coast. The same authors reported a protein content as high as 22-23% in the deep water blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus whereas the protein content of a deep-sea lobster, Linuparus somnisus from Southern Java Ocean was found to be 12.29% (Suseno et al., 2014) which was lower compared to our study. ...
Proximate composition and heavy metal accumula-tion in the muscle of deep sea crustaceans viz., Acanthephyra armata, Heterocarpus gibbosus, Plesionikaspinipes and Puerulus sewelli were analyzed. Crusta-cean samples were collected from Lat. 11.026o –11.405oN; Long. 74.508o – 75.212oE and Lat. 17.103o– 19.983oN; Long. 83.042o- 87.428oE at the depth of200 – 1200 m off west coast and east coast of India.Moisture content was higher in H. gibbosus(81.84±0.11%) off west coast and P. spinipes(81.05±0.36%) off east coast, highest protein content(20.34±0.48%) was observed in P. sewelli from westcoast followed by H. gibbosus (17.42±1.10%) off eastcoast. Fat content of the samples varied from 2.3-3.8%; with the highest in A. armata collected fromwest coast, whereas ash was higher in A. armata(2.21±0.14%) off east coast. Analysis of heavy metalcontent indicated higher levels of zinc in samplesoff west coast while iron and cobalt content wassignificantly higher in east coast samples. Lead wasbelow detectable level in the samples analysed andcadmium was detected only in H. gibbosus off westcoast. The deep sea crustaceans analysed in thepresent study contained significant quantity ofprotein and hence can find market in the foodindustry. Heavy metals analysed were within theprescribed limit, indicating that the selected stationsof Indian EEZ are free of heavy metal pollution.
... Protein was found as the major constituent in the muscle of shrimps. The same difference in the proximate composition in the edible muscle was reported for Fenneropenaeus pennicillatus, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, pink shrimp (Rosa and Nunes, 2003), black tiger shrimp and white shrimp (Sriket et at., 2007 and Karuppasamy et al., 2013). The lipid content varied between 10-14% of the dry weight. ...
This is an Open Access Journal / article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All rights reserved. Crustacean seafoods including shrimps were collected during winter monsoon from Nagapattinam coast for analyzing the nutritional quality of the edible tissues for human consumption by calculating the amount (%) of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and moisture on moisture free sample (n=3). Proximate analysis showed the protein content (%) higher than other components between the species and Fenneropenaeus indicus showed the increased level of protein (75.3%). Penaeus monodon and Penaeus semisulcatus showed protein level as 44.2% and 45.4% respectively and the species showed 11%, 12% and 14% of lipid content respectively with the moisture % as in P. monodon (80.6 %), P. semisulcatus (45.4%) and F. indicus (54.6 %). The composition of lipids and protein were inversely proportional to the moisture content. The carbohydrate % ranged between 21-29% followed by the ash content 5-6.7 % between the species. FTIR analysis was performed for spectrum confirmation using Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer system to detect the characteristic peaks and their functional groups. It confirmed the presence of alcohols, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, aromatics and alkynes in the muscle tissue which showed their nutritional quality having essential amino acids and fatty acids.
Heavy metals are toxic and subject to long-term in vivo accumulation in different aquatic species throughout the world. The purpose of the present study was to examine the quantitative analysis of biochemical constituents in the various tissues of Barytelphusa cunicularis exposed to sublethal concentration of copper sulphate (CuSO4) at 1/5th :56.4 ppm and 1/10th : 28.2 ppm for 7, 10 and 15 days. The crab has immense tolerance for wide ranging changes in the environmental factors by physiological adjustments. as compared to control. The results of the quantitative analysis show a percent (%) decrease (-) significant (P < 0.05) in the biochemical constituents in the treated crab as compared to the control.
Mangrove crab silvofishery system is one of the potential aquaculture activities to be developed because it is supported by the availability of extensive mangrove areas. This research was carried out in the Mangrove Area of Mandalle Village, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. The study was aimed to determine the best density of survival, growth, and chemical composition of the body of female mangrove crabs (Scylla olivacea) maintained by the silvofishery system. The research container used a step cage made of bamboo measuring 2.25 m2 wide. Tested animals used were female mangrove crabs measuring 155 ± 1.0 g which were kept for 40 days. The study was designed using a randomized block design consisting of four density treatments with three replications each. The four densities were: 5,10, 15 and 20 crabs/cage. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the difference in density has a very significant effect (p <0.01) on the survival, growth and biochemical composition of the female body of mangrove crabs. The best survival, growth, and biochemical composition produced the best density of 5 and 10 individuals, while the lowest density was 20 individuals.
Keywords: Simultaneously, the association between the glucose, total protein and cholesterol concentration with the TAH concentrations were detected. Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons (TAH) on the biochemical components of haemolymph of mud crab Chiromentes boulengeri (Calmen, 1920) that distributed along the bank of Shatt Al-Arab River / Southern of Iraq. Seasonal samples of water sediment and crab were collected from tow stations Al-Salhiya in the south and Garmat Ali in the North , Samples were collected from February 2015 to January 2016. The environmental factors (Air Temperature , Water Temperature , pH , Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen) were measured, TAH in Water , Sediments and crab tissue and the levels of biochemical components (Glucose, Total Protein and Cholesterol) in haemolymph of crab were studded .The TAH concentrations in water were (38.88-23.36) µg/L, in sediment were (24.03-12.46) µg/g and in tissue were (26.48-14.17) µg/g in both stations respectively. Similarly , the average of TAH concentrations showed a significant seasonal variation in water , sediment and tissue samples in both stations at differences level of (P≤ 0.05). The results of biochemical components showed that averages of the glucose were (24.5-31.85) mmol/L , while the averages of total protein ranged from (25.75-33.07) g/dL and the averages of cholesterol were (4.32-7.00) mmol/L. Total protein and cholesterol levels in the crab haemolymph differed significantly between the both stations (P≤ 0.05).
Poa is an economical important fish species in southern regionof Bangladesh. The study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation (1.0 and 1.5 kGy) and 2% potassium sorbate (dipped in 30 and 60 seconds) at low temperature (±4°C) on sensory quality, biochemical composition, microbial load and shelf-life of poa (Pama pama). According to control panel, the organoleptic scores gradually decreased with the progress of storage time. Irradiated and potassium sorbate (2%) treated samples showed the highest acceptable score (5) up to 28 and 21days respectively. Tyrosine value was lower in irradiated (1.5 KGy) sample than potassium sorbate (2%) treated sample and significantly lower than control. Irradiation has led to a significant reduction in total number of microbes. The highest total bacterial count was observed 9.4×10 7 cfu/g (14 th day) in control sample. The highest total coliform and staphylococcus species count was 3.2×10 4 cfu/g (14 th day) and 4.15×10 4 cfu/g (0 th day) respectively in control sample. Bacteria were identified based on their cultural and biochemical characters. Lactococcus lactis, Klebsiella, E. coli and Enterobacter were sensitive to all the tested 10 antibiotics except erhromycin and penicillin. All were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol and resistant to erhromycin and penicillin. B.cereus, Stephylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus and P. aeroginosawere resistant except Stephylococcus to gentamicin and imipenem. Study of antibiogram revealed multi-drug resistance of some of the isolates. Combination with irradiation (1.5 KGy) and low temperature (±4ºC) could be most effective treatment in extending shelf-life and overall reductions in microbial load of poa.
The relationship between parental mass and female reproductive output, as well as offspring quality, was studied in the red cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904)) under controlled laboratory conditions. Adult males and females of the same age were paired combining different shrimp masses. The number of hatched juveniles from large females was higher than that from small ones, but no influence of paternal mass was detected on this variable. Both the mass of newly hatched juveniles and their growth increment during a 60-day period were similar for all parental masses. Shrimps reached sexual maturity at the end of the growth period in all treatments, and their biochemical reserves (glycogen, lipid, and protein concentrations) were not associated with maternal and paternal masses. However, lipid concentration was higher in female offspring than in male offspring. The present results show that, unlike maternal mass, paternal mass had no effect on female reproductive output and offspring quality, suggesting that the contribution of males to offspring development was adequate regardless of male size.
Abstract.
Oladosu-Ajayi RN, Omoniyi
IT, Dienye HE
. 2018. Muscle protein bands resolved by Sarotherodon melanotheron from
fresh and brackish water habitats. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 41-46.
An electrophoretic analysis of muscle protein of
Sarotherodon
melanotheron
from freshwater (Eleiyele Reservoir, Ibadan, Nigeria) and brackish water (Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria) was carried out
using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protein banding patterns for the fish species
were distinguishable. The freshwater
S. melanotheron
samples displayed 15-22 protein bands with the male samples having the highest
while the brackish water
S. melanotheron
samples displayed 13-20 protein bands with the female having the highest. The freshwater
S.
melanotheron
were also observed to have resolved a higher range of protein bands of molecular weights ranging between 20 kd to 99 kd
than the brackish water species, which resolved protein bands of lower molecular weights ranging between 20 kd to 95 kd. The
electrophoretic analysis of muscle proteins revealed that SDS-PAGE can be considered a good taxonomic criterion to differentiate
among and within fish species.
This study aimed to characterize the seasonal cycles of energy storage and depletion in different organs of both sexes of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (De Haan, 1844). We sought to relate these findings to the reproductive cycle and environmental factors affecting such cycles and identify the link between steroid concentrations and the reproductive cycle. Individuals were collected monthly (May 2014 to April 2015) in Pikou Bay, Dalian, China, and the biochemical compositions of muscle, hepatopancreas, and gonads analyzed. Two peaks of protein levels were observed in the ovaries in May and November in accordance with the seasonal variations in gonadosomatic index (GSI). An increase in the lipid content of ovaries during gonad maturation was also observed. Protein levels in the hepatopancreas and muscle decreased before May and November in both sexes. Glycogen concentration in the muscle of females peaked in February and September, decreasing during the reproductive months. These subsequently decreased during the peaks in reproduction. In the hepatopancreas of male as well as in the ovaries, the largest reserves of glycogen were observed in the autumn and a subsequent decrease was seen during the transition from autumn to winter. These finding suggest that in O. oratoria both protein and lipids serve as energy reserves for reproduction. Besides, glycogen from either the ovaries or the hepatopancreas of males might be used during periods of intense activity and starvation. Two vertebrate sex steroids, 17β-estradiol and testosterone, were also identified in testes and ovaries, respectively, by means of ELISA. Fluctuating levels of these steroids during the reproductive cycle suggest they might be related to gonadal development in O. oratoria. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Crustacean Society. All rights reserved.
Marine crabs, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1766),
Portunus gladiator (Fabricius, 1798) and Charybdis
lucifera (Fabricius, 1758) are a valued decapods species
captured mainly in the Mandapam coast, Tamil Nadu,
India. In this work the species differences in terms of
proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acid
content were compared. The proximate composition (%)
results showed significant difference (P<0.05) between
the various species. Higher amount of protein (22.57 %)
and carbohydrate (1.17 %) contents were detected in C.
lucifera when compared than P. pelagicus and P.
gladiator. While, lipid content was higher in P. pelagicus
(2.15 %) and lower recorded in C. lucifera. Totally
twenty amino acids (g/100g) recorded in all species
except C. lucifera. Essential amino acid composition
(EAA) and non-essential amino acid composition
(NEAA) has been highly found in C. lucifera (3.92 and
4.81 g/100g) but cystiene only absent. The ratio of EAA
and NEAA had only minimum differences between the
species. The fatty acid profile (g/100g) was determined
by GC-MS and recorded major fatty acid components.
Significant differences in fatty acid composition were
also found among different species (P<0.05). The results
showed, P.pelagicus having high amount of saturated
fatty acids (SFA), mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)
and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the other
two species. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in all Portunid
crabs. The results obtained from the present study
indicate that the P.gladiator and C.lucifera crabs meat
contain well balanced composition of amino acids as well
as P.pelagicus had good source of fatty acids. It is
concluded that all the three species are the healthiest
crustacean sea foods.
Keywords: sea slug, K. ornate, nutritional potential,
PUFAs, minerals
Embryonic development of decapod crustaceans relies on yolk reserves supplied to offspring through maternal provisioning. Unequal partitioning of nutritional reserves during oogenesis, as well as fluctuating environmental conditions during incubation, can be sources of within-brood variability. Ultimately, this potential variability may promote the occurrence of newly hatched larvae with differing yolk reserves and an unequal ability to endure starvation and/or suboptimal feeding during their early pelagic life. The present study evaluated maternal provisioning by analyzing fatty acid (FA) profiles in newly extruded embryos of Carcinus maenas Also assessed were the dynamics of such provisioning during embryogenesis, such as embryo location within the regions of the brooding chamber (left external, left internal, right external, and right internal). The FA profiles surveyed revealed a uniform transfer of maternal reserves from the female to the entire mass of embryos, and homogeneous embryonic development within the brooding chamber. Although C. maenas produces a densely packed mass of embryos that are unevenly distributed within its brooding chamber, this factor is not a source of within-brood variability during incubation. This finding contrasts with data already recorded for larger-sized brachyuran crabs, and suggests that the maternal behavior of C. maenas promotes homogeneous lipid catabolism during embryogenesis.
A comparative study of the feeding ecology of Nephrops norvegicus was carried out on a seasonal basis simultaneously in seven locations in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic: the south coast of Portugal, Faro; the Alboran Sea, Malaga; the Catalan Sea, Barcelona; the Ligurian Sea, Genoa; theTyrrhenian Sea, Pisa; the Adriatic Sea, Ancona and the Aegean Sea, Gulf of Euboikos, The major groups observed (frequency of occurrence method) in the stomachs of Nephrops norvegicus were decapod crustaceans, other crustaceans (euphausids and peracarids) and fish. The results obtained showed no significant differences between sites or seasons, and can be considered very consistent. All major taxa were present in the diet at all sites and for all seasons, a fact that can be explained by the great similarity of the bathyal fauna in all sites, which provide a major trophic resource for N. norvegicus. The percentage of fullness was also estimated per site and season, and we registered a clear decrease of this value during the summer period for all sites, except the Tyrrheanian Sea, where the lowest value was found in autumn. PCA - analysis did not clearly separate the regions (sites). The Shannon-Weaver (H'), index of diversity, was also determined per site and season, and we found a significant difference between the values of the Atlantic coast and the Western Mediterranean when compared with those of the Eastern Mediterranean.
The results of an investigation of the energy values of 42 species of benthic and planktonic invertebrates from 12 phyla indicates that there is a significant higher average energy content per unit dry weight and ash-free dry weight in planktonic forms. The energy content was closely correlated to the proportion of organic matter in both groups, but several planktonic species displayed exceptionally high values. This can be explained by the ability to store large amounts of lipids in these species.
Polycheles typhlops and Stereomastis sculpta occupy a well-defined trophic niche, between the uppermost level of the bottom sediment and the water layer immediately adjacent to the sea bed. Scavenging plays an important role in feeding, but ontogenetic changes in the diet were clear in both species. Small individuals based their diet on epibenthic peracarid crustaceans, whereas scavenging and ingestion of inert remains became more important in the adult diet. The progressive decrease of abundance of P. typhlops with increasing depth coincided with greatly reduced densities of some of its preferential prey (Calocaris macandreae, Cirolana borealis or euphausiids) and with a different feeding strategy. S. sculpta shows a more microphagic and passive feeding habit. Feeding activity, quite low in both species, was lower in S. sculpta. Results suggest that S. sculpta is better adapted to the more oligotrophic conditions found on the lower slope. Competitive trophic interaction may also account for the separate depth distributions of the two species. These interactions may be especially important on the deep-sea bottoms in the Mediterranean Sea, where environmental parameters like temperature and salinity are constant. -from Authors
Nephrops norvegicus exposed to starvation and hypoxia in the field as well as in the laboratory exhibited marked differences in glycogen reserves, haemolymph haemocyanin concentrations, and tissue copper and manganese contents. Muscle glycogen concentration was reduced by ca 50 % in lobsters collected from hypoxic field conditions. Glycogen concentrations were reduced to ca 3 % of initial values in muscle and 10 % in midgut gland following 7 mo starvation in the laboratory. Haemolymph haemocyanin concentration was markedly reduced in N. norvegicus exposed to severely hypoxic conditions although haemolymph copper concentration remained virtually unchanged. Starvation resulted in a slower reduction of haemocyanin concentration than was associated with hypoxia. Starvation resulted in a net loss of copper after 7 mo. Experimental exposures to moderate or severe hypoxia were not associated with net losses of copper, although in long-term moderate hypoxia the whole body copper load was redistributed, especially to the midgut gland increasing the concentration there 4 times. Redistribution of copper to the midgut gland did not occur in N. norvegicus exposed to severe hypoxia in the field. Three- to four-fold lower copper concentrations were found in the midgut glands of hypoxic lobsters (compared to controls from normoxic areas). As well as low copper concentrations, these lobsters had 2 to 4 times higher manganese concentrations in internal tissues. In the absence of sediment, manganese concentrations and contents were not influenced by laboratory exposure to hypoxia.
The feeding habits of 3 deep-water species of pandalid shrimps occurring in the Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranean) were studied. All specimens were collected from 1988 to 1990 using bottom trawls at depths ranging between 380 and 1249 m. A total of 71 specimens of Plesionika edwardsi, 176 of P. martia, and 213 of P. acanthonotus were analyzed. Pandalid shrimps were active predators of macroplankton species. The diets of P. edwardsi and P. martia were quite similar and consisted primarily of benthopelagic eucarid crustaceans (Pasiphaea sp., euphausiids). P. acanthonotus is smaller, and its diet was based on smaller prey (siphonophores, hyperiids, euphausiids). Seasonal changes in the diets of bathyal pandalids were important. Planktonic organisms were their main food resource, and pandalid diets corresponded with changes in the abundance of available planktonic resources in the Western Mediterranean. Thus, bathymetric distribution and abundance of pandalid shrimps along the slope were related to the influence of the mesopelagic fauna on bathyal communities, which is commonly accepted to decrease with depth, The bathymetric distribution of pandalids is also discussed in relation to a possible competitive interaction for similar resources among certain pandalid species.
Classical thermophysical models of airless solar system bodies assume
complete opaqueness of the surface material. This means that the
insolation is absorbed at the immediate surface. However, if the surface
consists of particles which are neither dark nor optically thick, the
assumption of absorption at the surface is no longer valid. In the case
of a medium which is optically thin in the visible and opaque in the
thermal infrared (e.g. H2O-ice, CO2-ice), a
deposition of energy below the surface occurs and the average
temperature of interior layers should be higher than the average surface
temperature. This subsurface heating process is the so-called
Solid-State Greenhouse Effect. Recently a new project was started at IWF
to reach a better understanding of the phenomenon described above. Our
research will concentrate on the thermal and optical properties of icy
areas on Earth, the Mars polar caps, Jupiter's satellite Europa, and
comets.
A collection of Crustacea Isopoda (suborder Asellota) from a 10-year sampling programme in the Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic (54°40′N, 12°15′W) was analysed for evidence of breeding seasonality. No evidence of seasonal activity was found — adults and newly released juveniles were present throughout the year — but there was a strong seasonal pattern for breeding intensity. A significantly higher proportion of females was brooding during the winter months (25%) compared to the summer (5%), and the percentage of females brooding varied significantly with depth. The breeding pattern was synchronized to the seasonal deposition of organic detritus known to occur during the summer in the NE Atlantic. There were more newly released juveniles in samples during the summer than during the winter, with most females appearing to release their young at the time the deposition began. This deposition appears to be a major seasonal factor dominating the life-cycles of most benthic species in the Rockall Trough. Juvenile settlement for a range of taxa (echinoderms, molluscs and crustaceans) occurs while the detritus is present and most species maximize vitellogenesis at this time.
Thirty-seven species of midwater fishes were analyzed for water, ash, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The variation in these components as a function of minimum depth of occurence and habits is considered. The water content increased depth of occurrence while all the other components decreased in concentration with increasing depth. The caloric value of these fishes also decreased with increasing depth. Some of the vertically migrating myctophids have high caloric values and may therefore be important in the trophic structure at greater depths and as transporters of energy to greater depths. Respiratory rates of the analyzed fishes were predicted on the basis of protein content and showed a dramatic decrease with increasing depth.
Double tracer experiment using radioactive fatty acids was conducted in order to verify the transfer of lipid reserves to the ovaries during the ovarian maturation of the prawn Penaeus japonicus. The prawns were fed with a diet containing both palmitic acid (16:0)-3H and linolenic acid (18:3ω3)-14C, held for 1 day, and then maintained for 5 days with and without destalking. One day after feeding of the diet, both lipids-3H and lipids-14C were mainly distributed in the hepatopancreas as phosphatidylcholines (PC) and free fatty acids (FA) and in the muscle as PC. Bilateral destalk-ing resulted in the induction of ovarian maturation and also the increase in ovarian radioactive triglycerides (TG) and PC with a concomitant decrease in hepatopancreatic radioactive TG and PC. Thus, the destalking enhanced a transfer of body lipid reserves, particularly hepatopancreatic lipids, to the ovaries which accumulated TG and PC as the major lipid classes. From the 3H/14C ratios of ovarian PC and TG, it is likely that the major ovarian PC accumulated during the induced ovarian maturation are rich in ω3-fatty acids, possibly 18:30, 20:5ω3, 22:6ω3, etc., rather than 16:0 and its metabolites, whereas the major ovarian TG consist of 16:0 and its metabolites rather than ω3-fatty acids as acyl groups.
Reproductive patterns and populations characteristics of 5 deep-water pandalid shrimp species of the genus Plesionika (Decapoda: Caridea) were studied between 150 and 1100 m depth in the Western Mediterranean Sea over the period 1991 to 1994, including monthly samples taken from November 1992 to October 1993. With the aim of establishing interspecific relationships among reproductive biology and population characteristics 2831 individuals of Plesionika heterocarpus, 1787 of P. edwardsi, 1601 of P. gigliolii, 3888 of P. martia and 928 of P. acanthonotus were analysed. Results show an increasing seasonality in reproductive periods from the shallowest species, P. heterocarpus (distributed between 82 and 699 m depth) with ovigerous females present throughout the year, to the deepest species, P. acanthonotus (distributed between 165 and 1550 m) with ovigerous females present only in late spring and early summer months. A possible link was hypothezised between deep-water pandalid shrimp breeding period and sinking particulate matter from primary production. A significant decrease in relative brood size (number of eggs per 'standard' 20 mm carapace length female) with increasing depth distribution of each species was found. No significant relationship between egg size and depth distribution was apparent. In 4 of the 5 species studied a differential depth distribution based on sex-ratio and intraspecific size composition by depth was found. The only species where no significant trend was found in sex-ratio by depth, P. acanthonotus, did not show differences in size composition by depth. A slight interspecific size overlap was observed. Sex-ratio and size composition by depth distribution are discussed in the light of trophic and reproductive behaviour of each species.
Maturation in Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus was evaluated by visual, histological, and biochemical observations. Changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents were described in gonads and digestive glands of both males and females, and in the terminal portion of the male reproductive tract (terminal ampullae and vasa deferentia combined). During gonadal maturation of both species, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid contents of the ovaries increased. The largest absolute changes were in the amount of protein and the greatest relative increases occurred in the amount of lipid. In digestive glands of females, changes in biochemical composition differed between the species: in P. aztecus carbohydrate and protein contents of the digestive glands increased during maturation, but in P. setiferus the lipid content of the digestive glands decreased during maturation. Results suggest that mobilization of stored lipid from the digestive gland to ovaries may be more important in P. setiferus than in P. aztecus. The testes were relatively small and the terminal ampullae and vasa deferentia made up a larger portion of the male reproductive system than did the testes. In mature males, the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents of testes were larger in P. setiferus than in P. aztecus, but protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents of combined terminal ampullae and vasa deferentia were larger in P. aztecus than in P. setiferus. In P. setiferus, protein contents of both testes and combined terminal ampullae and vasa deferentia were larger in mature males than in developing males. Protein and lipid contents of digestive glands of males did not differ between the species or among the maturation stages.
The present study deals with the in vivo conversion of cholesterol-14C to steroid hormones in the spiny lobster, Panulirus japonica. Two days after injection of cholesterol-14C to the spiny lobster, the separation of bioconversion products was carried out about the hepatopancreas, ovaries, and blood. As the bioconversion products, the radioactive progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and-rostenedione, and testosterone were identified from the hepatopancreas, ovaries, and blood. Moreover, from the hepatopancreas, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were detected. From these results, it is suggested that the spiny lobster, Panulirus japonica, may possess the enzyme systems catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones.
(1) Slobodkin & Richman's (1961) hypothesis that organisms should have low energy contents unless liable to a period of food scarcity during the life cycle is re-examined in the light of the great accumulation of caloric data since publication of their paper. (2) Caloric values vary both intra- and inter-specifically with body weight in many species and phyla. (3) Calories/g ash free dry weight form a bimodal frequency distribution in crustaceans. The low value group consists of benthic species, and it suggested that these live in a stable environment. The high value group, more variable than the other, consists of species living in the plankton, an unstable environment. The difference in caloric values between the two groups is attributable to a high lipid content in the high value group, in support of the hypothesis. (4) Caloric variation in other groups is, in many instances, explicable in terms of the hypothesis. (5) Some limitations of the analysis are discussed. The findings are contrasted with those of Paine & Vadas (1969) for marine algae and the importance of environmental predictability and trophic interactions examined.
Synopsis
The reproductive biology of a wide variety of deep-sea echinoderms from the northeast Atlantic has been examined. Time series samples of asteroids, ophiuroids, echinoids and holothurians are available from Station “M” and the Scottish Marine Biological Association's Permanent Station in the Rockall Trough and from opportunistic sampling in other areas of the northern Rockall Trough. Examination of these time series samples has established three main reproductive patterns in these taxa and one example of protandric hermaphroditism. The dominant reproductive pattern is the aperiodic production of relatively few large eggs usually in excess of 600μm diameter. Although the oogenic pattern is similar in most of these species, the follicle cell distribution and breakdown of relict oocytes vary considerably, particularly at family level. A second reproductive pattern is the production of numerous small eggs c. 100μm diameter, indicative of planktotrophic development. The five species exhibiting this pattern show intra- and interspecific synchrony of egg production with a proliferation of young oocytes in February to April of each year, vitellogenesis during summer and autumn and a synchronous spawnout in January–April of each year. In the apparent constant conditions of the deep sea, this synchrony of reproduction is related to the rapid descent of surface primary production. Two rarer reproductive patterns observed are the production of intermediate sized eggs ( c. 300–400μm diameter) suggesting the formation of a lecithotrophic larva, and lastly a single case of protandric hermaphroditism, and the subsequent production of a large egg. In none of the species examined have we found any evidence of brooding. The variation in the reproductive pattern of individual species is discussed in relation to the constancy of the physico-chemical environment of the deep-sea.
The present study furnishes data concerning changes in biochemical constituents of midgut gland and ovary of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii associated with ovarian development. The ovarian index (0I) increased as the ovary developed from stage I (0I = 2.80 ± 0.32) to stage IV (0I = 5.85 ± 0.38) and then decreased suddenly in stage V (0I = 1.20 ± 0.45) following spawning. Associated biochemical parameters (protein, glycogen and fat) show remarkable variation. There was a continuous decline in these parameters in the midgut gland during ovarian development and a similar increase in their concentration in the ovary. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed briefly.
Tiger prawns, Penaeus esculentus Haswell (mean wt 20.8 ± 0.3 g, range 13.9–27.7 g) contained 1–2% extractable lipid, 13% protein (biuret method) and 71–74% water (wet wt). In 21 days, the weight of fed prawns increased by 3% and that of starved prawns decreased by 4.4%. Protein was the major energy source during 14 days of starvation, with a loss of 550 mg of total protein compared with a loss of 84 mg of total lipid. The absolute amount of water present remained constant. Of three different tissue compartments, abdomen, cephalothorax, and digestive gland, the abdomen contributed the most protein (330 mg) and lipid (35 mg) during 14 days of starvation. Digestive gland, although containing the largest percentage wet wt of lipid, accounted for only 8.3% of the total lipid in the prawn, and contributed only 18 mg of lipid in 14 days of starvation. Lipid concentration in the digestive gland increased during early premoult (stage D4) and dropped in late premoult (stage D4). Resting oxygen consumption rate remained constant at ≈0.1 ml · g−1 · h−1 at 25°C during 21 days of starvation.
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The distribution patterns and feeding habits of 4 deep-water decapod species were investigated from samples collected in experimental trawl surveys carried out along the continental slope of Crete (Eastern Mediterranean) in 1994 to 1995, at depths between 100 and 1000 m. Despite their distribution overlap, the differences in the distribution patterns of the species along the depth gradient were clear, with Plesionika ensis and Polycheles typhlops occurring at greater depths than Parapenaeus longirostris and Plesionika heterocarpus. Stomach content analysis revealed that all species were active predators of benthic invertebrates, while scavenging activity became more important at depths below 500 m. The species exhibited highly diverse diets, but dietary diversity was higher for those inhabiting shallower depths. Ontogenetic dietary shifts were pronounced, although dietary patterns were also significantly affected by season and depth. Interspecific dietary overlap was less than intraspecific overlap between size classes and between months. Feeding intensity was associated with the distribution patterns of the species and decreased with depth, thus it was significantly lower for the species at the deepest depths, P. typhlops and P. ensis. Dietary patterns of the species examined were quite similar and differences noted were more consistent with depth-related changes in available food resources than with changes in the position of the species in the food web. Since dietary overlap among the species when they co-occur was high, it is possible that competitive trophic interactions accounted for the low overlap in the bathymetrical distribution of the species examined. Such interactions may be of fundamental importance on the deep-sea bottoms in the Eastern Mediterranean since environmental parameters such as temperature and salinity are rather constant.
Reproductive patterns and populations characteristics of 5 deep-water pandalid shrimp species of the genus Plesionika (Decapoda: Caridea) were studied between 150 and 1100 m depth in the Western Mediterranean Sea over the period 1991 to 1994, including monthly samples taken from November 1992 to October 1993. With the aim of establishing interspecific relationships among reproductive biology and population characteristics 2831 individuals of Plesionika heterocarpus, 1787 of P. edwardsi, 1601 of P. gigliolii, 3888 of P. martia and 928 of P. acanthonotus were analysed. Results show an increasing seasonality in reproductive periods from the shallowest species, P. heterocarpus (distributed between 82 and 699 m depth) with ovigerous females present throughout the year, to the deepest species, P. acanthonotus (distributed between 165 and 1550 m) with ovigerous females present only in late spring and early summer months. A possible link was hypothezised between deep-water pandalid shrimp breeding period and sinking particulate matter from primary production. A significant decrease in relative brood size (number of eggs per 'standard' 20 mm carapace length female) with increasing depth distribution of each species was found. No significant relationship between egg size and depth distribution was apparent. In 4 of the 5 species studied a differential depth distribution based on sex-ratio and intraspecific size composition by depth was found. The only species where no significant trend was found in sex-ratio by depth, P. acanthonotus, did not show differences in size composition by depth. A slight interspecific size overlap was observed. Sex-ratio and size composition by depth distribution are discussed in the light of trophic and reproductive behaviour of each species.
SYNOPSIS. The respiration of five species of North Atlantic decapods was measured under conditions of pressure and temperature which allow calculation of the metabolism of these animals in the oceans. The species were: Systellaspis debilis, Acanthephyra purpurea, Oplophorus spinosus, Parapandalus richardi, and Sergestes crassus. Results indicate a tendency for metabolism to remain relatively constant with depth, the decrease due to lower temperature offset by an increase due to rising pressure. This contrasts with previous work with epipelagic euphausids which tended to have greatly reduced metabolism with increasing depth. Perhaps the metabolic rate of the decapods must remain high enough for them to remain effective predators throughout their depth range, by day as well as night.
The stomach contents of 115 specimens of Aristaeomorpha foliacea, 67 specimens of Parapenaeus longirostris, and 122 specimens of Solenocera membranacea were examined to establish the composition of the diets. All material was collected by bottom trawls at depths between 198 and 590 m in the Catalan Sea during 1991-93. S. membranacea and P. longirostris had highly diversified diets based mainly on benthic organisms (polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods and echinoderms). In addition, the diet of P. longirostris also included suprabenthic organisms (mainly gammarid amphipods) and a small proportion of pelagic organisms. These two penaeoidean species had high stomach fullness index values. Both trophic diversity and stomach fullness index values were lower in A. foliacea than in the other two penaeoidean species. A. foliacea is a highly specialized feeder on pelagic and suprabenthic organisms (i.e. euphausiids, isopods, Plesionika martia). Thus, a disparity in the food resources exploited was recorded for the three penaeoidean species. Analysis of the diets of Mediterranean bathyal penaeoideans yielded characteristically high values of H' of around 5 or above, substantially higher than the values for other bathyal decapod species in the same region. This finding may be generally typical of penaeoidean species in other geographical regions in both the bathyal and the abyssal zones as well as in shallow waters.
Respiration rate and the effect of pressure were examined in freshly caught and laboratory-maintained Anoplogaster cornuta. Pressure had little effect on oxygen consumption at environmental temperatures. Fish were capable of regulating oxygen consumption down to apoproximately 0·5 ml/l. of oxygen. Oxygen consumption per unit dry weight was comparatively low (3·14 mg/kg/min), but within the range described for other mesopelagic organisms. The respiratory rate was directly proportional to the weight of the fish.
1.1. Absolute changes in body composition (mass, water, protein, lipid, ash, energy) during the moult cycle and ovarian development were expressed in terms of a standard prawn of given length.2.2. During postmoult (A-B) the water content remains approximately constant but increases significantly to reach a maximum at stage D2. Water is lost with increasing ovary maturation.3.3. Changes in fresh mass, protein and lipid follow a similar pattern during the moult cycle but during ovary development, due to water loss, the fresh mass declines while the mass of the organic body constituents increase.4.4. The inorganic body constituents rise sharply from stage A to B of the moult cycle and then remain constant but do not change during ovary development.
1.1. Lipids (TL) were extracted from the ovary and hepatopancreas of prawns, Penaeus japonicus, with varying degrees of ovarian maturation and were analysed for lipid class composition, fatty acid composition of triglycerides (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and possible fatty acid combination of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).2.2. The concentrations (% of fresh wt) and quantities (mg/prawn) of ovarian TL increased slightly and drastically, respectively, with increasing maturity in terms of gonadosomatic index (GSI). TG, PC and PE were the major lipid classes responsible for increases in the quantity of ovarian TL during maturation.3.3. In the ovary and hepatopancreas, as ovarian maturation proceeded, TG showed increases in the proportion of monoene fatty acids such as 16:1 and 18:1, whereas PC exhibited increases in the proportion of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 with a concomitant decrease in 16:0 and 16:1.4.4. No marked variation was found in the proportion of the possible fatty acid combinations, in terms of carbon numbers, of both ovarian PC and PE during maturation.
Vitellogenesis in the female crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus induces important variations in all lipid classes of the whole animal, the hepatopancreas, hemolymph and ovary. Exuviation (moulting), which happens during the reproductive cycle of Pachygrapsus marmoratus, reduces the mobilization of the lipids in the hepatopancreas and their transfer via the hemolymph to the ovary. All lipid fractions decrease after egg laying. Eggs are rich in phospholipids which are essential constituents of embryonic membranes and in triglycerides which serve as nutrients. The polyunsaturated fatty acids increase during the ovocyte maturation and are transported to the eggs.
The moult induces important variations in the concentrations and fatty acid composition of lipid classes during the moulting cycle of the male crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. The high levels in total saturated fatty acids but also in oleic and palmitic acids result of the semi-terrestrial ethology of this grapsidae. The hepatopancreas presents the most notable variations in the lipid concentration during the moulting cycle. Transport of hepatopancreatic lipids through the hemolymph to the periphery occurs during the end of premolt, just before the new tissues constitution.
Rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and phosphate excretion were measured in conjunction with analyses of water content, ash and four elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus) on seven crustacean species from the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m depth) in the Antarctic Ocean. To minimize the body mass effect, rates were expressed as adjusted rates, dividing by “metabolic body size” on a nitrogen basis. Adjusted rates ranged from 1.0 to 4.1 μl O2 (mg body N)−0.85h−1 for oxygen consumption (AMROO2), 0.06 to 0.25 μg N (mg body N)−0.84h−1 for ammonia excretion (AMRNH4) and 0.03 to 1.1 μg P (mg body N)−0.87h−1 for phosphate excretion (AMRPO4). Comparison of these adjusted rates with rates for crustaceans from the epipelagic zone of the same Antarctic waters at the same temperature (0.2°C) revealed the rate for mesopelagic crustaceans is 48% on average of the epipelagic rate for AMRO2, 29% for AMRNH4 and 267% for AMRPO4. Atomic O:N ratios of these crustaceans ranged from 19 to 74, which are much higher than the theoretical value (7 to 8) for primary carnivores, suggesting an opportunistic feeding pattern by these crustaceans. Water, ash and four element contents of these deep-sea crustaceans showed high interspecific variations: no consistent pattern was seen in the comparison with those living in shallow waters. As AMRO2 represents the overall metabolic processes in the animal, the observed reduction of about one half for crustaceans from mesopelagic zones may be explained by the higher buoyancy and/or less active swimming than the epipelagic crustaceans.
Zooplankton were captured for detailed lipid analyses from known depth intervals in opening-closing nets and in midwater trawls to 2500m at a station in the subtropical Pacific. Copepods were also collected from the upper 500 m of a second subtropical and a temperate station in the Pacific, and a station in the Arctic.At the subtropical station wax esters were a minor part of the total lipid (less than 10%) and triglycerides were the most important lipid of many copepods inhabiting the upper 325 m, whereas wax esters were the main lipid constituent (over 50% of the lipid) and triglycerides were a minor lipid component for all copepods examined from depths below 625 m. The 325–625 m depth interval appeared to be a transition zone. Wax esters also comprised over 40% of the lipid in most of the temperate and polar calanoids examined. Triglycerides tended to be replaced by wax esters as the main lipid component in copepods from deep water or cold water.All genera examined belonging to the families Calanidae, Euchaetidae, Lucicutiidae, Heterorhabdidae, and Augaptilidae had greater than 20% of their lipid as wax esters. The genera examined from these families generally occur in deep water or near-surface cold waters. Members of the families Candaciidae and Pontellidae contained less than 10% wax ester. They are primarily found at shallow depths from tropical to temperate waters. The families Eucalanidae, Aetideidae, Scolecithtricidae, and Metridiidae contained genera with varying amounts of wax esters. These families have both genera and species which inhabit various depth and temperature ranges.Experiments on the rate of lipid utilization for periods up to one week generally showed a slow decrease in the percentage lipid of the dry weight. Detailed lipid analysis of Gaussia princeps during starvation showed triglyceride was utilized while wax esters remained relatively unchanged.The depth and latitudinal distribution of lipid in marine copepods may generally be explained on the basis of temperature or the temporal distribution, relative abundance, and rate of supply of food. However, there some exceptions, and the importance of taxonomic affinity cannot be ignored.
ANIMALS of seventeen species, representing six phyla, were burned in a
miniature bomb calorimeter1. The data are presented as
calories/ash-free gm. in Table 1 and as a histogram, Fig. 1.
The hippolytid shrimp Nauticaris magellanica, with a known geographical distribution covering approximately 35 degrees of latitude, was selected to conduct a latitudinal comparison regarding volume, biomass, and fatty acid changes during embryogenesis. Ovigerous females were collected from populations in northern (Guanaqueros) and central-southern Chile (Metri and Putemun). Recently produced eggs from the 3 populations sampled wen: similar in size (ranging from 0.031-0.038 min(3)). Embryos close to hatching, however, were considerably larger in central-southern Chile (Metri: 0.072 mm(3); Putemun: 0.091 mm(3)) compared with those from Guanaqueros (0.054 mml). Egg volume increase during the incubation period varied between 74% (Guanaqueros) and 160% (Putemun). Wet mass and water content of embryos increased, while dry and ash mass decreased during embryogenesis. Analyses of fatty acids revealed similar results for eggs from the 3 study sites and different developmental stages. The overall utilization of fatty acids, however, was elevated in embryos from the most southern location (Putemun) compared with that found in embryos from the other sampling sites. Main fatty acids of eggs and newly hatched larvae were the polyunsaturates 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3), and the saturate 16:0, comprising 21, 16, and 15%, respectively, of the total. The pattern of fatty acid utilization during embryogenesis is characterized by a sharp decline of the 16:1 (n-7) fatty acid. Our results confirm a latitudinal dine in egg volume in N. magellanica. The differences observed among populations may be attributed, however, to differences in the ambient conditions (e.g., temperature, salinity, feeding) of the habitats rather than simply to its northern and southern location. In addition, the lipid biochemistry of developing eggs seems to be unaffected by latitude.
The purpose of the present study was to follow the biological changes, i.e., gonad (GSI) and hepatosomatic indices (HSI), during the reproductive cycle of Aristeus antennatus, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Nephrops norvegicus, and to link these to lipid dynamics in the ovaries and the hepatopancreas (HP). GSI increased significantly during May, June, and July in the three species analysed (P < 0.05), when a greater proportion of mature females was found. HSI showed similar differences throughout the year, and also significant variations between the various ovary stages. These variations of the HSI did not seem to corroborate the general pattern among decapods, which is the storage of organic reserves in the HP and the utilization of these reserves in ovarian development. The fact that both GSI and HSI increased with the progress of ovarian maturation suggests that the HP resources are not depleted and, if resources are mobilized from this organ, then these resources seem to be compensated for by those gained from feeding. The increase of lipid levels in the ovary occurred as a result of the maturation process, but no concomitant decrease was registered in HP lipids. Under these circumstances, the lipid requirements of the developing ovary seem to be more dependent on the ingestion of dietary lipids than on HP reserves. A comparison of the ovarian lipid levels of the three species is made and related to egg-size and maternal investment, since lipid metabolism of the female is geared to the provision of egg lipids, which have to support the lecithotrophic embryos and pre-feeding larval stages.
During the period October 1969 to April 1972 a comprehensive study of the reproductive biology of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L. 1758), was made in the Irish Sea. Where possible comparison has been made with data from other areas. The results of the present investigation show that most females are berried annually, egg-laying taking place in August and September, and hatching in April to June of the following year. Moulting and copulation occur in mature females during May to August. In contrast males do not show a marked reproductive cycle, spermatogenesis occurring throughout the year. The method of fertilization is discussed, and it is suggested that this may be internal. Copulatory and egg-hatching behaviour is described, together with details of egg-laying and incubation in the laboratory. A pre-zoeal larval stage is described for the first time, bringing the total number of larval instars to four. The terminology of the larval stages is revised.
The role of the digestive (mid-gut) gland in absorption, distribution, and utilization of lipids was investigated in Norwegian lobsters, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) during summer. Glycerol tri[1-14C]palmitate was incorporated into food pellets and the subsequent distribution of label followed throughout the body. Digestion and absorption from the foregut was completed 8–12 h after ingestion, but label began leaving the digestive gland after only 4 h and became distributed in tissues and organs in direct proportion to their lipid content, there being no evidence that lipid was accumulated in the digestive gland in preference to other tissues. 75% of the lipid ingested appeared to have been oxidized within 24 h of feeding.Analysis of organs and tissues showed that the digestive gland was the only potential fat depot in males (lipids 8.89 ± 1.36% of body wet wt), the levels in the rest of the body being only ≈ 1% wet wt). No significant decrease in any lipid concentrations occurred during 18 days starvation of males or 35 days starvation of females, but in males the non-lipid dry matter decreased 6% of the total wet wt (other solids were not measured in the females). It was concluded that this was due mainly to loss of muscle protein and it is suggested that the large abdominal muscle mass of macrurous Reptantia, used principally for emergency escape swimming, could provide a reserve that may be partly metabolized without serious detriment to the animal.The concept that the decapod digestive gland has a key role in general lipid metabolism is critically reviewed. In many Decapoda, digestive gland lipid could provide for only a short period of total starvation, but the lipid may have a principal role in the moulting cycle, with perhaps a secondary function in oogenesis.
Two experiments were carried out to determine the quantitative lipid requirements for ovarian maturation of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) broodstock. The first experiment tested the effect of total dietary lipid (TDL) levels of 8.1%, 8.8%, 9.8% and 11.2% on the gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), survival and body weight. The second experiment tested the effect of total dietary levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (TDH) 0.6%, 1.3%, 2.0% and 2.7% on the same parameters mentioned above and on the haemolymphatic vitellogenin (vg) concentration. The GSI was higher in females fed 8.1% TDL as compared with those fed 8.8% TDL (P ≤ 0.05), and higher in females fed 8.1% and 8.8% TDL than in those fed 9.8% and 11.2% TDL. Increasing TDH levels led to increasing levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the ovaries (r2 = 0.999). However, the GSI was not affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The vg concentration was higher in animals receiving 2.0% TDH as compared with those receiving 2.7% TDH. In conclusion, high TDL levels affected ovarian maturation in a negative way, why TDH levels had no pronounced effect on ovarian maturation within the range tested in this study.
The fluctuations in biochemical constituents such as water, nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, protein, lipid and glycogen in gonad, muscle and hepatopancreas have been followed in 3 decapod crustaceans, Uca annulipes (Latreille), Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus) and Metapenaeus affinis (Milne-Edwards). The water and ash content of the entire body show no systematic fluctuation in relation to the annual reproductive cycle. The water content of the ovary diminishes as it matures. In the ovary of these crustaceans, the lipid fluctuated greatly in relation to the reproductive cycle. The maturing ovary contains more lipid than an immature or spent ovary per unit tissue weight. The changes in the biochemical constituents in the testis are not so pronounced as in the ovary, since the testicular cycle is often drawn-out and almost continuous in these crustaceans. There is an inverse relationship between water content and lipid content of the hepatopancreas; the greater the fat content, the lesser the water content. The hepatopancreas in these crustaceans is apparently a storage organ and contains much lipid and glycogen. At the height of the breeding season, when gonad production is intense, there is an indication of the mobilisation of at least a part of the lipid from hepatopancreas to gonad.
The variation with depth in water, lipid, protein, carbon and nitrogen contents (% wet weight) of 42 species of midwater fishes, collected in November 1976 off the west coast of Oahu in the Hawaiian Archipelago, was measured. The Hawaiian fishes show significant relationships between these components and depth of occurrence. The slopes of these relationships are not significantly different from those reported for midwater fishes from off California, USA. However, the fishes from Hawaii have significantly lower lipid levels and higher protein levels than do the species from off California. The deep-living Hawaiian species (500 m and deeper) have significantly lower lipid (% wet weight), but there is no significant difference in protein (% wet weight). The difference in lipid contents at all depths appears to be an evolved characteristic, with the greater lipid levels off California being selected for by greater spatial and temporal variation in the food supply for these fishes off the California coast than off Hawaii. The higher protein contents in the shallow-living Hawaiian fishes appear to reflect greater muscle power selected for in these fishes by the greater water clarity, and therefore greater reactive distances, in the surface layers off Hawaii. These conclusions support the general hypothesis that the lower protein contents of bathypelagic fishes are not directly selected by food limitation at depth, but rather result from the relaxation of selection for rapid-swimming abilities at greater depths due to the great reduction at greater depths in the distance over which visual predator-prey interactions can take place. The lower lipid levels in the deeper-living species are apparently made possible by the reduced metabolic rates of these species which reduces their need for energy stores.
Benthic community respiration was measured in situ at 9 stations along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect from depths of 40 to 5200 m. Three methods were used; bell jar respirometers, grab respirometers, and free vehicle respirometers. Benthic community respiration rates spanned three orders of magnitude, decreasing from 21.5 ml O2 m-2 h-1 at 40 m in November to 0.02 ml O2 m-2 h-1 at 5200 m. Rates decreased two orders of magnitude between 40 and 1800 m and then significantly declined again between the continental rise (3650 m) and the abyssal plain stations. Predictive equations for benthic community respiration along the transect reflect a strong correlation with depth of water. Of lesser significance are the correlations with water temperature, dissolved oxygen, benthic animal biomass, surface primary productivity and sediment organic matter. Calculations show that annual benthic respiration can utilize 1 to 2% of the surface primary productivity. Of the 2 to 7% organic carbon fixed at the surface which supposedly reaches the bottom, only 15 to 29% is utilized by the benthic community at 2200, 3000, and 3650 m. The energy requirements of other biological components of deep-sea benthic communities, such as benthopelagic and macro-epibenthic animals, not included in these measurements, must also be considered in calculating a balance of carbon.