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The analysis on photovoltaic electricity generation status, potential and policies of the leading countries in solar energy
Abstract
Energy, which is the main agenda of our world, is crucially important for the people. Many countries frequently held meetings and discussions with energy agenda. These countries are working to balance the energy demand and supply. For finding the solution are researched, researches should be attempted to present a more efficient way to use energy as well as renewable energy resources effectively.Photovoltaic energy power systems take place as the most dominant source among renewable energy technologies. The most important reason is that it is unlimited and clean energy of the solar power systems. Many studies show that photovoltaic power systems will have an important share in the electricity of the future.In this study, to generate electricity from solar energy using photovoltaic systems have a leading position in some European countries, United States of America, China and Japan's current status and future policies will be analyzed in various comments were made.
... As a result, in many countries, the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems in distribution systems (DS) has increased, offering both environmental and economic advantages. Unlike conventional energy sources, distributed generation (DG) units based on PV and WT do not emit harmful gases, and owners of PV and WT systems can sell their excess energy to utilities at a premium [1][2][3][4]. ...
... In this work, it is equal to (1 h). The LSF is calculated by (3). ...
Due to environmental concerns associated with conventional energy production, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) has rapidly increased in power systems worldwide, with photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) technologies being the most frequently integrated. This study proposes a modified Bald Eagle Search Optimization Algorithm (LBES) to enhance the performance of the conventional BES optimizer and optimize the size and location of RES-based Distribution Generation (DG) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in distribution systems (DS) to minimize power and energy losses. The modified BES algorithm enhances the exploration phase by utilizing both crossover and mutation techniques with the top three leaders. Moreover, a loss sensitivity factor (LSF) is applied to expedite the solution process by identifying appropriate candidate buses. The variability of solar irradiation and wind speed is modeled using Weibull and Beta probability distribution functions (PDF). To address issues related to high penetration of renewables and demand fluctuations, BESS is used to improve power supply continuity and mitigate fluctuations. The suggested approach is tested on typical 33- and 118-bus systems and compared to alternative methods. The results show significant reduction in energy losses (49.32%, 67.82%, and 64.89% for the 33-bus system and 41.9157%, 60.3766%, and 54.8317% for the 118-bus system) when integrating PV, WT-based DG, and PV + BESS units into the DS.
... It is also a branching, creeping vine with spirally arranged lobed, heart shaped leaves and white or lavender flowers depending on varieties. Enlarged roots called tuberous roots which stored energy for the plant and an economic part of the plant [28]. ...
... Tuberous root can be shaped like a potato, being short and blocky with rounded ends, while other times it can be longer with tapered ends depending on varieties and sandy soil on which grown. Intensity of the tuberous root flesh color like yellow or orange flesh is directly correlated with its beta-carotene content [28]. ...
... Similarly, by altering irradiance levels from 200 to 1200 W/m 2 at a steady temperature of 20°C, more data points were achieved [11],. The data usual attained from these property curves is utilized to produce a regression graph that allow the necessary peak power voltage VPVR. Figure (2) depicts the derived regression plane [12], which is described using the following formula: ...
... Surface graph of VPVR against T in the I regression model[12] ...
The proposed solution is a nonlinear back stepping controller that employs a DC-DC buck converter to extract the optimal amount of energy from a PV array. Using data collected from the characteristic curves of the PV array, the controller formulates a regression model to serve as a voltage standard for measuring MPP changes. The system's stability is ensured used Lyapunov's roles for stability. The test outcomes demonstrate that the suggested controller can efficiently and swiftly track the MPP. To further validate the results, in this study, we evaluate the control method against the standard perturbation and observation (P&O) method when the environment changes quickly. In general, the nonlinear back stepping controller proposed provides an efficient solution for MPPT in PV systems. With variable power sources, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), or sometimes simply power point tracking (PPT), is a method used to maximize energy extraction when circumstances change. In addition to the more well-known PV solar systems, the technique may be used to thermophotovoltaics, optical power transmission, wind turbines, and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems..
... Solar energy is a source of energy that is abundant and easy to obtain. Utilization of solar energy as a source of electrical energy can be applied using solar panels, by converting solar radiation into electrical energy based on the principle of the photovoltaic effect (PV) [1]. The sun's irradiation time causes an increase in temperature on the surface of the solar panel so that it can reduce the efficiency of the solar panel [2]. ...
... In this research, the DC-DC converter is designed to lower the voltage level from 18-21 V to 12 V. To produce a cut-off frequency of 1000Hz, a lowpass filter is designed according to equation (1). The capacitor and inductor used by the lowpass filter are 750 nF and 33.8mH, respectively, meanwhile the load resistor used is 50 Ω. ...
Solar energy utilization as electrical energy can be achieved by using solar panels and thermoelectric generators (PV-TEG) combination. Solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy based on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. Meanwhile, the heat potential on the solar panels surface can be used to produce electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator based on the Seebeck effect. The electrical power generated by the PV-TEG is then fed into a DC-DC buck converter to lowering the electrical voltage according to the battery voltage capacity. This research aims to control the power transmitted from the PV-TEG to the battery to obtain optimal performance. Therefore, a circuit simulation of the DC-DC buck converter is conducted using LT-Spice to determine the converter’s efficiency. The DC-DC buck converter circuit is designed using a lowpass filter with its cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz (R=50Ω, L=33.8mH, and C=750nF). PV-TEG characterization is conducted to determine the input power range of the converter. The input power range obtained from the PV-TEG characterization is 18.98-20.55 V. The efficiency obtained through the LT-Spice simulation of the converter circuit is 72.94 %, with a maximum output voltage of 12.14 V.
... Japan is now a major manufacturer and exporter of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is also a large installer of rooftop solar PV systems connected to the grid [60]. The country shifted its policies toward renewable energy in 2011 after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and solar power became an important national priority [61,62]. ...
... a major manufacturer and exporter of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is also a large installer of rooftop solar PV systems connected to the grid [60]. The country shifted its policies toward renewable energy in 2011 after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and solar power became an important national priority [61,62]. ...
The growth in global electricity demand, price volatility, and global warming is diverting the attention of power producers to look for alternative green energy sources, more specifically, solar photovoltaic (SPV). Rooftop solar PV (RSPV) is a significant contributor to the successful development and deployment of SPV in any country. Therefore, developing countries such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are seeking alternative energy sources. According to climatological studies, Saudi
Arabia has an average of 3230 sun hours annually, indicating significant potential for producing solar energy. The article investigated the characteristics of policies of countries that have had massive success in developing RSPV systems like China, the US, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and India). Each country has its unique policies that result in many policy structures. Therefore, it is beyond the content of this report to provide a complete overview of all policies for the selected countries. Instead, information will focus on specific aspects of solar policy in each of the seven countries. As part of the RSPV policy assessment in Saudi Arabia, this study shows the key vectors of the selected countries’ success in their rooftop policies’ examination, and eventually, it presents a clear policy assessment of KSA’s rooftop solar PV policy
... One of the convenient and cost-effective sources of electricity formation is solar energy, which converts thermal energy into electrical energy [1]. Certain solar power technologies, mainly solar collectors, are emerging to provide thermal energy from solar radiation [2]. ...
... Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are crucial components in converting sun radiation into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. This process involves the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity by exploiting the properties of semiconductor materials [2,3]. Solar panel output voltage can vary based on the specific design, configuration, and purpose of the panel. ...
Solar panels are crucial components in converting sun radiation into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A solar panels cannot be connected directly to the load due to its low energy conversion efficiency and low output voltage. One of the methods used to control solar cells to operate efficiently at their maximum power point is MPPT. In this paper, we design a DC-DC converter by modifications of the Butterworth filter circuit and feedback circuit in the MPPT system for storing solar panel electrical using the Hill Climbing (HC) method. The device consists of a DC-DC buck converter circuit, two pieces of INA219 sensors, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, a MAX44009 light intensity sensor, a SD card module and a DS3231 RTC. The DC-DC buck converter circuit simulation is carried out to determine the optimal load. The load optimization was conducted by analyzing the AC simulation using Ltspice software. The magnitude of the output voltage ripple in nine different loads was observed. From the simulations performed, it was found that the 50 Ω load has an output voltage ripple of 8.96 mV and is smaller than the other loads. The main DC-DC buck converter circuit is designed using a butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz (R = 50 Ω, L = 33.8 mH and C = 750 nF) and a feedback circuit with a cut-off frequency of 500 Hz is added. From the prototype measurement, it was found that the average output power was 3249,7 milliwatts and the average input power was 4779 milliwatts, thus the average efficiency was 68%. With these results, the DC-DC converter circuit configuration is suitable for use in electrical energy storage systems from solar panels that have high efficiency.
... The harmful effects of fossil fuel emissions and the phenomenon of global warming have brought renewable and clean energy resources to the fore. Photovoltaic systems (PV), which do not emit CO 2 , have an important place in renewable energy sources, since they have a modular structure with no moving parts [1,2]. PVs are still expanding rapidly, with incentives increasingly seen in our country and the world. ...
Cite this article as: T. Dayioglu, M.O. Gulbahce, A. Lordoglu and D. Ahmet Kocabas, "Design of a high-efficiency micro-inverter with TO-220 packaged gallium nitride-high-electron-mobility transistors," Electrica, 10. ABSTRACT Since solar power panels generate direct current (DC) voltage, inverters are needed to provide DC/alternating current (AC) conversion to obtain suitable AC voltage forms for daily life and grid. Due to the disadvantages of central and string inverter systems, the use of micro-inverter systems is increasing nowadays. In micro-inverters, the use of new-generation gallium nitri de-hi gh-el ectro n-mob ility transistors (GaN-HEMTs), which has reached commercial maturity, has opened new horizons in solar power plant applications. GaN-HEMTs have low on-state resistance and high breakdown voltage and allow higher switching frequencies. This paper presents a detailed design methodology and analysis of a GaN-HEMT-based 250-W full-bridge micro-inverter. The LCL filter is designed to reduce the harmonic content of the output voltage and current of the inverter. Since more effort is required in layout design to take full advantage of ultra-fast switching GaN devices, layout design has been carefully completed for a better switching efficiency. The performance of the designed prototype was tested with and without the output filter for different power, voltage, and switching frequencies. The efficiencies for the rated operation at 50 kHz and 100 kHz switching frequencies were measured to be 97.5% and 96%, respectively. Index Terms-Gallium nitri de-hi gh-el ectro n-mob ility transistors, micro-inverter, solar system, wide band gap devices.
... Penggunaan indeks IDX30 memungkinkan investor untuk lebih mudah memilih perusahaan dengan kondisi keuangan yang lebih baik dan lebih tinggi, dimana kemungkinan adanya pengungkapan sustainability reporting dalam indeks IDX30 lebih besar daripada perusahaan di sektor lainnya. [17]. Daripada Return On Equity (ROE), yang lebih terkait dengan efisiensi adalah ROA [10]. ...
The aim of this research is to examine the effect of disclosure in sustainability reports which include economic aspects, environmental aspects and social aspects on the company's financial performance (Return On Assets). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G4 standard, which consists of 91 items, is used as a guideline for disclosing sustainability reports. The population of this research are companies listed on the IDX30 Index of the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2018-2022. Using a purposive sampling approach, 13 companies were selected as research samples. The findings of this research show that disclosure of economic aspects has a significant positive effect on the company's financial performance, disclosure of environmental aspects has no effect on the company's financial performance, and disclosure of social aspects has a significant negative effect on the company's financial performance. The results of this research provide implications for company management to consider sustainability issues in improving the company's financial performance and as information for investors in determining investment decisions.
... It is essential to emphasize that urban residential blocks in China encompass a diverse array of functional components, including residential, commercial, office, and industrial spaces, with residential blocks constituting the predominant share. However, there is a lack of theoretical research on the integration of BIPV modules into these specific environments [7]. ...
In dense, energy-demanding urban areas, the effective utilization of solar energy resources, encompassing building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems and solar water heating (SWH) systems inside buildings, holds paramount importance for addressing concerns related to carbon emission reduction and the balance of energy supply and demand. This study aimed to examine the interplay between urban residential blocks and their solar energy potential, with the objective of promoting environmentally sustainable development within urban residential areas. The primary focus of this study was the hot summer and cold winter zone of China, which serves as a representative case study. Methodologically, we employed Rhinoceros and Grasshopper (GH) software version GH6.0 tools to simulate the solar radiation potential within residential blocks and translated this information into the potential utilization of BIPV and SWH systems. Subsequently, our focus was directed towards identifying optimal locations for mounting BIPV modules and water heaters on roofs and building façades. The study results revealed the following: (1) The floor area ratio (FAR), building density (BD), average building height (ABH), and space layout (SL) exerted substantial influences on the solar potential of a residential block, with correlations of up to 75%, 71%, 78%, and 50%, respectively, concerning the overall solar potential of the entire plot. (2) It is essential to emphasize that, with regard to the BIPV installation potential, façades account for 80% of the overall residential block potential, whereas rooftops contribute only 20%. Both south- and west-facing façades exhibited a BIPV installation ratio of approximately 34%. (3) In the realm of solar water heating, the potential for installations on building façades accounted for 77% of the total living area of the residential blocks, 23% on the rooftops, and 35% on the south-facing façades. This study furnishes practical guidelines for harnessing the potential of BIPV and SWH systems within residential blocks, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable urban development practices.
... First, the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and other state-affiliated parties cannot provide enough finance to meet all of the production and distribution needs. Solar energy currently makes up less than 5% of all of China's electricity production [12]. In order to achieve the government's pollution reduction, energy security, and other policies, solar energy investments will need to increase by at least another EUR 40 billion [13]. ...
What explains the rise of certain cities as international financial centers—and not others? Increasingly, authors have pointed to a supposed “California effect”—where financiers must geographically locate neither too close nor too far from the companies they serve. However, the successes and failures of Hong Kong’s financial firms to provide finance to China’s solar (photovoltaic) “sunrise industry” paint a far more nuanced picture than the simplistic California effect portrays. We find using new research—financial services firms intermediate or disintermediate the value chains of the client companies they provide finance for. Financial centers can exist thousands of miles—or literally half a world way—from their clients if they develop competencies that let them opportunistically seize market opportunities in sunrise industries, such as the Chinese solar industry. As financial firms actively seek to penetrate new markets, their collective action can make their urban centers hotbeds of novel finance. Such a competencies-based approach to understanding the geography of which we develop helps us understand why certain places emerge as (international) financial centers, and others do not.
... Additionally, Indonesia has the potential for clean energy, mainly in the availability of geothermal and bioenergy. The Indonesian government has implemented some vital policies and initiatives to promote clean energy, including the National Energy Policy (Barman et al. 2023;Dincer 2011;Guild 2019;Maulidia et al. 2019). ...
In recent years, researchers and politicians have become concerned about the ever-increasing energy consumption of ICT gadgets. Any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should take the ICT industry's carbon emissions into account, given the widespread usage of ICT products across all economic sectors. Employing Driscoll-Kraay Panel Corrected Estimators for E7 economies from 2000 to 2020, we examine the direct impacts of ICT on ecology as well as the indirect implications through connections with the availability of clean fuel and technology for cooking and trade while also adjusting for population and renewable energy. From the empirical findings, it was observed that the two proxies of ICT services (i.e., internet-penetration and mobile-subscriptions) were negatively significantly connected with E7's (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) carbon emissions. Similarly, access to clean fuel and technologies for cooking and renewable energy decreases emission levels within the E7 economies, while trade openness and population growth increase emission levels within the said economies. Moreover, the method of moment quantile regression used as a robustness check affirms the baseline technique. According to the findings, the E7 economies can safely boost internet usage and associated technologies to lower emissions. They may lessen their negative impact on the ecosystem by increasing the utilization of renewable energy and expanding access to clean fuel and cooking technologies.
... Solar energy offers large advantages in terms of application. In addition to its abundance, it is environmentally friendly [1], and with the recent deployment in technology, it can easily be harnessed. The solar panel has been very vital in accelerating the transition toward renewable energy, as it offers the possibility of converting solar energy into electrical energy. ...
A PV system is subject to random variations in environmental conditions, and continuous tracking of the maximum power point is an indispensable step to improve the PV operational efficiency. Numerous techniques of maximum power point tracking have been reported in the literature. However, these techniques suffer from numerous problems such as oscillation around the maximum power point and do not provide satisfactory robustness. Taking into account the nonlinear nature of the PV module and power electronics converters in PV systems, nonlinear control represents a vital control solution to guarantee both an optimal and robust PV system. The nonlinear control strategy proposed in this work forms a closed-loop system between the PV module, boost converter, load, an artificial neural network model for reference prediction, and an integral backstepping controller. The stability of the controller has been verified by Lyapunov theory and the controller has been optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. Numerical simulations with rigorous robust tests have proved the superior performance of the proposed controller as compared to perturb and observe, and PSO-terminal sliding mode controller. The proposed controller was further verified under real experimental environmental conditions and found to yield satisfactory performance.
... One of these sources that may be used extensively in the generation of electricity utilizing photovoltaics is solar energy. In reality, the price of photovoltaic systems depends on both the difficulty of industrial production and the efficiency of the cells themselves [2]. The limited efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) cells or panels is essentially due to the non-absorption of sunlight with energy below the bandgap as well as the thermalization effect due to the absorption of sun effect due to the absorption of sunlight with energy exceeding the semiconductor's band gap [3], which lead to a theoretical efficiency limit of approximately 30% for silicon based solar cells [4]. ...
An efficient quantum cutting mechanism was observed in a system comprising Tb3+−Yb3+ codoped silica hafnia glass and glass-ceramic. Thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using the dip-coating method and photoluminescence dynamics revealed a quantum efficiency of up to 179% at 980 nm. These films can efficiently convert light to lower energy levels and can easily be integrated into silicon-based solar cells, increasing their photoelectric conversion efficiency at a low cost. This was demonstrated through electrical characterization, which revealed a boost in solar cell efficiency when the film was utilized. It was specifically noted that the efficiency of Si solar cells increased by 10.79% and 10.78% when covered with 70SiO2−30HfO2−3Tb3+−12Yb3+ glass and glass ceramic, respectively. Furthermore, an evaluation of the additional external quantum efficiency, derived from this optical system, revealed an improvement ranging from 2.64% to 3.44%. This finding highlights the enhanced light conversion capabilities of the quantum cutting mechanism within the system.
... The other topologies have a nonlinear voltage transfer function, and functioning directly on the duty cycle will produce erratic results, particularly at high duty cycles. In this case, the algorithm adapts the solar panel functioning voltage by using a proportional integral (PI) control loop, which directs the voltage to the preferred value [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
This paper deals with the implementation of a low-cost Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) solar charge controller to constantly calculate and maintain the maximum amount of power from a solar panel using a DC/DC buck converter and a microcontroller. The MPPT algorithm has been implemented using an Arduino Uno with the incremental conductance method. The voltage and current of the panel are taken to the system using voltage and current sensors to track maximum power point. When irradiance and temperature are constant or slowly vary, the incremental conductance method tracks MPP steadily and calculates the operating point at which the battery is capable of producing maximum power. In this method, the controller provides the PWM signal to adjust the duty cycle to finally adjust the voltage. Adjustment is done by Buck converter. If the power increases, further adjustments in that direction are tried until power no longer increases. More over the system protected the battery from under charge and over charge. To do that two MOSFET (IRF250) and two Optocoupler (PC817) has been used. The proto type of the system has been developed and its performance has been studied. Finally, a cost analysis has been done to show its cost effectiveness.
... This is an essential structural aspect that influences sustainability considerably, both in environmental and economic terms. In this way, renewable energy sources should be encouraged worldwide (Villela et al., 2017;Mele et al., 2021) owing to reduced socio-environmental impacts and minimized greenhouse gas emissions associated with human mobility (Dinçer, 2011). Since electricity generation in such conditions may occur close to consumer centers, it will also contribute significantly to mitigate the use of thermal plants (Lira et al., 2019). ...
The number of distributed generation systems has grown exponentially in Brazil since its first regulation. However, with the approval of a new legal framework, consumers began to pay for using the electricity distribution system, resulting in a direct impact on the electricity market. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of such a new regulation on the economic feasibility of distributed generation systems for residential facilities, which are the most representative consumers. For this purpose, the approved energy tariffs for the utilities are analyzed in detail, as well as the impact on the cash flow of systems installed in the vacancy period of the law. Five distinct scenarios are assessed, considering econometric parameters and a thorough comparison with traditional fixed-income investments available in Brazil. The study shows that there is no common pattern for the adoption of electricity tariffs, while the new regulation varies according to the tariff type in the regions most impacted in the country. Even with the decrease in attractiveness, one can state that the systems are still viable in all the analyzed scenarios, even without a smooth transition between the regulations. Finally, it is strongly recommended that new systems are installed as soon as possible associated with proper energy management in consumer units, while prioritizing energy consumption during peak generation periods.
... Most areas of QTP have low-carbon emissions, especially Tibet Autonomous Region, where CO 2 market is dominated by consumption (Ou et al., 2019). As a region with abundant solar energy (Dincer, 2011), with the optimization and upgrading of the clean energy industry and the active promotion of national policies such as building a national "special power zone," PV power generation will play an important role in the future energy supply (Wei et al., 2016). Increasing regional light utilization could provide a practical basis for carbon saving and emission reduction. ...
The expansion of power development industry is facing enormous pressure to reduce carbon emissions in the context of global decarbonization. Using solar energy instead of traditional fossil energy to adjust energy structure is one of the important means for reducing carbon emissions. Existing research focuses on the evaluation of the generation potential of centralized or distributed photovoltaic power plants, rather than the comprehensive evaluation of multi-type power plants. Based on multi-source remote sensing data for information extraction and suitability evaluation, this paper develops a method to comprehensively evaluate the construction potential of multi-type photovoltaic power stations and determine the potential of photovoltaic power generation and carbon emission reduction on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results showed that estimating the power generation potential of only single-type photovoltaic power stations cannot accurately reflect the photovoltaic power generation potential of QTP. It is also demonstrated that the emission reduction effect of the photovoltaic power generation in all prefecture-level cities of QTP can meet national emission reduction targets, showing high annual power generation potential, of which 86.59% is concentrated in Qinghai province’s Guoluo, Yushu, and Haixi. An accurate estimation of the photovoltaic power generation potential in QTP can provide a useful theoretical basis for developing carbon-saving and emission reduction strategies for clean energy in China.
... Photovoltaic (PV) technology represents a significant avenue for renewable energy, contributing significantly towards sustainable growth and environmental protection [11]. PV technology harnesses the sun's radiant energy, transforming it into electricity, emitting minimal carbon emissions, thus mitigating the environmental impact [12]. ...
This study introduces HYTREM, a hybrid tree-based ensemble learning model conceived with the sustainable development of eco-friendly transportation and renewable energy in mind. Designed as a digital model, HYTREM primarily aims to enhance solar power generation systems’ efficiency via accurate solar irradiance forecasting. Its potential application extends to regions such as Jeju Island, which is committed to advancing renewable energy. The model’s development process involved collecting hourly solar irradiance and weather-related data from two distinct regions. After data preprocessing, input variables configuration, and dataset partitioning into training and testing sets, several tree-based ensemble learning models—including extreme gradient boosting, light gradient boosting machine, categorical boosting, and random forest (RF)—were employed to generate prediction values in HYTREM. To improve forecasting accuracy, separate RF models were constructed for each hour. Experimental results validated the superior performance of HYTREM over state-of-the-art models, demonstrating the lowest mean absolute error, root mean square error (RMSE), and normalized RMSE values across both regions. Due to its transparency and efficiency, this approach suits energy providers with limited computational resources. Ultimately, HYTREM is a stepping stone towards developing advanced digital twin systems, highlighting the importance of precise forecasting in managing renewable energy.
... Integrating solar PV power into the grid needs sophisticated technology and an advanced control system. The size of PV systems differs according to the end user, it varies from small to tremendous power distribution systems [8][9]. Islanding and grid-connected mode are two ways the PV energy can be used. ...
Grid-interactive solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are necessary for the current global scenario owing to their low cost and pollution-free energy source. The integration of PV systems in the power grid needs to be stabilized. To address this, this paper presents a composite controller that can synchronize Photovoltaic (PV) to the Grid, with bidirectional power flow in Grid. The proposed technique is explored with both RL and LCL filters. With grid synchronization of PV power generation, a control loop for power quality disturbance mitigation is simulated. The multicarrier SVPWM with DQ controller is used on the Grid Connected converter to mitigate Power Quality disturbances. MATLAB Simulink model is developed for the PV Grid setup and the validity of the composite controller is evaluated. The PI controllers are applied in the DQ-controlled PV integrated with the grid. Power quality parameters THD are found to be intact for both RL and LCL filters. The MATLAB simulation developed showed that the LCL filter has an incremental performance progression than using the RL filter. There is around a 3 to 4% improvement in the grid current THD while using the LCL filters instead RL filter for PV integration.
... A transition from carbon-intensive energy to affordable, accessible, and sustainable energy is essential to limit global warming to 2 • C above the pre-industrial level (Chu and Majumdar, 2012). Solar energy has been considered a viable climate and energy solution, and it usually tops the list of strategies the world can implement to stave off the worst effects of increasing temperatures, in any discussion regarding climate change (Creutzig et al., 2017;Dinçer, 2011;Zhao et al., 2011). As a result, the energy benefits of solar farms (i.e., directly reducing greenhouse gas emissions by substituting for carbon-intensive energy sources) have been widely recognized all over the world (Groesbeck and Pearce, 2018;Liu et al., 2022;Ye et al., 2021), whereas potential ecological impacts (i.e., additional carbon sink capacity from vegetation restoration or recolonization) throughout the long-term deployment of large-scale solar farms (LSFs) have rarely been investigated (Hernandez et al., 2019). ...
Solar farms are critical to tackling climate change and achieving carbon neutrality. Besides producing renewable energy, a solar farm modifies microclimates and changes water distribution, consequently affecting local carbon sequestration capacity (CSC). Yet, how the CSC of an ecosystem responds to these changes after solar farm construction remains inadequately understood. Herein, the SOFAR model was adopted to reveal the effects of large-scale solar farms (LSFs) on CSC in arid northern China, with a series of numeric experiments along a climate gradient (with precipitation ranging from 70 to 500 mm yr − 1). The results show that relative to pristine vegetation background, CSC was non-linearly increased by averages of 3.49-6.68%, 4.43-10.25%, 5.07-9.71% and 5.6% each year after the installation of LSFs in hyper-arid climates (with aridity index or AI = 0.04-0.05), arid climates (AI = 0.14-0.16), semi-arid climates (AI = 0.21-0.3) and semi-humid climates (AI = 0.55), respectively. The increase in available water for plants growing under the drip lines of photovoltaic panels (PVs) in LSFs is confirmed to be the overwhelming factor responsible for CSC enhancement. Although biases remain in the estimation of increased CSC in hyper-and semi-humid regions due to the high variability of climate (e.g., extreme drought events) and serious radiation reduction beneath PVs, it is certain that solar farms facilitate CSC without increasing external land use. These results will deepen our understanding of the feedback between solar farms and ambient environments and be meaningful for vegetation management in solar farms, especially in the context of climate change and carbon neutrality aims.
... Related to PV technologies, there are several studies that investigate trends, especially using techniques based on expert opinion. In general, these studies point to macro views of technologies related to materials, production processes or applications [6][7][8]; they analyze the evolution of PV inventions, categorizing them into different generations according to the inputs used in solar panels [9]; indicate the most relevant PV technologies [10,11]; explore the challenges of emerging PV technologies with refer to the use of materials that can reduce costs, extend equipment life cycles and increase storage capacity, PVs and CST [12,13]. ...
... For the development of a worldwide sustainable society is access to economically usable, regenerative energy sources a crucial factor 7 , with global energy demand since steadily increasing over the years. Solar energy has the greatest potential here, the future to serve global needs for renewable energy sources [8][9][10] , as they are a decentralized and virtually unlimited source. Moreover, the reserves conventional energy sources such as coal, gas and oil limited their use inseparable from global warming caused by the greenhouse effect -mainly through released carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) -is connected. ...
The optoelectronic properties of dye zinc and titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds with regard to their application as photo-anode material characterized in solar cells were investigated. Analyses of the optoelectronic properties were performed on the MOF single crystal unit cell with adsorbed dye to determine the electronic and optical properties of the relevant materials. The electronic and optical properties were predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that the absorption of light occurs for the examined MoF compounds from the near UV to the (visible) blue spectral range, at optical band gap sizes from 2.8 eV up to 3.88 eV. Dye sensitization of MOF with eosin Y or crown ether gave additive UV-Vis spectra. An improvement in band gap or an improved electron injection could be archived as well. Moreover, the light absorption does not solely depend on the linkers used, but also from the metal atoms in the secondary building unit. The fluorescence of MOFs depends on the linker and especially on the linker coordination and their rotation relative to each other. The utilizations of MOFs and their derivatives as electrodes, photoactive materials, charge carriers and additives in different solar cells are highlighted.
... Four times as much energy as the world presently consumes could be produced if just 0.1% of this energy could be turned with a 10% efficiency (World Energy Council 2013. Estimates suggest that the sun may release 450 EJ of energy, which is equivalent to 7500 times more energy than is currently needed on the planet (Dinçer, 2011). Solar PV kept up its record-breaking run in 2021 by installing 175 GW of new capacity, increasing its total installed capacity to about 942 GW. ...
In Bangladesh, there are roughly 31 marine passenger ships that are in operation. These ships might be a good location for solar photovoltaic (PV) plants since solar energy is the best renewable energy to replace the fossil fuel used in the ships. A “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” system of PV panel arrangement—just looks like a “sunflower,” is proposed in this research. To harness maximum power, solar towers are designed in such a way that they may be freely rotated on their vertical axes and that the tilt angles of their solar panels can be adjusted from 0° to 50° on their horizontal axes freely. The “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” architecture of the PV array atop a maritime vessel is presented in this research along with a unique method for calculating the PV system's anticipated energy production. Finally calculated the realistic CO 2 emission reduction by using this approach for a sustainable future. Applying globalsolaratlas (for horizon and sun's path estimation); PVsyst 7.2, HOMER Pro, and NREL's PVWatt calculator (for solar radiation calculation); vesselfinder (for the number of vessels analysis); shiptraffic (for vessels path analysis), this research suggests that marine passenger vessels are one of the best places to construct a proposed “tower rounded flower-shaped solar PV” power plant. According to estimates, 17 passenger ships can produce roughly 1240 MW of electricity per year and may save approximately 325.56 tons of CO 2 gas emissions annually to the environment per year as compared to using fossil fuel-based power plants to produce electricity.
... Due to enhanced innovativeness and low prices, advances in renewable energy technologies have attained new levels, particularly solar photovoltaics (PV) [1,3]. PV seems appealing for electricity generation due to its low noise, non-CO 2 emissions throughout operations, scale versatility, and relatively easy installation and servicing [4]. As a result, PV can play an important role in the worldwide energy revolution [5]. ...
Lead-free Perovskite materials have acquired a lot of interest owing to their potential to overcome the stability and toxicity concerns compared to traditional perovskite solar cells. Chalcogenide perovskites (ABX3, where A=Ba, B = Zr, X = S and/or Se) are emerging materials for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Computer-based designing of metal chalcogenide semiconductors, resulting in the identification of extremely appealing ABX3 substances and their derivatives that may be used as absorbers in thin-film PV devices. In this context, here the numerical studies are performed using the SCAPS-1D simulator for designing of chalcogenide perovskites-based solar cells. We used FTO (Fluorine-doped tin oxide), TiO2 aselectron transport layer (ETL),BaZrS3, and BaZrSe3 as an absorber layer, Spiro-OMeTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL), and Au as a metal back contact. The simulations are conducted under AM 1.5G solar spectrum designed to maximise the efficiency of the proposed solar cell. The selection of the optimal parameters such as thickness, defect density and temperature for all the layers including absorber, FTO, ETM, and HTM is examined. The parameters are considered, keeping in mind their impact on solar cell performance, budget effectiveness, and the physics of the entire solar cell architecture. The effect of temperatures between 300 K to 450 K is studied. The results indicate that the power conversion efficiency (PCE), FF (fill factor), Voc (Open Circuit Voltage) and Jsc for BaZrS3 is 12.12%, 79.40 %, 0.70V, 22.00 mA/cm2, respectively, whereas for BaZrSe3 it is 25.84%, 77.32 %, 0.72V, 46.65 mA/cm2, respectively. This shows that BaZrSe3 has the potential to replace BaZrS3.
... In addition, the price of electricity obtained from PV systems has been decreasing over the years [16]. The cost of PV modules was between $20-100/Wp in the 1970s [17], $3-3.5/Wp in the 2010s [18], $1.2-1.8/Wp in 2018 [19], and finally, $0.2-1/Wp in 2020, depending on the improvement of manufacturing technologies [20,21]. In addition to the module prices, other costs, such as land, labor, and construction, also affect the installation costs. ...
This study modeled monocrystalline (mono-Si), polycrystalline (poly-Si), and amorphous silicon (a-Si) Photovoltaic (PV) systems with a 300 kWp installed power using PVsyst software in Konya province, Turkey. The system’s electricity generation was calculated and compared with different PV technologies. In addition, an economic analysis for a 25 year lifespan was made with the obtained data. The annual global horizontal radiation (GI) and effective global irradiation (GE) are found to be 2001.7 kWh/m2 and 1949.6 kWh/m2, respectively. The highest yearly total electricity production was obtained from mono-Si, with a value of 513.91 MWh. This value is 1.91% and 3.07% higher than poly-Si and a-Si, respectively. Since the Performance Ratio (PR) values are proportional to the generated electricity and incoming irradiation to the surface of the PV panels, it calculated 0.853, 0.847, and 0.830 for mono-Si, poly-Si, and a-Si, respectively. According to the basic payback method, the economic analysis showed that mono-Si and poly-Si pay off in about 5.8-5.9 years, while a-Si pays off in 9,1 years. A net profit of $1.5 million, $1.45 million, and $1.1 million was obtained from mono-Si, poly-Si, and a-Si, respectively. It was concluded that the ratio of income values to investment cost was 253%, 244.77%, and 126.6%, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that mono-Si and poly-Si are economically quite feasible for small and medium-scale PV systems, but a-Si is still not feasible due to lower efficiency and higher costs.
... Roughly 99.99% energy originates from the sun where earth delivers only 0.01% [59]. It is expected that the sun might release energy of approximately 450 EJ that is comparable to 7500 times more of the global current demand of energy [60]. ...
World's fossil fuels are disappearing rapidly due to multidimensional uses, mainly for electricity generation. Nevertheless, Bangladesh has also a very limited source of natural gas and coal for electricity production. Hence, the major goal of this review is to outlines the present status of installed renewable generations in the country and predict the future prospect. Despite the existence of literature's abundance on Bangladesh's potential for renewable energy (RE), and their prospects, nothing is covered about the phases of renewable energy projects like projects already completed and running, projects implementation ongoing, and projects under planning. Therefore, an endeavor has been made for the first time to expose Bangladesh's three phases of renewable energy, including projects that are currently operational, those that are still being implemented, and projects that are still in the planning stages. Data was collected from Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), International Hydropower Association (IHA), Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MODMR), and Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources (MOPMER). Based on these data, this research suggests that Bangladesh is generating 723.26 Megawatt (MW) electricity from renewable sources including 67.61% from solar, 31.80% from hydro, 0.58% from others including wind, biogas and biomass, where 489 MW electricity makes from over 6 million (63, 25, 278) of installed solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems till mid of April 2021 and a total of 6,408,721 numbers of RE plants are completed and running. Bangladesh is a prospective area for harvesting solar, wind, and bioenergy with limited hydropower, despite the fact that over 42% of rural societies still lack access to electricity. This review will help investors, shareholders, researchers and decision makers of both public and private sector to realize the latest renewable energy situation of Bangladesh, and for future planning and management in a sustainable way.
... In the last decade, the global electricity demand is booming, leading many countries to move toward renewable energy for electricity production [1][2][3]. In fact, there are many renewable sources to produce electricity such as solar energy through photovoltaics (PV) systems. ...
This paper analyses the operating performance of the UNISUN 150.142 M Photovoltaic (PV) module system, installed in a garden area of a research institute “Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN)” in Congo Brazzaville. We present the results of the performance evaluation of the energy recording through solarimeter in a different orientation from February to April then, we followed the Sunway from February 2020 to January 2021. Tilt orientation of solar panels installation and parameters impacting the PV are quantified. We have considered the temperature taken on the front face of the solar panels. The study was implemented from experimental and theoretical approaches (simulation was done using MATLAB Simulink). From both approaches, we found comparable data from the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Icc. In addition, we found that the Total Cross Tied (TCT) configuration is not recommended with this type of module causing the decrease of current, especially when the shadow is not on the string. The shading on chains decreases more power than on string. The simulation results show that the increase of power is affected by the impact location of the temperature when those are in the same PV plant receiving the same irradiation. An algorithm of PV cooling is proposed to improve the performance of the PV plant.
Keywords: PV experiment, shade, PV field performance, PV optimization, PV characteristic, PV cooling.
DOI: 10.3103/S0003701X22040089
... During the recent decade, several renewable energy sources have been sought, amongst which solar energy is one of the most reliable and sustainable. The prominent nature of solar energy is attributable to its environmental friendliness and global abundance [3][4][5][6][7]. Consequently, global solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has been on the rise, with a recent increase from 823.8 terawatt-hours (TWH) to 1002.9 TWh [8]. ...
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is becoming more and more important in the optimization of photovoltaic systems. Several MPPT algorithms and nonlinear controllers have been developed for improving the energy yield of PV systems. On the one hand, most of the conventional algorithms such as the incremental conductance (INC) demonstrate a good affinity for the maximum power point (MPP) but often fail to ensure acceptable stability and robustness of the PV system against fast-changing operating conditions. On the other hand, the MPPT nonlinear controllers can palliate the robust limitations of the algorithms. However, most of these controllers rely on expensive solar irradiance measurement systems or complex and relatively less accurate methods to seek the maximum power voltage. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid MPPT based on the incremental conductance algorithm and the integral backstepping controller. The hybrid scheme exploits the benefits of the INC algorithm in seeking the maximum power voltage and feeds a nonlinear integral backstepping controller whose stability was ensured by the Lyapunov theory. Therefore, in terms of characteristics, the overall system is a blend of the MPP-seeking potential of the INC and the nonlinear and robust potentials of the integral backstepping controller (IBSC). It was noted that the hybrid system successfully palliates the conventional limitations of the isolated INC and relieves the PV system from the expensive burden of solar irradiance measurement. The proposed hybrid system increased the operational efficiency of the PV system to 99.94% and was found better than the INC MPPT algorithm and 8 other recently published MPPT methods. An extended validation under experimental environmental conditions showed that the hybrid system is approximately four times faster than the INC in tracking the maximum power with better energy yield than the latter.
... Previous studies were mainly focused on estimating the radiation of the building roofs or on drawing regional solar maps [11]. These regional solar maps were widely used to find out the potential of the solar photovoltaic industry, such as the solar maps of China, Canada, USA and Spain [12][13][14][15][16]. The main shortage is that research on block-scale is too detailed, and the regional scale is too rough. ...
Solar energy is considered one of the most hopeful alternative sources to avoiding dependence on fossil fuels, and it does not cause any air pollution. GIS-based solar energy potential evaluation is mainly focused on regional scale; further, more solar energy potential evaluation with building scale is calculated through observation data and mathematical model. Therefore, in this paper, a GIS-based joint solar energy potential evaluation is developed to evaluate the distributed photovoltaic potential and centralized photovoltaic potential. Shanxi province in China, which has abundant coal resources, is used as the study area. The raster grid scale is used as the minimum research scale, which could not only deal with the distributed photovoltaic potential but could also calculate the centralized photovoltaic potential. The obtained results indicate that the developed method could effectively deal with problems associated with the distributed photovoltaic potential and centralized photovoltaic potential in the raster grid scale.
This work examines the potential of some of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) (Saudi Arabia (KSA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar (QA), Bahrain (BH), Oman (OM)), Yemen (YE), Iraq (IQ), and Jordan (JO) to use their abundant solar radiation to generate electricity through PV technology. The study is structured to help decision-makers access the necessary data related to the status of solar-energy infrastructure and power production in the study region. The study investigates current efforts to establish PV technology and the challenges hindering the development of this technology. These efforts and challenges are then benchmarked against their status in Australia, which has climate and landscape conditions similar to those of the countries in the study region. It was found that Australia is successfully adopting solar energy in households and industrial locations despite its historical reliance on fossil fuels for energy production. This offers a potential avenue for replicating the Australian model of PV development in the study region. This work also addresses the effect of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on the performance of the PV panels. Meanwhile, it also proposes a conceptual model to help local governments and decision-makers in adopting solar-energy projects in the study region. Additionally, a preliminary carbon-footprint analysis of avoided emissions from PV energy utilization compared to national grid intensity was performed for each country. Findings show that the countries in the study region have great potential for using solar energy to gradually replace fossil fuels and protect the environment. It is observed that more hours of daylight and clear-to-scattered cloud coverage help increase solar irradiance near the ground all year around. Dust and aerosol loadings, however, were found to greatly reduce solar irradiance over the GCC area, especially during large dust events. Despite the high potential for harvesting solar energy in the study region, only a handful of PV plants and infrastructural facilities have been established, mostly in the KSA, the UAE, and Jordan. It was found that there is a critical need to put in place regulations, policies, and near-future vision to support solar energy generation and reduce reliance on fossil fuels for electricity production.
Extreme weather events, such as storm surges and rising sea levels, will exacerbate floods in Bangladesh in the future. More severe weather is on the way, as shown by the recent heat waves and floods. The nation intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 15% from a Business as Usual (BAU) level by 2030 to fix the problem. However, there is still room for improvement in the shift to renewable energy. The recent global energy crisis has the potential to hasten the adoption of renewable energy sources, which now appear to be the sole viable option. In Bangladesh, the amount of energy produced by renewable sources is rather low. In 1990, renewable energy accounted for 11.4 percent of power generation; in 2015, that number dropped to 1.2 percent, according to the World Bank research. Every year, a less and smaller percentage of the nation's electricity comes from renewable sources. In In Bangladesh, renewable energy sources such as solar, biogas, wind, and hydroelectric electricity are now the most common. Only one power plant in the nation, the Karnaphuli Hydro Power Station, generates 230 MW of electricity. The majority of wind power comes from areas close to or even offshore the coast, where the wind is always blowing. For example, two regions in the nation have 2MW of operational wind turbines that generate electricity: Feni and Kutubdia. At Parky Beach, there are wind turbines that are being developed to produce an additional 50-200 MW. It is also possible to build 30 GW of wind power, both on land and at sea, within the country. As part of sustainable waste management, the nation has access to additional renewable energy sources, one of which is biogas, which is mostly produced from animal and municipal waste but shows promise. Another promising option is sunshine. Based on projections made by SREDA, the nation has the potential to generate 30 GW of solar power by the year 2041.
This chapter presents a systematic framework to integrate renewable energy technologies for the oil and gas industry focusing on solar energy use to meet hydrogen requirements of the crude oil upgrading process for bitumen feedstock in tar sands processing. Several alternative solar-based hydrogen production technologies are considered involving steam methane reforming using a volumetric receiver reactor, molten salt as heat carrier, and solar thermal power generation coupled with electrolysis. A simulation-based modeling framework is applied that considers economic gains with CO2 emission reduction. Several process simulation dimensions are investigated to study the impact on not only technical but also economic and environmental aspects. The solution involves generating a multidimensional (radar) chart based on results analysis which identifies a range of optimal costs in employing suitable processing configurations integrated with renewable technology types. The framework prescribes promising sustainable options to produce hydrogen for the oil and gas industry as well as other energy-intensive industries such as power generation for sustainable electricity supply.
The computational modeling of seven oligothiophene‐based donor molecules (TZ1–TZ7) designed by acceptor modification at the terminal position of the literature molecule (TZR) were discussed for organic solar cells (OSCs). DFT simulations using B3LYP/def2svp levels were performed to study the optoelectronic, and PV properties of TZ1–TZ7. A range of essential aspects for efficient small donor molecules like open circuit voltages ( V OC ), excitation energy ( E x ), dipole moment (μ), density of state (DOS), absorption maxima ( λ max ), transition density matrix (TDM), binding energy ( E b ), and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of TZ1–TZ7 and TZR have also been investigated. DOS and FMOs analysis revealed a reduced energy gap ( E g ) and effective charge transfer (CT) in the TZ1–TZ7 molecules. The absorption spectra were examined using TD‐DFT. Due to smaller E g , E b , E x , and higher λ max , μ , the TZ1–TZ7 molecules exhibit remarkable optoelectronic properties. The computed V OC (0.969–1.189) and fill factor (0.886–0.897) for TZ1–TZ7 lead to improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) ranging from 14.05% to 17.60%. All compounds are strongly recommended for fabricating efficient OSCs with excellent PV properties. The current work is a step towards environmentally friendly organic PV and will pave the way for future structural engineering research for the efficient material design of OSCs.
The efficiency of solar energy systems requires a complicated forecasting process due to the variability of sunlight and environmental conditions. Among environmental factors, cloud coverage (% range), temperature (0C), wind speed (Mph), and humidity (%) variables were taken into account in this study. Neural networks (NN), which are machine learning (ML) algorithms with a flexible structure that can define complex relationships and process large amounts of data for solar energy prediction, were used in this study. The NN algorithm showed a high performance, with mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R-squared (R2) values calculated as 0.019, 0.139, 0.053, and 0.977, respectively. This study emphasized that solar energy predictions made with the NN algorithm, considering environmental factors, are an essential tool that helps use solar energy systems more efficiently and sustainably.
Efficient methods for decreasing emissions in the energy sector include enhancing the efficacy of coal-fired power plants, augmenting the utilization nuclear energy and gas for heat and electricity generation, diversifying the application of renewable sources of energy, and allowing to consume energy in a rational manner. By adopting renewable energy sources, we not only get environmental benefits, but also strengthen the state's autonomy in fuel and energy exports. This leads to savings in foreign money and the establishment of new job possibilities. This article examines the potential, as well as limitations and challenges, of renewable sources of energy, such hydrogen, solar, wind, and biogas. This article research different factors influencing the economic viability of renewable energy potentials, including their geographical, technical, and technological characteristics. The essay also examines the benefits and drawbacks of generating biogas, wind energy, and solar thermal energy. The conclusion underlines the need of careful planning, site selection, and environmental studies to ensure the successful integration of renewable energy into the existing power system.
The feasibility of electricity generation using wind turbine system in Kg. Sabur, Pulau Banggi, Sabah is studied by investigating the electrical load profile of Kg. Sabur and analyzing the techno-economic aspects. Pulau Banggi is an area that encountering with electricity shortage and the highlighted location from Pulau Banggi that facing this issue is Kg. Sabur. The diesel generator, main electricity supply insufficient to meet the load requirement in Kg. Sabur. Survey data is used to develop the electrical load profile in HOMER software. The meteorological data such as wind speed, solar GHI and temperature are inputted into HOMER as well as components sizing and costs details. Comparison is made between four electrical systems on the aspects of electricity production, economics, fuel consumption and gas emission to evaluate the efficiency of the system with wind turbine. The total electrical load of residential area in Kg. Sabur is 888 kWh/day. Type 1 electrical system that consists of wind turbine, solar PV, battery, generator and converter is the most cost-effective and highly reliable system to be implement in Kg. Sabur. Electrical generation from wind energy is the most feasible system to implement in Kg. Sabur, Pulau Banggi, Kudat.
Natural disasters that cause a lot of loss of life and property in Türkiye occur frequently due to reasons such as our country's geographical location, climatic conditions and landforms. For this reason, it is necessary to be extremely prepared for the consequences of disasters. It is also very important to quickly deliver the necessary materials and equipment to people affected by these disasters. For this reason, electric vehicles were included in the mathematical model proposed in the study due to the fuel problems that will be experienced during the disaster process. In this study, a 0-1 mixed integer last mile humanitarian aid distribution model that will be delivered to hospitals from the designated warehouse after a possible disaster is proposed. The proposed model determines routes that will minimize the total distance of electric vehicles, taking into account their charging and energy consumption. Considering the power outages after the earthquake, solar powered electric vehicle charging stations were preferred. The proposed model was applied for the post-earthquake aid distribution example in Kayseri province. Distance data and consumed energy amounts for the Kayseri province example were entered into the model and solved in the CPLEX program. With this study, an example application was carried out for aid distribution activities with electric vehicles after an earthquake in Kayseri. Additionally, the effectiveness of the use of energy-efficient electric vehicles in disaster management was evaluated in the article.
Integration of natural resources in distribution systems is increasingly popular due to their sustainability and minimal environmental impact. This chapter introduces three metaheuristic algorithms—arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA), slime mold algorithm (SMA), and beluga whale optimization (BWO)—to obtain the preferable sizing and placement of wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) units in Radial Distribution System (RDS). In this chapter, the probabilistic of system load demand with PV and WT generation is considered to minimize the objective function of overall energy loss. The preferable allocation of PV and WT alone or together is determined to study the changes in system performance. The presented algorithms are applied to the IEEE 69-bus RDS. From simulation results, incorporating WT and PV by enabling their inverters achieves preferable results than installing WT and PV alone or together. Also, simultaneous integration of WT and PV achieves preferable results than installing WT and PV alone in RDS.
This report is based on visits to Japan and the US in the spring of 2002, where government entities, research centres and the leading industry companies were visited. I would like to thank all my hosts for their kindness and the time they took to receive me, to share their knowledge and to discuss about the status and prospects of photovoltaics.
Photovoltaic (PV) penetration in the grid connected power system has been growing. Currently, PV electricity is usually directly sold back to the energy supplier at a fixed price nd subsidy. However, subsidies should always be a temporary policy, and will eventually be terminated. A question is raised whether grid-connected PV generation will be more beneficial by making biddings in power markets than by supplying at a fixed price. An economic model of profit maximization for PV generation when joining power markets is proposed to answer the question. A simplified model is applied to simulate a case study of PV biddings in the Amsterdam Power exchange (APX) spot market, using PV generation data from a standardized neighborhood PV installation. A Monte Carlo method is used to calculate penalty costs due to over-predicted irradiation. Also a Monte Carlo simulation is applied to survey a number of random imbalance capacities and corresponding prices within a Gaussian distribution by repeating the calculation loop. The sensitivity for prediction errors is examined by simulations with different unpredictability levels of solar irradiation. The outcome of the simulations is a value for the difference between the two revenues of PV generation when joining power markets and when supplying at a fixed price.
Errata pdf inserted. Η βιβλιοθήκη διαθέτει αντίτυπο του βιβλίου σε έντυπη μορφή με ταξινομικό αριθμό: TJ810 .K35 2009 With the threat of global warming, and the gradual depletion of petroleum supplies, solar electric power is rapidly becoming significant part of our energy mix. The range of solar cells spans different materials and different structures in the quest to extract maximum power from the device while keeping the cost to a minimum. Devices with efficiency exceeding 30% have been demonstrated in the laboratory. Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems. Solar Energy Processes and Systems includes all areas of solar energy engineering. All subjects are presented from the fundamental level to the highest level of current research. The book includes subjects such as energy related environmental problems, solar collectors, solar water heating, solar space heating and cooling, industrial process heat, solar desalination, photovoltaics, solar thermal power systems and modelling of solar systems including the use of artificial intelligence systems in solar energy systems modelling and performance prediction.
This chapter focuses on the development of sustainable energy technologies in China. The main challenges faced in the renewable energy development and application in China are cost reduction and nurturing of the market. Although many small, relatively isolated research and design institutes and companies are doing research and development and manufacturing work in this field, the institutional fragmentation and uncoordinated efforts hinder their technological progress, quality enhancement, service improvement, and accumulation of commercial experience. Due to the high cost, small market demand, and lack of economic competition, the application of sustainable energy technologies are small in scale and thus incapable of achieving economic scale. Although the Chinese government has taken some favorable steps to promote the development of renewable energy industry, it is still insufficient, especially as the funding for research and development is inadequate and the credit and venture capital are too small. Thus, the R&D and demonstration work should be further strengthened to improve the performance and quality of the corresponding equipment and systems, to increase their life, and to reduce their cost. As the transportation industry is the biggest oil consumer, measures such as developing city public transportation to slow down the rapid increase of private transport, increasing the operational speed of railroads, and development of new technologies for electrification of transportation, such as electric cars and Maglev are being considered. High temperature and low temperature heat recovery technology has also received considerable attention, where certain achievements have also been obtained.
Roadmaps are an important tool for future planning of technological developments. PVNET develops a roadmap for PV R&D based on a broad consensus among the different technologies, among industry and research institutions, across the whole range from materials to systems. To do so, expert meetings, workshops and symposia are organised to stimulate communication and discussion within the European PV community. The preparation of the roadmap is an interactive and ongoing process. It points out major research areas for the short and long term, including cross-fertilisation with other R&D fields. It will cover marketing, product and standardisation aspects, environmental issues as well as the issue of human resources for PV.
A building-integrated solar energy system is proposed, with the panels installed such that the overall morphology resembles that of a traditional Chinese building, i.e., roofing (eaves) at each storey, in addition to that on top of the building. The panels include photovoltaic cells and solar thermal collectors, thus producing electric power as well as heating. The particular morphology provides a number of advantages, in terms of solar energy collection and shading, and their matching to temporal and locational variations in energy demand. These are in addition to the advantages of solar energy generally. Solar heating and photovoltaic power generation were calculated for a number of locations. These were compared with the space heating and air conditioning demands, respectively. The requirement for supplementary energy was calculated. Equivalent calculations for similar buildings without solar panels allowed the saving in non-solar energy to be estimated. Calculations were made for Beijing in winter, as an example of high space heating demand, for Hong Kong in summer, as an example of high air conditioning demand, and for Shanghai, as an intermediate example. These showed potential savings of up to 15% in space heating, and up to 55% in air conditioning energy demand.
The development of renewable technologies in the last decade has been exceptional. In photovoltaic (PV) for example, efforts were not only limited to merely improving their efficiency but also to the reduction of the cost of cells and modules via volume production for commercial markets. There are many national schemes promoting the use of PV technology and regional targets for a share of renewable energy production. This paper attempts to relay to the reader a journey, based on experience, approaches for enhancing the prospect of utilising solar energy within the society we live in. The issue of expansion or enhancing the utilisation of solar energy can be undertaken by individuals, groups, institutions and governments. The aim of this paper is to provide some examples, which could serve as a framework in which action could be taken to promote solar technology.
Recent years have seen increasing public interest in issues related to energy saving and concern for the environment. It is important to highlight the work of public institutions in this respect. This was the motive that led the University of Valencia to finance a pilot project with the objective of studying useful initiatives for optimising energy consumption in accordance with the institution’s needs as well as the incorporation of innovative and more efficient technologies. The approach was to consider various aspects ranging from the analysis of the current energy consumption and the state of the installations, through the substitution of some energy inefficient components, to the study of the possible installation of a photovoltaic solar powered electricity generation station connected to the network. Also purely technical questions on economic efficiency should not be forgotten as this could lead to a reduction in energy consumption and the optimisation of the current energy consuming equipment, since generally, it is this question that limits the possible energy saving actions.
This paper presents an overview of the current situation of the special regime generation in Spain. Whether the special regime generator decides to take part in the de-regulated Electric Power Production Market or not (regulated tariffs). It introduces the big growth of installed power of renewable producers in these last years, thanks to the economic incentives and feeding tariffs. It focuses on renewable energy generators, and also comments the problems and opportunities they have in the organised Electric Power Production Market.
China is the second largest energy consumer in the world. This paper reviews the production and consumption of traditional and renewable energy in China over the past three decades. It also presents an overview on the research and development of renewable energy, such as solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean and wind energy in China. Study indicated that the usage of renewable energy in China shows a promising prospect in the near future, of which biomass is found to be one of the most promising renewable energy resources that have great potential for development in China.
The implementation process of a photovoltaic system and its connection to the national grid in Spain is examined from an economic, an administrative and a legal standpoint. In the first place, this case study describes the solar farm, and it goes on to examine the economic aspects of electricity production, its associated costs, and relevant grants and financial subsidies. Finally, problems related to the administration of the project and the issuing of permits by local and regional authorities are discussed.
Renewable energies in Spain have been promoted since 2002, proof of this lies in the fact that in 2007 renewable energy accounted for 6.9% of the consumption of primary energy. The renewable energies market is one of the sectors with the greatest growth in recent years in Spain and is key to the energy policies at national level. Both at national and regional level diverse targets have been set for the production of renewable energies, this article seeks to analyse the potential, current state, and perspectives of renewable energies in the Region of Murcia, investigating the possibilities of fulfilling the objectives established. The solar energy potential should be highlighted, where most of the territory has more than 5.0Â kWh/m2; also the wind power potential, where in certain areas there are winds of more than 6Â m/s; and the biogas potential due to the extensive livestock herds. With reference to the targets for photovoltaic and wind power, these have been reached; but in the rest of the energy sources the fulfilment of the objectives depends on favourable management and administration policies. Likewise, a comparative study of the state of the Region of Murcia has also been carried out, taking the national situation as the reference.
Development is the enlargement of people's choices. Optimal subsidy policy is intended to create the right incentives for each of the value chain participants. This paper contends that the interest subsidy offered by the Indian federal Ministry of New and Renewable Energy for solar thermal systems, through mainstream banking channels is superior in intent and outcome compared to the capital subsidy as currently offered for solar PV systems, routed through government controlled delivery channels. The interest subsidy enhances innovation, improves service delivery and expands the range of product available to consumers enjoying a wide range of endowments, thus leading to more inclusive development. The simple monopoly model developed by Atkinson [Atkinson AB. Capabilities, exclusion and the supply of goods. In: Basu K, Pattanaik P, Suzumura K, editor, Choice, Welfare and Development. Oxford University Press; 1995] is applied to the context of solar home systems to demonstrate price reduction and choice expansion in a liberalized market, facilitated by an interest subsidy scheme.
In the design and study of solar energy, information on solar radiation and its components at a given location is very essential. Solar radiation data are required by solar engineers, architects, agriculturists and hydrologists for many applications such as solar heating, cooking, drying and interior illumination of buildings. For this purpose, in the past, several empirical correlations have been developed in order to estimate the solar radiation around the world. The main objective of this study is to review the global solar radiation models available in the literature. There are several formulate which relate global radiation to other climatic parameters such as sunshine hours, relative humidity and maximum temperature. The most commonly used parameter for estimating global solar radiation is sunshine duration. Sunshine duration can be easily and reliably measured and data are widely available.
Present status of photovoltaic (PV) industries is firstly reviewed and prospective outlook is focused subsequently. Then, several issues to be overcome for the successful expansion of PV market are described. Silicon based technologies are expected to be dominant in the coming decade. In order to achieve the production of 1,000MW, the efficiency of modules are improved and the thickness of wafer is decreasing, which lead to the drastic cost reduction of PV system price.
Achievements and future projects in the fields of polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cell manufacturing technologies in Japan are discussed. The target and status of poly-Si solar cell developments in the areas of silicon materials, cast wafers, sheet wafers, and cell fabrication are presented. The target and status of a-Si solar cell development in such areas as high-quality large-area cells, high-productivity low-cost transparent conductive films, and high reliability are also presented.
The European Photovoltaic Technology Platform is one of the European Technology Platforms, a new instrument proposed by the European Commission. European Technology Platforms (ETPs) are a mechanism to bring together all interested stakeholders to develop a long-term vision to address a specific challenge, create a coherent, dynamic strategy to achieve that vision and steer the implementation of an action plan to deliver agreed programmes of activities and optimise the benefits for all parties. The European Photovoltaic Technology Platform has recently been established to define, support and accompany the implementation of a coherent and comprehensive strategic plan for photovoltaics. The platform will mobilise all stakeholders sharing a long-term European vision for PV, helping to ensure that Europe maintains and improves its industrial position. The platform will realise a European Strategic Research Agenda for PV for the next decade(s). Guided by a Steering Committee of 20 high level decision-makers representing all relevant European PV Stakeholders, the European PV Technology Platform comprises 4 Working Groups dealing with the subjects policy and instruments; market deployment; science, technology and applications as well as developing countries and is supported by a secretariat
The objective of this paper is to present a summary of the activities in the field of building integrated photovoltaics by MSK Corporation of Japan. The paper concludes that a variety of innovative BIPV products are now available that make use of the flexibility of PV to be an aesthetically attractive energy source
With the rapid spreading of photovoltaic power generation systems in recent years, power generation by this method in Japan expanded to 1100 MW in the year 2004. Assuming that large quantities of solar batteries will become widespread, no doubt we will see an age in which existing photovoltaic power generation systems will become worn out one after another in conjunction with expanded demand. Therefore we developed the way to recycle and reuse treatment of the crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. It was found that the silicon materials were able to be removed from the modules and to recycle to solar cells again. The electric characteristics of these recycled cells showed an enough performance again. Also, as the result of the durability test of our repaired modules, it can be expected that the lifetime of these modules is prolonged compared with used ones in the insulation performance and so on
The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) will start two new national R&D programs for photovoltaics in fiscal year (FY) 2006: "R&D for Next Generation PV Systems" and "PV System Technology for Mass Deployment, Phase II". The duration of these new programs is four-years. These programs have been created with reference to PV Roadmap Toward 2030 (PV2030), which was established in 2004 with the aim of providing a long-term perspective of PV R&D in Japan. We will briefly describe the outline of this roadmap and discuss NEDO's role, taking account of the fact that the PV market in Japan is rapidly expanding. The targets and details of these new R&D programs will also be shown
The current state of the art in Japanese activities in amorphous
silicon solar cell R&D is reviewed. First, a change of the
organization in the Sunshine Project is introduced. Second, some novel
approaches and key technologies to improve solar cell efficiency with
stabilized performance with amorphous materials such as a-SiC:H,
μc-SiC:H, a-SiGe:H, and their heterojunction and stacked solar cells
are reviewed. Progress of the conversion efficiency in various types of
amorphous silicon solar cells are surveyed and summarized. A recent
feature of the industrialization of a-Si photovoltaic cells in Japan is
discussed
It is expected that Japan's PV market will be revitalized again from 2009 as a new national target for PV capacity was set under the cabinet decision on "the action plan to create a low-carbon society" and new support framework for introduction of PV system will start. The action plan widely covers specific targets and measures regarding innovative technological development, dissemination of existing advanced technologies, and establishment of a framework to transform the entire nation into a low-carbon society and so on. As for PV power generation, the national target is increasing introduction volume of PV power generation by 10 times (to 14 GW) by 2020 and by 40 times (to 53 GW) by 2030 from the current levels. Corresponding to this target, the Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry (METI) announced re-start the subsidy program for residential PV system. Four ministries, METI, MoE, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) and the Ministry of the Environment (MoE) announced "the Action plan to disseminate PV power generation" in order to jointly promote PV power. The PV industry in Japan will contribute to further introduction of PV power generation through reinforcing industry structure, enhancement of the production capacity and technological developments aiming at cost reduction. Moreover, electric utility companies decided to promote the construction of PV power plants including MW-level PV power plants. This paper reviews the entire picture of the new dissemination framework of PV system in Japan, in which, national and local governments, utilities, the PV industry, end-users and other related sectors are working on and the current status and future prospects of PV market in Japan.
World photovoltaic industry has an average growth rate of 49.5% over the past five years. Chinese photovoltaic industry has a fast pace of growth at an annual rate of 400%. While our photovoltaic generation market is really small, the installation production is less than 2% of the battery production in 2007, 98% solar cells and components are exported to foreign countries. Thus, the serious lack of coordination for the photovoltaic industry and the photovoltaic generation market has become an obstacle to further development of our photovoltaic power generation. This paper analyzes photovoltaic power generation market and the status in quo, development of the market at home and abroad, also introduces the successful experiences of Germany, Japan, Spain and the like which are experts in photovoltaic power generation. Furthermore, photovoltaic market ldquoon-line pricerdquo is a powerful measure to promote the development of photovoltaic power generation market. We analyze the cost of photovoltaic power generation and the change trend, as well as the feasibility of on-line price and the specific policies and measures based on the photovoltaic industrial surveys and learning curves of photovoltaic componential cost. Consequently, we give the proposals to our photovoltaic generation and look forward to the prospects of the photovoltaic power generation market.
“New Sunshine Program”, the first stage Japanese
Photovoltaic Power Generation Technology Development Program, started in
1992 is going to complete in March 2001. A new PV technology development
program will start from April 2001 as the second stage to develop
significantly lower cost PV, expand the PV market more widely,
contribute to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in Japan, create
new employment and strengthen the competitiveness of Japanese PV
industry. This paper reviews pre-evaluation result of PV technology
development project in the New Sunshine Program, and the concept of new
PV technology development strategy. As a result of continued strong
support on technology and market development with mainly the
government's subsidies, the Japanese PV industry has reached the top
level of PV production in the world. Now, the Japanese PV industry is
expected to take on self-development in the rooftop PV market within a
few years. On the other hand, the Japanese Government is now seeking a
new PV market promotion policy by changing the conventional scheme of
giving subsidies to providing a market incentive mechanism such as a
quota system or green charge system
In spite of the fact that Spain is one of the EU countries with the highest solar resource on annual basis, the huge seasonal variation in solar radiation availability and the relatively short period with heating demand, make it difficult to reach significant contributions of solar energy to the buildings heating energy demand. This compromises the economic viability of big solar collector areas per capita, and introduces technical difficulties for the dissipation of the excess solar energy available in the summer months. On the other hand, in a large part of the Spanish territory, in other to reach adequate comfort conditions in our buildings, the energy demand for cooling is more important or of the same order than the heating demand. Cooling energy demand is now experiencing a fast growing rate as this comfort requirement becomes internalized. Domestic air conditioning equipments based on vapour compression cycles are being used to reach comfort conditions in some of the rooms of buildings that were designed without taking into account cooling requirements. In spite of their so far small contribution to the total building sector energy demand, these equipments are already imposing important constraints on the environment and the electricity distribution system. Solar absorption cooling arises as an interesting alternative, which at the same time allows reaching a higher solar contribution to the heating demand. However, solar cooling installations present several peculiarities with respect to the more known DHW or even heating installations, which require to incorporate a more detailed approach and additional considerations in the design and performance evaluation processes. Besides, some limitations still persist in solar absorption systems, which could make them loose their market potential for the benefit of other solar cooling options. In this paper, we present some conclusions arising from the experience gained in detailed TRNSYS dynamical simulation of some of the first commercial solar heating and cooling installations recently implemented in Spain, and analyse their perspectives in comparison with other solar cooling options.
This paper first provides an overview of the context of renewable energy development in China, including the country's recent renewable energy legislation. Further, it summarizes the current status of renewable energy development and the role it plays in the national energy supply. Next it introduces the national indicative targets for renewable energies in 2010 and 2020, and conducts a long term scenario of the role of renewable energies in China's energy system transition till 2050. It discusses the main risks involved in China's renewable energy development, and proposes some policy measures for risk management.
Jordan, like most developing countries, has problems, constraints, and difficulties that mandate increasing renewable energy (RE) technology utilization. The most effective argument, in favor of the adoption of RE technologies in Jordan, is that Jordan's lack of conventional energy sources is complemented by abundant RE resources. Because RE technologies are not complex, require less operating and maintenance costs, and are inherently more environmentally benign than conventional energy sources foster their consideration by energy policy makers as essential components of the national energy balance.The most prudent approach to address this strategic issue is to alleviate the problems, constraints, and difficulties associated with each of the above-mentioned influencing factors. This paper analyzes the current energy situation in Jordan and discuses the importance of increasing the role of RE technologies in the energy mix. It also discusses some success stories in the RE technologies domain, analyzes the barriers affecting their development, and suggests future courses of action in order to attain their maximum utilization potential. It is believed that this paper will benefit energy policy makers in Jordan, as well as in other developing countries.
The recent commitment made by many countries to combat the harmful effects of fossil fuel energy has centered world attention on the implementation of policies geared towards an optimal energy performance and the use of renewable energies. The construction of buildings with sustainable energy systems necessarily plays an important role in such policies, given the fact that in 2005 more than 800,000 housing units were constructed in Spain, a country with more than 2500 h of sunlight per year. This article reviews the European and Spanish legislation regarding construction and renewable energies. Within this context, a description and analysis are given of the progress made by the construction sector in the implementation of new energy-related technologies with special emphasis on solar energy.
The passing of the Renewable Energy Law (REL) in 2005 demonstrated China’s commitment to renewable energy development. In the 3 years after the REL, China’s renewable electricity capacity grew rapidly. From 2006 to 2008, China’s wind capacity installation more than doubled every year for 3 years in a row. However, three facts prevent us from being optimistic about China’s renewable electricity future. First, considered as a share of total capacity, renewable electricity capacity is decreasing instead of increasing. This is due simply to the rapid growth of fossil fuel capacity. Second, a significant amount of renewable generation capacity is wasted because it is not connected to the electricity grid. Finally, renewable electricity plants are running at a low level of efficiency. Based on an in-depth analysis of China’s existing renewable energy policy, we suggest that these challenges should be dealt with by introducing a market-based mandatory renewable portfolio requirement coupled with strong regulatory monitoring of grid enterprises.
The steady and maintainable electric power provides the development momentum of a country's industrialization, which is indispensable to every country at present. It is well known that China is the largest developing country in the world. With the rapid development of economy and society, energy demand of Chinese society is increasing in an incredible speed, i.e., the annual accumulative total capacity of electric energy is about 0.1 billion kW, and the most of them is provided by the fossil fuel resource, and the share is about 90% in China. Certainly, it is a very inappropriate energy structure, so the sustainable development of country is impossible in future, the status must be improved in order to achieve sustainable development. Fortunately, China has large country area, and there are abundant solar resources. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government and ordinary people, and they thought that solar energy can provide more and more electric energy in future, and more and more actual examples have been applied in the last decades, which are supported by central government and local governments. This paper discusses the distribution zone and current developmental situation of solar energy in China. Then, some application practice is described, such as solar energy greenhouse, solar energy hearth, solar water heater, solar lighting system, solar water pump, distributed generation (DG), grid-connect photovoltaic generation (GPG) and wind–solar hybrid system. The policies and law of China central government and local governments are described in the following paragraph. At the end, the developmental prospect of photovoltaic (PV) in future China and the development barriers and recommendations are introduced.
In 2004 China's government launched a vigorous programme to reverse the trend of rising national energy intensity and to reduce intensity by 20% over the period 2006–2010. The aim of this paper is to examine this programme in the context of nearly 30 years of measures to enhance energy efficiency in China, and thus to evaluate the likelihood that today's policies will yield improvements over a longer period. The country achieved a sustained decline of energy intensity in the period 1980–2001 but this trend was reversed in 2002. This reversal arose from a shift in the structure of the economy to more energy-intensive industries and from a decline in the rate of technical innovation. The measures taken since 2003 have been directed principally at energy-intensive industries, but have also addressed other sectors of the economy. Though the energy intensity target for the year 2010 may be achieved, greater efforts will be needed to address a number of constraints which include: the reluctance to use economic and financial instruments; the dependency of energy policy on industrial and social policies; the nature of political decision-making and of public administration; a shortage of skills; and social attitudes to energy.
This paper identifies the main features of CO2 emission from fossil energy combustion in China. Then it estimates China's future energy requirements and projects its CO2 emission from 2010 to 2020 based on the scenario analysis approach. China's rate of carbon productivity growth is estimated to be 5.4% in the period 2005–2020, while the CO2 intensity of GDP will reduce by about 50% but CO2 emission in 2020 will still be about 40% higher than prevailing in 2005 because of rapid growth of GDP. This estimation is based on the assumption that China will implement a sustainable development strategy in consideration of climate change issues. The main objectives of the strategy are to implement an “energy conservation first” strategy, to develop renewable energy and advanced nuclear technology actively, to readjust the country's economic structure, and to formulate and legislate laws and regulations, and to build institutions for energy conservation and development of renewable energy. It concludes that international measures to mitigate CO2 emission will limit world fossil fuel consumption. China is not placed to replicate the modernization model adopted by developed countries and has to coordinate economic development and carbon dioxide emission control while still in the process of industrialization and modernization. China has to evolve a low carbon industrialization model. This is the key to the success of sustainable development initiatives in China.
Fossil fuel energy resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Given the negative environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions) that accompany their use, it is hardly surprising that the development of renewable energies has become a major priority in the world today. Andalusia, with a mean solar radiation of 4.75 kWh/m2 per day and a surface area of 87,597 km2, is the region in Europe with the highest solar energy potential. This research study determined the solar energy potential in Andalusia for grid-connected photovoltaic systems installed on residential rooftops. A methodology was developed for this purpose, which first involved a description of building characteristics, followed by the calculation of the useful roof surface area where photovoltaic arrays could be installed. In the next phase of the study, the mean solar irradiation characteristics were defined as well as the technical parameters of the photovoltaic systems. All of these factors allowed us to estimate the amount of electricity that could be potentially generated per year by solar panels.
Trends in China's energy future will have considerable consequences for both China and the global environment. Though China's carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis, China is already ranked the world's second largest producer of carbon, behind only America. China's buildings sector currently accounts for 23% of China's total energy use and is projected to increase to one-third by 2010. Energy policy plays an important role in China's sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to provide a broad overview of energy efficiency issues in the built environment in China. This paper, firstly briefly, reviews the key national policies related to the built environment and demonstrates the government's environmental concern. Secondly, the authors introduce recent energy policies in the built environment. Energy efficiency and renewable energy in the built environment, which are the key issues of the national energy policy, have been reviewed. Discussion of the implementation of energy policy has been carried out.
The near-exponential rise in tourist numbers and accelerating economic growth have challenged Tibetan energy supply and threaten its peculiar environment and valuable ecosystem. Exploitation of pollution free solar power may medicate this demand for energy. Here we shall provide a review of solar power development in Tibet. This region has a near inexhaustible source of solar energy due to its average annual radiation intensity of 6000–8000 MJ/m2, ranking it first in China and second after the Sahara worldwide. Currently, Tibet has 400 photovoltaic power stations with a total capacity of nearly 9 MW. In addition, 260,000 solar energy stoves, passive solar house heating covering 3 million square meters, and 400,000 m2 of passive solar water heaters are currently in use in Tibet. Although Tibet places first in applying solar energy in China, solar energy faces big challenges from hydroelectric power and the absence of local know-how. The new power generation capacity in Tibet's “11th Five-Year (2006–2010)” Plan focuses primarily on hydropower, PV power stations being relegated to a secondary role as supplementary to hydropower. Here it will be argued that this emphasis is incorrect and that solar energy should take first place in Tibet's energy development, as it is crucial in striving for a balance between economic development, booming tourism, and environmental protection.
Global warming and the associated changes in the world climate pattern have been accepted world wide as the gravest threat to humanity in the 20th century. To mitigate the impacts of global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was established in 1997 with the objective of reducing global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), by 5.2% below 1990 levels. Developed nations that ratified the Protocol are committed to GHG reduction targets while developing nations are encouraged to reduce GHG emissions on a voluntary basis. Since most of the GHGs emissions come from the energy sector, energy policy plays an important role in fulfilling the Kyoto Protocol obligations. This year marks the beginning of the commitment period for the 2012 Kyoto Protocol. In this case, it would be worthwhile to compare the energy policies in Malaysia and Japan as these nations move towards fulfilling their obligations towards the Kyoto Protocol; bearing in mind that both countries ratified the Protocol, but that Japan commits a reduction target of 6% while Malaysia bears no obligation. Based on the comparison, recommendations were made on how a developing nation like Malaysia could adopt the policies implemented in Japan to suit local conditions and contribute significantly to GHG reduction.
China is the largest developing country in the world. At present, more and more energy demand gives immense pressure to Chinese government. The inappropriate energy structure must be improved by Chinese government in order to achieve the sustainable development of economy and society. Development and application of renewable energy, such as wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, etc., have been regarded by the government and the local people in the past 10 years, and more and more actual examples have been established, which are supported by government and plants in China. It is well known that there are abundant wind and solar resources in China. This paper presents the distribution zone and development and application practice status in China. However, a common drawback is existing in the stand-alone wind energy and solar energy generating power system, which is the unpredictable output electric power, and the output power depends on the unpredictable weather and climatic changes. Fortunately, the wind–solar hybrid generation system can partially overcome the problems. The conventional structure and key technology of stand-alone wind–solar hybrid generating system, the current status and outlook of wind–solar hybrid energy system are presented in the paper, for example, the city road lighting system, distributed generation, photovoltaic (PV) water pumping for irrigation, etc. At the end, the policies and laws of China central government and local governments are described, and the development barriers and recommendations are introduced.
The paper starts with experience curve analysis in order to find out the future prices of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. Experience curves for 75–90% progress ratio are extrapolated with the help of estimated future growth rate for PV installation worldwide and current module price data until year 2060. A kWh PV electricity generation cost has been calculated for coming decades with the help of local market parameters and module prices data from extrapolated experience curve. Two different prices for grid electricity – wholesale electricity price and end user electricity price – are separately analyzed. Household electricity consumption profile and PV electricity generation profile for Cologne, Germany, have been analyzed to find out the possibility for PV electricity consumption at the time of its generation. This result is used to calculate the real grid parity year – which lies somewhere between grid parity years calculated for wholesale electricity price and end user electricity price.
A study of the World Bank's energy-related project portfolio in China reveals several areas where World Bank assistance has clearly influenced broader trends in energy and environmental protection in China. This paper reviews the World Bank's 36 energy-related projects approved from 1984 to 1999 in the context of these broader trends. Projects helped accelerate development of large-scale efficient coal power plants, hydropower, state-of-the-art technologies for controlling power-plant emissions, and international-best-practice environmental assessments of energy projects. The World Bank has just begun to fund several promising initiatives for energy efficiency and renewable energy. At the same time, some opportunities for the Chinese government and the World Bank to jointly promote environmentally sounder energy development are only just now being addressed, such as natural gas distribution and utilization, rural energy and development, wind power, energy efficiency of heat supply and buildings, energy efficiency in industry through performance contracting, and greater support for clean energy options within ongoing electric power sector reform.
Economic development in recent decades has been characterised by the increased use of fossil fuels. Clearly, a significant amount of this energy does not fall in line with the principles of sustainable development, either because of its contaminating effect or because of its non-renewable nature.Today, Navarre generates around 60% of its electricity requirements by means of wind power and small hydropower stations. On the downside, Navarre's energy consumption is above average for the European Union and its economy is growing at an annual rate in excess of 5%. The Castejón (800 MW) thermal power stations, scheduled for enlargement, generate more energy than Navarre's entire wind power sector.In terms of hydroelectric power, there are around 200 small hydropower plants in operation. In addition, the Autonomous Community of Navarre has installed a biomass plant in Sangüesa, with an installed output of 25 MW, annually generating 200 GWh through the combustion of 160,000 t of cereal straw.In addition, Navarre, specifically Tudela, is the site of the largest solar energy plant in Spain, producing 1.2 MWp, following its connection to the grid at the beginning of the year. Two thirds of the 10,080 panels are arranged in a central body and the remaining third are panels pertaining to different technologists and technologies involved in research and development.
Increase of the global energy demand and environmental problems relating to fossil energy utilization request the new energy sources to replace the traditional fossil fuels. With respect to energy production, most of the islands in European Union and in the other parts of the world, depend on importation, mainly from oil and its related products. The global development of renewable energy technologies can assure sustainable supply of power for islands. To overcome the limitation of the sources of renewable energy, hydrogen is utilized as a storage medium integrated with intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. This paper introduces the programme of “Renewislands—Renewable Energy Solutions for Islands”, the work tasks, details of the design of the activities to develop solutions integrating intermittent renewable energy supply (RES), fuel cell (FC) and hydrogen infrastructure to promote RES and innovative decentralized power systems penetration in islands; main results achieved in each work packages are presented; in addition, the development of intermittent renewable energy penetration in specific European Islands are reviewed briefly.
In the house building sector, central solar heating plants presently offer the most cost-favourable application of all possibilities of solar-thermal systems. By the integration of seasonal heat storage, more than 50% of the annual heating demand for space heating and domestic hot water can be supplied by solar energy. Since 1995, eight central solar heating plants with seasonal heat storage have been built in Germany within the governmental R&D-programme ‘Solarthermie-2000’. This report describes the technology of central solar heating plants and gives advice about planning and costs. The pilot and demonstration plants for seasonal heat storage already built in Germany are described in detail to give an idea about possible system design and applications of central solar heating plants.
China is in a unique position to be able to exploit her vast wind resources to satisfy both the rapidly growing energy demand which fuels her economy as well as needs of approximately 72 million people who live in rural areas and have no access to conventional electricity services. China, mainly through the efforts of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, has already successfully disseminated over 150,000 small-scale wind electric generators which power households in rural areas, through a well-coordinated combination of local research and development, technology transfer, industry support, end-user incentives, and an infrastructure for information dissemination and technical training. In this paper, we review China's utilization of wind energy and discuss how it can be increased for both rural electrification and the rapidly growing power sector. We find that novel approaches in technical implementation of wind power use may help to better meet China's needs. Use of hybrid systems may help to provide higher quality, more reliable power for rural households and villages than is currently provided through wind-only systems. Grid-connected wind power, which currently is more costly and less reliable than coal power, can become cost-competitive and more reliable through local, mass production of wind turbines combined with storage systems. We examine governmental support, through policy, infrastructure development and financial incentives, that have fostered the successes of dissemination of small-scale wind turbines and also the support, or lack thereof, that has hindered commercial development of large-scale wind power. We find that a better policy and regulatory framework is the most important measure that China can take to increase the use of this indigenous, clean resource.
In Taiwan, having implemented some incentive measures and subsidies, some progress of renewable energy in Taiwan has occurred; however, comparing the medium and long-term target reveals a wide gap. This paper (taking the solar photovoltaic (PV) for example), applies the ‘technological system’ framework to analyze the evolution of PV in Taiwan. Here, a comparative analysis is made of the development of PV between Germany and Taiwan to understand what issues that policy makers should focus on PV utilization in Taiwan.
In recent years, photovoltaic industry has achieved some remarkable development in China, This paper presents a summary and review of the present status of terrestrial photovoltaic industry, and tries to look at possible future scenarios in China, the recent progress with laboratory cells is also discussed. Topics covered include the production equipment, fabrication technology of cells and modules, storage battery, solar charge controller, DC/AC inverter, market and national policy.
Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development. Government support is the key and initial power for developing renewable energy. In this article, an overall review has been conducted on renewable energy development policy (including laws and regulations, economic encouragement, technical research and development, industrialized support and government model projects, etc.) in China. On this basis, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the disadvantages of renewable energy development policy. On the point of long-term effective system for renewable energy development, a series of policy advice has been offered, such as strengthening the policy coordination, enhancing regional policy innovation, echoing with clean development mechanism, implementing process management, constructing market investment and financing system. It is expected that the above advices could be helpful to ever-improvement of renewable energy development policy.
This article demonstrates that the large feed-in tariffs currently guaranteed for solar electricity in Germany constitute a subsidization regime that threatens to reach a level comparable to that of German hard coal production, a notoriously outstanding example of misguided political intervention. Yet, as a consequence of the coexistence of the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the increased use of renewable energy technologies does not imply any additional emission reductions beyond those already achieved by ETS alone. Similarly disappointing is the net employment balance, which is likely to be negative if one takes into account the opportunity cost of this form of solar photovoltaic (PV) support. Along the lines of the international energy agency [IEA, 2007. Energy policies of IEA countries: Germany, 2007 review. International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris, p. 77], we recommend the immediate and drastic reduction of the magnitude of the feed-in tariffs granted for solar-based electricity. Ultimately, producing electricity on this basis is among the most expensive greenhouse gas abatement options.
To get the over-100-year sustainability, the intrinsic value of renewable energy is the most important. According to this understanding, some projections are provided concerning future PV capability from world energy demand side. A stable, sustainable scenario is proposed up to 2100 in this discussion. To seek for this future state, typical key technologies are also suggested toward the last half of 21st century. In addition, recently in May 2004, Japan set up a long-term roadmap called "PV2030" Assuming that the domestic PV installation will reach around 100 GW up to 2030 and cost targets for 2010, 2020 and 2030 were specified as 23 JPY/kWh, 14 JPY/kWh and 7 JPY/kWh respectively. These levels correspond to present average single-family electricity price, industrial price and whole sale price.
The output performance, the solar irradiation and the PV module temperature has been investigated for a PV system installed in south and north direction in a period of 1 year. The average solar radiation per a day in south and north direction was 4.59 kW h/m/sup 2/ and 3.14 kW h/m/sup 2/, respectively. The average temperature of PV module installed in north direction was smaller than that in south direction. We estimated the electric power of 40 kW PV system installed in north direction from the variation of solar radiation and PV module temperature for south and north direction. The ratio of the generated power in the monthly was calculated to be from 96.4% to 32.8%, which average value in a year was 66.4%.
The paper summarizes Japanese activities concerning photovoltaic
systems, especially for residential use as a national energy supply.
1994 is just the 20th anniversary of the Sunshine Project, which started
in July 1974. In the project the utility-connected, residential
applications mounted on roofs have been its major target from an early
stage of R&D. It can be considered that technologies for the target
have been fundamentally established and a series of new activities have
been being introduced to promote the commercialization and diffusion of
PV systems. To review those activities, several condensed tables are
presented, i.e., R&D history of residential applications, trends in
regulation and code improvements, and new institutional activities to
spread PV systems. Possible R&D items from now on are also reviewed
and listed, which are necessary to support these efforts