No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Abstract
Xenobiotic pollutants may disrupt reproductive endocrine function by acting at the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad or liver. Disruption at any of these sites may result in either changes in the rate of gonadal development or in the viability of the gametes. Production of high quality gametes is dependent upon the correct hormonal milieu throughout their development, and any disruption of hormonal balance may result in abnormal sperm or eggs. Such effects may be apparent at levels of pollutant lower than that which causes arrest of gametogenesis or decreased gonadosomatic index. In this paper the use of sperm motility, morphology and fertilising ability in males, and egg numbers, size and hatching success in females as monitors of endocrine disruption will be discussed. Data are presented to show that exposure of adult zebra danios (Danio rerio) to 5 ng l−1 ethynylestradiol leads to arrest in development of the eggs produced at the early blastula stage and induces vitellogenesis in exposed males.
... In teleosts with external fertilization such as round fish, when spawning occurs, the gametes are released into the environment for fertilization to occur (Witeck et al. 2011). At that moment, gametes are exposed to various contaminants present in the water, including heavy metals mercury, zinc, lead, copper, and cadmium (Kime & Nash 1999), as well as pesticides leached from the soil by the rain or even by the inadequate disposal of containers and waste (Ferreira 2016), which end up acting as endocrine disruptors in fish (Uren-Webster et al. 2014). Furthermore, these trace elements, at certain levels, can impair sperm motility and oocyte fertilization (Kime 1995), thus causing often irreversible damage to the maintenance of natural stocks renewal and reproductive cycles, and, consequently, to the maintenance of the variability and diversity of fish. ...
... Several species of Neotropical fish employ external fecundation and fertilization as a reproductive strategy, with total discharge of male and female gametes in the water (Witeck et al. 2011), a fact that provides a large exposure of gametes to the contaminated environment (Rodrigues et al. 2019). As a result, the entire fertilization process, from sperm motility to embryonic development, can be directly affected by excess contaminants, such as pesticide residues leached from the soil by rain, or even by inadequate disposal of containers and residues (Kime & Nash 1999, Ferreira 2016. These contaminants greatly influence the reproduction and renewal of fish species stocks, which can lead to an environmental imbalance and a reduction in species diversity (Mondal et al. 2015). ...
The great biodiversity of neotropical fish species that have external fertilization as a reproductive strategy, like the tambaqui, requires more careful analyzes in toxicological tests of the various pesticides implemented in Brazilian agriculture over the last few years. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate possible sperm alterations in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) semen exposed to two different pesticide residues. Seminal samples of sexually mature tambaqui males from a local fish farm were used. Semen was collected eight hours after hormone induction into graduated glass tubes. After initial assessment of the lack of prior activation, the experiment was carried out in a factorial scheme, testing two pesticides widely used in agricultural systems (glyphosate and fenitrothion). For each pesticide, five concentrations were tested (6, 12, 24, 120 and 240 mg/L), with motility analysis at times 0, 30 and 60 seconds after activation. As a control, activation with 0.9% NaCl solution and motility analysis at the same times described for pesticides were used. Results indicate that in natura samples exhibited initial motility of 89.2 ± 4.9% and mean duration of 100 seconds (up to 10% sperm motility). The reduction in sperm motility occurred significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 seconds in all concentrations tested, except for the concentration of 240 mg/L because no activation was observed. The tests described here demonstrate that tambaqui semen was sensitive to the process of exposure to pesticide residues, and can be used in biomonitoring analyzes of the aforementioned agricultural pesticides.
... This synthetic estrogen can, at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/L, induce feminization in male fish and interfere with normal sexual development (Ludiwine et al., 2008;Purdom et al., 1994). A wide variety of detrimental effects have been reported, including the alteration of male secondary sexual traits (Toft and Baatrup, 2003), atypical reproductive behavior (Bayley et al., 1999), inhibition of spermatogenesis and oogenesis (Haubruge et al., 2000;Van den Belt et al., 2002), abnormal sexual differentiation and sexual development (Andersen et al., 2003;Metcalfe et al., 2001;Weber et al., 2003), induction of vitellogenin yolk precursor in males (Purdom et al., 1994), compromised reproductive morphology and physiology (Kime, 1998;Tyler et al., 1998), reduced sperm count (Haubruge et al., 2000), intersexuality (gonads being part testis and part ovary) Zillioux et al., 2001), and severe population decline (Kidd et al., 2007). The realization of the potential for large impacts from exposure to EE 2 and other EDCs has led European agencies to include the systematic evaluation of intersex in fish populations in their aquatic biomonitoring efforts (Allen et al., 1999;Jobling et al., 1998;Minier et al., 2000;Stentiford et al., 2003). ...
... This pattern was noted, for example, for effects on oocyte development in females and sperm development in males. The latter is consistent with results reported in other species for EE 2 inhibition of testicular growth and sperm development (Kime, 1995;Kime and Nash, 1999). Histological examination of liver tissue sections showed a variety of effects from the EE 2 exposure, and these effects were more severe at 25 ng/L EE 2 than they were at 5 ng/L. ...
The widespread use of the synthetic estrogen 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has resulted in elevated levels in aquatic environments, where it is known to act as an endocrine disrupting chemical affecting fish and other aquatic organisms. Examining changes in the structure of the fish’ gonads and liver has proven to be an effective approach for assessing these impacts. While changes have been reported for various fish species, it is not clear whether impacts are equally severe in live-bearing fishes. The present study looked at gonadal and liver development in EE2-exposed least killifish (Heterandria formosa), a live-bearing Poeciliid. Exposures to 0, 5, or 25 ng/L EE2 began within six days of birth and continued until fish became sexually mature 12–23 weeks later. Exposure to 5 ng/L EE2 resulted in severe intersex in fish with external male characteristics, a slowdown of spermatogenesis in these intersex fish and a slowdown of oogenesis in the female fish. Moreover, these fish had a variety of liver injuries. Fish exposed to 25 ng/L EE2 exhibited intersex but at a lower frequency than occurred at 5 ng/L. In contrast, liver damage and slowdown of both oogenesis and spermatogenesis exhibited the typical dose-dependence. These findings illustrate the importance of including histological analyses when assessing endocrine disruption in fish, demonstrate that the live-bearing mode of reproduction appears to provide limited protection from the effects of waterborne EE2, and provide further evidence that EE2 has multiple impacts on fish health and reproduction that are severe enough to potentially affect fish populations.
... Formation of new gametes in the animal depends upon the harmonic environment during its development. In this regard, any pollutant producing hormonally unbalanced products may affect oogenesis and spermatogenesis (Kime and Nash, 1999). Additionally, the amount of spermatozoa in fish males may be influenced in a similar manner as that of the oocytes of females (Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
... In this regard, any pollutant producing hormonally unbalanced products may affect oogenesis and spermatogenesis (Kime and Nash, 1999). Additionally, the amount of spermatozoa in fish males may be influenced in a similar manner as that of the oocytes of females (Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
Nowadays, chemical environmental pollution is an issue of serious international concern, especially Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on sexual differentiation of tilapia, Oreochromus spilurs. Fishes were exposed to gradually increasing concentrations of NP immediately after hatching until sexual maturation to examine the effects of different NP-treated-sea water concentrations on gonads and plasma sex steroids (estradiol, testosterone, and vitellogenin) of both sexes. Exposure period included gonads development during early life stages where fishes are sensitive and vulnerable as well as adult stage. Results revealed that number of eggs decreased at high NP concentrations compared with control group, indicating its inhibiting effects on fecundity of tilapia. Exposure during early developmental stages may result in dangerous effects due to estrogenic responses, where high levels of 17B-estradiol were observed. Different concentrations of both plasma testosterone, and vitellogenin were detected for both sexes. Histological examination of testes revealed significant decrease in spermatids and spermatozoa and increase in spermatocytes and connective tissue, as well as pathogenic histological changes represented by gonadal deformities and a lot of broken spermatozoa. Histological examination of female ovaries revealed increasing number of early oocytes, damages of yolk granules, and deformities of nuclei. It was concluded that the apparent effects of NP on reproduction and fecundity in fish highlight the potential danger of this widely used material.
... So we can use gamete quality test as an indicator of endocrine disruption. The sex hormone concentrations can also be tested for establishing the presence of endocrine disrupting property 20 . ...
... There are no sufficient data available regarding the endocrine disrupting properties of BHA. Existing reports based on in vitro studies suggested BHA as an estrogenic compound 20 . Findings of this study suggest that, BHA acts as a possible endocrine disruptor in animals including humans, impairs reproduction and sperm quality. ...
Fish short-term reproductive assay (FSTRA) is a tier one assay for screening the endocrine disrupting property of a compound. This study analysed the end points like variations in Gonado-Somatic index (GSI), sperm quality and count, serum hormone levels (FSH, LH, estrogen and testosterone) to study the endocrine disrupting properties of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). A fresh water teleost, Anabas testudineus was used as animal model in this study. LC50 value of BHA was 250 mg/kg body weight in fish. Effects of four different doses of BHA were studied - 2, 5, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight. BHA is found toxic at high doses of 250 mg/kg body weight and above. All the four doses of BHA caused significant impact on GSI, sperm count and quality. Serum hormone assay by ELISA showed significant variations in treated groups compared to control group.
... Changes in fish biometric measurements including, body weight, gonad weight and GSI have been used as indirect endpoint in fish exposed to EDCs (Adeogun et al., 2016a;Adeogun et al., 2016d;Ibor et al., 2016;Kime and Nash, 1999;Adeogun et al., 2016b;Adeogun et al., 2016c). In this study, female fish gonad weight and GSI were significantly higher, compared to male fish. ...
... These decreases may be attributed to alterations in the allocation of energy to wasteful or unnecessary Vtg and Zrp production in fish from this site ( (Adeogun et al., 2016a). This assumption is based on the accepted knowledge that reproductive growth in the form of Vtg and Zrp production is a costly energetic process that is normally compromised at the expense of somatic growth (Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
... Xenobiotic pollutants, including EDCs, may disrupt reproductive endocrine function by interacting with the hypothalamus-pituitary- gonadal axis, as well as between the endocrine and immune systems (Arcand-Hoy and Benson, 1998). Pollutants can affect gamete (egg or sperm) development indirectly via disturbance of the natural hormonal environment, but if such pollutants have hormonal activity themselves, they also can directly affect the local hormonal environment in which the gamete develops ( Kime and Nash, 1999). Some environmental contaminants can be toxic to the gamete itself. ...
... Sperm quality is the measure of the ability of sperm to successfully fertilize an egg ( Rurangwa and others, 2004). The quality of sperm is a major contributing factor to successful production of fish larvae (Kime, 1998) and can be affected by endocrine disruption (Kime and Nash, 1999). The combination of multiple assays on sperm is a better predictor of male fertility than any individual test (Jenkins, 2000). ...
The creation of Lakes Mead and Mohave drastically changed habitats originally found along their region of the historical Colorado River. While still continuing to provide habitat conditions that support a rich diversity of species within the water, along shorelines, and in adjacent drainage areas, the reservoirs contain organisms that are both native and non-native to the Colorado River drainage (fig. 5-1). The diversity of species within these lakes continues to change with time due to changing habitat conditions, the invasion of non-native species, and extirpations of native species. From the bottom of the food web to the top predators, all organisms within the ecosystem are interconnected in food webs or food-chain networks. As non-native invasive species continue to be introduced into the lakes, alterations to the food web, species competition, and species predation likely will continue to change the ecosystem and populations of native organisms. Following an overview of the food web, this chapter summarizes information on aquatic and aquatic-dependent wildlife at Lakes Mead and Mohave and their relationships within the food web from members of lower trophic levels to the highest: phytoplankton, invertebrates, including zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates; fishes; and birds. The following sections describe the biological diversity, limiting factors, and ecological functions of these groups in Lake Mead, and to a lesser extent, in Lake Mohave.
... Changes in fish biometric measurements including, body weight, gonad weight and GSI have been used as indirect endpoint in fish exposed to EDCs (Adeogun et al., 2016a;Adeogun et al., 2016d;Ibor et al., 2016;Kime and Nash, 1999;Adeogun et al., 2016b;Adeogun et al., 2016c). In this study, female fish gonad weight and GSI were significantly higher, compared to male fish. ...
... These decreases may be attributed to alterations in the allocation of energy to wasteful or unnecessary Vtg and Zrp production in fish from this site ( (Adeogun et al., 2016a). This assumption is based on the accepted knowledge that reproductive growth in the form of Vtg and Zrp production is a costly energetic process that is normally compromised at the expense of somatic growth (Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
Vitellogenin (Vtg: egg yolk precursor) and zona radiata (Zrp: eggshell) proteins are phenotypic female-specific responses that are under estrogenic control in oviparous species. The expression of these genes in male and juvenile fish is widely used as biomarkers of exposure and effect for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Despite the universal use of these responses, the application of these biomarkers as reproductive alteration endpoints for tropical species and for developing countries, such as Nigeria, is limited and almost non-existent. In this study, a total of 126 Tilapia species (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Tilapia guineensis and Tilapia zillii) were collected from 4 sampling points (Oworonshoki, Idumota, Makoko and Ikorodu) reflecting different degrees of anthropogenic contamination along Lagos lagoon. Vtg and Zrp gene expression were quantified using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The gonads were morphologically and histologically examined. Vtg and Zrp mRNA were highly expressed in both male and female tilapias, where Vtg was significantly higher in males, compared to female tilapias collected at all the sampling points. Gross gonadal morphology and histological examination revealed the simultaneous development of testes and ovaries in the same gonad, indicating the occurrence of intersex. Overall, a 27.4% prevalence of intersex condition was demonstrated in the sampled fish population; of which 78 and 22 % were males and females respectively. Our findings indicate that Lagos lagoon is under intensive pollution pressure from EDCs. Biota and sediment analysis for the identification of causal chemicals are ongoing in order to discern cause and effects relationships between measured biomarker responses and chemical exposure in Lagos Lagoon. Therefore, Vtg, Zrp and intersex phenomenon can and should be integrated into field monitoring programmes for environmental EDCs in Nigeria and other developing countries by regulatory agencies for sustainable environment and human health management.
... A more limited number of field studies has shown correlation between developmental abnormalities in early-life stages of fish and exposure to waters bearing municipal and industrial wastes [9,10]. The degree to which these abnormalities were the result of endocrine disruption is unknown but studies have reported adverse morphological effects during early life after exposure to anthropogenic substances with endocrine-disrupting capabilities [11] and also synthetic and natural steroids [12][13][14]. ...
... While difficult to compare with waterborne exposure, Patyna et al. [20] fed Japanese medaka high concentrations of E 2 (0.05-5 mg/kg), which produced scoliosis, but lower concentrations were not tested to determine the lowest observable effect concentration. In zebrafish, 5 ng/L EE 2 did result in developmental arrest in embryos of exposed adults, but developmental arrest was not observed after embryonic exposure only [12]. Because few studies have tested the effects of natural or synthetic EDSs on morphological development, especially during early life, it is difficult to compare the sensitivity of this parameter among different fish species. ...
To evaluate the use of morphological abnormalities for standard testing of endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS), we tested the hypothesis that developmental abnormalities are a sensitive indicator of exposure to waterborne estrogenic and antiestrogenic EDS during embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages in the common estuarine killifish, the mummichog (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Static exposures with daily renewal were carried out with 10 to 10,000 ng/L of the estrogen agonist 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) or antagonist ZM189,154 (ZM) for the first 25 or 60 d of life. Incidence of skeletal abnormalities (scoliosis, lordosis, head, craniofacial, jaw, fin) and soft tissue abnormality (anal swelling) were significantly increased by EE2 but only at high concentrations (1,000 or 10,000 ng/L). Sixty-day exposure produced more severe abnormalities than 25-d exposure and in a higher proportion of fish. Within the longer exposure, 10,000 ng/L EE2 produced more abnormal fish than 1,000 ng/L (100% vs 51.6%) and more abnormalities per abnormal fish (5.73 vs 1.47). Fish reared to 12 months in clean water after exposure for 60 d to 10,000 ng/L EE2 survived at a lower rate than controls, retained abnormalities with the exception of anal swelling and, like fish exposed to other concentrations of EE2 and ZM, showed increased weight at length at 6 and 12 months. Sixty-day exposure to ZM increased the incidence of scoliosis (1,000 ng/L) but decreased the overall incidences of abnormal fish and lordosis (10 and 10,000 ng/L). No impacts of EE2 or ZM were observed before hatch, and clearing and staining of larvae demonstrated that expression of vertebral abnormalities coincided temporally with ossification. We conclude that morphological abnormalities in mummichogs are not a sensitive indicator of exposure to estrogenic or antiestrogenic waterborne EDSs at environmentally. relevant concentrations.
... Like most teleost fish, tench have an external fertilization. Tench sperm are immotile until they contact water leading to their activation, i.e., sperm become motile in order to enter the egg via the micropyle (Kime and Nash, 1999). Sperm motility is necessary for fertilization and therefore sperm quality has been used as a reliable index of male fertility. ...
... Sperm count is also an important predictor of male fertility. Finally, sperm viability is a good indicator of sperm quality in fish (Flajshans et al., 2004), its analysis may detect reproductive dysfunctions caused by exposure to pollutants during the larval or adult stages (Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
Alterations of sperm quality were studied in tench (Tinca tinca) exposed to sub-lethal doses of 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol-EE2-(50, 100 and 500μg/kg t.w) under semi-static conditions for 30 days. Thus, different biomarkers of sperm quality were assessed: concentration and volume of ejaculate, total number of spermatozoa, percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm motility and percentage of live and dead spermatozoa. Sperm motility was examined by computer-assisted image analysis and the viability of spermatozoa was assessed through flow cytometry. The most relevant alterations observed were significant reductions in the reproductive parameters such as testicular somatic index, spermatozoa concentration, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and wobble in tench exposed to 50μg/kg t.w of EE2. Our study about the effects of EE2 on the sperm quality in tench provides new evidences which strengthen the fact that this synthetic estrogen is included in the list of non-monotonic dose response compounds in animal studies.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
... The reproductive system's ultimate goal is the production of sufficient numbers of viable gametes, making gamete quantity and quality the sole factors that matter. Gamete viability testing can, therefore, be used to evaluate reproductive failure and demonstrate effects at doses lower than those that entirely prevent the formation of gametes (Kime 1995;Kime and Nash 1999). ...
Structural and functional maturation in gametogenesis through comprehensive histoarchitectural and gross morphological analyses can serve as a powerful tool for gauging population health and resilience within gonochoristic fish populations. The Philippines boasts a robust neritic tuna fishery, with Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei) being a significant species. Nonetheless, our understanding of reproductive parameters in neritic tunas remains deficient, hampering sustainable management strategies. In this study, 975 fish samples were collected from Sarangani Bay, Davao Gulf, Moro Gulf, and Sulawesi Sea. Samples were then classified and grouped into four size classes: Size 1 (≤ 15 cm), Size 2 (15.1-25 cm), Size 3 (25.1-35 cm), and Size 4 (>35 cm). Six reproductive maturity stages were profiled: Immature, Onset Maturation, Developing/Maturing, Spawning/Mature, Spent, and Recovering. In Spawning/Mature, the testis appears opaque white, with full lobes discharging contents.At the same stage, the ovary is orange/pink in color, with noticeably visible venation. Examination of histoanatomy shows viable spermatozoa in testes, along with lobular lamina, secondary and primary spermatocytes, and spermatids. Ovaries at this stage show secondary vitellogenic oocytes and prominent yolk granules, with distinguishable follicular epithelium at the border of the follicle. Our data show that A. rochei gonad strategy is asynchronous and spawns at 25.1-35.0cm (Size 3). Our study is the first description of the gonadal maturity on the gross and histological aspects of Auxis rochei concerning its fish body length in the waters of Sarangani Bay, Davao Gulf, Moro Gulf, and Sulawesi Sea.
... Heavy metals, such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, etc. are important pollutant in aquatic ecosystems and found in considerable amounts in the fish tissues (Ackley et al., 1999;Canli and Atli, 2003;Kamman et al., 2005). Heavy metal contamination in fishes not only hamper the physiological processes of fish, leading to growth reduction and reproduction disorder (Kime, 1995;Kime and Nash, 1999), their consumption as protein source lead to human health hazards (Castro-González and Méndez-Armenta, 2008). Mercury ion [Hg (II)], a potent neurotoxin that damages the central nervous and endocrine systems, is a widespread contaminant in natural water. ...
Chemical and biological contaminants are of primary concern in ensuring seafood safety. Rapid detection of such contaminants is needed to keep us safe from being affected. For over three decades, immunoassay (IA) technology has been used for the detection of contaminants in seafood products. However, limitations inherent to antibody generation against small molecular targets that cannot elicit an immune response, along with the instability of antibodies under ambient conditions greatly limit their wider application for developing robust detection and monitoring tools, particularly for non-biomedical applications. As an alternative, aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) have emerged as a powerful yet robust analytical tool for detection of a wide range of analytes. Due to the high specificity of aptamers in recognising targets ranging from small molecules to large proteins and even whole cells, these have been suggested to be viable molecular recognition elements (MREs) in the development of new diagnostic and biosensing tools for detecting a wide range of contaminants including heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, pathogens and biotoxins. In this review, we discuss the recent progress made in the field of aptasensors for detection of contaminants in seafood products with a view of effectively managing their potential human health hazards. A critical outlook is also provided to facilitate translation of aptasensors from academic laboratories to the mainstream seafood industry and consumer applications.
... One of the most widely used biomarkers of exposure to estrogens and their mimics in fish is the induction of vitellogenin (Vtg) [12,13]. Vitellogenin is a yolk precursor lipophospho protein in the oviparous vertebrates [14], which is produced by the female liver stimulated by estrogen from the ovaries, and it is considered as a high molecular weight (250 to 600 kD) glycophospholipoprotein [15]. ...
Marine fish maintain their hypotonic body fluids by drinking seawater, excreting excess salt, and retaining water. Calcium in seawater is precipitated as CaCO3 in marine fish gut to limit the Ca2+ availability for absorption from the ingested water to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis; this process is controlled by endocrine functions. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the exposure to synthetic estrogen; ethinylestradiol (EE2), on the osmoregulation process (CaCO3 excretion rate from the intestine) and reproduction in the native fish species of Kuwait. The fish were exposed in a semi-static system to three treatments (control and 5 and 10 ng EE2/l of seawater) for two weeks, and then the terminal sampling was carried out. Blood samples were taken for vitellogenin (Vtg) analysis using Western blotting, dot blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Calcium carbonate samples were analysed for the excretion rate and showed no significant difference in treatments indicating that no effect on osmoregulation was observed. Water samples were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the concentration of EE2 in the exposure tanks, showing a 50% decrease in the nominal concentration after 24 h of exposure. Fish gonads and liver were dissected for histological examination, showing no obvious intersex in control and lowdose exposed group, whereas the high-dose exposed group showed signs of intersex. No Vtg was induced in the plasma and that could be due to many factors such as low concentrations received in the exposure tanks (2.3 and 4.9 ng/l), fish species, and exposure period. The hepatosomatic index showed no significant difference between treatments and the gonadosomatic index showed a significant difference between the control and high-dose group. Interesting results were obtained from IHC, where Vtg was localized in both treatments, although more Vtg was detected in higher-dose exposed fish for both tissues (liver and gonads).
... As stress can affect reproduction (Schreck, 2010), that behavior of proactive individuals is vital, particularly during breeding. In addition, the quality of fish gametes depends on the appropriate hormonal environment during development which can be disturbed by stress (Kime and Nash, 1999). In male fish, stress can induce changes in plasma osmolarity which in turn can affect sperm quality (Rurangwa et al., 2004). ...
Physiological and behavioral responses to stress can form distinct profiles in a wide range of animals. These profiles are widely known as proactive and reactive profiles or stress-coping styles. This study determined the effect of stress-coping style on the reproductive performance of Oreochromis niloticus. The stress-coping style of the breeders was determined through the changes of their eye color pattern (ECP) after the two-day isolation period. The proactive breeders (PB) were those individuals that manifested shorter period of adjustment in the new environment as indicated by the lower ECP values (0 to 3) at the end of the isolation period; whereas, the reactive breeders (RB) were those individuals that exhibited longer period of adjustment in the new environment as manifested by the higher ECP values (5 to 8) at the end of the isolation period. Different combination of breeders were tested: T1 (PB♂ PB♀); T2 (RB♂ RB♀); T3 (PB♂ RB♀); and T4 (RB♂ PB♀). Breeding was carried-out using twelve (1 x 2 x 1m) hapas installed in a pond. The sex ratio was one male: three females with stocking density of 8/m 2. Collection of egg and fry was done after fourteen days of breeding. Results showed that the sperm quality of proactive male was significantly different (P<0.05) to the sperm quality of reactive male. In terms of sperm motility, PB had significantly higher (P<0.05) motility of 9.2±0.577 than the RB (7.0±0.854). On the other hand, in terms of sperm density, PB also had significantly higher (P<0.05) sperm density (2.025x109±2.481x108) than the RB (9.688x108 ±2.11x108). On spawning success and seed production per female that spawned, the four treatments showed homogeinity. In total seed production, however, it was found that T1 (PB♂ PB♀) had significantly higher (P<0.05) total seed production of 1442.33±80.41 than the other treatments. The total seed production of Treatments 2 (RB♂ RB), 3 (PB♂ RB♀) and 4 (RB♂ PB♀) were found comparable to each other with only 658.00±144.78, 900.00±20.00 and 597.00±170.66 seeds, respectively. Results of the study demonstrated that the stress-coping style as determined by ECP changes during isolation, can influence the reproductive performance of O. niloticus. These differences of proactive breeders and reactive breeders in terms of sperm quality and seed production, demonstrated that the determination of stress-coping style by observing the changes in ECP during the two-day isolation was an effective tool in the determination of the breeding quality of the fish.
... Sebagai produk hasil pemuliaan, perbedaan ini diduga akibat tidak semua individu dari setiap generasi mewarisi gen yang sama, kemudian adanya persaingan antar individu dalam lingkungan pemeliharaan sehingga hal ini dapat memicu tingkat stres yang berdampak terhadap hormonal. Menurut Grande & Andersen (1990); Kime & Nash (1999); Webb & Doroshov (2011), perkembangan dan maturasi oosit ikan dipengaruhi oleh genetik, lingkungan, dan stres. ...
Ikan baung (Hemibagrus nemurus) telah berhasil didomestikasi oleh Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar dan Penyuluhan Perikanan, Bogor. Hasil penelitian domestikasi, populasi Cirata memiliki fekunditas dan pertumbuhan yang lebih bagus, populasi ini dikembangkan hingga tiga generasi (G1, G2 dan G3) namun, ada informasi terbatas mengenai perbandingan antara perkembangan gonad dari berbagai generasi ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur pertumbuhan dan mengamati perkembangan gonad generasi pertama (G-1), kedua (G-2), dan ketiga (G-3). Parameter yang diukur dan diamati meliputi pengukuran panjang, berat, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, morfologi dan berat gonad, diameter oosit, dan indeks gonad somatik (IGS). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap dua bulan dengan mengumpulkan sepuluh sampel ikan dari setiap generasi. Jaringan gonad disiapkan secara histologis dan diwarnai larutan asetokarmin sebagai zat pewarna. Pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop dengan perbesaran 4 x 10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada usia 222 hari, gonad jantan dan betina secara fisik masih dalam bentuk benang halus. Namun, karakteristik sekunder pada ikan jantan seperti papila sudah mulai tampak meski tidak terlalu jelas. Pada usia 283 hari, ukuran oosit berkisar antara 0.025-0.05 mm. Pada usia 345 hari, telur mulai terlihat dengan ukuran oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 masing-masing berkisar antara 0.59 ± 0.24, 0.39 ± 0.15, dan 0.48 ± 0.15 mm. Setelah usia 406 hari, perkembangan gonad mencapai TKG-III dengan diameter rata-rata oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 berkisar antara 1.13 ± 0.11, 0.92 ± 0.18, dan 1.11 ± 0.10 mm dengan IGS dari G-1, G-2, dan G-3 dari 8.20%, 0.98 %, dan 4.8%, masing-masing. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara diameter oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 (P£0,05). Keturunan kedua (G-2) merupakan generasi terbaik untuk dijadikan kandidat budidaya. Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) has been successfully domesticated by the Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor. The results of the domestication of Cirata population have better fecundity and growth, this population has been developed for up to three generations (G1, G2 and G3) however, there is limited information regarding the comparison between the ovarian development of different generations of the fish]. This study’s aim was to measure the growth and observe the ovarian development of the first (G-1), second (G-2), and third generations (G-3). The parameters measured and observed included the measurements of length, weight, specific growth rate, morphology and gonad weight, oocyte diameter, and somatic gonad index (IGS). The sampling was carried out every two months by collecting ten fish samples of each generation. Gonad tissues were histologically prepared and stained asetocarmine solution as the coloring agent. The observations used a microscope with a magnification of 4 x 10. The results of the study showed that at the age of 222 days, the male and female gonads were physically still in the form of fine threads. However, secondary characteristics in male fish such as papillae have begun to appear though not very clear. At the age of 283 days, oocytes’ sizes ranged between 0.025-0.05 mm. At the age of 345 days, the eggs were starting to be visible with the oocyte sizes of G-1, G-2, and G-3 ranged between 0.59 ± 0.24, 0.39 ± 0.15, and 0.48 ± 0.15 mm, respectively. After the age of 406 days, the development of gonads reached gonad maturating level III with the average diameter of the oocytes of G-1, G-2, and G-3 ranged between 1.13 ± 0.11, 0.92 ± 0.18, and 1.11 ± 0.10 mm with the IGS of G-1, G-2, and G-3 of 8.20%, 0.98%, and 4.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference among the oocyte diameters of G-1, G-2, and G-3 (P£0.05). The 2nd generation (G2) is the best generation to be a candidate aquaculture.
... Sebagai produk hasil pemuliaan, perbedaan ini diduga akibat tidak semua individu dari setiap generasi mewarisi gen yang sama, kemudian adanya persaingan antar individu dalam lingkungan pemeliharaan sehingga hal ini dapat memicu tingkat stres yang berdampak terhadap hormonal. Menurut Grande & Andersen (1990); Kime & Nash (1999); Webb & Doroshov (2011), perkembangan dan maturasi oosit ikan dipengaruhi oleh genetik, lingkungan, dan stres. ...
ABSTRAK Ikan baung (Hemibagrus nemurus) telah berhasil didomestikasi oleh Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar dan Penyuluhan Perikanan, Bogor. Hasil penelitian domestikasi, populasi Cirata memiliki fekunditas dan pertumbuhan yang lebih bagus, populasi ini dikembangkan hingga tiga generasi (G1, G2 dan G3) namun, ada informasi terbatas mengenai perbandingan antara perkembangan gonad dari berbagai generasi ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur pertumbuhan dan mengamati perkembangan gonad generasi pertama (G-1), kedua (G-2), dan ketiga (G-3). Parameter yang diukur dan diamati meliputi pengukuran panjang, berat, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, morfologi dan berat gonad, diameter oosit, dan indeks gonad somatik (IGS). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap dua bulan dengan mengumpulkan sepuluh sampel ikan dari setiap generasi. Jaringan gonad disiapkan secara histologis dan diwarnai larutan asetokarmin sebagai zat pewarna. Pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop dengan perbesaran 4 x 10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada usia 222 hari, gonad jantan dan betina secara fisik masih dalam bentuk benang halus. Namun, karakteristik sekunder pada ikan jantan seperti papila sudah mulai tampak meski tidak terlalu jelas. Pada usia 283 hari, ukuran oosit berkisar antara 0.025-0.05 mm. Pada usia 345 hari, telur mulai terlihat dengan ukuran oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 masing-masing berkisar antara 0.59 ± 0.24, 0.39 ± 0.15, dan 0.48 ± 0.15 mm. Setelah usia 406 hari, perkembangan gonad mencapai TKG-III dengan diameter rata-rata oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 berkisar antara 1.13 ± 0.11, 0.92 ± 0.18, dan 1.11 ± 0.10 mm dengan IGS dari G-1, G-2, dan G-3 dari 8.20%, 0.98 %, dan 4.8%, masing-masing. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara diameter oosit G-1, G-2, dan G-3 (P0,05). Keturunan kedua (G-2) merupakan generasi terbaik untuk dijadikan kandidat budidaya. KATA KUNCI: ikan baung; Hemibagrus nemurus; umur; gonad; asetokarmine ABSTRACT: Growth and gonadal development of Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) G-1, G-2, and G-3. By: Irin Iriana Kusmini, Anang Hari Kristanto, Ani Widiyati, and Fera Permata Putri Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) has been successfully domesticated by the Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor. The results of the domestication of Cirata population have better fecundity and growth, this population has been developed for up to three generations (G1, G2 and G3) however, there is limited information regarding the comparison between the ovarian development of different generations of the fish]. This study's aim was to measure the growth and observe the ovarian development of the first (G-1), second (G-2), and third generations (G-3). The parameters measured and observed included the measurements of length, weight, specific growth rate, morphology and gonad weight, oocyte diameter, and somatic gonad index (IGS). The sampling was carried out every two months by collecting ten fish samples of each generation. Gonad tissues were histologically prepared and stained asetocarmine solution as the coloring agent. The observations used a microscope with a magnification of 4 x 10. The results of the study showed that at the age of 222 days, the male and female gonads were physically still in the form of fine threads. However, secondary characteristics in male fish such as papillae have begun to appear though not very clear. At the age of 283 days, oocytes' sizes ranged between 0.025-0.05 mm. At the age of 345 days, the eggs were starting to be visible with the oocyte sizes of G-1, G-2, and G-3 ranged between 0.59 ± 0.24,
... According to our results, the value of VSL, VCL and VAP were different to other researchers ( Table 2). The differences in the investigated values may be due to different computer assisted sperm analyzer systems [28], differences in the diet of fish [29], stress factors of mature fish [30], breeding season and age of mature fish [31]. ...
This study was conducted to determine the working principle and operability of the BASA-Sperm Aqua module software of the newly developed computer-assisted sperm analysis system (BASA) for the evaluation of spermatozoa motility in fish. Semen samples of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) species were examined for this purpose. Sperm motility parameters such as VSL (μm/s), VCL (μm/s), VAP (μm/s), LIN (%), BCF (Hz), ALH (μm) and MAD (o) were examined. The investigated parameters were compared with data which analyzed in similar computer systems and published in international manuscripts. Finally, the BASA-Sperm Aqua has been found to be a software that performs its functions very quickly and practical and produces accurate and understandable results in the determining sperm quality parameters of fish.
... 8 Male fish exposed to these compounds in the ecosystem may exhibit a range of reproductive problems including constrained or disrupted testicular development and physiological and anatomical feminization, coupled with elevated levels of the female-specific protein, vitellogenin (VTG). [9][10][11] In mature females of zebrafish, the synthetic estrogen 17a-ethynylestradiol (EE2), detected in sewage effluents and in surface waters, 12,13 was proved to reduce yolk-filled occytes. 14 Therefore, the aim of the present work was to detect the reproductive impairment in ...
This study aimed at inspecting pollution impact on the reproduction process of Tilapia zillii (Gerv.) living in three main basins of Lake Mariut. Our results revealed that there were two main seasons detected for males and females during a whole year of investigation, namely, non-spawning and spawning seasons. In males, though the two seasons started and ended simultaneously, gonadosomatic index values of males living in the relatively clean area were significantly higher than those of the other two polluted areas. However, no structural alterations could be detected in sections of male gonads from the three basins. All stages of maturation were represented in all gonad sections. In females, gonadosomatic index values of fish living in the relatively clean basin were significantly higher than those of fish living in the other two polluted areas. Females living in the relatively clean area attained two prominent peaks during the spawning season compared to one peak for the other two polluted areas. Spawning season for one of the two polluted areas was one month shorter than the reference area. Histologically, belated and deformed maturation stages as well as ruptured and empty follicles were observed in female gonad sections from the two polluted areas.
... However, the production of hormones that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, such as 11-keto-testosterone, was found to impair the reproductive success of A. altiparanae (Kida et al., 2016). Since all physiological systems are intrinsically related, changes in the immune and endocrine systems generate adaptive responses that can disrupt processes and even impair survival (Kime and Nash, 1999). In summary, endogenous and extrinsic processes induce variations in oxidative stress biomarkers levels in individuals during the reproductive phase, and can initiate adaptive responses in this process (Aras et al., 2009). ...
... Yine sperm örneklerinin ortalama VCL değerinin 115.18 µm/sn olarak hesaplanmış ve bu değerin Dietrich ve arkadaşları [19] ve Boryshpolets ve arkadaşlarının [13] verilerinden küçük, Chyb ve arkadaşlarının [16,17] değerlerinden ise büyük olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ortalama VAP değerinin 63.85 µm/sn olduğu ve bu değerin diğer araştırıcıların [15][16][17][18][19] İncelenen VSL, VCL ve VAP değerlerinin farklılıklarının öncelikle araştırmacılarca kullanılan farklı bilgisayar destekli sperm analizör sistemlerinden kaynaklanabileceği [15] ve bunun yanında balıkların beslenme rejimlerinin farklılıklarından [20], anaç balık stres faktörlerinden [21], damızlık yaşı ve üreme sezonundan [22] kaynaklanabileceği söylenebilir. ...
In this study, we were especially aimed to determine the applicability, ease and / or difficulty about Image J-Fiji program and its process which are stil widely used to evaluation of sperm cell motility. The
obtained parameters were compared with the results which resented with similar computer systems. Therefore, in this study, the sperm samples of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) species have examined and parameters of sperm cell motility were calculated such as VSL: 74.05 μm/s, VCL:115.18μm/s, VAP:63.85 μm/s, BCF: 10.75 Hzand ALH: 19.28μm. Finally, it can be said that the Image J-Fiji program provides a practical and quick method for the detection and processing of sperm cells in fishes, and that it is easy and feasible to determine the sperm quality of male broodstocks in fish hatchery centers.
... The quality of fish gametes depends on the appropriate hormone environment during development, but this may be disturbed by stress (Kime & Nash, 1999). Stress increases the level of cortisol and decreases steroid testosterone and ketotestosterone levels (Rurangwa et al., 2004). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate if hormonal treatment causes changes in the morphology of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus spermatozoa. Twelve males were randomized into three treatment groups: 1, Ovaprim™ (0.5 ml/kg); 2, carp pituitary extract (CPE; 2.0 mg/kg); and 3, NaCl solution 0.9% – control group (0.5 ml/kg); with four replicates. Morphological sperm analysis was performed using an optical and scanning electron microscope. The percentage of normal spermatozoa (49.6±4.6% to 60.8±2.8%), with primary (26.1±6.4% to 45.3±4.5%) and secondary abnormalities (4.4±2.9% to 13.9±3.5%) did not differ significantly between treatment groups. There were no significant differences between treatments in relation to the primary abnormalities found in the head (10.5±3.8% to 25.5±6.3%), the midpiece (0.1±0.1% to 0.2±0.2%) and in the flagellum (18.9±3.8% to 15.5±3.1%), as well as in the secondary abnormalities, located in the head (0.8±0.4% to 7.8±4.6%) and in the flagellum (2.2±1.1% to 6.1±1.5%). When each abnormality was evaluated individually, only the percentage of degenerated head was higher in the CPE-induced group (24.9±5.9%) than the control group (7.2±3.1%). We concluded that the use of pituitary extract of carp or Ovaprim™ under the conditions of this experiment does not influence the percentage of sperm abnormalities in B . amazonicus .
... Recent evidence obtained by Gárriz et al. (2015) in embryos and larvae of the pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis shows that the exposure to 22.5-180 ng/L EE2 has a higher impact on survival than E2 dosages in the range of 175-1400 ng/L. The mean post-hatch survival of zebrafish larvae showed a dramatic decrease after 48-h exposure to 5 ng/L EE2 (Kime and Nash 1999), as also observed in the present work. Since EE2 biological targets (i.e., estrogen receptors) are functionally expressed in S. aurata larvae (Yufera et al. 2012), the involvement of estrogenic pathways in lethal outcomes observed at 50-500 ng/L cannot be ruled out. ...
Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitously detected in the marine environment at the ng–μg/L range. Given their biological activity, these compounds are known to induce detrimental effects on biota at relatively low exposure levels; however, whether they affect early life stages of marine species is still unclear. In this study, a set of bioassays was performed to assess the effects of propranolol (PROP), 17-α ethinylestradiol (EE2), and gemfibrozil (GEM) on gamete fertilization and embryonic development of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus), and on the survival of seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Treatments of PROP (500, 5000, 50,000 ng/L), EE2 (5, 50, 500 ng/L), and GEM (50, 500, 5000 ng/L) were selected to encompass levels comparable or superior to environmental concentrations. Obtained data were tested for dose-response curve fitting and the lowest EC10/LC10 used to calculate risk quotients (RQs) based on the MEC/PNEC. No alteration was induced by PROP on the mussel gamete fertilization, while inhibitory effects were observed at environmental levels of EE2 (500 ng/L) and GEM (5000 ng/L). Fertilization was significantly reduced in sea urchin at all PROP and EE2 dosages. The 48-h exposure to all pharmaceuticals induced the onset of morphological abnormalities in either mussel or sea urchin embryos. Alterations were generally observed at environmentally relevant dosages, except for PROP in mussels, in which alterations occurred only at 50,000 ng/L. A decreased survival of seabream larvae was recorded after 96-h exposure to PROP (all treatments), EE2 (50–500 ng/L), and GEM (500 ng/L). A median RQ > 1 was obtained for all pharmaceuticals, assigning a high risk to their occurrence in marine environments. Overall, results showed that current levels of contamination by pharmaceuticals can impact early stages of marine species, which represent critical junctures in the resilience of coastal ecosystems.
... Moreover, numerous circulating endocrine and locally acting paracrine and autocrine factors regulate the various stages of oocyte development and maturation 29,30 . Other factors that significantly affect fish eggs are genetic, environmental and stress factors [31][32][33] 18 and Clarias gariepinus 38 , but lower than those reported for Ictalurus punctatus 39 . It appears that the semen volume in other species has a positive relationship with sperm concentration, including in Ictalurus punctatus 39 . ...
Background: Hemibagrus wyckii Bagridae is one of the most important economic fish species that lives in the rivers and reservoir in Riau Province, Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive performance of H.wyckii under culture conditions.
Methods: A total of 10 female and 10 male fish were selected, and weight, length, characteristics of egg and sperm, and hatchery performance were measured. Eggs were fertilized using the dry method. Egg weight and egg diameters were measured for 50 eggs per female. Egg size (50 eggs for each fish) was measured using an Olympus microscope (CX40). Then, saline solution was added over the eggs, followed by the addition of pooled sperm from 10 males.
Results: Average relative fecundity, egg weight and egg diameter were 2060±512 eggs/kg fish, 29.86±1.21 mg and 2.67±0.26 mm, respectively. The fertilization rate and hatching rate were 60.91±4.68% and 42.91±2.92% respectively. Sperm characteristics such as volume per fish (mL), pH, concentration (per mL), motility (%) and duration of motility (second) were 0.82±0.20, 7.15±0.12, 3.68±0.15, 72.77±1.46 and 47.5±4.84, respectively.
Conclusion: The study results and scientific observations regarding reproductive performance suggest that H. wyckii can be considered a new candidate species for aquaculture.
... The fish fauna, an important component of the aquatic food web, is directly or indirectly exposed to various stressful conditions, leading to the deterioration of its health status. Previous studies have shown that continuous exposure of fish to pollution may disrupt their reproductive potential and endocrine function, which can result in the decline of fish fauna (Kime, 1999;Kime and Nash, 1999). It has now been established that fish species are exposed to multiple stressors, which have different effects from those posed by a single stressor (Marcogliese and Pietroct, 2011). ...
Endoparasitic infections vary significantly across altered aquatic ecosystems, making these organisms ideal for the biomonitoring of degraded environments. To assess the biomonitoring potential of the Caryophyllaeid tapeworm Adenoscolex oreini and the possible impact of water quality on fish species, a study was carried out in three lakes with marked eutrophication and pollution gradients. The A. oreini infection level in three host fish species of the genus Schizothorax and corresponding fish health status were determined. The pattern of cestode infection varied significantly in the three fish species across the pollution gradient. The prevalence of infection in two fish species (Schizothorax esocinus and S. curvifrons) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the eutrophic lake than in the reference lake, whereas in S. niger, the maximum was reached in the hypereutrophic lake. The estimated marginal mean intensity and other infection indices varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the inter- and intra-pollution gradients of lakes. Multivariate statistical analysis results revealed maximum cestode infection in the eutrophic lake. An altered seasonal pattern was observed in the highly stressed lake. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor values were significantly greater in fish collected from the reference lake than in those collected from the other lakes. A significant negative relationship between GSI and cestode prevalence was observed in the hypereutrophic lake as compared to least eutrophic lake. These findings indicate that infection indices of the Caryophyllaeid tapeworm and health attributes of fish can act as surrogates for the environmental quality of deteriorated lentic water bodies of the north-western Himalayan region, which is currently undergoing environmental degradation.
... The fish fauna, an important component of the aquatic food web, is directly or indirectly exposed to various stressful conditions, leading to the deterioration of its health status. Previous studies have shown that continuous exposure of fish to pollution may disrupt their reproductive potential and endocrine function, which can result in the decline of fish fauna (Kime, 1999;Kime and Nash, 1999). It has now been established that fish species are exposed to multiple stressors, which have different effects from those posed by a single stressor (Marcogliese and Pietroct, 2011). ...
Endoparasitic infections vary significantly across altered aquatic ecosystems and therefore, these organisms are ideal for biomonitoring of degraded environments. To assess the biomonitoring potential of the Caryophyllaeid tapeworm Adenoscolex oreini and the possible impact of water quality on fish species, a study was carried out in three lakes with marked eutrophication and pollution gradients. The A. oreini infection level in three host fish species of the genus Schizothorax and fish health status, were determined. The pattern of cestode infection varied significantly in the three fish species across the pollution gradient. The prevalence of infection in two fish species (Schizothorax esocinus and S. curvifrons) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the eutrophic lake than in the reference lake, whereas in S. niger, it was the maximum in the hypereutrophic lake. The estimated marginal mean intensity and other infection indices varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the inter- and intra-pollution gradients of lakes. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that cestode infection in the eutrophic lake was the maximum. An altered seasonal pattern was observed in the highly stressed lake. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor values were significantly greater in fish collected from the reference lake than those collected from the other lakes. A significant negative relationship between GSI and cestode prevalence was observed in the hypereutrophic lake but not in the least eutrophic lake. These findings indicate that infection indices of Caryophyllaeid tapeworm and health attributes of fish can act as surrogates for the environmental quality of deteriorated lentic water bodies of the north-western Himalayan region, which is currently undergoing environmental degradation.
... Recent evidence obtained by Gárriz et al. (2015) in embryos and larvae of the pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis shows that the exposure to 22.5-180 ng/L EE2 has a higher impact on survival than E2 dosages in the range of 175-1400 ng/L. The mean post-hatch survival of zebrafish larvae showed a dramatic decrease after 48-h exposure to 5 ng/L EE2 (Kime and Nash 1999), as also observed in the present work. Since EE2 biological targets (i.e., estrogen receptors) are functionally expressed in S. aurata larvae (Yufera et al. 2012), the involvement of estrogenic pathways in lethal outcomes observed at 50-500 ng/L cannot be ruled out. ...
This study aimed at evaluating the environmental quality of a coastal lagoon (Pialassa Piomboni, NW-Adriatic, Italy) by combining analyses of biomarkers of environmental stress and bioaccumulation of contaminants in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) transplanted for 28 days to six selected sites. Assessed biomarkers encompassed lysosomal endpoints, oxidative stress and detoxification parameters, specific responses to metals, neuro- and genotoxic substances; chemical analyses focused on PAHs, metals, pesticide and pharmaceuticals. Results showed up to a 67-fold bioaccumulation of 4- to 6-ring PAHs, including pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene and benzo(ghi)perylene in transplanted mussels compared to reference conditions (T0). A 10-fold increase of Fe, Cr and Mn was observed, while pesticides and pharmaceuticals were not or slightly detected. The onset of a significant (p < 0.05) general stress syndrome occurred in exposed mussels, as outlined by a 50–57.7% decrease in haemocytes lysosomal membrane stability and an increased lysosomal volume (22.6–26.9%) and neutral lipid storage (18.9–48.8%) observed in digestive gland. Data also revealed a diffuse lipofuscin accumulation (86.5–139.3%; p < 0.05) in digestive gland, occasionally associated to a catalase activity inhibition in gill, indicating an increased vulnerability toward pro-oxidant factors. Higher levels of primary DNA damage (258%; p < 0.05) and PAH accumulation were found in mussels exposed along the eastern shoreline, hosting a petrochemical settlement. Bioaccumulated metals showed a positive correlation with increased metallothionein content (85–208%; p < 0.05) observed in mussels from most sites. Overall, the use of physiological and chemical analyses detected chronic alterations of the mussel health status induced by specific toxicological pathways, proving a suitable approach in the framework of biomonitoring programs of coastal lagoons.
... Subtler aspects of toxicity, such as reproductive disorders evidenced after longer exposure to low concentrations of pollutants, have usually been less examined. For this aspect, but on a global scale, more attention has always been given to reproductive effects on fish (Harries et al. 1997;Arcand-Hoy & Benson 1998;Kime & Nash 1999), and little research is available that employs multi-generation studies (Patyna et al. 1999;Schwaiger et al. 2002). ...
Ecotoxicology is the science responsible for the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on ecosystems considering biotic and abiotic components. Several invertebrate groups have long been used to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of chemical compounds. Among these organisms, the microcrustaceans are the most recommended in Brazilian and international protocols (e.g. Daphnia sp. and Ceriodaphnia sp.). Until the beginning of the 1990s, the use of mollusks with ecotoxicological purposes was non-existent, except for the species tested as target of molluscicides in public health studies. Since the second half of this same decade the tests with mollusks have begun to be disseminated in several countries, valuing endemic species and especially the scarcity of test species in benthic habitats. In the early 2000s, with the disclosure of the harmful effects of pollutants with endocrine disrupting properties, gastropods have begun to be used not to evaluate lethal effects, but rather to observe physiological effects such as reproduction and embryonic development. Since then, assays with these approaches, especially with freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria sp., have been considered to be innovative and highly sensitive, often more than those achieved with traditional groups of test organisms in ecotoxicology (such as microcrustaceans and fishes).
... Gamete viability has generally been assessed simply by determining fertilization rate, hatch rate, or offspring viability from fish exposed to endocrine disrupters. Examination of gamete viability is a useful monitor of reproductive impairment; effects are seen at concentrations below which total gamete development is inhibited (Kime and Nash 1999). This response was particularly evident because fertilization rate and offspring viability at 6 d.a.h. in the genistein-treated groups were reduced compared with the control and the E2-treated fish. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of genistein or 17𝛃-estradiol (E2) on the
reproductive physiology in male gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio.Maturingmale gibel carp received
intraperitoneal injections of E2 (10 𝛍g/g body weight), one of two genistein doses (5 𝛍g/g body weight,
G5, or 50 𝛍g/g body weight, G50), or the injection vehicle every other day for 10 d. Disruptions in
reproductive capacity were determined by measuring indices of sperm quality, plasma metabolites
and sex steroids, histological analyses of testes, fertilization rate, and offspring viability. E2 and
genistein treatment reduced gonadosomatic index and milt volume, while reduction in spermatozoa
concentration and spermatocrit occurred only in E2 and G50-treated males. Histological examination
of the testes indicates that E2 and genistein inhibited reproductive capacity through disruption of the
spermatogenesis in males. Genistein reduced fertilization rate and offspring viability at 6 d after hatch
(d.a.h.). Plasma testosterone and E2 decreased and increased, respectively, with E2 and G50 treatment.
E2 and G50 treatment altered plasma metabolite phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride.
These findings indicate that genistein can negatively affect reproductive capacity in male gibel carp,
suggesting that high dietary genistein may impair gonad development.
... 11 However, several researchers reported a broad range of chemical constituents of the reclaimed water that have negative impacts the homeostasis on some animals. 12,13 The definitive cause or causes of this nega-tive impact is/are undetermined; however, several factors have been reported to cause such morphological changes in the midgut. These factors are infectious processes, non-infectious and/or toxic causes. ...
The purpose of this study was to assess the death rate and morphological changes in the midgut of honey worker bees when reclaimed water was the only source of drinking compared with the case when fresh water was the normal source of drinking. Two feeding solutions were implemented: fresh water sugar solution and reclaimed water sugar solution for eight consecutive days. The cages were inspected daily for any deaths of the honeybees. At the end of the experiments, midguts were removed; processed and pathological changes of the midguts were reported. The usage of reclaimed water as a drinking water had negative impacts on the average deaths of the honeybee colonies as well as the morphology of their midguts. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been conducted before and this is the first study that addresses the usage of reclaimed water as a sole source drinking water for honeybee colonies.
... The quality of gametes depends on the appropriate environment during gametogenesis but this may be disturbed in animals exposed to stress conditions [224]. Stress in captivity can produce several reproductive dysfunctions in male broodstock, affecting several sperm characteristics such as motility, cell viability, cell concentration, plasma composition and, at later times, even sperm production. ...
... Of special interest are hormonal disrupters, especially considering their proven ability to masculinize many fi sh species (Hachfi et al. 2012). Viability of fi sh gametes in the presence of such xenobiotic pollutants has been proposed as an indicator of the effects of these molecules (Kime and Nash 1999). Insecticide molecules, among which atrazine is an example affecting cAMP signaling (Suzawa and Ingraham 2008), are also known to affect fi sh gametes (Banaee 2012). ...
... The reason for a stimulation or inhibition of steroid hormone production remains unclear. However, given the high plasticity of fish, as suggested for A. altiparanae and most Astyanax species, sublethal metal concentrations can affect the endocrine system but not damage the entire body (Kime and Nash 1999). Given that physiological systems are intrinsically related, changes in the endocrine system can trigger altered responses in the reproductive tract, and there is a multitude of factors that influence those effects; thus, tools are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action of EDs. ...
Metals can influence the gonadal steroidogenesis and endocrine systems of fish, thereby affecting their reproduction. The effects of aluminum and manganese in acidic water were investigated on steroidogenesis in sexually mature male Astyanax altiparanae. Whether mature male fish recover from the effects of metals in metal-free water was also assessed. The fish were exposed to 0.5 mg L(-1) of isolated or combined aluminum and manganese in acidic pH (5.5) to keep the metals bioavailable. The fish underwent 96 h of acute exposure, and samples were taken 24 and 96 h after the beginning of the experiment. The fish were then maintained in metal-free water for 96 h. Plasma levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17β-estradiol, and cortisol were measured. Acidic water increased the plasma concentration of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Aluminum increased the testosterone levels after 96 h of exposure. Manganese increased the 17β-estradiol levels after 24 h of exposure and maintained at high levels until the end of the experiment. With the exception of acidic pH, which increased cortisol levels after 24 h of exposure, no changes were observed in this corticosteroid during the acute experiment. Aluminum and manganese together also altered steroid levels but without a standard variation. The fish recovered from the effects of most exposure conditions after 96 h in metal-free water. A. altiparanae could use reproductive tactics to trigger changes in testicular steroidogenesis by accelerating spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, which may interfere with their reproductive dynamics.
... During the last two decades, a large part of the studies dealing with the impact of ECs on fish reproduction has been devoted to the endocrine disruption of reproduction (Arukwe, 2001;Jobling et al., 1998;Matthiessen and Sumpter, 1998). In particular, the ability of some compounds to interfere with endocrine functions in fish testes has been shown to diminished reproductive parameters such as sperm production, motility, velocity and fertilizing ability both in laboratory conditions and in the wild (Hatef et al., 2013;Kime and Nash, 1999). ...
In this review we provide an overview of the components of the spermatozoa playing an important role in reproductive success beyond fertilization, showing the relationship between the integrity of the diverse elements and the development of a healthy offspring. The present knowledge about fish sperm chromatin organization, epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones and sperm-borne RNAs, essential in controlling embryo development, is summarized, pointing out the possibility of using specific genes or transcripts as biomarkers of sperm quality. Data about commercial species are reported when available and more detailed information about zebrafish sperm is presented.
... Testicular injury is also an important indicator of heavy metal pollution (Kime and Nash, 1999;Reglero et al., 2009;Li et al., 2010b), and some testicular indicators (e.g. sperm number, viability) are sensitive measures of male reproductive toxicity (Massanyi et al., 2007;Toman et al., 2012;Habas et al., 2014). ...
... Kime and Nash, 1999 [21] said that the quality of fish gametes depends on the suitable hormonal environment during their development but they may be affected negative by stress. However, Campbell et al., 1999 [22] reported that the repeated acute stress during reproductive development in rainbow trout caused to significantly delayed ovulation and reduced egg size and also they observed significantly decreased sperm counts and decreased survival rates for progeny between stressed and unstressed controls. ...
This research was carried out major and trace elements (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Fe++ and Zn++) in seminal plasma and quality parameters of sperm (Volume, pH and spermatocrit of sperm, motility, duration and density of spermatozoa) of two different trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta fario) in a fish farm. As results, the levels of Ca++, Fe++ and volume of sperm between two species of trout were significant difference as statistically (p<0.05). We aimed to investigate performance and management status of male brood stocks in this fish farm. Finally, male brood stocks of this fish farm had very low quality parameters of sperm as normal standards. Additionally, all the results showed that this farm had not a management of brood stocks.
... Spermatozoa in many aquatic animals with external fertilization are directly exposed to toxicants. Fertilization success, hatching success and survival of embryos, larvae and adults are affected by toxicants (Au et al., 2001;Li et al., 2010a,b;Kime and Nash, 1999;Rurangwa et al., 2002). Toxicants cause to generation of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) in spermatozoa due to highly susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO) for including high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a largely lack of protective cytoplasmic antioxidant enzymes activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPX) and catalase (CAT)] in their membranes (Drevet, 2006;Li et al., 2010a cell apoptosis occur in consequence of lipid peroxidation (Ong et al., 2002;Agarwal et al., 2003;Baker and Aitken, 2004;Zhou et al., 2006;Li et al., 2010a;Gazo et al., 2013). ...
There is little information in the scientific literature about effect of in vitro exposure of fish spermatozoa to pesticides. In vitro effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on sperm quality and oxidative stress has not been fully explored yet. The effects of LCT, which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, on quality and oxidative stress of spermatozoa were investigated in vitro due to extensively use to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. To explore the potential in vitro toxicity of LCT, fish spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of LCT (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 g/L) for 2 h. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in spermatozoa were analyzed for determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance. Our results indicated that the percentage and duration of sperm motility significantly decreased with exposure to LCT. Activity of GSH-Px and MDA (P < 0.05) and GSH levels (P < 0.05) increased in a concentration-dependent manner while CAT activity decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the oxidant and antioxidant status and sperm quality were affected by increasing concentrations of LCT.
... When P. lineatus is kept in captivity, its reproductive cycle is interrupted (MORAES et al., 2004); hence, hormonal manipulation is required to induce the final gonadal maturation and the release of gametes for further artificial fertilization (WOYNAROVICH;HORVÁTH, 1983). During artificial reproduction, the gametes and embryos exposed to water are susceptible to abiotic features (JONES; REYNOLDS, 1997;NASH, 1999). Changes in the water pH may cause damage to aquatic organisms (TOMITA; BEYRUTH, 2002). ...
We investigated the effects of breeding water pH on the spermatic motility, artificial fertilization, and initial development of offspring in curimba, Prochilodus lineatus. After hormonal induction, we conducted gamete activation, artificial fertilization, and embryo incubation in water with pH values of 4.43 ± 0.13, 5.82 ± 0.14, 7.37 ± 0.10, 8.21 ± 0.06, and 9.57 ± 0.16. When the water pH was 6.65, spermatic motility was maintained for =25.21 s (P < 0.05). The highest fertilization rates (P < 0.05) were obtained when the water pH ranged from 5.82 ± 0.14 to 8.21 ± 0.06, and the highest hatching rates (P < 0.05) were observed when the water pH was 7.37 ± 0.10. A water pH of between 7.37 ± 0.10 and 8.21 ± 0.06 resulted in more complete formation of the perivitelline space (P < 0.05); additionally, embryos incubated in alkaline waters produced a higher percentage of normal larvae (P < 0.05), despite increased mortality levels. Our results indicate that the pH of the water used for gamete activation, artificial oocyte fertilization, and incubation of eggs and larvae of P. lineatus should be ~7, in order to promote successful breeding and normal larval production.
... Spermatozoa in many aquatic animals with external fertilization are directly exposed to toxicants. Fertilization success, hatching success and survival of embryos, larvae and adults are affected by toxicants (Au et al., 2001;Li et al., 2010a,b;Kime and Nash, 1999;Rurangwa et al., 2002). Toxicants cause to generation of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) in spermatozoa due to highly susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO) for including high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a largely lack of protective cytoplasmic antioxidant enzymes activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPX) and catalase (CAT)] in their membranes (Drevet, 2006;Li et al., 2010a cell apoptosis occur in consequence of lipid peroxidation (Ong et al., 2002;Agarwal et al., 2003;Baker and Aitken, 2004;Zhou et al., 2006;Li et al., 2010a;Gazo et al., 2013). ...
... Once activated, the sperm are motile for a few minutes (Morisawa and Suzuki, 1980;Billard et al., 1995). During this time, they must enter the egg via the micropyle (Kime and Nash, 1999). It is because of the nature of this fertilization that the first minute after induction of motility is crucial for success (Casselman et al., 2006;Hara et al., 2007) and, the sperm must swim fast enough and in the right direction to find the micropyle (Rurangwa et al., 2004). ...
... For instance, contaminant mobilization, contaminant leaching, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer through the food web could occur because of the dredging or disposal of contaminated sediments, but the expression of the impacts thereof in exposed biota may have a lag time (Nightingale and Simenstad 2001). Gamete viability has been used previously as an indicator of reproductive endocrine disruption in fish (Kime and Nash 1999). Sopinka (2010) examined impacts on sperm in plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) and round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) and found that living in contaminated areas influenced gamete quality, specifically, greater proportions of dead eggs, greater testicular asymmetry, and shorter sperm heads. ...
The long-term effects of sediment exposure on aquatic organisms are poorly understood, yet it is critical for determining threshold effects and exposure limits to mitigate potential impacts with regard to population
dynamics. In this paper, we present the current state of knowledge to help consolidate the breadth of information regarding total suspended solids (TSS) thresholds for aquatic species, as well as identify areas where data are lacking. More specifically, we provide the state of the science related to TSS effects on freshwater and estuarine fish including short-term (i.e., physiology and behavior) and long-term effects. Our research indicated that little attention has been given to examining long-term effects, e.g., transgenerational effects, from suspended sediments (SS) on fish populations. Understanding transgenerational effects is paramount to developing and predicting the links between fish condition, survival, populations, and communities. Survival of a local fish population to high sediment loads often translates into short-term physiological and behavioral effects; however, the ramifications of such exposure events are rarely tracked across generations. The majority of studies involving SS effects on fish have focused on exposure and mortality rates of affected fish, deposited eggs, or larvae. We developed a conceptual model that highlighted the interactions between sediment dynamics and fish populations. The model can assist in the formulation of more quantitative-based approaches for modeling these interactions. Future research efforts should focus on developing an understanding of whether environmental disturbances, e.g., dredging, may lead to epigenetic changes that may lead to cascade population effects, and if so, under what circumstances.
... Elevated plasma cortisol has caused in declines in body size, gonadosomatic index, egg size and gamete quality (Campbell et al. 1992(Campbell et al. , 1994Foo and lam 1993;Kime and Nash 1999). In aquaculture, fish are typically encountered by stress conditions, such as handling, transport and captivity (Bayunova et al., 2002;Divers, 2006). ...
Gravid wild kutum broodstock, Rutilus frisii kutum, on their upstream migration to Valiabad River (northern Iran) were kept in captivity to allow them to ovulate (captive ripe). Then the impact of captivity on some reproductive and physiological parameters (i.e., plasma cortisol and glucose levels, fertilization percentage, gonadosomatic index and fecundity) were assessed and results were compared with those obtained from naturally ovulated broodstock (ripe). Plasma cortisol level was not significantly different between gravid and captive ripe broodstock but was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in ripe group. Glucose level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in captive ripe compared to that in ripe or gravid groups. Mean gonadosomatic index, fecundity, and fertilization rate did not affect as a result of stress by captivity. Inverse relationship between plasma cortisol levels and fertilization rate was observed.
... 36,37 Reproductive disruption may have implications for social interactions between individual organisms, 26,38 including predator avoidance by larval P. promelas, 39,40 as well as broader effects on the viability of populations in the short-and long-term. 41,42 Reproductive disruption in native fish populations has been observed downstream from WWTP outfalls in Europe, 3,43 Asia, 23 Australia, 44 and North America. 25,45 Such disruption may manifest as an overall demasculinization of males, including decreased gonadal volume, reduced or absent secondary sexual characteristics, reduced sperm volume or viability, or skewing of sperm developmental ratios. ...
This study characterized the impact of treatment infrastructure and altered flow regimes on the occurrence and effects on fish of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) discharged by a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This site has been evaluated before and after two major upgrades in wastewater treatment infrastructure, which were implemented in 2007 and 2012. Our study aimed to assess the potential impacts on the Boulder Creek receiving water, as well as identify and evaluate estrogenic endocrine disruption in the native fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) that may be occurring after the implementation of the 2012 upgrade. We conducted an integrative, 8-week, on-site, continuous-flow, exposure experiment using adult male fathead minnows to assess in vivo estrogenicity of the WWTP effluent water, relative to reference water and results from prior years (both pre- and post-upgrade). We collected data for a wide array of endpoints. Preliminary results for plasma vitellogenin concentrations (determined via ELISA) and sperm abundance (evaluated with H&E histological analysis) were emphasized. It was found that while the WWTP effluent may contain EDCs, the effects on fish physiology are too small to cause intersex or decreased reproductive function in males. The physiological effects of these EDCs were found to be significant, but not as extreme as effects reported from previous sampling periods at the Boulder WWTP.
Chronic low concentration chemical exposures may have both direct health outcomes on adults and indirect effects on their offspring. Using zebrafish, we examined the impacts of chronic, low concentration carbamazepine (CBZ) exposure on a suite of male reproductive endpoints in the parents and four generations of offspring reared in clean water. CBZ is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in water, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor in mammals and is reported to lower androgens in mammals and fish. Exposure of adult zebrafish to 10 μg/L CBZ for 6 weeks decreased reproductive output, courtship and aggressive behaviours, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), and sperm morphology but did not impact milt volume or sperm swimming speed. Pairwise breeding generated lineages of offspring with both parents exposed and two lineages where only one parent was exposed; the control lineage had unexposed parents. Reproductive output and male reproductive indices were assessed in F1 to F4 offspring to determine whether parental CBZ exposure had transgenerational impacts. The offspring of CBZ exposed males had lower 11KT, reproductive output, and altered courtship, aggression, and sperm morphology compared to the lineage from unexposed parents. Our results indicate that parental carbamazepine exposure history impacts the unexposed progeny up to the F4 generations and that paternal, but not maternal, exposure is most important for the reproductive health of male offspring.
Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors can cause organizational changes resulting in latent and transgenerational disease. We exposed zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan during the critical period of metamorphosis and somatic sex differentiation to determine effects on metamorphosis and reproduction. We use biological and morphological biomarkers to predict potential modes of action. Larval exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan was sufficient to cause adverse effects in adults and their offspring. TCS exposure delays metamorphosis and impairs fecundity and fertility. Offspring from TCS-exposed fish show decreased survival and delayed maturation, but their reproductive capacity is not altered. Delays in metamorphosis in conjunction with morphological indicators suggest that toxicity may result from lowered thyroid hormones in parental fish. This work illustrates the importance of evaluating the latent effects of early exposure to environmental contaminants, and that further studies to evaluate the effects of triclosan on the thyroid axis are warranted.
Background:Hemibagrus wyckii Bagridae is one of the important economic fish species that lives in the rivers and reservoir in Riau Province, Indonesia. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive performance of H.wyckii under culture conditions.
Methods : A total of 10 female and 10 male fish were selected, and weight, length, characteristics of egg and sperm, and hatchery performance were measured. Eggs were fertilized using the dry method. Egg weight and egg diameters were measured for 50 eggs per female. Egg size (50 eggs for each fish) was measured using Labo microscope model L-711 using software camera 3. Then, saline solution was added over the eggs, followed by the addition of pooled sperm from 10 males.
Results: Average relative fecundity, egg weight and egg diameter were 2060±512 eggs/kg fish, 29.86±1.21 mg and 2.67±0.26 mm, respectively. The fertilization rate and hatching rate were 60.91±4.68% and 42.91±2.92% respectively. Sperm characteristics such as volume per fish (mL), pH, concentration (per mL), motility (%) and duration of motility (second) were 0.82±0.20, 7.15±0.12, 3.68±0.15, 72.77±1.46 and 47.5±4.84, respectively.
Conclusion: The study results and scientific observations regarding reproductive performance suggest that H. wyckii can be considered a new candidate species for aquaculture.
Acipenser persicus (ﮔﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺪا * ، اﻳﻤﺎﻧﭙﻮر رﺿﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﻮري ﮔﻠﻲ و ،ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻋﻠﻮم داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻴﻼت ﮔﺮوه ،ﺷﻴﻼت داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ، درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ : 3 / 10 / 90 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ : 7 / 8 / 91 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻳﻦ از ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮ ﻛﺮوم ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺎس اﺳﭙﺮم ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ) Acipenser persicus (در ﺑﻮد آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ. ﻣﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺪﻳﻦ 10 ﺗﺎس ﺟﻤﻊ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻳﺦ ﻣﺠﺎورت ودر آوري. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺑﻪ اﺳﭙﺮم ﻫﺎي 0 ، 2 ، 4 ، 24 ، 48 و 72 ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻌﺮض در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻫﺎي 1 / 0 و 5 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﭙﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻗﺮار ﻛﺮوم ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم اﺳﭙﺮم درﺻﺪ اﻧﺪازه اﺳﭙﺮم ﺗﺤﺮك زﻣﺎن ﻣﺪت و ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺮي. ﻛﺮوم ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻪ داد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ 5 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ از ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم 2 ﻛﺮوم ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ در ﺷﺪ اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮزوﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ،اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 1 / 0 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮ از ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ م 48 و 72 ﺑﻪ را اﺳﭙﺮم ﺗﺤﺮك زﻣﺎن ﻣﺪت ،ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻃﻮر داد ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داري) 05 / 0 < P .(اﺳﭙﺮم درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮوم ﻏﻠﻈﺖ دو ﻫﺮ را ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي داد ﻗﺮار ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ. ﻛﺮوم ﻣﻌﺮض در اﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮزوﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮي ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ در اﺳﭙﺮم ﺗﺤﺮك اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﻓ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ دﻫﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ را ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻘﻴﺖ. واژه ﻛﻠﻴﺪي ﻫﺎي : ﺗﺎس اﺳﭙﺮم درﺻﺪ ،ﻛﺮوم ،اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﭙﺮم ﺗﺤﺮك ،ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي * ،ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﺗﻠﻔﻦ : 09181708278 ، اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ : golisheyda@gmail.com ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﺎس دﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﺮض در ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه ﺑﻨﺪي اﻧﺪ. اﻳ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻦ ﺻﻴﺪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺧﻴﺮا ﻫﺎ ﺑﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ،روﻳﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺎل در ﻫﺎ. ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﻠﻮغ ﺳﻦ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي را زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ اﻧﺪام در ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ،ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪام وﻳﮋه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﺎزد. ﺳﺎل در ﻫﺎي اﺳ از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ در ﭙﺮم آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻧﻮع اﻳﻦ اﺛﺮات اﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ. ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮرد در اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﺎس ﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ) 18 .(ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات اﻣﺮوزه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ آﺑﺰي) 6 .(از ﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺮوم ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ در ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻧﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺻﺨﺮه در دارد وﺟﻮد ﺧﺎك و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ،ﻫﺎ. و ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﻼل ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك از آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﻛﺮوم ﭘﺬﻳﺮي آب ﻣﻲ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ آﺑﻬﺎي و زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻮد. ﺷﺶ ﻓﺮم ﻛ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ از ،اﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺮح آن ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺮوم ﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ وارد ،ﻛﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﻮر ﺳﻠﻮل ﻏﺸﺎي از آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺮم ﺑﻪ و ﺷﻮد ﮔﺮدد. در ﻛﺮوم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮم اﻳﻦ در و ﺷﺪه ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ داﺧﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻲ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات و ﺟﻬﺶ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد) 11 .(ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺛﺮات ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﻀﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎده ﺟﻨﺲ از ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ) 19 .(اﺳﭙﺮم درﺻﺪ ،ﺗﺤﺮك ﺷﺪت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ً ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ اﺳﭙﺮم ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ-اﺳﭙﺮم ﺟﻠﻮي ﺑﻪ رو ﺣﺮﻛﺖ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺪت و ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي
Widespread occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water bodies is major health issue worldwide, both in developing and developed countries. Contaminants from pharmaceutical, personal care products (PPCPs), pest control, and animal operations enter water bodies and can exceed acceptable levels. ECs can cause harmful impacts on aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and human communities. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) cause a number of reproductive and sexual abnormalities in wildlife and humans. During prenatal and/or early postnatal life, exposure to these chemicals can impair development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to endocrine signals in organisms. The effects during development are permanent and sometimes irreversible. Managing ECs in water resources is a critical issue that requires attention especially in sensitive ecosystems and in rapidly developing areas. There is a need for a comprehensive framework that aims at system-wide abatement (source-transfer-fate levels) using both structural and nonstructural approaches. In this study, we review the state of this problem in developing and developed countries, nature of their impacts on aquatic organisms, terrestrial animals and on public health. A comprehensive, innovative and novel approach with multi-level strategies at source, transfer and sink level is proposed for effective removal of ECs. Some structural approaches at source level for abatement of ECs include the use of best management practices like buffer strips, riparian management, natural and constructed wetlands. Since these strategies have multi-level applicability, they are cost-effective alternatives to include in wastewater treatment. Among structural approaches at sink level, powdered activated carbon (PAC), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) can remove most of the emerging organic. However, cost of treatment by these methods is high and become inevitable for treating for drinking water. Besides structural approaches, non-structural approaches play a major role and need to use targeted strategies in dissemination of information, outreach to modify human behavior, incentives for controlling contaminant loads, and improved and updated policy mechanism for compliance to pollutant standards.
Among fishes, courtship behaviour and nesting defense are strong predictors of reproductive success. We conducted three experiments to assess the impacts of exposure to 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) on the ability of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to establish and defend a spawning territory. Fish were exposed to EE2 (2 or 8 ng L(-1)) for 27 days, while spawning conditions were gradually optimized. Control (ethanol only) males (C) were paired with treated males (L = low dose, H = high dose) (experiment 1) or individuals from their own treatment group (experiment 2) in competition for a nest site. Solitary males occupied a nest site prior to adding a second male from the same treatment group in experiment 3. Behaviour was quantified from video records. Exposure to EE2 impaired a male's ability to compete and acquire territories compared to unexposed individuals (experiment 1), but was similar when males were paired with like-treated conspecifics (experiments 2 and 3). Higher levels of overall aggression (aggression rates of both fish) occurred in Cvs.L and Cvs.H than Cvs.C trials (experiment 1). Induction of vitellogenin was significantly higher in exposed fish relative to controls.
The increase of reproductive dysfunction cases, such as diminution of count and spermatic functionality, precocious puberty in children, the increase of breast, prostate and testicles cancer and of malformations associated with hormonal problems generates certain uneasiness. At the same time, the description of alterations in the reproductive function of an increasing number of wild species, by exposure to persistent chemical substances, like pesticides, detergents, dioxins and furans, has promoted an intense activity of research that has given these compounds a central role in the interference (disruption) of the hormonal homeostasis. These compounds, endocrine disruptors, are characterized in the laboratory taking into account their hormonal or anti-hormonal capacity, and whether they can alter the homeostasis of the endocrine reproductive system. Some recognized disruptors are phytoestrogens, organochloride pesticides, alkylphenol-polyethoxylates, chlorophenols, PCBs, phtalates, artificial estrogens (contraceptive), dioxins, furans and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, which are commonly used in our daily life. The recognition of their disruption capacity, implies a reframing of the regulation and control systems of approximately 50,000 new chemicals, many of wich with potential disruption capacity. This includes new toxicological tests and new research objectives, renewed evaluation methodology of chemical compounds and the re-evaluation of the existing one, using the risk estimation system as a principle. Thus, these priorities are considered: an international network, with a global data base; the validation of new biological tests for the detection of disruptor compounds, and the unification of criteria for the risk and associated damage characterization on the basis of epidemiological studies.
Globally, several thousand substances are produced for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications in humans. The production tonnage of these compounds is astronomical, ranging to hundreds of tons annually. Based on data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics, individuals who visited their physician recorded an average of almost seven medications taken per person. As expected, this number increases dramatically in older persons to almost 20 medications per person after age 65. As the global population ages, the use of pharmaceuticals to alleviate age-related conditions can reasonably be expected to increase. Further, the ongoing development of large markets such as China and India will further increase the magnitude of pharmaceutical consumption. In general, it has been believed that the environmental concentrations of APIs are too low to constitute a risk to human health in developed countries, and several studies have been conducted to assess this perspective. However, a recent poll among expert stakeholders reported that 62% of those interviewed believed that pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE) represent a risk to human health. In recent years, higher potential exposure levels in developing countries, potable water reuse and public health concerns regarding antibiotic resistance are receiving increased attention. Here we provide a critical examination of the state of human health risk assessment for human pharmaceuticals in the environment. We further identify important uncertainties and future research needs.
The regulation of metallothionein (MT) biosynthesis in rainbow-trout liver was studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of oestradiol-17 beta. Sampling was performed after 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Following induction of vitellogenin synthesis in the liver, liver somatic index (LSI) rose from 1.25 to 2.00 in 14 days. Associated with the increase in LSI was an elevation of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA and zinc concentrations. The vitellogenin mRNA concentrations peaked at 7 days after treatment. The zinc concentrations increased to a peak at day 14. MT was analysed by using differential pulse polarography and a rainbow-trout MT RNA probe. The MT mRNA concentrations rose after 14 days and remained elevated at 21 and 28 days. The MT concentrations increased after 14 days and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. The concentrations of MT-bound zinc increased in association with the elevation in MT concentrations in the oestradiol-treated rainbow trout. These findings indicate that MT is involved in the regulation of zinc during the period of vitellogenin induction and that MT may function by maintaining the pool of available zinc at an appropriate concentration.
In natural populations of a coral reef fish (the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum), males with the highest daily mating success produce the fewest sperm per mating, and this is reflected in significantly lower fertilization rates. The average amount released by males in pair-mating was 3.3 x 10(6) spermatozoa, resulting in a fertilization rate of 96%. Sperm released per spawn declined with increasing mating success, so that females mating with the most successful males had less than 93% of their eggs fertilized. It is unlikely that high mating-success males are physiologically incapable of increasing sperm production, because younger males with different mating strategies have absolutely larger testes and higher daily sperm output. Feeding experiments suggest that high-success males are diverting energy from gamete production to other fitness-enhancing activities such as mate guarding. Females incur the cost of low sperm release by having fewer of their eggs fertilized. There are no obvious compensatory benefits to females from mating with high-success males.
This study examines the ability of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) embryos to metabolize tritiated androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) in vitro; the metabolic products were separated by HPLC. A4 was poorly metabolized, with 48 to 64% of the substrate remaining even after 24 hr of incubation. The major metabolites of A4 metabolism are E1 and some other unidentified metabolites. T was mostly converted to A4, along with some reduced steroids, but E2 was a minor metabolite. Further, while E2 was almost exclusively transformed into E1, when E1 was used as the precursor, there was little metabolism; the products of E1 metabolism were small amounts of E1 sulfate, glucuronide, E2, and an unknown metabolite which cochromatographed with reference steroid androstenetrione (also called 11-ketoandrostenedione). It is concluded that in Arctic charr embryos there is preferential expression of a form of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase resembling the type 2 isozyme of mammals that converts T and E2 to A4 and E1, respectively.
The activity of sperm from northern pike Esox lucius and chain pickerel Esox niger was observed at pH 3.9, 4.5, 5.4, 6.0, 6.4, 6.9, 7.4, and 7.9. The sperm of the northern pike remained motile for shorter periods of time than that of the chain pickerel (P = 0.01). Northern pike sperm was not observed swimming actively at pH values less than pH 5.4 and showed a strong trend toward increased time of activity with increasing pH. For this species, minimum motility occurred at pH 5.4 (28 seconds) and maximum motility was found at pH 7.9 (67 seconds). In contrast, chain pickerel sperm was acid-tolerant, swimming actively for periods of over 90 seconds at pH 3.9 and 4.5. Maximum sperm motility for this species was at pH 6.9 (137 seconds). Motility time for chain pickerel sperm was reduced at the two most basic levels tested: 109 seconds at pH 7.4, and 81 seconds at pH 7.9. Substantial variation in sperm motility time occurred between the two chain pickerel males tested, but not between the two northern pike males.
The motility of the spermatozoa of freshwater fish is usually of short duration, but a precise description has rarely been provided. Motility requires a high dilution (more than 1,000-fold) for initiation of synchronous motility in 100% of spermatozoa; a two-step procedure is necessary, with an initial dilution of 1 to 100 in a medium that keeps the spermatozoa immotile and allows good mixing of the viscous semen. The second dilution (1 to 20) in the activating solution can be made directly under the microscope. Studies of carp sperm indicate that movement of live sperm is influenced by the ionic environment. The inhibition of motility in semen is mainly due to K+ ions in trout and osmotic pressure in carp, but other ions such as Na+, H+, and Mg2+ also interfere. Initiation of motility in trout requires external divalent cations. Immediately after dilution at 20°C, spermatozoa exhibit large circular trajectories (>400 μm in diameter), high beat frequencies (60 Hz), and velocities of 250 μm/sec. These values decrease rapidly. Within 20 sec after dilution, most spermatozoa stop moving, although some of them show some agitation with low beat frequency (< 10 Hz) and with very limited displacement during the next few minutes. A similar pattern is observed in carp, with active motility lasting 40 sec. Under certain ionic conditions, intratesticular spermatozoa are motile and have some fertilizing capacity.
Oocyte growth and development is an important issue in fish and fisheries biology. This paper reviews the information available on oocyte growth patterns and the rates and dynamics of oocyte growth in teleosts. In synchronous spawners, the weight of the gonad may represent as much as 40% of the overall body weight of the fish. In asynchronous spawners, the weight of the mature ovary is considerably less than in synchronous ovulators, but the ovary shows a more regular periodicity and may grow repeatedly many times during the breeding season. There is a huge variability in egg size in teleosts, with the largest known measuring up to 8 cm in diameter. Within the limits of variance set by genetic constraints, egg size may vary between populations of the same species. Oocytes in all teleosts undergo the same basic pattern of growth: oogenesis, primary oocyte growth, cortical alveolus stage, vitellogenesis, maturation and ovulation. The mechanisms that control oocyte growth are addressed in this review, albeit that the available information, as in all other vertebrates, is very limited. The main hormones that have been shown to affect ovarian growth are gonadotrophin, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factors. An overview of the determinants of fecundity, with particular reference to oocyte recruitment and atresia, is the focus of the second part of the paper. Genetics and nutrition have major effects on fecundity, and studies so far suggest that the determinants of fecundity usually operate during the early part of gametogenesis. The role of atresia in determining fecundity is less clear. The final part of this review highlights some areas of study that are priorities for research on ovarian development in fish.
In vivo induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in response to the administration of 17-estradiol (E2) was achieved and the protein was isolated by gel filtration column chromatography of plasma samples. Adult female trout were injected with the vitellogenic fraction every ten days from July to November and levels were measured by RIA from September to December. The results showed a significant decrease (p2 levels in injected females compared with the controls. In December, after finishing the treatment, the plasma E2 concentration increased, in injected females to reach a level similar to that of control females at vitellogenesis. The in vitro study showed that in early vitellogenic oocyte (from September) the presence of the vitellogenic fraction in the incubation medium causes a significant decrease (p2 by the oocytes. These data suggest that the concentration of the VTG into the oocyte can alter VTG production by the liver, moderating the production of E2 by the ovary.
This study examined the effects of various pH values on sperm motility times of white suckers,Catostomus commersoni, from two artificially acidified lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. White sucker sperm were active (motile) in water at all pH values tested (3.0–7.0). The maximum sperm motility time was 76.9 seconds and the minimum time was 51.9 seconds. Sperm motility times of fish from Lake 302N were similar to those of fish from Lake 223 at all pH values except pH 5.0 and 5.5. At these two pH values, sperm motility times of Lake 223 fish were longer than those of Lake 302N fish. In both lakes sperm motility at ambient lake pH levels (Lake 223 + 5.1, Lake 302N + 6.3) were similar to those at pH 7.0. Motility times of all fish tested were within the range of time during which fertilization normally occurs, indicating that reproductive failures in Lake 223 were probably not caused by impairment of sperm motility times.
Fertilization success of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, eggs by large sea-run males and precocious male parr in acidic water (pH 6.8-3.4) was determined. There was no effect on fertilization success at pH 5.0 or above. However, fertilization success did decline from pH 5.0 to 4.0. No eggs were fertilized in tests below pH 4.0. The pH LL50 was 4.5 for fertilization success. Duration of spermatozoan motility constantly declined at all tested levels until about pH 4.5 where the decline became extremely rapid with no motility occurring near pH 4.0. The duration of spermatozoan motility of precocious male parr was longer than that for the large sea-run males at pH levels above 4.4. The recruitment of young Atlantic salmon into fish populations in acid stressed waters is reduced at pH levels below 5.0. In waters of pH 4.5 and below, Atlantic salmon populations probably do not exist.
Exposure of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) sperm from polluted Piles Creek (PC) to 0·01 ppm mercuric chloride (Hg) for 2 min caused a significant reduction in fertilization success. However, comparable exposure of sperm of mummichog from a relatively clean area in Long Island (LI) did not effect the fertilization success.Exposure of PC mummichog sperm to 0·05 ppm Hg for 2 min caused significant reduction in sperm motility. On the other hand, comparable exposure of LI mummichog sperm did not have any effect on motility. These data indicate that Hg is more toxic for PC mummichog sperm than LI mummichog sperm.Exposure of both PC and LI sperm either to 15 ppt sea water or to 0·05 ppm Hg for 15 min did not affect the morphology of the sperm, as seen by scanning electron microscopy.Exposure of PC and LI mummichog eggs to 0·05 ppm Hg up to 25 min had no effect on fertilization success, indicating that eggs are more tolerant to Hg than sperm.
Computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) has been used to analyse the effects of cadmium and zinc on the motility of fish sperm treated either for 24 h after partial dilution in an extender, or during the final dilution step on the microscope stage during video recording. The progressive motility of catfish sperm, which was not affected by storage for 24 h, was decreased after exposure to 100 ppm cadmium or 2000 ppm zinc in extender for 24 h. Only 1000 ppm cadmium or 2000 ppm zinc had any effect on motility when added to sperm at the final dilution stage. These results suggest that concentrations of cadmium which have been found to be present in fish gonads as a result of bioaccumulation from the water or diet may decrease the motility of sperm during maturation or storage in the testis. Cadmium toxicity was significantly decreased in the presence of an equal amount of zinc, suggesting an equilibrium between zinc and cadmium at binding sites in the sperm. Computer assisted sperm analysis is shown for the first time to provide a rapid and quantitative measure of the effects of environmental pollutants on the quality of fish sperm. It is suggested that the methodology described may form the basis for a standard toxicity test to assess the potential hazards of environmental pollutants on reproduction.
THE concentration of mercury in aquatic organisms is quite high relative
to that in the surroundings but the exact mechanism by which this effect
occurs is not known. Generally, higher mercury levels in the environment
are reflected in the amount found in protoplasm. Mercury levels in
rivers and lakes have increased markedly as a result of industrial
discharges; thus, there is a proportionality between mercury
concentrations in fishes and in waters, it is possible, using
permissible mercury concentrations in fish tissue as a guide (Japan 0.4,
US 0.5 p.p.m.), to make recommendations for acceptable mercury levels in
lakes and rivers. I have found no reports regarding this relationship.
White sucker from a Lake Superior bay which receives bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) show increased hepatic mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) activity, reduced plasma sex steroid levels, decreased egg and gonad size, a decrease in the occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics, and an increased age to maturation. This study evaluated the reproductive performance of that white sucker population relative to a similar reference population. Spawning male white sucker from the BKME site had reduced spermatozoan motility but no significant differences in milt volume, spermatocrit levels, or seminal plasma constituents. BKME male and female fish had equal or greater fertilization potential compared to both male and female fish at the reference site. There was no difference either in the hatchability of the eggs or in larval size at hatch. BKME larvae did show reduced growth rates by 24 days posthatch but showed equal rates of yolk utilization. No difference in larval MFO activity was detected between sites at 21 days posthatch, indicating no parental transfer of induction to the progeny.
The incidence of disorders of development of the male reproductive tract has more than doubled in the past 30-50 years while sperm counts have declined by about half. Similar abnormalities occur in the sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy and can be induced in animals by brief exposure to exogenous oestrogen/DES during pregnancy. We argue that the increasing incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the human male may be related to increased oestrogen exposure in utero, and identify mechanisms by which this exposure could occur.
Concentrations of endogenous steroids and their glucuronide conjugates fluctuated during early development in steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Whole body content of sex steroids and steroid glucuronides of both bisexual and gynogenetic (all female) steelhead trout were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and cortisol increased 2-4 days before hatch. Two days after hatch, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) increased in concentrations in both gynogenetic and bisexual populations, and 11KT glucuronide concentrations increased in the gynogenetic population. Testosterone (T) and E2 concentrations were at their lowest at 39 days postfertilization (dpf) for T and 39 and 61 dpf for E2. Changes in levels of steroid glucuronides were not consistently parallel to free steroids through time. T-, E2-, and 17alpha, 20beta dihydroxyprogesterone glucuronides declined slower than their free forms. Based on fluctuating concentrations of all steroid glucuronides, both populations of fish demonstrated an ability to form glucuronide conjugates of all steroids at the embryonic stage. The changes in levels of both free steroids and their glucuronides during early development of the trout indicate that steroid metabolism is active during development. This study also implicates steroid metabolism as an integral part of embryonic and postembryonic development.
The cytostatic effects of 14 steroidal estrogens and their 3-methyl and 3-ethyl ethers have been studied using the embryo of zebra-fish (Brachydanio rerio) as test object. Of estrogens tested, 3-ethyl ether of 17-dihydroequilin-17β was the most active.
Some problems related to assessment of sperm motility in freshwater fish Fertilization success and sperm motility Ž . of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in acidified water Sperm motility of northern pike and chain pickerel at various pH values
- R Billard
- Mp122᎐131 Cosson
- Daye Pg
- Glebe
- Bd
Billard R, Cosson MP. Some problems related to assessment of sperm motility in freshwater fish. J Exp Zool 1992; 261:122᎐131. Daye PG, Glebe BD. Fertilization success and sperm motility Ž. of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in acidified water. Aquaculture 1984;43:307᎐312. Duplinsky PD. Sperm motility of northern pike and chain pickerel at various pH values. Trans Am Fish Soc 1982; 111:768᎐771.
Antimitotic steroidal estrogens Cytostatic activities of steroidal estrogens against zebrafish embryos
- Jones Rw Huffman Nn
- Rhone Jr Katzberg Aa Jones Rw
- Huffman
- Mn
Huffman NN, Jones RW, Katzberg AA. Antimitotic steroidal estrogens. Cancer 1957;10:707᎐710. Jones RW, Rhone JR, Huffman MN. Cytostatic activities of steroidal estrogens against zebrafish embryos. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960;104:190᎐191.
The minimum acceptable spermatozoa to egg ratio for artificial insemination and the effects of heavy metal pollutants on sperm motility and fertilisation ability in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822)
- Rurangwa
Sperm allocation in coral reef fishes: strategies for coping with demands on sperm production
- Warner