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Mussels (Mytilus sp.) as an indicator of lead pollution
Abstract
The lead contents of two species of mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. edulis) collected along the Pacific coast from Piedras Blancas, California to Punta Banda, Baja California were determined by isotope dilution method. The whole soft parts of the mussels, on a dry weight basis, contained from 0.27 to 42 ppm of lead, which can be related to their local habitats. The gill tissues of the mussels showed the highest lead concentration.
... Lead present in the dissolved fraction of seawater can be incorporated in the tissues and shells of the filtering marine organisms that act as bio-accumulators. Numerous studies have used mussels as bio-indicators to monitor pollution related to modern human activities [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Barnacles, or Bryozoans, such as those developed on the ceramics from the shipwreck, also accumulate metals in the bio-mineralizations they produce [43]. ...
... The sample of calcium carbonate encrustations formed by marine organisms analyzed here presented a lead concentration of 217 µg g −1 . This concentration was abnormally high and above the concentrations reported in the tissues and shells, in modern contexts [36,41,[43][44][45][46]. This likely results from a lead accumulation by the organisms that developed on the surface of the ceramics, over time, and attests for a contamination of the surrounding seawater by the lead from the sheathing. ...
We present the lead isotopic composition of ceramic fragments from the Kyrenia shipwreck (Cyprus), selected from three chemical groups related to the Rhodes and Alimos regions (Greece). Fragments of the lead sheathing covering the ship’s hull and biogenic material formed on some of the ceramic sherds, were analyzed along with sherds from the Rhodes and Alimos source areas for comparison. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the impact of the seawater environment on the isotopic signature of the ceramics, and on our ability to use lead isotopes to source ceramics recovered from seawater. The results showed that the lead isotopic composition of the shipwreck ceramics was modified by its prolonged proximity to the lead hull sheathing. The lead signature of filtering marine organisms encrusted on the ceramics provided support for this hypothesis.
... The use of bivalves shells as indicator to the pollution because they are precipitated under differing environmental conditions tends to reflect that deference in the chemistry of shells (Hubbard et al., 1981;Szefer et al., 2002;Liu and Kueh, 2005;Darvish, 2007, andDalbeck, 2008). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers are controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice , since the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976, andPhillips, 1977). Bivalves are believed to incorporate trace elements into their shells in proportion to the concentration of those elements in water (Censi et al., 2006). ...
... Two layers, the inner aragonite layer and outer calcite layer (Figs. 5, 6A and 7). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976;and Phillips, 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as Chione californensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation; since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved and suspended load) (Phillips, 1977). ...
The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrochemistry of the western part of
Huwaiza Marsh, in Maissan Governorate; southern Iraq. This study was conducted
during April to August 2013, where 13 stations have been selected: four stations
represent the feed water and nine stations located in the western part of Huwaiza
Marsh. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from (1175 to 1387) mg/L and from
(1594 to 2481) mg/L for the feed water and Huwaiza Marsh water, respectively.
Electrical conductivity (EC) values for the feed water and Huwaiza Marsh range
from (1782 to 2400) μs/cm for the former and from (2630 to 3517) μs/cm for the later.
The pH values range from (7.7 to 8.2) for the feed water and from (7.4 to 7.5) for the
Huwaiza Marsh water. The results of chemicals analysis of dissolved cations and
anions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4
2-, HCO3
- and NO3
-) showed different values,
and the concentration is decreasing during winter season, because of the high water
levels, and increasing during the summer season due to low water levels. The marsh
water is unsuitable for human drinking, because most of the variable’s rates exceeded
the permissible limits and they are acceptable grade for livestock and poultry.
... The use of bivalves shells as indicator to the pollution because they are precipitated under differing environmental conditions tends to reflect that deference in the chemistry of shells ( Hubbard et al., 1981;Szefer et al., 2002;Liu and Kueh, 2005;Darvish, 2007, andDalbeck, 2008). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers are controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice , since the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water ( Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976, andPhillips, 1977). Bivalves are believed to incorporate trace elements into their shells in proportion to the concentration of those elements in water ( Censi et al., 2006). ...
... Two layers, the inner aragonite layer and outer calcite layer (Figs. 5, 6A and 7). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water ( Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976;and Phillips, 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as Chione californensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation; since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved and suspended load) ( Phillips, 1977). ...
The geochemical analysis of both of Crassostrea cucullata and Chione californensis shells and hydrochemical analyses of water are carried out to study the environmental evaluation in the Iraqi coasts. Shells and water are collected during low tide period (March to August 2011), from seven different stations (Fadakia, Rass AlBishah, Khor Abdullah, Khor Shytianah, Hacham Island, Khor AlZubair and Shatt AlBasrah). The hydrochemical analyses reflect two zones of water salinity, Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah of brackish water with TDS range (15148 – 18130 ppm), and the other marine coastal sites of saline water with TDS range (34123 – 45220 ppm). XRD of shells of Chione californensis reveals that they have two layers, an inner layer constitutes of aragonite and outer layer constitutes of calcite, while the shells of Crassostrea cucullata have only calcite layer. Water salinity increasing associate with increase of major chemical constituents of oyster shells. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca values in the coastal line Crassostrea cucullata shells are higher than Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah shells that may be due to increment of salinity in the coastal line compared with Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah areas. Zn, Cu, Pb, Sr, and Cr metals in Khor Shytianah Crassostrea cucullata are higher than the other areas may attribute to higher contamination in this area. The chemical constituents of CaO%, MgO, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in Khor Shytianah and Hacham Island Chione californensis shells are higher than Khor Abdullan shells, this result may be indicator to higher salinity of sea water in Khor Shytianah and Hacham Island compare with the sea water of Khor Abdullah. Heavy metals (Co, Ni, Rb, Sr, Zn, Ba, Cr, Th, Mo, and Pb) in Khor Shytianah Chione californensis shells were more than the other shells may be due to high range of contamination of sea water by this metal.
... The use of bivalves shells as indicator to the pollution because they are precipitated under differing environmental conditions tends to reflect that deference in the chemistry of shells (Hubbard et al., 1981;Szefer et al., 2002; Liu and Kueh, 2005;Darvish, 2007, andDalbeck, 2008). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers are controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice , since the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976, andPhillips, 1977). Bivalves are believed to incorporate trace elements into their shells in proportion to the concentration of those elements in water (Censi et al., 2006). ...
... Two layers, the inner aragonite layer and outer calcite layer (Figs. 5, 6A and 7). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965;Chow et al., 1976;and Phillips, 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as Chione californensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation; since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved and suspended load) (Phillips, 1977). ...
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrochemistry of the western part of
Huwaiza Marsh, in Maissan Governorate; southern Iraq. This study was conducted
during April to August 2013, where 13 stations have been selected: four stations
represent the feed water and nine stations located in the western part of Huwaiza
Marsh. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from (1175 to 1387) mg/L and from
(1594 to 2481) mg/L for the feed water and Huwaiza Marsh water, respectively.
Electrical conductivity (EC) values for the feed water and Huwaiza Marsh range
from (1782 to 2400) μs/cm for the former and from (2630 to 3517) μs/cm for the later.
The pH values range from (7.7 to 8.2) for the feed water and from (7.4 to 7.5) for the
Huwaiza Marsh water. The results of chemicals analysis of dissolved cations and
anions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4
2-, HCO3
- and NO3
-) showed different values,
and the concentration is decreasing during winter season, because of the high water
levels, and increasing during the summer season due to low water levels. The marsh
water is unsuitable for human drinking, because most of the variable’s rates exceeded
the permissible limits and they are acceptable grade for livestock and poultry.
Keywords: : Hydrochemistry, water suitability, Huwaiza Marsh, south Iraq.
... The use of bivalves shells as indicator to the pollution because they are precipitated under differing environmental conditions tends to reflect that deference in the chemistry of shells (Hubbard et al., 1981; Szefer et al., 2002; Liu and Kueh, 2005; Darvish, 2007, and Dalbeck, 2008). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers are controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice , since the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965; Chow et al., 1976, and Phillips, 1977). Bivalves are believed to incorporate trace elements into their shells in proportion to the concentration of those elements in water (Censi et al., 2006). ...
... Two layers, the inner aragonite layer and outer calcite layer (Figs. 5, 6A and 7). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965; Chow et al., 1976; and Phillips, 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as Chione californensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation; since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved and suspended load) (Phillips, 1977). ...
ABSTRACT
The results of climatic data that obtained from Tuz Khurmatu meteorological
station show actual evidence in the climatic changes, which are indicated by
remarkable decreases in the means of annual rainfall, relative humidity percentages
and with increases of the means of annual minimum and maximum temperatures.
The unconfined aquifer of Adaim river basin is recharged mainly from rain water.
Since this source is scarce, the aquifer gains its water slowly in a rate less than the
rate of losing by both evaporation and abstraction wells. The water Quality Index
(WQI) has been used to assess suitability of groundwater quality for human drinking
purpose in Tuz Khurmatu area. Groundwater samples were collected in September
(2010) and March (2011) from twenty wells and analyzed for their physicochemical
characteristics such as pH, total dissolved solids, Electrical Conductivity, sodium,
calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. Each
parameter was compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by Iraqi
drinking water standards. The results showed that WQI values for the groundwater of
the study area ranged from 27.25 to 139.81. Based on the WQI classification majority
of the samples are falling under excellent to good water category and suitable for
drinking water purpose.
Keywords: Climate, Groundwater, WQI, Tuz Khurmatu, Iraq
... The use of bivalves shells as indicator to the pollution because they are precipitated under differing environmental conditions tends to reflect that deference in the chemistry of shells (Hubbard et al., 1981; Szefer et al., 2002; Liu and Kueh, 2005; Darvish, 2007, and Dalbeck, 2008). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers are controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice , since the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965; Chow et al., 1976, and Phillips, 1977). Bivalves are believed to incorporate trace elements into their shells in proportion to the concentration of those elements in water (Censi et al., 2006). ...
... Two layers, the inner aragonite layer and outer calcite layer (Figs. 5, 6A and 7). Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd, 1965; Chow et al., 1976; and Phillips, 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as Chione californensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation; since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved and suspended load) (Phillips, 1977). ...
ABSTRACT
The geochemical analysis of both of Crassostrea cucullata and Chione
californensis shells and hydrochemical analyses of water are carried out to study the
environmental evaluation in the Iraqi coasts. Shells and water are collected during
low tide period (March to August 2011), from seven different stations (Fadakia, Rass
AlBishah, Khor Abdullah, Khor Shytianah, Hacham Island, Khor AlZubair and
Shatt AlBasrah). The hydrochemical analyses reflect two zones of water salinity,
Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah of brackish water with TDS range (15148 – 18130 ppm),
and the other marine coastal sites of saline water with TDS range
(34123 – 45220 ppm). XRD of shells of Chione californensis reveals that they have
two layers, an inner layer constitutes of aragonite and outer layer constitutes of
calcite, while the shells of Crassostrea cucullata have only calcite layer. Water
salinity increasing associate with increase of major chemical constituents of oyster
shells. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca values in the coastal line Crassostrea cucullata shells are
higher than Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah shells that may be due to increment of
salinity in the coastal line compared with Fadakia and Shatt AlBasrah areas. Zn, Cu,
Pb, Sr, and Cr metals in Khor Shytianah Crassostrea cucullata are higher than the
other areas may attribute to higher contamination in this area. The chemical
constituents of CaO%, MgO, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in Khor Shytianah and Hacham
Island Chione californensis shells are higher than Khor Abdullan shells, this result
may be indicator to higher salinity of sea water in Khor Shytianah and Hacham
Island compare with the sea water of Khor Abdullah. Heavy metals (Co, Ni, Rb, Sr,
Zn, Ba, Cr, Th, Mo, and Pb) in Khor Shytianah Chione californensis shells were
more than the other shells may be due to high range of contamination of sea water by
this metal.
Keywords: Contamination, Littoral and marine bivalves’ shells, Iraq
... They also have other characteristics suitable for bioindicators such as a relatively long life, permanent settlement, suitable dimensions, easy identification and collection of organisms, abundance in ecosystem and accumulation of elements to a degree suitable for measurement. They give a complete record of contaminants within their lifespan, and concentrations of pollutants fluctuate in the shell to a less degree than in the water they live in and remain in the shell permanently [5][6][7][8]. ...
... (3) preservation of metals after their death and thus providing a record of what concentrations were in the past and (4) advantages with respect to both sample preservation and storage [5,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
... Individuals of V. ambiguus from the same population accumulated varying concentrations of each of the metals studied (Table 1). High variability has been reported also in other studies of metal accumulation by molluscs (Bryan 1973;Ayling 1974;Phillips 1976aPhillips , 1976bBryan et al. 1977) and may hinder their use as monitors (Chow et al. 1976). However, some of this may be caused by systematic variation with factors such as body weight, age and sex (Phillips 1977). ...
... The amount of variability is not unusual, being similar to that in most other molluscs analysed for heavy metals (e.g. Chow et al. 1976;Phillips 1976a, 19766;Coughtrey and Martin 1977). Apart from reducing the sensitivity of comparisons, it necessitates large sample sizes which increase the time and expense of analyses. ...
The accumulation of iron, manganese, zinc and cadmium by freshwater mussels in the River Murray, South Australia, and their response to changes in environmental iron concentrations are considered. Metal loads varied markedly between individuals from the same population. The variability is accounted for partly by systematic relationships between metal loads and body weight and age, but not sex. The distribution of metals between the major organs is discussed, but the analysis of separate organs showed no advantage for biological monitoring. Comparisons between iron concentrations in river water and in mussels showed no clear correspondence. The study suggests that V. ambiguus may not be a good short-term monitor of iron, but still may have potential as a long-term and site-comparison monitor of metals. once inherent variability is taken into account.
... Thus, this ability is reflected in building their shells and these metals become part of it. Recently, much attention has been paid to the levels of heavy metals in mollusc shells (Chow et al. 1976;Madkour 2005;Nour and El-Naggar 2007;Sarkar et al. 2008;Ponnusamy et al. 2014;Dar et al. 2018;Nour and Nouh 2020). In addition, heavy metal concentrations in shells and organisms can be used as a tool to monitor pollution (Huanxin et al. 2000;Hamed and Emara 2006;El-Sorogy et al. 2013). ...
Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Co in molluscan shells and associated surface sediments from four sites on the Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sea coasts, Egypt, were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results revealed an apparent difference in the ability of each species regarding accumulating heavy metals in its shell. These results showed that Tridacna squamosa has the highest accumulation ability for Pb, Ni, and Zn, and Chama pacifica has the highest accumulation capability for Co and Cd, whereas Periglypta reticulata has the highest accumulation ability for Cu. The results also showed that there is a positive correlation between the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni and the size of shell. Simultaneously, there is a negative correlation with Fe, Mn, Co, and Cd. The results of bio-accumulation of molluscan species were consistent with the enrichment factors for sediments, where the Hurghada site was extremely enriched with Pb and very enriched with Cu, Zn, and Ni. Moreover, the Quseir site was extremely enriched with Cd and very enriched with Pb. The Um al-Sid site was severe enriched with Cd and Pb. Meanwhile, the Ras Mohamed site was severe enriched with Pb and nearly unpolluted with other metals. Heavy metals can enter the studied ecosystem by terrigenous and anthropogenic sources as a weathering process of the nearby beaches and mountains, ship maintenance, industrial activities, wastewater, and traffic exhaust.
... Minor and trace elements, due to their role in biogeochemical processes and their potentially hazardous impact on the environment, have been of particular interest in studies of the capacity of bivalve shells to record natural and anthropogenic changes in ambient chemistry, including pollution events. Most studies have compared whole shells or fractions of shells from contaminated and non-contaminated sites (see Schöne (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
Shell collecting, and the more scientific discipline of conchology, have a long history, and the general activity has made significant contributions to art, commerce and science since at least the seventeenth century. Modern shell collecting encompasses a wide range of molluscan families and species, including numerous bivalve taxa, and collections may be developed via a range of methods including self-collection, purchase from specialised dealers, exchange or from older collections. The fundamentals of building and maintaining a scientifically-valid specimen shell collection are discussed, including the role of conchological organisations in promoting shell collecting and increasing awareness of the activity.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica islandica, 21 Archaeology and Sclerochronology of Marine Bivalves (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
In a rapidly changing world, maintenance of the good health of the marine environment requires a detailed understanding of its mechanisms of change, and the ability to detect early signals of a shift away from the equilibrium state that we assume characterized it before there was any significant human impact. Given that instrumental measurements of the oceans go back no further than a few decades, the only way in which we can assess the long-term baseline variability that characterizes the pre-perturbation equilibrium state of the marine environment is by the use of proxy records contained in stratified or layered natural archives such as corals, fish otoliths and bivalve mollusc shells.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
Bivalve is the main species of mariculture in China. In 2015, bivalve production was about 12.4 million tonnes, accounting for more than 66% of China’s total mariculture production. The first record of shellfish culture in China, about oyster culture, can be tracked back to 2000 years ago. The large-scale aquaculture started in the 1950s with the breakthrough in seed breeding techniques for Tegillarca granosa and Ruditapes philippinarum. Subsequently, with the promotion of seed breeding and artificial seed collection for mussels, scallops and oysters, the bivalve aquaculture industry has rapidly developed. In the twenty-first century, the scale of bivalve farming is constantly expanding, with increasing culture species and yield.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
Cultural services of marine bivalves are of high value as they provide
well-being in many different ways. These services are more difficult to quantify but
provide a lot of qualities. Shell collectioning, shells as archives, community efforts
for bivalve restoration and gardening are some cases of cultural services. Marine
bivalves have been recognized as a carrier of a variety of cultures since pre-historic
times.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
Food provisioning is a prominent feature of marine bivalve production, applicable worldwide since ancient times. Easy accessibility of this food source and high nutritional value make bivalves a possible driver in human evolution. In this section bivalve meat production is addressed, as well as other provisioning services including pearls and bio-active compounds. In both bivalve aquaculture and fisheries, harvest and production for meat provisioning must be balanced against carrying capacity and its implications for other services including water quality maintenance and habitat structure. Provisioning of meat through aquaculture can be improved via hatchery and breeding advances, a necessity in the changing ocean climate.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
The role of marine bivalves in the CO2 cycle has been commonly evaluated as the balance between respiration, shell calcium carbonate sequestration, and CO2 release during biogenic calcification; however, this individual-based approach neglects important ecosystem interactions that occur at the population level, e.g. the interaction with phytoplankton populations and benthic-pelagic coupling, which in turn can significantly alter the CO2 cycle. Therefore, an ecosystem approach that accounts for the trophic interactions of bivalves, including the role of dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic carbon cycling, is needed to provide a rigorous assessment of the role of bivalves as a potential sink of CO2. Conversely, the discussion about this potential role needs to be framed in the context of non-harvested vs. harvested populations, given that harvesting represents a net extraction of matter from the ocean. Accordingly, this chapter describes the main processes that affect CO2 cycling and discuss the role of non-harvested and harvested bivalves in the context of sequestering carbon. A budget for deep-fjord waters is presented as a case study.KeywordsBivalveCO2
Carbon cyclingCarbon trading system关键词双壳贝类 · 二氧化碳 · 碳循环 · 碳交易系统
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
The pearl is known as the queen of jewels, and has been used for adornment and as a symbol of material wealth throughout human history. Pearls are formed by the secretion of nacre from epidermal cells within mollusc mantle tissue. But particular conditions are required for loose natural pearls to form and this occurrence is rare. However, utilization of this process for cultured pearl production now supports industries in more than 30 countries including China, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, French Polynesia, Philippines, Cook Islands, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Mexico, of which China has the largest production. Analysis of FAO global statistics shows that in the past decade (from 2005 to 2014), the average annual output of Chinese pearls was 3540 tonnes (t) valued at 15 million USD. This output accounted for over 98% of global cultured pearl output, of which freshwater pearls accounted for 99.5%. Japan has been the world’s major marine pearl producer for over a century, and has developed advanced technology in pearl oyster culture and pearl production. In the past decade, the average annual value of marine cultured pearl production in Japan was 127 million USD, accounting for 51.6% of global pearl output value. Average annual production of marine cultured pearls was 23 t in Japan, 18.6 t in China and 12.9 t in French Polynesia. Chinese pearl production is typified by a high-yield, low-value industry structure. Overall, global pearl production fell by 60% while output value fell by 39% over the past decade. Cultured pearl production typically includes five stages: oyster selection, nucleus implanting, nurturing, harvesting and pearl processing, of which nucleus implantation is the key step. Compared with other aquaculture sectors, pearl production has a complex process and a relatively long farming cycle which make it economically risky. Pressures to increase production, as well as external pressures such as urbanization, have placed pressures on the pearling industry that require appropriate management practices that support sustainable industry growth.
... Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and U) in the shells of several species (e.g. Arctica (Cariou et al. 2017;Holland et al. 2014;Krause-Nehring et al. 2012;Dunca et al. 2009;Klunder et al. 2008;Protasowicki et al. 2008;Bellotto and Miekeley 2007;Macfarlane et al. 2006;Pearce and Mann 2006;Gillikin et al. 2005a;Liehr et al. 2005;Nicholson and Szefer 2003;Yap et al. 2003;Richardson 2001;Almeida et al. 1998;Puente et al. 1996;Raith et al. 1996;Pitts and Wallace 1994;Fuge et al. 1993;Bourgoin 1990;Koide et al. 1982;Bourgoin and Risk 1987;Chow et al. 1976). However, most of this research is based on snapshots in time, and it rarely involves the use of a truly sclerochronological approach to produce time-series of metal levels in shells (e.g. ...
In this paper we focus on the role of ecosystem models in improving our understanding of the complex relationships between bivalve farming and the dynamics of lower trophic levels. To this aim, we review spatially explicit models of phytoplankton impacted by bivalve grazing and discuss the results of three case studies concerning an estuary (Baie des Veys, France), a bay, (Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island, Canada) and an open coastal area (Adriatic Sea, Emilia-Romagna coastal area, Italy). These models are intended to provide insight for aquaculture management, but their results also shed light on the spatial distribution of phytoplankton and environmental forcings of primary production. Even though new remote sensing technologies and remotely operated in situ sensors are likely to provide relevant data for assessing some the impacts of bivalve farming at an ecosystem scale, the results here summarized indicate that ecosystem modelling will remain the main tool for assessing ecological carrying capacity and providing management scenarios in the context of global drivers, such as climate change.
... However, the published information on the levels of heavy metals in the Recent invertebrates of the Red Sea coast are insufficient. The studies of the metals accumulation in shells are useful since they can be used as a record of environmental metal levels (Chow et al. 1976, Sturesson 1976. Shells have important practical advantages over the use of the soft tissues to monitor metal contamination of the aquatic environment such as storage elemental concentrations over the life of the animal, and preserve the metals after death giving an idea about what the concentrations were in the past. ...
The high concentrations of some heavy metals in Recent coastal sediments and molluscan shells of northern Safaga bay are attributed to both natural and anthropogenic sources. The enrichment factor indicates that high concentration levels of all the analyzed heavy metals are obtained for the Recent sediments, especially Pb and Cu. Most of the studied species have Pb content exceeding the maximum permissible levels; also Strombus mutabilis and Vasum corrigere have Cu higher than the MPL. Recent gastropod shells are enriched in Cu, Zn, Co and Cd, while Recent bivalve shells have the highest average content of Pb, Ni, Mn and Fe relative to those of the Pleistocene which are the least affected by human activities. The most studied species seem to have high bioaccumulation capacity for Fe and Cd. In spite of, there are no records of any abnormality growth characteristics in the studied Recent shells, compared with the Pleistocene ones.
... Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd 1965;Chow et al. 1976;Phillips 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as C. californiensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation, since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved, and suspended load) (Phillips 1977). ...
The geochemical analysis of Chione californiensis shells is carried out to study the environmental zonal variation in the Iraqi coasts north Arabian Gulf. Samples of shells and sea water are collected during low tide period from March to August 2011, from three different stations (Khor Abdullah,Khor Shytianah,and Hacham Island).The studied water samples have clearly indicated that chloride group are the dominant with one major family (Chloride-sodiumfamily) and one watert ype which is rNa> rMg> rCa ;rCl > SO4.The hydrochemical analysis reflects relatively three zones of water salinity namely Khor Abdullah with TDS ranges from 39, 215 to 40, 100 ppm ,Khor Shytianah with TDS ranges from 44, 620 to 45 ,220 ppm and Hacham Island with TDS ranges from 41 ,190 to 41,220ppm.X ray diffractometry of shells of C.californiensis reveals that they have two layers, an inner layer constitutes of aragonite and outer layer constitutes of calcite.The geochemical analyses of the whole shell of C.californiensis reveal positive correlation between water salinity, chemical constituents.Exception is found for SiO2, Al2O3, and P2O5 which have negative correlation with water salinity.The chemical constituents of SiO2 %, Al2O3 %, MgO % , Fe2O3 % ,Co ,Zn ,Cr, and Pb show direct relation with the calcite whereas CaO% ,P2O5 %, Na2O%, K2O%, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Sr/ Ca ratio show direct relation with the aragonite.The shell of Chione californiensis is found to be a useful tool for monitoring contamination in the Iraqi marine environments
... Concentration of trace elements to specific carbonate shell layers controlled by the relative acceptability of the elements into the lattice and the quantity of foreign elements in the shell reflects the concentration of those elements in the surrounding water (Dodd 1965;Chow et al. 1976;Phillips 1977). Infact, filter feeder, such as C. californiensis, are particularly valuable in water quality investigation, since shell variation developing during growth should directly reflect the ambient water condition (temperature, salinity, dissolved, and suspended load) (Phillips 1977). ...
Abstract The geochemical analysis of Chione californiensis
shells is carried out to study the environmental zonal variation
in the Iraqi coasts—north Arabian Gulf. Samples of
shells and sea water are collected during low tide period
from March to August 2011, from three different stations
(Khor Abdullah, Khor Shytianah, and Hacham Island). The
studied water samples have clearly indicated that chloride
group are the dominant with one major family (Chloridesodium
family) and one water type which is rNa>rMg>
rCa; rCl>SO4. The hydrochemical analysis reflects relatively
three zones of water salinity namely Khor Abdullah with
TDS ranges from 39,215 to 40,100 ppm, Khor Shytianah
with TDS ranges from 44,620 to 45,220 ppm and Hacham
Island with TDS ranges from 41,190 to 41,220 ppm. X-ray
diffractometry of shells of C. californiensis reveals that they
have two layers, an inner layer constitutes of aragonite and
outer layer constitutes of calcite. The geochemical analyses
of the whole shell of C. californiensis reveal positive correlation
between water salinity, chemical constituents. Exception
is found for SiO2, Al2
O3, and P2O5 which have negative
correlation with water salinity. The chemical constituents
of SiO2 %, Al2O3 %, MgO %, Fe2O3 %, Co, Zn, Cr,
and Pb show direct relation with the calcite whereas CaO %,
P2O5 %, Na2O %, K2O %, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Sr/Ca ratio show
direct relation with the aragonite. The shell of Chione
californiensis is found to be a useful tool for monitoring
contamination in the Iraqi marine environments.
Assessments of the impact of construction, operation, and removal of large infrastructures and other human activities on the marine environment are limited because they do not fully quantify the background baseline conditions and relevant scales of natural variability. Baselines as defined in Environmental Impact Assessments typically reflect the status of the environment and its variability drawn from published literature and augmented with some short term site specific characterization. Consequently, it can be difficult to determine whether a change in the environment subsequent to industrial activity is within or outside the range of natural background variability representative of an area over decades or centuries. An innovative approach that shows some promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional baseline monitoring methodology involves the analysis of shell material (sclerochronology) from molluscs living upon or within the seabed in potentially affected areas. Bivalves especially can be effective biomonitors of their environment over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. A rapidly expanding body of research has established that numerous characteristics of the environment can be reflected in morphological and geochemical properties of the carbonate material in bivalve shells, as well as in functional responses such as growth rates. In addition, the annual banding pattern in shells can provide an absolute chronometer of environmental variability and/or industrial effects. Further, some species of very long-lived bivalves can be crossdated back in time, like trees, by comparing these annual banding patterns in their shells. It is therefore feasible to develop extended timeseries of certain marine environmental variables that can provide important insights into long temporal scales of baseline variability. We review recent innovative work on the shell structure, morphology, and geochemistry of bivalves and conclude that they have substantial potential for use as monitors of environmental variability and the effects of pollutants and disturbance.
The acute toxicity of a range of alkyl lead compounds including tetra methyl and tetra ethyl lead and their tri alkyl and di alkyl degradation products has been determined with four marine phyla. An alga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum), a mollusc (Mytilus edulis), a crustacean (Crangon crangon) and a fish (Pleuronectes platessa).
External surface rings, internal growth lines and microgrowth bands in bivalve shells have been used to estimate age and to investigate the effects of environmental factors such as seawater and air temperatures. spawning, the spring neap, lunar cycle and anthropogenic disturbance. Life-history information. including longevity, hatching times and migration patterns have been obtained from growth patterns in the statoliths of gastropods and cephalopods. Ontogenetic changes in bivalve and gastropod shells and the skeletal parts of cephalopods have been revealed using stable oxygen and carbon isotopes and radioisotopes. These techniques have allowed the reconstruction of the physical and chemical environment of growth and estimates of the water depth in which these organisms were living, the temperature of the water which they inhabited, and the effect of upwelling and other perturbations on shell growth to be ascertained. Elemental records contained within the hard parts of molluscs can provide detailed information about the mechanisms and chemical environment of shell growth. Such information has been used to assess the effects of anthropogenic inputs into coastal waters with the considerable potential for reconstructing historical changes in the chemistry of the marine environment.
In the course of establishing mussels as monitoring organisms for heavy metal pollution the kinetics of lead uptake into the soft parts of Mytilus edulis have been studied. The differences in organ specific uptake rates reflect the pathway of lead into and within the animal. Lead is taken up at gills and viscera, distributed by the blood and finally stored in membrane bound vesicles within excretory cells of the kidney as demonstrated by electron microscopy and x-ray-microanalysis.
Metal concentrations in the soft tissues of bivalves from U.S. coastal waters reveal seawater distributional patterns which repeat themselves year after year. Such a situation may arise from long biological half-lives of the metal or uniform concentrations in the waters over the time period studied or a combination of the two. Not only are anthropogenic inputs of the metals revealed by bivalve metal concentrations but also the occurence of upwelling which brings into surface waters high metal concentrations. Both U-234/U-238 and Am-241/Pu-239+240 ratios have characteristic values for the dissolved and particulate states in seawaters. The values in bivalves can indicate which states are important in biological uptake.
In this study Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents were analysed in 3 molluscs (Octopus vulgaris, Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris) and in one crustacean sample (Parapenaeus longirostris) caught in the Gulf of Antalya in January-March 2000. In molluscs, Cu content was determined to be between 1.82 and 6.22 mg/kg, and in crustacea, it was determined to be between 4.24 and 7.40 mg/kg. In the mollusc and crustacea specimens Zn content was 10.95-21.52 mg/kg and 11.73-14.27 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd are the 2 most important heavy metals for human health. Pb content was 0.00-0.35 mg/kg and Cd content was 0.23-0.72 mg/kg in the soft bodies of the mollusc samples. Pb was not found in crustacea. However, the Cd content was between 0.26 and 0.28 mg/kg. The results showed that there was no serious hazard in the samples in terms of the heavy metals analysed.
The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn were determined in the different parts of the soft tissues (foot, cephalic tentacle, mantle, muscle, gill, digestive caecum and remaining soft tissues) and three parts of hard tissues or shells (anterior shell, middle shell and posterior shell) of the mud-flat snail Telescopium telescopium collected from Sepang Besar River. From the cluster analysis, the dendrogram shows that the three parts of the shells are clustered separately from the different parts of the soft tissues, indicating different mechanisms and strategies of metal accumulation and regulation of heavy metals in the shells from the different soft tissues. Among the different soft tissues, the dendrogram also shows that the digestive caecum is clustered differently from other soft tissues, indicating that this organ is distinctly high in metal accumulation and this may probably suggest a different route of metal sequestration from the rest of the soft tissues. The metal distribution found in the different soft tissues of T. telescopium is an important knowledge in establishing this mud-flat gastropod as a promising biomonitor of metal contamination and bioavailability for the intertidal area of Peninsular Malaysia.
A study was performed on the uptake of copper by edible mussel, Mytilus edulis, and influence of temperature and cadmium on this process. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that mussels could accumulate dissolved copper from sea water and initial uptake of copper was linear with time and the exposure concentration. Significant differences in velocities of copper uptake were found for mussels, exposed to +10° and +20°C. After the exposure concentration of copper was higher in the hepatopancreas than in the gills to +10°C, but mussels exposed for 12 days to copper-containing water to +20°C accumulated copper in higher concentrations in gills than in the hepatopancreas. The uptake of cadmium by tissues of mussels was time dependent. Competitive interactions between cadmium and copper was shown for hepatopancreas of mussels with the result that uptake of these metals was reduced. The data obtained is discussed in view of using Mytilus edulis as biological indicator of heavy metal pollution.
In this study Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents were analyzed in liver and muscle tissues of ten fish species (Mullus barbatus, Mugil cephalus, Trachurus trachurus, Pagellus acarne, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus auratus, Sardinella aurita, Boops boops, Scomber japonicus, Solea solea) caught in the Gulf of Antalya in January, February and March 2000. Cu and Zn contents were found to be 0.51-3.66 mg/kg and 3.17-11.36 mg/kg in fish muscles and 0.83-4.44 mg/kg and 3.97-15.14 mg/kg in liver tissue respectively. Pb and Cd, important heavy metals for human health, were found at levels of 0.00-2.05 mg/kg and 0.00-0.13 mg/kg in fish muscle and 0.00-2.25 mg/kg and 0.03-0.15 mg/kg in liver tissue respectively.
There are about 128,000 species of molluscs. There are five major groups in this phylum: the pelycopods, with 20,000 recent species, including clams, oysters, mussels, cockles, and scallops; gastropods, comprising 105,000 species, such as the drills, conchs, cowries, whelks, nudibranchs, and mud snails; about 750 species of cephalopods, including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish; 305 species of scaphopods; and about 1000 species of amphineurans, including the chitons. Molluscs are unsegmented coelomate animals with a well-developed head, a ventral muscular foot, and a dorsal visceral hump; with soft skin, partly covering the visceral hump and the mantle, and often secreting a calcareous shell. Molluscs are characterized by a complex anatomy and highly diverse specializations. Many are of large size, especially the giant squids. Extensive monitoring programs have been implemented, mainly with mussels, to assess potentially toxic metals and other contaminants in marine environments. Although mussels are recommended as indicator organisms, additional biological variables need to be investigated, along with water and sediment analyses. In general, the highest concentrations of all metals and metalloids examined in marine molluscs were in gut and digestive glands, with moderate enrichment in gills, mantle, and gonads, and lowest residuals in muscle and shell. It is also now generally accepted that mussels from highly industrialized areas contain significantly higher levels in tissues of copper, lead, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese, and other elements.
Each book has two main goals 1. Determine baseline concentrations of metals and metalloids in tissues of representative field populations of estuarine coastal, and open ocean organisms (Book 1:algae and macrophytes, protists, sponges, coelenterates, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, chaetognaths, annelids, echinoderms, and tunicates) (Book 2: elasmobranchs, fishes, reptiles, birds, mammals) and their significance to organism health and to the health of their consumers. 2. Synthesize existing information on biological, chemical, and physical factors known to modify uptake, retention, and translocation of each element under field and laboratory conditions. Recognition of the importance of these modifiers and their accompanying interactions is essential to the understanding of metals kinetics in marine systems and to the interpretation of baseline residue data. Synthesizes existing information on biological, chemical, and physical factors known to modify uptake, retention, and translocation of each element Aids understanding of metals kinetics in marine systems Allows the interpretation of baseline residue data.
Metal concentrations in the water, sediments and biota in alkaline, near neutral water tropical freshwater lake basins were determined and a comparative analysis made on the spatial and accumulated trace metal concentrations, and geochemical partitioning of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in bottom lake sediments. Variable accumulated levels were found in the analysed sediments and aquatic biological tissues. Metal partitioning data in the present study from the two areas exhibits similar trends in magnitude. The residual fractions retained relatively higher amounts of metals. Relatively higher contents of Pb, Cr and Cu were found in Lake Victoria sediments. Cd, Ni, Mn and Pb are of concern because a higher percentage of these metals were retained in the more bioavailable fractions in Lake Naivasha. Total levels of sediment mercury were comparable for the two lake basins. Metals were found in significant levels in the tissues of aquatic organisms, highlighting the potential risks to other levels within the aquatic food chain. Although the exposure risk was not evaluated, it is important to continue monitoring these elements in fish, as sediments were found to contain considerable quantities of the metals. Numerous sediment extraction techniques data applied for evaluating metal partitioning in sediments cannot be compared because of the use of different methods. Nevertheless, the information is still useful in differentiating and understanding pollution loads from natural versus anthropogenic sources and their associated risks.
Cadmium and lead in mussels from the St Lawrence estuary and the northwestern gulf of St Lawrence range from 1·12 to 3·20 μg Cdg−1 (dry weight) and from 0·5 to 4·1 μg Pb g−1 (dry weight), respectively. Geographical variations in the concentrations of the metals could not be related to growth rate or sexual maturation of the mussels, nor to any point source of contamination. The geographical pattern of the Cd and Pb concentrations suggests a relationship between the Cd and Pb content and the residual surface circulation.
Seven rare earth elements (La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) in marine shell samples were determined by neutron activation analysis.
In order to measure γ-ray using a Ge(Li) detector without serious interference from the intense Compton background from24Na, a simple radiochemical separation was performed by a co-precipitation method with hydrated iron(III) oxide. The chemical
yields for shell samples (91–99%) were determined by a re-activation technique for Gd and Yb. The interference from the235U(n, fission) reaction was corrected for determination of La and Ce. The data obtained in this study showed the behavior of
rare earth elements in shells during the process of fossilization.
The aim of this study was to determine the variations of past and present anthropogenic impact on a coastal lagoon (Thau, S. France) using mussel shells as indicators. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of Pb in recent shells from the edge and the center of a lagoon and in ancient shells (bronze age and 1st–6th century) have been determined to compare metal levels in different environments. Recent shells from the center of the lagoon show somewhat lower Pb concentrations than shells from the edge of the lagoon. Using Pb isotopes, it is possible to constrain Pb sources and their contribution to the shells on the basis of several natural and anthropogenic endmembers: rocks, road traffic, Sète harbour and water treatment plants. Recent lagoon shells are clearly influenced by anthropogenic input from the harbour and road traffic. Anthropogenic contributions vary with location. The Pb isotopic composition was also determined on ancient shells dating from the Roman Empire whose Pb concentrations are similar to the recent shells from the lagoon center. Their isotopic compositions are compared to different Pb sources: local castings, English and Spanish ingots and regional mining districts. It is suggested that local anthropogenic impact existed since the Roman Empire and is linked with population development in the area.
The shellfish Chione (Austrovenus) stutchburyi has been studied as a bio-indicator for lead in an estuarine environment near Christchurch, New Zealand. Over four years the mean lead level in the soft tissue was 1·16 μg g−1. The levels responded to significant rainfall events in the catchment area. Over the four years a fall in lead levels corresponded to reduced lead inputs into a river feeding the estuary. In addition to climatic and lead source changes, seasonal effects and shell size also need to be considered, as lead levels fall in the early summer and are elevated in small shellfish. The use of the shell as a bio-indicator for lead necessitates sectional and surface shell analysis rather than whole shell analysis. Both shell age and depth into the shell are variables that associate with lead.
The presence or otherwise of currents, emissary watercourses or estuaries, changes in the weather and navigation patterns are all factors capable of inducing rapid changes in seawater metal concentrations, both directly and through modulation of the rate of uptake or release by sediments (Boudou 1982). Another feature is that in the absence of pollution naturally
The concentrations of minor elements (magnesium and strontium)and trace metals (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) in the shellof fifty-nine species of marine gastropod collected from a shorein tropical East Africa are reported. Mean trace metalconcentrations and range of concentrations in the fifty-threespecies having an aragonitic shell were: iron, 17.5 g g-1, range 7.2 to 30.6 g g-1; manganese 2.4 gg-1, range 1.8 to 3.4 g g-1; copper, 1.2 gg-1, range 0.6 to 2.4 g g-1 and zinc, 1.5 gg-1, range 0.8 to 2.6 g g-1. The six species ofthe Nerita included in the study all had a shell of mixedmineralogy, a high magnesium concentration (2550 to 3407 gg-1) and relatively elevated concentrations of the tracemetals, manganese, copper and zinc (mean concentrations, 7.5,3.4 and 5.5 g g-1, respectively). Highestconcentrations of all three metals occurred in the shell of N. albicilla. Manganese, copper and zinc concentrations inshells of a population of N. albicilla (n = 20) taken fromthe Kenyan coast were higher than those in a similar populationof shells taken from Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles) by factors of29, 10 and 2.6, respectively. Of the fifty-nine species ofmarine gastropod included in this study the shell of N.albicilla is identified as having the greatest potential as abiomonitoring tissue for trace metals.
Oxygen consumption rates of whole fish and isolated gill tissue were measured using specimens ofGillichthys mirabilis exposed to lead-dosed sea water for varying periods of time. Whole organism oxygen consumption was significantly higher in lead-exposed fish than in those held for equivalent periods of time in non-leaded sea water.In vitro gill respiration rates were virtually identical for control and lead-exposed fish. Lead-exposed fish were also extremely more active in the aquaria than the control group.
These findings suggest that lead-induced metabolic changes may derive more from lead effects on central nervous system coordination of activity and metabolism than from direct effects of lead on intermediary metabolism enzymes in each cell.
Tissue-specific lead accumulation rates were determined in the estuarine teleost fish,Gillichthys mirabilis, as a function of four variables; sea water lead concentration, duration of exposure to lead, salinity, and temperature. Distinct tissue-specific accumulation rates were found. Spleen, gills, fins, and intestine accumulated the greatest amounts of lead; liver and muscle accumulated the least lead.
Decay of lead from tissues of lead-exposed fish was observed only for gills, fins, and intestine, tissues which all possess an outer or inner covering of mucus. Our data suggest that the rapid turnover of lead in these mucus-covered tissues is a result of lead complexing with mucus and subsequent loss of lead when the mucus layer is sloughed off. In spleen and vertebrae, lead levels continued to rise in fish returned to natural (unspiked) sea water from lead-spiked sea water.
The rate of lead accumulation was dependent on both the holding salinity and the temperature. Fish held at high temperature accumulated lead more rapidly than fish held at low temperature. The rate of lead accumulation was inversely proportional to the salinity of the medium. Both of these environmental effects on lead accumulation rates could be significant in estuarine habitats where lead concentrations, salinity, and temperature are all apt to vary seasonally.
The concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and Na in molluscsMacoma balthica, Mya arenaria, Cardium glaucum, Mytilus edulis andAstarte borealis from the southern Baltic was determined. The surface sediments and ferromanganese concretions associated with the molluscs
were also analysed for concentration of these metals. Species- and regiondependent differences in the metal levels of the
organisms were observed. The properties of molluscs analysed which have a tendency toward elevated biological tolerance of
selected trace metals were specified. The interelement relationship between metal concentrations in the soft tissue and the
shell was estimated and was discussed.
Metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and lead isotopic compositions have been determined in mussel's fleshes from the Thau lagoon (S. France). Mussel spat from sea was introduced at different locations in the lagoon in June 1995, and subsequently sampled in October 1995, and January, May, and July 1996. Each location was chosen for its particular environment: (1) an industrial harbour at sea, (2) water treatment plant effluents, (3) nearby city with no seawater entries, and (4) the middle of the lagoon. A reference point was also kept at sea. Variations in heavy metal concentrations generally correlate with weight of the animals, but some could be linked to particular local and temporal events such as outflows or tourist activity. The Pb isotopic compositions of the soft parts allow: (1) to identify the predominant sources of Pb and their seasonal variations; (2) to estimate their respective impact; and (3) to present a dynamic vision of the water movements in the lagoon comparing with climatic observations (wind), and their mixing with seawater entries. The possible use of isotopic tools in understanding the capture and the storage of metal in different organs in the mussels is also discussed.
Specimens of the common limpet (Patella vulgata) were collected from each of three sites of high chemical characterisation around the coast of Anglesey, North Wales, UK. The shells were analysed individually for their minor element (Mg, Sr) and trace element (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) content. Mean concentrations (n = 75) of these elements in the shell of P. vulgata were 3621, 1566, 15.6, 46.1, 2.7 and 3.9 μg g−1, respectively. The elemental concentrations, however, exhibited both a marked intra-and inter-population variability. Principal component analysis applied to the data for individual populations showed the element concentrations in the shell to be controlled by three contemporaneous, but quite different agencies. Despite the variability within individual populations, significant differences in gross element composition were apparent amongst the three populations studied. The environmental availability of elements at the three sites was not reflected in the trace metal concentrations of the shells. The shell of P. vulgata is therefore rejected for potential use in environmental trace metal monitoring.
Using X-ray Energy Spectroscopy trace metal concentrations including Pb, Cu and Zn were studied in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. These organisms, sampled at intervals of only 1 km and less for a line transect study of the port of Vancouver, Canada, exhibited dramatic concentration variations. In particular, mussels only 30 m from a point source of lead displayed essentially base-line concentrations, representing a decline of two orders of magnitude.
In the last two or three years there has been much talk about the health aspects of lead pollution. To put this into perspective, the author gives some facts and figures on the distribution of lead in the earth, sea, air, flora and fauna around the world. He pays particular attention to the American scene and to what governments are trying to do about this form of pollution.
In a laboratory experiment, conducted over 130 days, three batches of a total of 100 common mussels, Mytilus edulis, were maintained in media containing different lead concentrations. Two vessels served as controls. There was no acute injury to the mussels; but, over an extended period of time, a marked increase in mortality occurred which was related to the lead concentration in the medium. The median lethal time (LT50) was computed to be 218 days for the control, 150 days with 0.5 mg Pb/l in the medium, 129 days with 1 mg/l, and 105 days with 5 mg/l. Quantitative analyses of the soft parts of M. edulis by flameless atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry revealed a distinct accumulation of lead. From a natural lead content of 8.4 μg Pb/g dry weight, the lead concentration increased to 12,840 μg/g at 0.5 mg/l, to 20,770 μg/g at 1 mg/l and to 39,830 μg/g at 5 mg/l. The ratio of the concentration of lead in the soft parts of M. edulis to the concentration in the medium remained in the same order of magnitude both under laboratory conditions using high lead concentrations and under in situ lead levels. Over a period of 130 days, lead uptake expressed as percentage of lead offered was 10.9% at 0.5 mg/l, 9.5% at 1 mg/l, and 3.4% at 5 mg/l, respectively.
Each lead ore deposit has its characteristic isotope ratios which are ; fixed during mineral ore genesis, and this unique property can be used to ; indicate the source of lead pollutants in the environment. The world production ; of primary lead is tabulated, and the geochemical significances of lead isotope ; ratios are discussed. The manufacture of lead alkyl additives for gasoline, ; which is the major source of lead pollutants, utilizes about 10 percent of the ; world annual consumption of lead. The isotope ratios of lead in gasoline, ; aerosols, soils and plants are correlated. Lead additives in various brands of ; gasoline sold in one region do not have the same isotope ratios. Regional ; variations in isotope ratios of lead additives were observed. This reflects the ; fact that petroleum refineries obtained the additives from various lead alkyl ; manufacturers which utilized lead from different mining districts. A definite ; changing trend of isotope ratios of lead pollutants in the San Diego, California ; (USA), area was detected. The lead shows a gradual increase in its radiogenic ; components during the past decade. This trend can be explained by the change of ; lead sources used by the additive manufacturers: Lead isotope ratios of the mid-; 1960's gasoline additives in the United States of America reflected those of less ; radiogenic leads imported from Canada, Australia, Peru and Mexico. Since then, ; the U. S. lead production has doubled--mainly from the Missouri district of ; highly radiogenic lead. Meanwhile, there has been a decrease in total lead ; imports. These combined effects result in changes in isotope ratios, from the ; less to more radiogenic, of the pooled lead. (auth);
Review of Trace Element Concentrations 01 Marine Organisms, Puerto Rico Nuclear Cen-ter, Mayaguez
- E D Goldberg
Goldberg, E. D., Review of Trace Element Concentrations 01 Marine Organisms, Puerto Rico Nuclear Cen-ter, Mayaguez, 1965, 535 pp. Graham, D., Veliger, 14 (1971) 365. International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE), Marine Environmental Quality, National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., 1971, 107 pp.