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The genus Chlorophyllum (Basidiomycetes) in China

Authors:
  • Kunming Institute of Botany CAS, Kunming, China

Abstract and Figures

Species of the genus Chlorophyllum (Agaricaceae) in China are described and illustrated with line drawings. Among them, C. sphaerosporum is new to science, and C. hortense is new to China. A key to the Chlorophyllum species in China is also provided.
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MYCOTAXON
Volume 96, pp. 181–191 April–June 2006

The genus Chlorophyllum (Basidiomycetes) in China

zwge@mail.kib.ac.cn fungi@mail.kib.ac.cn
1 Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, P. R. China
2 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing 100039, P. R. China
 Chlorophyllum Agaricaceae  
 C. sphaerosporum 
C. hortense   Chlorophyllum  

Agaricales,
Introduction
  Chlorophyllum  Agaricaceae, Agaricales   


    



    

Material and methods

  

   
   
             

nmp nm  p
 Q 

Chlorophyllum agaricoides

QQx

Taxonomy
Chlorophyllum agaricoides 
Endoptychum agaricoidesSecotium
agaricoides

           



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               
    
             

Chlorophyllum agaricoides

           
  Endoptychum agaricoides  

Chlorophyllum hortense  
Lepiota hortensisLeucoagaricus hortensis

             

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          


   μ
μ
           
 μx     μ Q   Q   
         
           
         
μ    
μ
           
 μ


         


Chamaeota dextrinoidespora

             

            C.
hortense   




Chamaeota dextrinoidespora
C. dextrinoidespora
  μ  
μ 

  μ           

Chlorophyllum hortense



Chlorophyllum molybdites 

Agaricus molybdites          
Mastocephalus molybdites Lepiota
molybdites   Leucocoprinus molybdites
Macrolepiota molybdites 

           
         
             
 

  
        

       μ x  
    μ Q    Q      
           

μμ
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μ    
 μ 
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         
     


Macrolepiota rachodes
Macrolepiota rachodes

Macrolepiota rachodes

Lepiota rachodes

   C. molybdites
    
          Macrolepiota
rachodes          
           

          
.
Chlorolepiota mahabaleshwarensisC. molybdites


Chlorophyllum molybdites


      

Chlorophyllum sphaerosporum 
Pileus 4.5-6.5 cm latus, convexus, albus vel albidus, squamulis luteo-brunneis vel
rubeolis brunneis, obtusus umbonatus. Lamellae liberae, albae. Stipes 4.0-7.0 × 0.5-0.7
cm, subcylindricus, subeaqualis vel sursum attenuatus, albidus, non-discolorans, basis
incrassatus. Annulus membranaceus, albidus. Caro alba. Basidia 24-32 × 9.5-12.5
μm, clavata, hyalina, 4-sporigera. Basidiosporae (8.0) 9.0-10.0 (11.0) × 7.0- 9.0 (9.5)
μm, subglobosae vel lato-ellipsoideae, hyalinae, aporae, dextrinoideae, congophilosae,
metachromaticae. Pleurocystidia absentia. Cheilocystidia clavata vel latoclavata, hyalina,
(18) 25-32 (40) × (9) 11-13.5 μm. Squamulae pilei hymenidermae, apicalis hyphis pallide
brunneis clavatis. Fibulae praesentes. Habitatio: terrestris.
Holotypus: “Mao Xiao-Lan M8040 (HMAS 66153), 15 August 1994, Inner Mongolia,
China”.
Etymology

       

   



μ
μ
μx μQQ 
    
μ
μ
μ
         
μ 

μ

         Keteleeria 
Xanthoceras


Chlorophyllum sphaerosporum 
         
        
          

C. sphaerosporum Chlorophyllum
 Chlorophyllum hortense 
  C. hortense



Chlorophyllum sphaerosporumC. shimogaense



μ
C. shimogaense
Chlorophyllum sphaerosporumC.
bharatense
   μ

C. bharatense  
       

Chlorophyllum sphaerosporum



Taxon with uncertainty recorded from China
Chlorophyllum rachodes 
Agaricus rachodesLepiota rachodes
           Leucocoprinus
rachodes  Lepiotophyllum rachodes 
L. rhacodes’Macrolepiota rachodes

C. rachodes
           
           
            
             
         

C. rachodesLepiota rachodesMacrolepiota
rachodes

 C. molybdites 
 Macrolepiota procera 
Leucoagaricus nympharumLepiota
clypeolaria
   M. procera         
C. rachodes

Key to the Chlorophyllum species in China
       

 
        

C. agaricoides

 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. molybdites

     


C. sphaerosporum



        
C. hortense
   
          
            
 C. rachodes
Acknowledgements
             


 
            

Literature Cited
Leucoagaricus hortensis









Lepiota s. l.



SclerodermatalesTulostomatalesPhallales 
Podaxales



Chlorophyllum molybdites

   Chlorolepiota  Agaricales 

Agaricales

Chlorophyllum


Chlorophyllum
 ChlorophyllumMacrolepiota Agaricaceae 

AgaricaceaeChlorophyllum rachodes

           Chlorophyllum 
EndoptychumAgaricaceae
 MacrolepiotaAgaricaceae

               
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 
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  
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         
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... In Paraguay, widespread in the South, recorded from the Guaira and Central departments, in the ecoregions of Atlantic Forest and Humid Chaco. Distributed worldwide including Africa, Asia, Central America, North America, Oceania and South America (Reid & Eicker 1991;Natarajan & Kaviyarasan 1991;Vellinga 2001;Ge & Yang 2006;Alves et al. 2019). In South America, recorded in Argentina (Raithelhuber 1974(Raithelhuber , 1988(Raithelhuber , 1991(Raithelhuber , 2004Singer 1950Singer , 1969Singer & Digilio, 1952;Spegazzini 1926a, b;Wright & Albertó 2002;Romano et al. 2013), Brazil (Massee 1898;De Meijer et al. 2007;Alves et al. 2019), Colombia (Franco-Molano et al. 2010, and Venezuela (Dennis 1970). ...
... Remarks. The morphological characteristics that have been used to define the species include (i) agaricoid basidiomata with medium to large sized pileus, (ii) the free, crowded lamellae that turn greenish white to pale green when dry, (iii) thick-walled, pale green, ellipsoid basidiospores with a prominent truncated apex without a hyaline cover, and (iv) pyriform to spheropedunculate cheilocystidia (Ge & Yang 2006;De Meijer et al. 2007;Dutta et al. 2020). ...
... (Alves et al. 2019;Dutta et al. 2020) to large 15-20 cm in diam. (Massee 1898;Sundberg 1971;Ge & Yang 2006). Basidiospore sizes have been reported as 9-12 × 6.5-9 μm (Sundberg 1971;Ge & Yang 2006;Alves et al. 2019;Dutta et al. 2020), but other specimens are described as having smaller basidiospores (7-8 × 5 μm) (Massee 1898). ...
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Discovered in Paraguay, Chlorophyllum sapukai is a new species based on morphological characters and multigene molecular phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1 markers). Macroscopically, the species is characterized by large agaricoid basidiomata, with a hemispherical to broad convex pileus, a yellowish to cream buff surface of the pileus covered centrally with plate-like squamules. Microscopically, the new species is characterized by abundant cheilocystidia (35–50 × 14–20 µm), truncate basidiospores with a defined germ pore (9–10 × 6.5–7.5 μm), a pileus covering arranged as a trichodermial palisade at the squamules. Chlorophyllum hortense is recorded for the first time for Paraguay and the distribution of C. molybdites is expanded. Detailed morphological descriptions, field photographs of the species and the phylogenetic position of the Chlorophyllum species occurring in Paraguay are presented. A key to neotropical Chlorophyllum species is also provided.
... were transferred to the genus (Carlavilla et al., 2018;Ge et al., 2018;Alves et al., 2019). Currently the members of the genus are characterized by agaricoid to secotioid, or gasteroid habit; white, green, brownish or brown spore deposit; basidiospores without germ pore or with a germ pore caused by a depression in the episporium without a hyaline covering (Ge and Yang, 2006;Crous et al., 2015, Carlavilla et al., 2018Ge et al., 2018;Alves et al., 2019). ...
... Photographs related to micromorphology were obtained with the aid of a digital camera. The sample was identified with the help of Akers and Sundberg (1997), Ge and Yang (2006), Nascimento and Alves (2014), Vizzini et al. (2014) and Ge et al. (2018). ...
... Chlorophyllum hortense was reported to grow as solitary or scattered on organic rich soil, fertilized especially with cattle feces and grasses (Akers and Sundberg, 1997;Ge and Yang, 2006;Nascimento and Alves, 2014;Vizzini et al., 2014;Ge et al., 2018). ...
Article
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Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga is reported as a new record from Turkey, based on the identification of the samples collected from Rize province. A brief description of the species is provided together with the photographs, related to the macroscopy and microscopy.
... Chlorophyllum Massee is a relatively small genus in the Agaricaceae (Vellinga 2004b, Vellinga & al. 2011, Ge & Yang 2006. Species within this genus are saprobic, distributed in tropical to temperate regions of the world, and often found growing in urban and rural habitats (Vellinga 2004a). ...
... The genus varies from agaricoid, secotioid to gasteroid in habit. Agaricoid species are characterized by a hymenodermal pileus covering, smooth stipe, and basidiospores that either lack a germ pore or have a germ pore caused by a depression in the episporium without a hyaline covering, and a white, green, brownish or brown spore print (Vellinga 2003a(Vellinga , 2004bVellinga & al. 2011, Ge & Yang 2006, Crous & al. 2015, Loizides & al. 2020. ...
... It should be noted that although 2-spored basidia are rare in the Agaricaceae, we have frequently observed 2-spored basidia both previously and during this investigation. These specimens showed remarkable similarity with previous descriptions of the species by several workers from different parts of the world (Murrill 1914, Pegler 1983, Aberdeen 1992, Akers & Sundberg 1997, Vellinga 2003a, Ge & Yang 2006, Nascimento & Alves 2014, Alves & al. 2016. Clamp connections were also observed in the stipitipellis of Pakistani collections. ...
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During a field survey of macrofungi from Kasur and Narowal districts, Punjab, Pakistan, some collections were found morphologically similar to species of Chlorophyllum . Their morphological and molecular analyses revealed two species, Chlorophyllum hortense (a new record from Pakistan) and C. molybdites (confirming a previous Pakistani record that lacked phylogenetic and detailed micro-morphological analyses).
... The present paper focuses on the diversity of the genus Chlorophyllum, species of which are morphologically characterized by their agaricoid or sequestrate habit, presence of a smooth stipe, a hymenidermal pileus covering, white, green or brown basidiospores that may or may not be provided with a germ pore caused by the episporium depression, and absence of a hyaline covering when the germ pore is present (Vellinga 2002(Vellinga , 2003aVellinga & De Kok 2002;Ge & Yang 2006). Currently, there are 27 accepted species of Chlorophyllum (http://www.indexfungorum. ...
... Unlike earlier reports, these specimens contained mostly 4-spored basidia while 2-spored basidia were rarely observed. In addition, the cheilocystidia were found to be much broader, shape varying from subcylindrical to narrowly clavate or broadly clavate to obpyriform with a short stalk while, most of the previous studies reported narrower (6-12 μm, Ge & Yang 2006), subcylindrical to narrowly clavate or clavate shaped cheilocystidia (Pegler 1983;Akers & Sundberg 1997;Vellinga 2003b;Ge & Yang 2006). Clamp connections in these specimens were absent, but stipitipellis hyphae were accompanied with many anastomosing structures that may be misinterpreted as clamps when present on or near septa. ...
... Clamp connections in these specimens were absent, but stipitipellis hyphae were accompanied with many anastomosing structures that may be misinterpreted as clamps when present on or near septa. Regarding the presence of many anastomosing structures on the stipitipellis hyphae our study supports the descriptions of Ge & Yang (2006) while, according to Vellinga (2003b), C. hortense is provided with clamps, and Akers & Sundberg (1997) noticed clamps in the stipitipellis hyphae. Basidiocarps agaricoid, medium-sized. ...
Article
The state West Bengal, India was thoroughly investigated and a total of ten specimens belonging to the genus Chlorophyllum was collected. Detailed morphological and molecular studies revealed that the collected specimens were distributed over three species among which two viz. Chlorophyllum hortense and C. molybdites were previously known from the region, and one, Chlorophyllum squamulosum sp. nov., is described herein as new to science. The new species is distinguished by its small plate-like squamules over the pileus coloured greyish brown to reddish brown or dark brown; truncate, hyaline basidiospores with a prominent germ-pore; relatively small (17-25 × 7.5-11.5 μm), clavate or spheropedunculate cheilocystidia; and a tightly packed hymeniderm type pileus covering. A comprehensive morphological description, field photographs of the basidiocarps, comparisons with phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram showing the placement of each of the collected species are provided. Besides, earlier records of Chlorophyllum species from West Bengal as well as in India are consulted and information related to diversity of the genus in the country are discussed with notes on the previous records. An artificial dichotomous key is provided to aid in the identification of the presently available Chlorophyllum species in India.
... Mey.) Massee as the type species. Chlorophyllum species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas throughout the world as saprobes (Ge and Yang 2006;Kirk et al. 2008;Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Ge et al. 2018;Dutta et al. 2020). This genus is characterized by agaricoid, secotioid or sequestrate habits, a hymenidermal pileus covering and smooth stipe, white, green or brown basidiospores either lacking a germ pore or with a germ pore that is caused by a depression in the episporium (Ge and Yang 2006;Vellinga 2002Vellinga , 2003aVellinga , 2004Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Loizides et al. 2020). ...
... Chlorophyllum species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas throughout the world as saprobes (Ge and Yang 2006;Kirk et al. 2008;Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Ge et al. 2018;Dutta et al. 2020). This genus is characterized by agaricoid, secotioid or sequestrate habits, a hymenidermal pileus covering and smooth stipe, white, green or brown basidiospores either lacking a germ pore or with a germ pore that is caused by a depression in the episporium (Ge and Yang 2006;Vellinga 2002Vellinga , 2003aVellinga , 2004Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Loizides et al. 2020). Most Chlorophyllum species are known to be poisonous (Vellinga and de Kok 2002;Leudang et al. 2017). ...
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This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... Mey.) Massee as the type species. Chlorophyllum species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas throughout the world as saprobes (Ge and Yang 2006;Kirk et al. 2008;Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Ge et al. 2018;Dutta et al. 2020). This genus is characterized by agaricoid, secotioid or sequestrate habits, a hymenidermal pileus covering and smooth stipe, white, green or brown basidiospores either lacking a germ pore or with a germ pore that is caused by a depression in the episporium (Ge and Yang 2006;Vellinga 2002Vellinga , 2003aVellinga , 2004Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Loizides et al. 2020). ...
... Chlorophyllum species are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas throughout the world as saprobes (Ge and Yang 2006;Kirk et al. 2008;Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Ge et al. 2018;Dutta et al. 2020). This genus is characterized by agaricoid, secotioid or sequestrate habits, a hymenidermal pileus covering and smooth stipe, white, green or brown basidiospores either lacking a germ pore or with a germ pore that is caused by a depression in the episporium (Ge and Yang 2006;Vellinga 2002Vellinga , 2003aVellinga , 2004Crous et al. 2015a, b, c;Loizides et al. 2020). Most Chlorophyllum species are known to be poisonous (Vellinga and de Kok 2002;Leudang et al. 2017). ...
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... However, C. africanum has smaller spores and basidia with four sterigmata (Ge et al. 2018). Our Colombian material matches the features described by Vellinga (2003), Ge and Yang (2006), and Nascimento and Alves (2014), who report spores without a germ pore. Habitat and distribution. ...
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... A Hitachi SU5000 scanning electron microscope were used for SEM images. The samples were identified according to Ge and Yang (2006) Macroscopic and microscopic features: Basidiocarps 16-33 mm in diam., globose, subglobose to pyriform. Stipe absent or rudimentary with a thick whitish mycelial cord that includes sandy substrate. ...
... DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.891567 INTRODUCTION Chlorophyllum Massee is a genus within the family Agaricaceae. Members of the genus are characterizedby agaricoid to secotioid, or gasteroid habit; white, green, brownish or brown spore deposit; basidiospores without germ pore or with a germ pore caused by a depression in the episporium without a hyaline covering(Ge and Yang 2006;Crous et al. 2015, Carlavilla et al. 2018Ge et al. 2018;Alves et al. 2019). ...
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This paper was carried out on two secotioid macrofungi taxa within the order Agarigales. One of them, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum G. Moreno, Muñ.-Moh., Manjón, Carlavilla & Altés is reported as new record for Turkish and Asian mycobiota. A new locality was given for the second one, Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Czern.) Vellinga, which is also a rare taxon in Turkey. Chlorophyllum lusitanicum was described briefly, and the localities, voucher numbers are provided together with macro and micro photographs of fruit bodies and basidiospores of both taxa. A synoptic key for Turkish Chlorophyllum was also prepared.
... Зазвичай C. agaricoides приурочений до степів, сухих луків, пасовищ, іноді його знаходять на добре освітлених галявинах по краях лісових масивів, на піщаних та глинистих ґрунтах з ксеротермною рослинністю (Ge, Yang, 2006;Kaya, Uzun, 2022). Проте за деякими відомостями він є нітрофілом, зростає епігейно на угноєному ґрунті чи безпосередньо на гною овець або великої рогатої худоби (Lacheva, 2014;Loizides et al., 2020). ...
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The article reports distribution data on a rare fungus Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Ukraine. This species has secotioid fruiting bodies as a result of adaptation of agaricoid fungi to arid environmental conditions. Chlorophyllum agaricoides is on the Red Lists of fungi in several European countries. In Ukraine, it is known from the following regions: Central (Right Bank) Polissya; Right Bank and Kharkiv Forest-Steppe; Donetsk, Right Bank, Left Bank, and Starobilsk Grass-Meadow Steppe; Right Bank and Left Bank Grass Steppe. New records from Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Poltava regions were provided mainly by members of the Facebook group Fungi of Ukraine and added to the list of previously known localities of the fungus. Despite the increased number of finds, C. agaricoides remains a very rare species in Ukraine. Therefore, this species is proposed to be included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and the need of searching for its new localities is emphasized.
... Chlorophyllum was known as saprobic fungi (Kuo, 2020) and cannot make a symbiotic with plants. Chlorohyllum had been found on the grounds, lawns, and pastures in Australia (Vellinga, 2003) and China (Ge & Yang, 2006). The saprobic traits make the Chlorophyllum is capable of decomposing the substrate, such as litter on the ground. ...
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