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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L) seeds
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture
Abstract
Pilot-scale supercritical fluid extraction of okra seeds was carried out, using carbon dioxide as solvent, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60°C and pressures of 150, 300 and 450 bar. Laboratory-scale Soxhlet extraction of the ground seeds was carried out with ethanol and n-hexane. The yields of supercritical fluid extraction and n-hexane Soxhlet extractions were similar. The ethanol Soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield, but the concentrations of β-sitosterol and tocopherols in this extract were lower than in the supercritical fluid extraction product. The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined, and a high unsaturated/saturated ratio was observed. The fatty acid compositions were only slightly different for oils obtained by the different extraction methods.
... According to Khomsug et al. [46], the main phenolic compounds in seeds were two procyanidins (B2 and B1), followed by quercetin and rutin which were detected in lower amounts, while Thanakosai and Phuwapraisirisan [61] identified isoquercetin and quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1"→6")-glucoside. Okra seeds are commonly used for their oil, which is mostly consisted of linoleic acid (67.5%), making it a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids [63,64], although András et al. [64], Lee et al. [65] and Topkafa et al. [66] report different fatty acids profiles with lower amounts of linoleic acid (up to 47.5%), followed by palmitic and oleic acid (up to 36.1% and 19.4%, respectively), as well as significant amounts of β-sitosterol and alpha-and gamma-tocopherols. Regarding the triacylglycerol (TAG) profile of seed oil, the main identified TAGs were palmitodilinolein (PLL), dipalmitolinolein (PPL) and palmitolinoleo-olein/palmito-oleo-linolein (PLO/POL) in amounts that contribute up to 53.3% of total TAGs [65]. ...
... According to Khomsug et al. [46], the main phenolic compounds in seeds were two procyanidins (B2 and B1), followed by quercetin and rutin which were detected in lower amounts, while Thanakosai and Phuwapraisirisan [61] identified isoquercetin and quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1"→6")-glucoside. Okra seeds are commonly used for their oil, which is mostly consisted of linoleic acid (67.5%), making it a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids [63,64], although András et al. [64], Lee et al. [65] and Topkafa et al. [66] report different fatty acids profiles with lower amounts of linoleic acid (up to 47.5%), followed by palmitic and oleic acid (up to 36.1% and 19.4%, respectively), as well as significant amounts of β-sitosterol and alpha-and gamma-tocopherols. Regarding the triacylglycerol (TAG) profile of seed oil, the main identified TAGs were palmitodilinolein (PLL), dipalmitolinolein (PPL) and palmitolinoleo-olein/palmito-oleo-linolein (PLO/POL) in amounts that contribute up to 53.3% of total TAGs [65]. ...
... According to Rakhimov et al. [52], oil composition and content of seeds varies with harvest age (2.1% and 19.5% for seeds from green and ripe fruit, respectively), whereas although palmitic and oleic acid were detected in similar amounts, stearic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid differed significantly between seeds of different stages and different extraction methods (supercritical carbon dioxide, screw press and solvent extraction) [56]. Moreover, okra seeds from genotypes cultivated mainly in Greece showed a great potential for oil production, with contents varying between 15-20%, depending on the extraction method [64,67], while Anwar et al. [68] and Bryant and Montecalvo [32] have suggested the use of seeds for biofuel production and as a new protein source, respectively. However, apart from energy production uses, spectroscopic and thermoxidative analyses have shown that okra seeds oil has also a great potential for human consumption as an alternative vegetable oil due to high oxidation temperature and low peroxide contents [55,59]. ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) or lady finger, is a tropical vegetable of the Malvaceae family, which is usually consumed for its immature fresh or dried pods, while other parts of the plant such as leaves and seeds are also edible or have alternative uses. In addition, it is a versatile species and considered as a multipurpose crop, since plant tissues contain many chemical compounds that find applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry, as well as in other not widely known industrial uses (e.g. making of ropes, sacks, fishing lines, paper, biofuel, blood plasma replacement, stabilize foams). This chapter will describe chemical composition and uses of okra plant tissues, including pharmaceutical and industrial uses of the species. Moreover, special focus will be given on the health effects of the various plant parts and products (fruit, seeds, leaves, roots, flours, mucilage) and the mechanisms involved, while the most recent research results from both in vitro and in vitro models will be presented in order to establish the health effects of okra products and byproducts. In conclusion, considering that okra is an underutilized plant for most parts of the world, the potential of further exploiting the species and the future perspectives will be highlighted.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is one among the foremost widely consumed species of Malvaceae family (Naveed et al., 2009). Being a economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Andras et al., 2005;Oyelade et al., 2003;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). Earlier, it was included in the genus Hibiscus but now it is designated as genus Ablemoschus (Aladele et al. 2008). ...
... Okra seeds are a potential source of oil, with concentrations varying from 20-40% (Sorapong, 2012; MEF, 2013), depending on the extraction method. Out of total oil 47.4 % consists of linoleic acid in oil (Andras et al., 2005;Savello et al., 1980). Okra has been called "a perfect villager's vegetable" because of its robust nature, dietary fiber, and distinct seed protein balance of both lysine and tryptophan amino acids (Holser and Bost, 2004;Sanjeet et al., 2010). ...
Okra/Lady's finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) belongs to the family Malvacea. It is commonly used for cooking in almost every household. It also poses some medicinal properties and hence used since immemorial in the treatment of dysentery, inflammation, worms, and also irritation of the stomach, intestines, and kidneys. Somewhere, the whole plant parts are used such as immature fruits for making salads, soups and stews, fresh or dried, fried or boiled; similarly it's a good source of mucilage, which is having very high medicinal properties. Okra seeds are a good source of oil (20-40%), which is high in linoleic acid up to 47.4%. Due to it's robust nature, dietary fiber and distinct seed protein balance of both lysine and tryptophan amino acids Okra has been called as "a perfect villager's vegetables". Being a good source of carbohydrates, vitamins, fiber and mineral nutrition, it play a vital role nutritional security in human diets and in health benefits. Okra is a powerhouse of valuable nutrients, nearly half of which is soluble fiber in the form of gums and pectin's which lowers the cholesterol levels and also reduces the risk of heart diseases. Therefore, okra is full of functional and nutritional properties.
... Moringa contains over 40 anti-oxidants [12]. Moringa leaf extract is a natural plant growth enhancer [13]. The leaves of moringa are rich in zeatin (zeatin is one of the most powerful cytokinnins). ...
... The leaves of moringa are rich in zeatin (zeatin is one of the most powerful cytokinnins). Zeatin does not only promote the growth of a plant, but also have anti-aging potential and protective effect in plant [13]. ...
A field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of integrated application of moringa leaf extract (Maringa oleifera), poultry manure, and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer on the growth and yield attributes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria during 2018 cropping season. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The treatments included; Poultry manure (PM), Moringa leaf (ML), NPK fertilizer (NPKF), NPK fertilizer + Moringa leaf (ML+ NPKF), poultry manure and Moringa leaf (ML+PM), and control (C). At 2 weeks after planting (WAP), PM, NPKF, and ML+PM gave okra plant height of 3.74 cm, 3.98 cmand 3.82 cm, respectively, which were higher than 2.7 cm for C. While ML gave the highest plant height of 4.05 cm, which was higher than other treatments. Of all the treatments, ML+PM gave the highest fruit weight of 1.343 t/ha and differed (P < 0.05) from the rest of other treatments; while C had the least fruit weight of0.199 t/ha. ML+PM, NPKF, and ML+ NPKF gave total fruit number per plant of 47, 44 and 36 respectively, which differed (P < 0.05) to other treatment and the C gave the least fruit number of 15.67 per plant. The results showed that the application of PM+ML improved the growth and yield of okra, hence poultry manure and moringa leaf should be used instead of NPK fertilizer, which can also lower the cost of production.
... Such out crossing of okra ensures diversity that provides valuable opportunity for further okra improvement and help extended adaptability for local okra genotypes. acters from parent crops [3]. This genetic variation have responsible for continuous evolution that keeps production of okra better and offspring. ...
... Diversity is lost in asexual propagation which is the main reason behind occurrence of disease in future plant species, as many crop produce overcrowding and lack of nutrients occurred. It requires special skill and expensive for successful cultivation, shorter life span than those grown through sexual process [3]. And the species involved in this process are less likely to resist pest and diseases. ...
Abstract
Keywords: Propagated; MS Medium; NAA; IAA; Okra; Micro Propagation
Okra plant is propagated mainly by using seeds production and also through vegetative part like root, shoot, leaves and apical
meristem embryo. its potential self pollinated (autogenous) crop, but considered as cross - pollinated, the extent of cross pollination
depend up on cultivar, competitive flora insect population and season. Since okra is an often cross pollinated crop it’s difficult for
production of pure seed at field. Hybrid seed production of the heterosis is exploited in okra for production of F1 hybrids; generally
hand emasculation and pollination are to produce hybrid seed in okra. But hand emasculation and pollination are uneconomical due
to less seeds/ fruit. Micro propagation on okra is other option to produce pure seed, the explants like hypocotyls, cotyledonary node
and leaf when cultured in MS medium containing NAA or IAA obtained callus formation and root differentiation. Shoot were produced
on cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants cultured in a medium supplemented with BA and NAA and roots were also developed
from these shoot and plantlets grew normally on transfer to soil. The process no genetic materials exchange the offspring forms single
plant, thus result plant identical to the parent plant. Available techniques for the transfer of gen could significantly shorten the time
required for conventional breading procedure, to overcome some of the agronomic and environmental problems plant tissue culture
has long been recognized an efficient tool for rapid clonal propagation high efficient plant regeneration essential for genetic transformation
ex - pant regeneration of okra plant
... 14 The seeds are also potential source of oils including linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for human nutrition) which is up to 47.4% of okra seed oil. 15 Okra fruit has also been referred to as a powerhouse of valuable nutrients with abundant array of carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins which play vital roles in human diet and health. 15 Also, the fruit is rich in polyphenolic compounds with important biological properties like quercetin and flavonol derivatives, catechin oligomers and hydroxycinnamic derivatives which explain its high antioxidants activity and potentially beneficial effects on some of the important human diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers. ...
... 15 Okra fruit has also been referred to as a powerhouse of valuable nutrients with abundant array of carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins which play vital roles in human diet and health. 15 Also, the fruit is rich in polyphenolic compounds with important biological properties like quercetin and flavonol derivatives, catechin oligomers and hydroxycinnamic derivatives which explain its high antioxidants activity and potentially beneficial effects on some of the important human diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers. 13 Ex-maradi Okra fruit is a local type of Okra fruit commonly found in Northern part of Nigeria. ...
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the most widely known and utilized species of the family Malvaceae (Naveed et al., 2009) and an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Oyelade et al., 2003;Andras et al., 2005). Okra is known by many local names in different parts of the world. ...
Field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria to evaluate the effect of biochar application under different weeding regimes on growth and yield of okra. Treatments were laid out in split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot treatments were three levels of biochar while sub-plots treatments consisted of four weeding regimes. Results showed that biochar applied at 20 t/ha increased okra yield by 47.5% compared to the control. Weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS gave the highest okra yield. Uncontrolled weed infestation throughout crop growth resulted in 87.3% yield reduction in okra. It is concluded that weed suppression, growth and yield of okra can be enhanced by the application of biochar at 20t/ha and weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS hence recommended.
... In Pakistan, okra crop is widely cultivated and grown an area about 14.465 thousand hectares with 109.239 thousand Tonnes production annually, only in Sindh, okra crop is cultivated on an area of 4.678 thousands hectares with 21.588 thousand tonnes annual production (Andras et al., 2005). Here several varieties of okra grown and each variety can be recognized due to pod quality, color, and height (Oyelade et al., 2003). ...
The present research study was conducted at the experimental field condition of Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre, University of Karachi, to compare the field performance of different neem oil derivatives doses with Imidacloprid, sprayed on okra crop against the jassid population. The experiments were carried out RCBD with the application of four treatments, including three different concentrations of neem oils at (2%, 1.5%, and 1%) with the comparison of Imidacloprid pesticide and control. Neem oil was selected as a natural pesticide against jassid population reduction on okra crop. All the treatments were sprayed twice and data were recorded before 24h of pre-treatment and post-treatment at 48h, 72h, and 144h, respectively. The overall maximum reduction % after the application of Imidacloprid against the jassid population was calculated (61.51%) in 1st spray and (58.25%) 2nd spray, followed by (43.01%), (39.75%) at 2%, consequent to (32.50%), (29.75%), at 1.5% and (25.55%), (24.52%) at 1%, respectively. The maximum efficacy in neem oil concentration was recorded at 2% followed by 1.5%, and 1% but all neem oil concentrations including Imidacloprid observed effective from the 1st day up to the 6th post-spray days. All neem oil concentrations after 24h, 48h, 72h, and 144h of post-spray found significantly different at (P< 0.05). The application of neem oil, 2% caused the phytotoxicity reduction in okra plants. Thus, it is recommended that the bio-pesticide should be applied at 1.5% neem oil concentration against the jassid pest population.
... In Pakistan 32,500 hectare of land irrigated with sewage from several industries (Ensink et al., 2004). Vegetable production in Pakistan is declining from previous years due to heavy metals toxicity and harsh environmental conditions (Athar and Bokhari, 2006) Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cultivated in all over world is one of the most economically valuable vegetable (András et al., 2005). Okra is low in calories and high in nutrients so it has many health benefits. ...
Copper (Cu) stress is a serious problem in contaminated soils that causes significant reduction in okra growth and production. To determine the toxic effect of Cu on okra plant and identify an effective way to mitigate Cu toxicity on okra, seeds of okra were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and sown with farmyard manure. There were 13 treatments (T 0 = Control, T 1 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 2 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 3 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 4 = 400 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM, T 5 = 450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 6 = 450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 7 =450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 8 =450 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM, T 9 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu, T 10 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis, T 11 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ FYM, T 12 =500 mg kg − 1 of soil Cu+ B. subtilis+ FYM) planned with the complete randomize design (CRD). Results of this research reveal that the okra production and soil physiological properties decreased with the addition of Cu in the soil, this is a new approach for sustainable crop production under Cu stress condition. 500 mg kg − 1 of Cu in the soil have the more negative effect on plant growth but negative effect of Cu can be control with the addition of B. subtilis and FYM. Combine application of B. subtilis and FYM improve the soil properties and plant growth by improving the microbial activities, nutrients availability in the soil and production of growth hormones.
... PGPR can promote plant growth through direct mechanisms, such as nitrogen fixation and synthesis of plant growth hormones, and indirect mechanisms, such as biological control of harmful bacteria and diseases (Ahmad et al., 2008;Nelson, 2004). One of the most popular and commonly used species in the Malvaceae family is okra (Naveed et al., 2009) is a vegetable crop that is produced on a large scale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Andras et al., 2005;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). Okra is also known by the Latin names Abelmoschus esculentus and Hibiscus esculentus (Kumar et al., 2010). ...
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) are a type of bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere of plants and can aid in the growth of plants, either directly or indirectly. Many different bacterial species have been studied for their ability to promote plant growth, including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. The aim of the present study is to identify and isolate such bacteria from the rhizosphere of okra. The serial dilution approach was used in the current investigation to perform the isolation on LB-agar media. 15 strains were obtained for the characterization based on physical characteristics. Isolated isolates were identified using biochemical tests and morphological basis in vitro. 09 strains were gram positive while 05 strains were gram negative when stained it. In the current study, phosphate solublization was detected in seven bacterial isolates. Almost all of the bacterial isolates demonstrated IAA production. Twelve isolates tested positive for ammonia generation. All isolates were negative for HCN production. Fourteen isolates had nitrogen activity. Eleven isolates, nine isolates, and eleven isolates strains, respectively, demonstrated the activities of protease, pectinase, and amylase. To improve plant development, the potential of these PGPR isolates needs to be tested further.
... The high mucilage content of the okra fruit makes it ideal for making various soups and stews, especially in Ghana (Datsomor et al., 2019;Agbenorhevi et al., 2020). In traditional medicine, the immature fruits are used as a diuretic and to cure dental problems (András et al., 2005). Okra pectin has been demonstrated in previous research to be a natural food-grade emulsifier, thickener, and emulsion stabilizer (Chen et al., 2014: Bawa et al., 2020Kissiedu et al., 2020). ...
Okra pectin has been found as an emulsifying agent for food systems, including meat products. In this study, the physicochemical, textural, and sensory attributes of Frankfurter sausage emulsified with okra pectin were evaluated. A completely randomized design was used for the formulations of three sausage treatments (T0, T1, and T2). Only okra pectin was varied (T0 = 0%, T1 = 0.5%, and T2 = 1.0%), whereas all other ingredients used for the formulation were kept constant. The results indicated that cooking loss increased with increasing levels of okra pectin whereas pH values were within an acceptable range (6.09-6.15). Moisture, protein, fat, ash, and fibre content varied among the samples studied. Resilience, cohesiveness, and chewiness were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the samples. Hardness increased with increasing okra pectin concentration but there was no significant difference between T0 and T1 samples. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between T1 and T0 for the appearance (T0 = 7.43, T1 = 6.80), juiciness (T0 = 7.37, T1 = 6.30) and taste (T0 = 7.80, T1 = 6.93), which indicates they were either liked moderately or liked slightly. T2 (which had appearance = 5.47, juiciness = 5.10 and taste = 5.30) was however, significantly different (p < 0.05). T1 (6.77) and T2 (5.43) were liked moderately and liked slightly, respectively for overall acceptability. The present findings suggest that okra pectin at low levels (~ 0.5%) could be used as an emulsifier to produce acceptable sausage.
... O kra (Abelmoschus and esculentus) belongs to the family Malvaceae is a cost-effective vegetable crop cultivated worldwide (András et al., 2005;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). Unfortunately, okra is vulnerable to attack by several pathogens including plant-parasitic nematodes (Arain et al., 2012;Iqbal et al., 2012). ...
... [132,133] Ames and Macleod [134] reported the 148 volatile components of A. esculentus oil, with citronylyl esters and pyrroles being the most predominant. Andras [135] obtained a yield between 15.9 and 20.7%, when using supercritical carbon dioxide in the extraction of oil from A. esculentus. Dong [136] demonstrated greater efficiency of oil extracted by screw press with greater expression than by extraction of supercritical carbon dioxide and by solvent. ...
... Okra (Abelmoschus spp.) is one of the most widely known and utilized crops of the family Malvaceae [1] and an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world [2,3,4]. Okra originated in Ethiopia [5,6,7]. ...
The research study was aimed at improving fruit pubescence and growth pattern in the highly mucilaginous but very spiny local and wild okra variety - ‘Ele Ogwu’ through generic hybridization with selected glabrous conventional and early maturing varieties at the Research Farm of the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The hybrid seeds generated from their diallel crosses were selfed to generate the F2 seeds. Backcrosses (BC1 and BC2) were also made to the much improved and glabrous varieties. The parents, F1, F2 and BC genotypes were sown in an experimental field in a randomized complete block design and organoleptic assessment was done at harvest. The F2 hybrids from the crosses, ‘UHIE x CLM’ and ‘AGW x CLM’, yielded some smooth fruits; although most of the hybrids generated, exhibited intermediate smoothness, except for ‘OGW x UHIE’ and ‘OGW x LD88’ that exhibited high degree of spineness. Most of the F2 hybrids generated exhibited intermediate growth and fruiting pattern, except for ‘OGW x UHIE’ which showed indeterminate pattern. The Chi-square statistics for the F2 showed that fruit pubescence for the highly spiny landrace and the more glabrous improved ones was monogenically controlled with incomplete dominance, while growth pattern were polygenically controlled. The successful backcrosses obtained showed reduction in the proportion of fruits spininess and increased fruit determinate growth pattern. This hereby indicates the prospect of obtaining okra plants with glabrous, highly appealing and determinate growth pattern with early maturity from the local, wild spiny but mucilaginous, nutritious and high yielding local varieties through sustained hybridization programme.
... Eventhough, the decreasing in the seed oil of Syrian local okra variety but was approximate or exceed the percentage in the Egyptian varieties cultivated in different geographical areas, which was ranged between 4.34% -4.52% [19], but it was less than the seed oil percentage of the Greek varieties in which was 15.9% -20.7% [20]. ...
... In the last few years, more environmentally friendly and selective extraction techniques are preferred, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). SFE is a potential alternative to conventional extraction methods using organic solvents for extracting biologically active components from plants (Andras et al., 2005). On the other hand, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), also known as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), is an efficient, rapid, selective, and reliable extraction method . ...
Roots and rhizomes of Asparagus stipularis Forssk were separately extracted using supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and their Total Phenols Content and antioxidant potential was investigated. The results indicated that the roots and rhizomes are a potential source of natural antioxidants. The PLE method gave better extraction yields than SFE and its fractions present the highest antioxidant activity. Direct evaluation of antioxidant capacity using the QUENCHER procedure showed that also the solid residue of the plant material remaining after the SCCO2 and PLE may be of interest as a source of valuable phytochemicals.
... The okra plant, Abelmoschus esculentus L. (ladies finger, okra) is a well-known tropical vegetable, widely planted from Africa to Asia and from South Europe to America [1,2,3]. It is believed that its original home is the continent of Africa, specifically Ethiopia [4,5,6,7]. ...
The insect pathogenic fungi possess different mechanisms in eliminating the pathogenic fungi of the plant, and these fungi may have a double effect on the different pests that infect the plant. Two types of the insect pathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces lilacinus were used in this research to control the pathogenic fungi of okra roots and tested them led to a decrease in the germination percentage in okra seeds as the germination percentage reached 61.33, 55.89, 45.33% for M. phaseolina, R. solani and fungi. F. Solani, with a significant difference, from the control treatment, which amounted to 90.54%.. The pathogen R.solani, F. solani and M. phaseolina caused a significant decrease in the death of okra seedlings, and the most effective fungi were M. phaseolina, where the percentage of seedlings dying before emergence was 40.42 and after emergence of 36.78. The results of the experiment of measuring the height of plants showed that the height of the plants was longer in the soils treated with biological fungi, as the height of the plants reached 20 cm after three weeks of the emergence of the seedlings compared to the soils treated with pathogenic fungi, which showed clear significant differences. The causes of root diseases that affect the okra plant because it contains enzymes, antibiotics and chemicals that have a great effect in the inhibition process. The concentrations were used in this experiment 10%, 20% and 30%.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a low fat containing, fibrous and economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Oyelade et al. 2003;Andr as et al. 2005;Naveed et al. 2009;Kumar et al. 2013). Okra or lady's finger is locally known as "Dherosh" or "Bhendi" and belongs to the family Malvaceae. ...
This study aimed at identification and characterization of the wilting, leaf spot, stem canker and fruit-blight diseases of okra. Pathogen infected plant samples were sterilized with 2% sodium hychlorite solution for 20 mins and then cultured at 28°C for 15 days followed by microscopic examination. Combined microscopic, morphological and cultural characteristics analyses identified the four okra fungal isolates (OFI) such as OFI-1, OFI-2, OFI-3 and OFI-4 as Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Choanephora cucurbitarum, respectively. The isolates OFI-1, OFI-2, OFI-4 showed highest radial growth rates at 25°C, pH 5 and 20% lactose containing media while it was sucrose for OFI-3. BLASTN search using the sequence of ITS regions revealed that OFI-1, OFI-2, OFI-3 and OFI-4 isolates had 98, 100, 97 and 100% homology with F. oxysporum, C. lunata, F. chlamydosporum and C. cucurbitarum, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were also confirmed by reproducing the disease symptoms in okra plants.
... China is the leading producer with a production volume of nearly 554 million MT, followed by India with approximately 127 million MT of fresh vegetables (Shahbandeh, 2020). Okra is one of the most commonly known and utilized species of the family Malvacae, an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Oyelade et al., 2003& Andras et al., 2005. India is the global leader in the production of okra (Saxena et al., 2016). ...
The present study was carried out in the field and laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during 2018-2019 to know the effect of nodal position of fruits on seed quality of okra. The parameters recorded during laboratory studies were i.e. germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour indices-1 & 2 and field studies were i.e. field emergence index, seedling establishment. The results indicated that the best nodal position of fruits for quality seed production was middle nodes (6th to 10th) as compared to lower nodes (1st to 5th) and upper nodes (11th to 15th) and the control.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is one of the most widely known and utilized species of the family Malvaceae (Naveed et al., 2009) and an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (András et al., 2005;Kpodo et al., 2017;Kumar et al., 2013;Nzikou et al., 2006;Ofori et al., 2020;Oyelade et al., 2003;Saifullah & Rabbani, 2009). Okra is a multipurpose crop due to the myriad uses of its fresh leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stem, and seeds Graham et al., 2017). ...
The pasting properties of starch are influenced by the starch-hydrocolloid interaction in the mixed system. In this study, the effect of pectin extract from three okra genotypes (Agbagoma, Asontem, and Sengavi) at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% on the pasting properties of starch were investigated. The pasting properties of the mixed systems were determined using the Rapid Visco-Analyzer. The results showed that okra pectin decreased the peak viscosity and setback value of starch with the highest exhibited by Agbagoma and Asontem. The final viscosity of starch was increased in most samples except for 10–15% Agbagoma and 15% Asontem pectin systems. The peak time (3.84 − 6.84 min) increased with increasing okra pectin concentration. Pasting temperature for the mixed systems ranged from 51.24 oC (for 10% Sengavi) to 80.65°C (for 15% Agbagoma). Overall, okra pectin affected the pasting properties of starch and decreased starch retrogradation.
... Okra seeds from Greece are a potential source of oil, with concentrations varying from 15.9% to 20.7%. Of the fatty acid chains that compose okra seed oil, high linoleic acid chain content was observed at 44.48%, palmitic acid was 28.74%, and oleic acid was 20.38% (András et al., 2005). Gas liquid chromatography exposed that the main fatty acid was linoleic acid (34.89-44%), palmitic acid (25.2-28.3%) ...
Lifestyle associated disorders have always been a hazard for the advancement of chronic diseases. Therefore, use of natural dietary sources is proved to be safe for reducing the occurrence and management of chronic diseases. Okra along with its various parts
has been used for the treatment of several diseases. The present study was done to examine the ameliorating effect of okra seed oil on hypercholesterolemic rats. Spargue Dawley Rats were randomly divided into five groups fed with selected experimental
diets for a period of 30 days. After inducing hypercholesterolemia, the rats in treatment groups were fed with 6%, 12% and 18% okra seed oil respectively mixed with their normal diet. Decrease in cholesterol and LDL were observed in group 2, 3 and 4. Increase in HDL was also observed in group 2, 3 and 4 from 24.33 ± 1.29 to 25.33 ± 1.29, 23 ± 2.94 to 25 ± 2.94 and from 23.67 ± 1.29 to 26.67 ± 1.29 at day 28. A decrease pattern was also observed in triglycerides in group 2, 3 and 4 from 74 ± 2.22 to 72 ± 2.22, 72 ± 1.63 to 68 ± 1.63 and from 74 ± 3.11 to 66.67 ± 2.45 at day 28. Okra seed oil has the potential to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia. This vegetable can be a part of medical nutrition therapy.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is regarded, amongst other species of plants from the Malvaceae family, as extensively consumed [1] and equally known to be an economically significant vegetable crop cultivated in many parts of the world [1][2][3][4]. Hibiscus was the genus into which okra was categorized, and later, classifications reassigned it under Abelmoschus and differentiated it with copious features from the genus Hibiscus [5]. In Northern Ghana, the crop is grown for its high commercial value for deprived growers and significance as a component in the diet of the people. ...
The interaction of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV), and the nematode, Meloidogyne incognita , on wilt disease on “Essoumtem” and Clemson spineless okra varieties, was examined in pot and field experiments from September 2016 to June 2017, in the University of Ghana farms. Four-week-old “Essoumtem” and Clemson spineless seedlings for pot experiment and one-week-old “Essoumtem” and Clemson spineless seedlings for field experiment were inoculated with fungus, Fusarium oxysporum , and nematode, Meloidogyne incognita . The individual, simultaneous, and sequential inoculation of second stage juveniles (at 1000 J ² /kg soil) of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum (1.1 × 10 ⁶ cells/kg soil) resulted in significant reduced plant growth parameters (plant height, plant girth, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry shoot weights, and fresh and dry root weights). Maximum suppression in plant growth parameters was observed in plants that received NF21 ( Fusarium oxysporum inoculated 21 days after Meloidogyne incognita on okra) and F 21 (fungus inoculated 21 days after seedling emergence) treatments for pot and field experiments, respectively. The least suppression of plant growth parameters was observed in separate inoculations of the two pathogens for both pot and field experiments. Maximum suppression in yield parameters was observed in okra plants that received NF21 and F 21 treatments for pot and field experiments, respectively. Minimal yield suppression was observed for individual inoculations ( N and F treatments) in both pot and field experiments. The highest severity of wilt disease was observed on okra plants that received NF21 and F 21 treatment in both pot and field experiments. Plants in control plots had higher yields and the least wilt incidences (0.0%).
... Acikgoz et al. (2016) found that okra oil is a valuable source of palmitic (28.60%), stearic (3.57%), oleic (16.81%), linoleic (49.54%), and linolenic acids (1.48%). Andras et al. (2005) and Jarret et al. (2011) reported that okra seed oil is rich in important fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids) and unsaturated, with linoleic acid (up to 47.4%) as a major constituent. The other fatty acids of the seed oil were noted to be myristic (0.19%-0.38%), palmitic (21.9%-30.4%), ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is one of the most commonly grown and consumed species of the family Malvaceae. It is a nutritious vegetable cultivated in tropical to subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Okra is an affordable source of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, dietary fiber, and other phytonutrients with physiological benefits. Okra seeds contain a considerable amount of edible oil, which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2). There are different conventional and unconventional extraction techniques that could be employed to recover oil from okra seeds. Among conventional extraction techniques, although cold pressing (CP) is relatively less efficient, the oil recovered with CP, has superior nutritional properties and organoleptic value. This chapter reveals the physicochemical and nutritional attributes of okra seed with special focus on functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical potential uses of cold pressed okra seed oil.
... [5,6,40,43] Okra oil is mainly extracted by ethanol and n-hexane. András et al. [44] found that the yield of okra seed oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction was similar to that of n-hexane Soxhlet extraction, while that of ethanol-Soxhlet extraction was the highest. But the content of β-sitosterol and tocopherol of ethanol-Soxhlet extraction was lower than that of supercritical fluid extraction. ...
Okra is a new type of healthy vegetable and belongs to the homology of medicine and food in traditional Chinese medicine. It is rich in nutrients and active ingredients (i.e. dietary fiber, vitamins, oils, polysaccharides, polyphenols), which makes it to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and other functions. This paper reviews various ingredients in okra, their health benefits and their mechanism of action; also pays attention to the influence of different processing methods on the quality of okra.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), also known as qiukui, lady's fingers and quimgombo, is an annual herb and a vital vegetable crop of the mallow family [9]. Okra is grown for its immature pods, which are rich in fiber and vitamins [10]. It is widely cultivated in warm regions around the world [11]. ...
Background:
Salinization seriously threatens land use efficiency and crop yields across the world. Understanding the mechanisms plants use to protect against salt stress will help breeders develop salt-tolerant vegetable crops. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important vegetable crop of the mallow family, which is now cultivated in warm regions worldwide. To understand the effects of salt stress on the protein level of okra, a comparative proteomic analysis of okra seedlings grown in the presence of 0 or 300 mmol L- 1 NaCl treatment was performed using an integrated approach of Tandem Mass Tag labeling and LC-MS/MS integrated approach.
Results:
A total of 7179 proteins were identified in this study, for which quantitative information was available for 5774 proteins. In the NaCl/control comparison group, there were 317 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 165 proteins were upregulated and 152 proteins downregulated in the presence of NaCl. Based on the above data, we carried out a systematic bioinformatics analysis of proteins with information, including protein annotation, domain characteristics, functional classification, and pathway enrichment. Enriched gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the DEPs were most strongly associated with "response to stress" and "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum". Furthermore, several heat shock proteins were identified as DEPs.
Conclusions:
This information provides a reference direction for further research on the okra proteome in the downstream of the salt stress response, with our data revealing that the responses of okra to salt stress involves by various pathways.
... Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a fruit vegetable of interest in this work. Okra or lady's finger, deriving its name from the 'Igbo' word ' k r ' (McWhorter, 2000) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop in most parts of the world and one of the most popular vegetables in many West African markets and some other regions of the world (Oyelade et al., 2003;Andras et al., 2005;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). About 10% of the world's annual okra production comes from West Africa with Nigeria as the leading producer (Burkil, 1997). ...
Cutting energy requirements for vegetable crops is a prerequisite in the engineering design of appropriate cost effective cutting systems consuming minimum amount of energy while still providing high quality products. This study attempts the development of predictive equations describing the cutting energy for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Dimensional analysis based on the Buckingham pi theorem was used to obtain the functional relationship between the cutting energy of the selected vegetable and the independent variables such as tool weight (w), height of tool drop (Hd), tool edge thickness (t), cutting speed (v), crop size (s), crop moisture content (φ), crop contact area (A) and crop density (σ). The developed model was validated with experimental data. A high coefficient of determination of R 2 value of 0.973 between the predicted and measured energy values showed that the method is good. Hence the obtained predictive model is appropriate for determining the cutting energy requirements of okra up to 97%.
... Biscuits could be a very good product for the addition of functional ingredients due to its long shelf life and wide acceptability between children where indigestion and constipation is prevalent and also owing to its sweet taste [3] . Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) is one of the most widely known and utilized species of the family Malvaceae [4] and an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world [5,6,7] . Okra is a dietary fiber rich crop which helps in combating the onset on cancer, coronary diseases and brain dysfunction [8] . ...
Evaluation of the physicochemical, functional, pasting properties and sensory characteristics on wheat flour biscuits incorporated with okra flour in ratio, (100%, 95:5%, 90:10%, 85:15%, 80:20% and 75:25%) were investigated using standard analytical methods. The biscuit samples were prepared using a standard production method to acquire the required thickness and baked in the oven at 200 o C for 20 minutes. Flour blends were evaluated for functional and pasting properties while the biscuit produced were analyzed for proximate composition and sensory qualities. Proximate analysis results showed significant (p<0.05) increase in protein (10.56-21.93%), Ash (0.91-4.17%), fiber (1.01-4.49%), while fat (17.90-20.791%), energy value (419.06-455.15kcal) and CHO (42.56-56.45%) decreased with inclusion of okra. The pH values (5.62-5.92) were not significantly different, but the titratable acidity shows a significant difference (0.13-0.32%). Functional properties analysis showed significant difference in water absorption, oil absorption, foaming capacity, emulsion capacity and emulsion stability. No significant differences (p<0.05) occur in bulk density values. Significant differences (p<0.05) occur in the sensory quality of the products due to the composite ratio, but they were however acceptable with high rating degree of likeness. Hence, acceptable biscuit from the composite of (wheat: okra flour blends) can be produced, which could enhance the nutritional wellness of the target consumers.
... Immature fruits are consumed as vegetables and salads, soups and stews; mucilage of okra binds to cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart attack (Sengkhamparn et al. 2009). Okra seeds are rich in oil (20-40%) with linoleic acid as the important constituent which is essential for human nutrition (Andras et al. 2005). The okra fruits have abundant antioxidant enzymes, contributing to beneficial health effects on a number of human diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers (Sabitha et al. 2011;Atawodi et al. 2009;Kahlon et al. 2007). ...
Drought is a major abiotic stress which negatively affects plant growth and yield. The decrease in rainfall and ensuing drought affect crop production to a larger extent. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the drought stress mitigation potential of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) plants primed with Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF). Okra seeds were primed with 10⁻⁷ CFU of PF, germinated and the plants were exposed to drought stress for 7 days, and the recovery potential was assessed after re-watering the plants. Physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated during stress and recovery. PF treated plants mitigated the effect of drought stress by increasing relative water content (RWC), accumulated metabolites such as sugar, free amino acids and enhanced the activity of non enzymatic antioxidants; phenolics, ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaicol peroxidase (GPX). Drought stress related membrane damage and protein denaturation were also alleviated by PF treatment. During re-watering, PF treated plants regained RWC, total sugar, total amino acid, protein, AsA, GSH, phenolics, SOD, CAT, APX and GPX to appreciable levels. Thus, this study suggests that PF can be used as an agent to effectively mitigate drought stress in okra plants.
... This finding is accordance with previous researches in the extraction of β-sitosterol by using SC-CO2 extraction (Catchpole et al., 2002, Simandi et al., 2002, Andras et al., 2005, Cossuta et al., 2008. Catchpole et al., (2002) reported the extraction of β-sitosterol from saw palmetto berries using SC-CO2 at pressures of 25 and 28 MPa and temperature of 40°C. ...
This work investigates the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction conditions (pressure and temperature) on the oil yield and β-sitosterol content extracted from Swietenia mahagoni seeds by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial model and the obtained oil yields were 1.49-14.45%, while β-sitosterol content obtained were 3.12-9.20 mg/g. The best conditions within the ranges studied were 30 MPa and 40°C to extract β-sitosterol in the highest amount. The present findings show that S. mahagoni seeds extract has a high concentration of β-sitosterol.
... Okra is mainly cultivated for its fresh pods [3,4] or leaves [5] when cooked and eaten in countries like Sudan, Egypt and Nigeria. The seeds of okra contain 47.4% oil [6]. Other essential composition of okra leaves and fruits have been reported by many researchers such as Akanbi et al. [7], Sanjeet et al. [8] and Adetuyi et al. [9]. ...
... As the temperature within an extraction system increases, a decrease Table 2 Soxhlet extraction of waxes in literature. Literature Biomass Solvent Technique ( Sun and Sun, 2001) Barley straw Various solvents tolueneeethanol (2: 1, v/v), chloroform, MTBE, dichloromethane and Hexane/acetone Soxhlet extraction ( Xiao et al., 2001) Rice straw Various solvents tolueneeethanol (2: 1, v/v), chloroform, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Nuissier et al., 2002) Sugarcane waxes from rum factory wastes Cyclohexane Soxhlet extraction ( Sun and Tompkinson, 2003) Wheat straw Various solvents tolueneeethanol (2: 1, v/v), toluene-ethanol-methanol (1:1:1 v/v), MTBE, chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) Soxhlet extraction (Guti errez and del Río, 2005) Pitch deposits from hemp fibre Acetone Soxhlet extraction ( Vali et al., 2005) Rice bran Hexane Refluxed in solvent ( Wang et al., 2005) Grain Sorgum DDG Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Andr as et al., 2005) Okra seeds Hexane/ethanol Soxhlet extraction ( Morrison et al., 2006) Flax/linseed Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Zhao et al., 2007) Rice, wheat straw and corn stalk Various solvents petroleum ether, chloroform, toluene, alcohol, acetone, heptane and toluene/ alcohol Soxhlet extraction ( Athukorala et al., 2009) Flax straw Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Villaverde et al., 2009) Miscanthus giganteus stalk Dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction ( Villaverde et al., 2010) Miscanthus giganteus bark Dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction ( Athukorala and Mazza, 2010) Triticale straw Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Marques et al., 2010) Flax, hemp, sisal and abaca fibres Acetone Soxhlet extraction ( Naik et al., 2010) Wheat straw, barley straw, pinewood, flax straw and Timothy grass Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Asikin et al., 2012) Sugarcane rinds and stalks Hexane and methanol (20:1) Soxhlet extraction ( Sin et al., 2014) Wheat straw Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Backlund et al., 2014) Pinus contorta stumpwood, branches, bark, cones and needles Hexane Soxhlet extraction ( Attard et al., 2015b) Sugarcane rind, leaves and bagasse Hexane Soxhlet extraction ...
The decline in petrochemical wax supply coupled with the ever-growing demand for bio-products means that the development of a sustainable process to renewably sourced waxes is paramount. This review focuses on recent advances in supercritical extraction as a clean efficient process for extracting waxes from waste biomass as a part of a holistic biorefinery. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide leads to reductions in solvent waste and leaves no solvent residues meaning that the biomass can further processed without the need for energy-intensive solvent removal steps. This technology crucially improves the downstream conversion of residual cellulosic biomass for the sustainable production of sugars, consumer products and biofuels (up to a 40% increase in ethanol production) leading to higher energy efficiencies and higher economic returns. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is not only an important technology for the cleaner production of waxes, it is a sustainable pre-treatment of biomass as part of an integrated holistic biorefinery and significantly, it can improve the safety of products, e.g. less off gassing of wood pellets.
... Alpha-tocopherol has been detected in similar amounts (30.4 mg per 100 g of dry seeds) by Karakoltsidis & Constantinides. 11 András et al. 33 have also detected alpha-and gamma-tocopherols as the main tocopherol vitamers in okra seed extracts and seed oils obtained from Greece. However, they reported higher amounts than those in our study which could be explained by the different solvents they used for seed extraction. ...
Okra is a vegetable crop usually used for its immature pods. Harvest stage (fruit size) depends on consumers’ preferences and fruit that do not meet market requirements are being disposed of. Considering the short time interval from fruit set to harvest stage, the present study evaluates nutritional value, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of okra seeds from genotypes cultivated under Mediterranean conditions, as an alternative end-use product. For this purpose, seeds from four okra cultivars and local landraces commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean basin, as well as seeds from four commercial cultivars from North America were collected at maturity stage. A significant variation between the studied okra genotypes was observed for all the evaluated parameters. Okra seeds of cv. “Silver Queen” were a significant source of proteins and minerals, such as Ca, K, Fe and Zn. Seeds of all the genotypes contained significant amounts of gamma-tocopherols, liposoluble pigments, and linoleic and palmitic acid. Total phenols content differed between the studied genotypes and correlated with EC50 values of Reducing Power assay. Seed extracts exhibited significant antibacterial properties, especially against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium, while fungistatic and fungicidal properties were better than ketoconazole in a genotype dependent manner. Antifungal properties of seeds were noticed towards all tested fungi, where Aspergillus versicolor and Caldosporium cladosporioides were the most sensitive species. Moreover, two of the tested genotypes (“Boyati” and “Clemson Spineless”) exhibited higher fungistatic and fungicidal properties than ketoconazole. In conclusion, okra seeds could be considered as innovative okra products and could be proposed for alternative end-uses in the food and pharmaceutical industry, especially for functional foods with antimicrobial and bioactive properties.
... Also, the physical and chemical properties were of the required standard (Liu et al., 2009). SC-CO 2 extrac tion from ground seed of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) was carried out at pilot scale (Andras et al., 2005). Results were compared with laboratory scale Soxhlet extraction with ethanol and n-hexane. ...
... The oil of the okra seeds is edible and the residual meal after oil extraction is significantly rich in protein. It was reported that the okra seeds cultivated in Greece contain between 15.9% to 20.7% oil [4]. The okra seed oil mainly consisted of linoleic acid (up to 47.4%), which is essential for human nutrition [5]. ...
Okra is a common vegetable in most regions of Turkey and available all year-round, with a peak season during the summer months. In this study, first the chemical composition and physical properties of mature okra seeds were investigated. Then, the unroasted okra seed flour (OSF)and roasted okra seeds flour (ROSF) (40 min at 160 0 C) were analyzed for total phenolic contents and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results of flour samples showed that the values of phenolics in OSF (157.80 mg GAE 100 g-1 flour) and ROSF (232.19 mg GAE 100 g-1 flour). The concentration that provided 50% radical scavenging (IC50) was determined as 360.25 ± 2.01 mg ml-1 and 452.39 ± 12.27 mg ml-1 for roasted and unroasted okra seed flour, respectively. Regarding physical and chemical composition, okra seeds and their flour could be recommended for a good source of protein, fat, mineral and phenolic acid, which can be help remove the stigma of "starvation food" for people and promote them as a healthy food source.
Supercritical fluid extraction plays a vital role across various industries, and its significance is particularly noteworthy in the food industry. This technique represents an innovative extraction method that not only increases yield but also reduces extraction time, ensuring higher quality and precise extraction of beneficial compounds from oils. Critical factors for successful SFE encompass temperature, pressure, the use of co-solvents, particle size, and moisture content. These factors allow for the selective extraction of desired components from seed oils and essential oils, ensuring top-notch quality. This approach is not only widely accepted but also aligns with environmentally sustainable practices, offering promising solutions to the challenges faced by industries seeking efficient and eco-friendly methods for extracting valuable compounds from seeds and other raw materials.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding cold-pressed okra seed oil byproduct (OSB) to the muffin formulation, as a partial substitute for wheat flour, on the nutritional, physicochemical, rheological, textural, and sensory properties of muffins. The carbohydrate, protein, oil, moisture, and ash contents of OSB were 44.96, 32.34, 10.21, 7.51, and, 4.98%, respectively, indicating that OSB was rich in protein and carbohydrate. All muffin samples showed a shear thinning behavior, indicating that the viscosity of all samples decreased with increasing shear rate. The frequency sweep test showed that all samples showed viscoelastic solid-like structure [G′ (storage modulus)> G″ (loss modulus)]. The K′ values (between 66.45 and 139.14) were higher than the K″ values (between 36.62 and 80.42) for all samples. The result was another indication of the viscoelastic solid characteristic of the samples. In our study, it was found that the fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and soluble tryptophan index decreased with increasing amount of OSB, indicating that OSB addition led to a decrease in the amount of fluorescent Maillard reaction (MR) products. The fortified muffins with more than 10% OSB had a reduced estimated glycemic index (GI) significantly in comparison with control muffin samples (p < 0.05). The induction period (IP) values of the muffin samples containing OSB (between 11:57 and 15:15 h/min) were higher than the IP value of the control sample (10:50 h/min), indicating that OSB improved the oxidative stability of the muffin samples. The addition of OSB has shown no negative effect on sensory attributes considering texture, mouth fell, odor, and taste. This study suggested that the addition of OSB in muffins could improve rheological properties and oxidative stability and decrease GI and the amount of MR products without negative impact on sensory properties.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a sensitive technique used to analyse the structure elucidation, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. Abelmoschus esculentus and Lagenaria siceraria are edible plants used traditionally to treat jaundice, diabetes, weight loss, ulcer, hypertension, heart failure, skin diseases and reduced cholesterol. Therefore, based on the medicinal uses the study was designed to analyze fingerprinting of metabolites of the seeds of the selected plants. The dry seeds were powdered and the metabolites were extracted by socking method with a mixture of methanol/chloroform. The extracted metabolites from seeds were subjected to proton NMR using the noesygpprld pulse sequence. A total 18 peaks were obtained from each spectrum. Among the peaks, three peaks with the highest intensities were analyzed by utilizing NMR. The peak metabolites were determined with the correlation with the correct peak using in built Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB). The results showed that the obtained data varied from known plant metabolites due to the contamination and interaction between the metabolites. In addition, variants in the metabolites from sample to sample may have been the result of errors or limitations in the study. The data generated from this experiment will be used to help to conduct the advanced research in the near future on the selected edible plant species which will be valuable for many different areas of the scientific community. Plant metabolomics has the potential benefit in the medical field, agricultural industry, and many other areas of our economy.
This article presents comprehensive information on applications and developments of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique in plant oils and herbal volatile components analysis. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO 2 ) is widely used for extraction and isolation of volatile and essential oils of plants. SFE possesses valuable advantages in the extraction of various analytes, especially nonpolar compounds, from plant matrices. Meanwhile, some modifications such as the usage of modifiers make this technique applicable for the extraction of polar targets as well. SFE in herbal field is used for the extraction of a wide range of analytes including food, agricultural agents, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and pesticides. This article aims to review, from plant oil analysis standpoint, the recent advances in the use of SC‐CO 2 for the extraction and separation of herbal analytes. The use of experimental designs, including screening and optimizing, in the SFE process for the extraction of plant oils is described. In addition, it presents a critical appraisal about the advantages and disadvantages of SFE technique in comparison with traditional extraction methods, that is Soxhlet, hydrodistillation (HD), and head space extraction. The abilities, advantages, shortcomings, and prospects of SFE for isolation and extraction of volatile components and essential oil of plant materials are also discussed.
Bamboo processing is faced with increasing requirements of resource reusability in China. A large amount of waste bamboo green produced in bamboo processing needs to be recycled. Waste bamboo green contains a large number of environmentally friendly wax components. In this study, supercritical CO2 extraction was used to extract bamboo green waste to obtain natural wax. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process and the yield of bamboo green wax under pressure of 20–30 MPa, temperature of 318–328 K, and time of 30–90 min. The extracted bamboo green wax was characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RSM optimization shows that under the conditions of 26 MPa, 328 K, and 56 min, the yield of bamboo green wax was the highest at 2.327%. The compositions of esters, fatty acids, sterols and so on in bamboo green wax were characterized by GC-MS. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that the melting point of bamboo green wax is 334 K. At last, the economic evaluation of bamboo green wax was made to analyze its potential application prospect. It is supposed that bamboo green waste is a resource for natural wax with potential application value.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), famous for its desired nutritional and medicinal values, could accumulate approximately 20% (w/w) seed oil dominated with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). However, the mechanism of oil biosynthesis and metabolic regulation in its seeds remains poorly understood. Here, storage oil profiles and transcriptome of okra seeds at different developmental stages were analyzed. Seed oil accumulated at a high rate during 21 to 28 days after flowering (DAF). Total of 136.6 million clean reads were obtained and 109,171 unigenes were assembled from the seed transcriptome. Differentially expressed genes among three developing stages of seeds were functionally annotated into the storage lipid metabolism pathway. Comparative analysis was performed for structural genes and transcription factor genes that participate in fatty acid biosynthesis, triacylglycerol assembly, oil body formation, and triacylglycerol degradation. A complex regulating network was built accordingly. Additionally, expressions of 12 key functional genes responsible for okra oil accumulation were examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), demonstrating that RNA-sequencing data were reliable. This study will facilitate further investigation of molecular mechanism responsible for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in plant seed, providing valued reference for creating new okra varieties with better lipid composition and high oil yield.
Nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của các nguồn cung cấp dinh dưỡng khác nhau và liều lượng phân bón đến sự phát triển, năng suất và chất lượng trái đậu bắp đỏ Rado 309. Thí nghiệm được bố trí theo thể thức khối hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên, hai nhân tố, ba lần lặp lại. Nhân tố A là ba công thức phân bón (1) 120 N – 60 P2O5 – 60 K2O, (2) 60 N – 30 P2O5 – 30 K2O và (3) 30 N – 30 P2O5 – 30 K2O). Nhân tố B là ba nguồn cung cấp dinh dưỡng (1) phân hóa học, (2) phân trùn quế và (3) phân gà. Lượng đạm cần thiết được đáp ứng bởi chính nguồn phân bón, lượng lân và kali không đủ đáp ứng sẽ được bổ sung thêm từ phân lân và phân kali (dạng phân đơn). Các chỉ tiêu theo dõi gồm chiều cao cây (cm), đường kính cây (cm), chỉ số SPAD, chiều dài trái, đường kính trái, số trái/cây và năng suất. Kết quả cho thấy các nguồn cung cấp dinh dưỡng khác nhau cóảnh hưởng rõ rệt đến năng suất và chất lượng trái đậu bắp. Bón phân hóa học có độ Brix thấp nhất và hàm lượng NO3-cao nhất. Ngược lại, bón phân hữu cơ (phân gà và phân trùn quế) cho độ Brix cao và hàm lượng NO3- thấp hơn so với bón phân hóa học...
The impact of particle size on bioactive compounds recovery was investigated for two valuable plant matters. This project was to assess the effect of grinding on bioactives extraction of New Zealand Manuka leaves of the Leptospermum scoparium and Stevia rebaudiana plants. Non-grounded and grounded Manuka with particle sizes ranging from 68 μm to 1400 μm were processed using n-hexane extraction for 0–60 min. Moreover, the extraction of two sweeteners from Stevia powder (d ≤ 200 µm) was carried out using hot water extraction and Ultrasound as a non-conventional method. As particle size was reduced, the extraction of bioactives increased, which is expected. However, it was observed that for the small particle size, which was obtained by sever grinding, most of the extraction was achieved as soon as the powder was exposed to the solvent (at zero time) with no further extraction at an extended period. This indicates that short-time exposure appears to be sufficient to recover most of the bioactive compounds, since most of the release of these compounds happened during grinding to fine powder, an issue that has not been addressed in the literature.
In this chapter, the importance of pigments obtained from plants is emphasized and the plant derived pigments are compared to the synthetic pigments. The economic and environmental effects of the pigments are also systematically discussed. The production processes of pigments and optimization of production processes are evaluated and summarized. Based on meticulous evaluation and comprehensive comparisons, it is proposed that plant derived pigments are crucial elements to achieve a natural, eco-friendly and economically sustainable lifestyle.
· At the end of the chapter, the reader will in-depth understanding of
· Current problems associated with the extensive use of synthetic pigments,
· Contribution of natural pigments to environmental sustainability and human health, and
· Extent of the economic contribution through the use of wasted plant roots, leaves, and fruits as pigment sources.
Keywords: Green Production, Synthetic Pigments, Phytochemicals Pigments, Extraction,
For many years machining is playing a vital role in the global economy. It is a proven fact that a tremendous amount of heat energy developed during machining. The majority of the heat energy generated during the machining disperses with the help of cutting fluids, which poses numerous challenges to the environment and humanity. Presently, the primary focus of the manufacturing industries is cost reduction without compromising product quality, along with the implementation of sustainability. With the advancement of new difficult to machine materials like superalloys, titanium aluminides, and other hardened ferrous metals in the manufacturing industries, there was a need to identify alternative cooling and lubrication techniques to machine them sustainably. These materials have numerous applications in industries such as aerospace, automobile, and power production due to their excellent physical properties. The heat energy developed during the machining of these materials is higher compared to other materials and requires an effective cooling system to remove the generated heat.
The use of cutting fluids for machining has numerous benefits, but they often pose a hazard to man, machine, and material. To curb these issues and other critical issues such as a rise in consumption of natural resources, concerns due to increasing population, limited natural resources, globalization, etc. there is a necessity to switch on to sustainable manufacturing. In almost all the fields of engineering, the concern about the environment is gaining importance. Researchers have developed various techniques to compact the increased use of cutting fluids. The foremost sustainable methods for cleaner production can be categorized majorly into cutting tool processing and cooling and lubrication strategies. The combination of both techniques can bring more advantages to machine these materials sustainably. The chapter discusses various sustainable techniques to machine difficult to machine materials along with the combination of these techniques, which can be most efficient in machining these materials.
Fatty acid profile of the pods and seeds of eight indigenous Ethiopian okra accessions were studied for the first time in order to identify the possible sources of fatty acid and oil quantity. In the studied pods and seeds of the eight okra accessions, only five fatty acids were identified and quantified. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic and behenic acids were not detected in any of the studied pods and seeds of okra accessions. The study revealed that the fatty acid composition (%) of pods and seeds of okra accessions were significantly (P<0.05) varied and had respective ranges of myristic acid 4.43-6.85 and 3.35-7.75; for palmitic acid were 19.76-24.71 and 13.24-22.26; for stearic acid were 2.35-3.01 and 2.26-10.93; for oleic acid were 10.35-14.66 and 13.90-24.07; for linoleic acid were 8.70-23.38 and 35.31-43.93. The total saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acid of the pods and seeds of okra accessions were also significantly (P<0.05) varied and ranged from 28.18-36.04 and 20.62-34.97; 11.15-14.95 and 13.90-25.81; 8.70-23.38 and 35.31-43.93; 21.41-36.96 and 51.09-63.54, respectively. In the seeds of okra accessions, the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than total saturated fatty acid. The crude oil yield of the seeds of eight okra accessions were significantly (P<0.05) varied and ranged from 19.25-38.19%. Comparing with other vegetable oils, the present study revealed that okra seeds could be considered as a potential sources of edible oil. Okra seeds, especially OPA#3 accessions, could be a good source of essential fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acid. Overall results suggest that okra seed oil may be considered as a new candidate and valuable source of edible oil and can be utilized as multipurpose products for industrial and nutritional purposes and need to be improved through selection and breeding.
The present study investigated the impacts of dried okra fruit powder (DOFP), used as a natural feed supplement, on growth, carcass, blood, and meat quality parameters of broilers. A total of 240 unsexed, one-week-old chicks were randomly allotted to four equal groups with six replicates in each group (i.e., 10 birds/ replicate). The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control, and three DOFP groups, supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g DOFP/kg feed, respectively. The results showed that the highest values of live body weight and body weight gain) were observed in the group with 1.0 g DOFP/kg feed during the fifth week of age and between 1–5 weeks of age, respectively. During 1–3 weeks of age, daily feed consumption of chicks fed DOFP supplemented diets increased numerically with increasing DOFP levels. Dietary treatments significantly depressed liver, thigh, and dressing fat percentages. Chicks fed the diet containing 1.0 g DOFP/kg feed had the lowest values for serum urea and creatinine compared with the other treatment group. In addition, the concentration of liver enzymes decreased with increasing DOFP levels, except for the groups fed 3.0 and 1.0 g DOFP/kg diet. Oxidative rancidity of broiler meat samples containing DOFP in their diets was lower than that of the control samples, throughout the storage period. It can be concluded that DOFP is a useful phytogenic additive, which can lower the percentage of abdominal fat of the carcass, as well as alanine aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine in the blood. Furthermore, all sensory characteristics of the meat were improved by the addition of DOFP to broiler diets. It could be concluded that DOFP can be used as a natural supplement in broiler diets for improving growth performance, reducing abdominal fat, blood creatinine, and urea.
Prevalence of type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is rising despite the volume of researches regarding its management. Thus, novel methods for managing the disease are being explored. This study evaluated the effect of dried powder and aqueous extract of okra on blood glucose and lipid profile of type-2 induced diabetic Wistar rats. T2DM was induced in 30 matured male Wistar rats (200-250 g) using high-fat diet for 12 weeks plus a single dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg/b.w, i.p). Rats were assigned into five groups (n=6): non-diabetic, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with dried whole okra powder (200 mg/kg/b.w), diabetic treated with okra aqueous extract (200 mg/kg/b.w) and diabetic treated with metformin (100 mg/kg/b.w). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol)] were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Aqueous extracts and dried whole powder of okra significantly reduced (p<005) FBG, TC, triglyceride and LDL-C in okra-treated groups compared to metformin treated and non-diabetics. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in okra-treated diabetic rats was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to controls. Aqueous extracts of okra was more efficacious in reducing FPG (60±8.49 mg/dL vs 70.5±12.02 mg/dL; p<0.05), and LDL-C (8.48±0.60 mg/dL vs 15.89±2.97 mg/dL; p<0.05) compared to dried powder whereas dried powder okra proved efficacious in reducing triglyceride (40.05±1.99 mg/dL vs 70.9±1.12 mg/dL; p<0.05). Dried powder and aqueous extracts of okra were shown to possess both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic effects. Therefore, okra could be an effective and affordable food in the management of T2DM.
Formation of a mucilage is a complex process that involves the initial contact of a solid matrix (e.g. bone with connective tissue, okra fruit, beans) and water; the wetting of the macromolecules that are embedded on the solid matrix, followed by its swelling; their elution (‘extraction’) in the aqueous phase, forming a hydrocolloidal dispersion; the relaxation of the macromolecules in their new environment, leading to the modification of the latter's rheological properties, or their adsorption onto an oil interface, leading to the formation of oil-in-water emulsions. This review collects data assembled on a representative case study, that of okra fruit, as to assemble an image of the individual contributions of the previous stages towards the final formation of the hydrocolloidal mucilage.
Sampling of powders sampling of dusty gases in gas streams sampling and sizing from the atmosphere - air technology, Atcor Net 2000, Bausch and Lomb, Beckman, Centre for Air Environmental Studies, Climet Series 7000, Coulter Model 550 contamination monitor, Dynac, Gardner, G.C.A. Miniram, Insitec PCSV-P, Kratel Partoscope, Leitz Tyndalloscope, Met One particle counters, Pacific Scientific Hiac/Royco particle counting systems, particle measuring systems, RAC particle monitors, Rotheroe and Mitchell digital dust indicator, Saab photometer, Sartorius, Sinclair. Particle size, shape and distribution - shape regeneration by Fourier analysis, the Rosinn-Rammler distribution, mean particle sizes and specific surface evaluation for Rosinn-Rammler distribution. Sieving microscopy interaction between particles and fluids in a gravitational field dispersion of powders incremental methods of particle size determination cumulative methods of sedimentation size analysis fluid classification - the Warmain cyclosizer, the Humboldt particle size analyzer TDS, the cross-flow elbow classifier, the Bahco classifier, the BCURA centrifugal elutriator, Analysette 9, the Donaldson classifier, the Micromeritics classifier. Centrifugal methods - early instruments - the Marshall centrifuge and the MSA particle size analyser, the Alpine sedimentation centrifuge, the Mikropul Sedimentputer, the LADAL X-ray centrifuge, the LADAL pipette withdrawal centrifuge. The electrical sensing zone method of particle size distribution determination (the Coulter principle) radiation scattering methods of particle size determination high-order Tyndall spectr (HOTS) permeametry and gas diffusion - alternative derivation of Kozeny's equation using equivalent capillaries. Gas adsorption - BET isotherm for multilayer adsorption, comparison between BET and HJr methods, the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill equation (FHH), the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation (D-R), Kiselev's equation. Other methods for determining surface area - Langmuir trough, Gravimetric method, the Rayleigh interferometer. Determination of pore size distribution by gas adsorption - the Kelvin equation. On-line particle analysis - Brinkmann analyser, Climet particle counting systems, Flowvision, Hiac/Royco (Pacific Scientific) particle counters, Horiba particle size analysers, the Insitic particle counter, Kane May particle size analysers, Kratel Partascope, Lasentec, Talbot optical-electronic method, the Erdco acoustical counter, the Coulter on-line monitor screening - the Cyclosensor, non-Newtonian rheological properties. Appendix 1 Equipment and suppliers, manufacturers' and suppliers' addresses.
As pointed out in chapter 2, most of the organoleptic compounds, i.e. the compounds responsible for aroma, flavour and taste, are soluble in liquid CO2. (These compounds tend to be comparitively volatile with molecular weights normally below about 250.) Virtually all are soluble in supercritical CO2, though this solvent also extracts some unwanted compounds and involves the use of higher temperatures.
Methyl esters are still the most popular derivative for the gas chromatography (GC) of fatty acids. When analyzing triglycerides
and other liquids for fatty acid composition, methyl esters usually are made by a saponification-acidic methanolysis technique.
Transesterification with sodium methoxide is also often used for preparing methyl esters. However, there are some drawbacks
to both these procedures: the saponification-esterification method requires an extraction step which can be troublesome, and
the sodium methoxide transesterification technique does not convert any free fatty acids present to esters. A technique has
been developed which overcomes these disadvantages. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide in methanol (TMAH) is used to catalyze the
transesterification of the fat dissolved in diethyl ether, and methyl esters form almost instantly. Glycerine drops out of
solution to form a second layer containing the bulk of any free fatty acids present as their TMAH soaps. GC of the ether layer
gives the fatty acid composition of the glycerides. On injecting the lower layer, the TMAH soaps pyrolyze to form methyl esters.
If methanol is added to the flask to solubilize the glycerine and excess base neutralized with methanolic HCI, total fatty
acid composition can be obtained by chromatographing the resulting solution.
The genus Hibiscus exhibits great diversity in the production of natural materials, with both edible and industrial applications. Components such as flowers and green tissues may be consumed as specialty foods, while the bast fibers (cellulosic), core fibers (lignitic and cellulosic), and seed oils (primarily poly-unsatur- ates) are a renewable source of industrial materials and edible oils. In this study, a total of 22 seed genomes of perennial and woody species and hybrids of Hibiscus were selected and characterized for lipid components, using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as the extractant in order to avoid the use of organic solvents. These samples include 6 hybrid genomes (developed from native American Hibiscus species and subspecies) and 13 native American Hibiscus species and subspecies, all of which are perennials with annually produced canes. Three non-native woody Hibiscus species were also char- acterized: two Asiatic (H. syriacus and H. mutabilis), and one Pan-Pacific (H. hamabo hamabo). The data presented herein are part of an on-going USDA-funded SBIR study which includes chemical characterization of Hibiscus flower pigments (Puckhaber et al. 2002), and seed oils, seed meals, and seed proteins. The peren- nial and woody Hibiscus used in these studies are also being evaluated for fiber applications (industrial and dietary), nutraceutical products, and bioremediation applications. The suite of perennial and woody Malvaceae species (native American species in boldface) grown at our production farm (USDA Hardiness Zone 8-9) includes: Abelmoschus manihot, A. moschatus, Abutilon hybridum, Kosteletzkya virginica, Pavonia hastata, P. lasiopetalus, and Sida spinosa, as well as the following Hibiscus species: H. aculeatus, H. coccineus, H. hamabo hamabo, H. hamabo tileaceous, H. laevis (multiple forms), H. moscheutos moscheutos (multiple forms), H. moscheutos grandiflorus, H. mutabilis (multiple forms), H. striatus lambertianus, H. syriacus (multiple forms), Malvaviscus arboreus arboreus, and M. a. drummondii. In addition, we have developed hybrids of North American native species (we currently grow ~125 hybrids). In the US, most of these Malvaceae genera have tended to be regarded strictly as garden plants. How- ever, their potential for other applications is substantial, as indicated above. The emphasis in this paper is on the characterization of the seed oils for these genomes, and comparison of the seed-oil yields and fatty acid composition results obtained herein with other published conventional oils (canola, cotton, crambe, peanut, soybean, and sunflower) and other "new" oilseeds in the New Crops oilseed database.
This volume is a compilation devoted entirely to the present state of extraction and fractionation with dense gases. It is fitting that this work is a translation from German, for historically and scientifically this is an area long pursued by Europeans in general and Germans in particular. Not surprisingly, many of the important references from the original literature are in German. The book is very well referenced, including a complete list (at the front of the book) of all abbreviations. This volume may be of importance in that it makes the techniques and literature of this important, but, at least in the U.S., rather proprietary area open to all. There are numerous schematic drawings of pilot-plant set-ups, methods of sealing autoclaves, and many other important technical details. The reviewer must say that the inclusion of the how to aspects of this book was most refreshing. Basic physicochemical principles such as phase diagrams and equilibria are included only for better understanding and not as a primer on the scientific background.
The component acids and glycerides of okra seed oil (iodine value 94.0, free fatty acid 0.1%, unsaponifiable matter 1.2%) from the Sudan have been investigated. The acids comprised palmitic 23.8%, stearic 7.4%, oleic 27.1% and linoleic 41.7% (wt.). The glycerides included about 40% of saturated-oleo-linoleins, 25% of triunsaturated glycerides (mainly oleodilinolein), 10% of saturated-dilinoleins and 23% of glycerides containing two saturated acid groups with either an oleic or a linoleic group.
The oil is very closely similar in constitution to cottonseed oil and, providing the harvesting of the seed and its subsequent decortication present no insuperable difficulties, it should be completely suitable for all uses to which cottonseed oil is put.
This chapter discusses the decaffeination of coffee and tea and extraction of hops. The decaffeination of green coffee beans was one of the first industrial processes in the CO2-extraction technology. In principle, water is a very good solvent for caffeine, but water has a very low selectivity. The water-soluble substances are about 20% of the green coffee beans, and if tea is extracted with water, the final beverage is produced. Therefore, it needs special processes to keep the process-losses at a low level. With the development of high-pressure extraction, new solutions for such extraction problems were found. From the beginning of this technology, carbon dioxide was found to be the optimal gas for this process and it has the best selectivity. As one of the first processes, the decaffeination of green coffee beans was applied on the industrial scale. The chapter illustrates a flow sheet for an extraction process for green coffee beans.
After 2 decades of development of extraction/fractionation processes mainly dedicated to natural products, many "new" applications of supercritical fluids are now either under investigation or already at commercial scale in various areas. Extraction (SFE). Many large-scale units are oper-ated worldwide for extraction of solid natural materials, mainly for food ingredients and phytopharmaceuticals. Residual organic solvent (or other impurities) can also be removed from final active compounds or high-grade polymers at large scale. As special cases of extraction, ceramics binder removal, or liquid carbon dioxide clean-ing for halogenated solvents substitution for both textile dry wash and metal degreasing, can be cited. Fractionation (SFF). Industrial applications are designed to take profit of the very high selectivity of supercritical fluids with attractive costs related to continuous operation: polymer fractionation (specialty lubricants, pharmaceuticals, etc.), aromas production from fermented and distilled beverages, polyunsatu-rated fatty acids, active compounds from fermentation broth, pollution abatement on aqueous streams, etc. Preparative-Scale Supercritical Fluid Chroma-tography (PSFC). Industrial development is now restricted to purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids and enantiomers. Impregnation. The great diffusivity of supercritical fluids permits one to reach a homogeneous distribution of active compounds in various porous matrixes: drugs in patches or medical devices, preservatives in wood, desacidification and reinforcement agents in books, aromas in food products, concrete carbonation for me-chanical properties improvement, etc. Similarly, super-critical fluid dyeing of textiles, especially polyesters, is considered to substitute classical aqueous dyeing with related water pollution. Particle Design. Extended efforts are pursued by many pharmaceutical companies, based on different processes using supercritical fluids, for the manufacture of new drug delivery systems (micro/nanoparticles, complex microspheres/capsules, coated tablets and beads, etc.). On the other hand, polymer powders "engineering" is also considered for specialty products; meanwhile, a very large-scale production unit of paints is operated in the U.S. (combination of reaction and atomization in supercritical carbon dioxide) and large-scale applications of supercritical fluid dispersion are currently used in numerous industrial painting facilities (UNICARB pro-cess). Aerogel Drying. The manufacture of high-efficiency insulation material or special porous materials (catalyst, porous supports, specialty glass, etc.) is envisaged at large scale, from both inorganic (mainly silica) and organic sol-gel polymers. In the long term, supercritical fluids will be very widely used as reaction media, because their tunable properties are highly attractive and they permit one to reduce the diffusion limitations of the reaction kinetics. Some biological applications might also provide solu-tions to drastic problems related to cell lysis, steriliza-tion, and virus inactivation. On the other hand, applications for pollution abate-ment are also subjected to an increasing interest because CO 2 is a "green" solvent and permits one to design environmentally-friendly processes with both pollutants recovery and recycle: industrial wastes, contaminated soils, polluted water streams, volatile organic compound (VOC) reduction. Moreover, supercritical (or subcritical) water appears as a unique medium for highly hazardous materials destruction. In this paper, I will first present the status of industrial applications of supercritical fluids and the future trends that can be foreseen at present time. Then, I will give some economic data, based on the know-how gathered by SEPAREX during these last 15 years of working on many supercritical fluids applications and manufacturing more than 70 plants at pilot scale or industrial scale.
The isolation of parthenolide-rich products from feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.) with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been investigated. A 32 full-factorial design was used to map the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction yields and on the yield of
parthenolide. The composition of the essential oil of feverfew obtained by hydrodistillation was compared with that of the
SFE extract containing the volatile compounds.
tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resinacid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acidresin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency : a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without
The problems in size analysis are outlined. The problems include: sampling, dispersion, analysis techniques, presentation of data, and evaluation of results. These problems are discussed and some of the equipment used in size analysis are described.
Revision on supercritical extraction industrial plants trends
- J Garcia-Reverter
- M Blasco
- S Subirats
Garcia-Reverter J, Blasco M and Subirats S, Revision on
supercritical extraction industrial plants trends, in State of the
Art Book on Supercritical Fluids Technology. AINIA, Valencia,
pp 255-266 (2004).