Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of The Human Brain
... Areas of significant increase in relative regional cerebral blood flow during the encoding of self-referential information (a; self minus syllable condition), other-referential information (b; other minus syllable condition), and general semantic information (c; general minus syllable condition). The anatomical space corresponds to that of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). R = right hemisphere; VPC = vertical line through posterior commissure; VAC = vertical line through anterior commissure. ...
... VOL. 10, NO. 1, JANUARY 1999 Fig. 2. Areas of significant decrease in relative regional cerebral blood flow during the encoding of self-referential information (a; syllable minus self condition), other-referential information (b; syllable minus other condition), and general semantic information (c; syllable minus general condition). The anatomical space corresponds to that of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). R = right hemisphere; VPC = vertical line through posterior commissure; VAC = vertical line through anterior commissure. ...
... Note. BA = Brodmann's Area, as identified in Talairach and Tournoux (1988). a The statistic from PLS analyses is roughly analogous to a z statistic (see McIntosh, Bookstein, Haxby, & Grady, 1996). ...
A full understanding of the biology and behavior of humans cannot be complete without the collective contributions of the social sciences, cognitive sciences, and neurosciences. This book collects eighty-two of the foundational articles in the emerging discipline of social neuroscience.
The book addresses five main areas of research: multilevel integrative analyses of social behavior, using the tools of neuroscience, cognitive science, and social science to examine specific cases of social interaction; the relationships between social cognition and the brain, using noninvasive brain imaging to document brain function in various social situations; rudimentary biological mechanisms for motivation, emotion, and attitudes, and the shaping of these mechanisms by social factors; the biology of social relationships and interpersonal processes; and social influences on biology and health.
Bradford Books imprint
... Eight interleaves were obtained for each image, with a total acquisition time of 1.5 s per image. Four contiguous 7-mm-thick slices (in plane resolution of 2.4 ϫ 2.4 mm) were acquired in the coronal plane of Talairach & Tournoux (1988) at 10 mm anterior to the anterior commissure (AC). T1-weighted, flow-compensated, spin-warp anatomy images (TR ϭ 500, TE ϭ minimum) were acquired for all sections that received functional scans. ...
... Composite analysis. So that we could obtain composite maps of activation over all participants, averaged functional activation maps were created by transforming the coronal sections 10 mm anterior to the AC from every participant to a common standardized brain volume (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). So that we could accomplish this, y coordinates were obtained using the millimeter distance from the AC measured at the time of slice acquisition (coronal slices were prescribed perpendicular to the AC-PC line). ...
... So that we could accomplish this, y coordinates were obtained using the millimeter distance from the AC measured at the time of slice acquisition (coronal slices were prescribed perpendicular to the AC-PC line). The x and z coordinates were obtained by transforming each coronal section into the two-dimensional region of a standardized coronal section, obtained from the Talairach and Tournoux (1988) atlas. This procedure consisted of manually tracing each participant's coronal sections and midline. ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare frontal-lobe activation in younger and older adults during encoding of words into memory. Participants made semantic or nonsemantic judgments about words. Younger adults exhibited greater activation for semantic relative to nonsemantic judgments in several regions, with the largest activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Older adults exhibited greater activation for semantic judgments in the same regions, but the extent of activation was reduced in left prefrontal regions. In older adults, there was a significant association between behavioral tests of declarative and working memory and extent of frontal activation. These results suggest that age-associated decreases in memory ability may be due to decreased frontal-lobe contributions to the initial encoding of experience.
... In conjunction with the appurtenant software (Thurfjell, Bohm, & Bengtsson, 1995), this system allows for versatile anatomical identification, in terms of anatomy and cytoarchitecture, within the images. To facilitate comparisons between studies, the Talairach brain (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988) was mapped into the atlas, allowing results to be communicated in Talairach coordinates. ...
... Underlining indicates where the maximum voxel value is located when several Brodmann areas are lumped together. The coordinates in millimeters correspond to the stereotactic atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). The x and z coordinates indicate the distance from a line between the anterior and posterior commissures, and the y coordinate indicates the position relative to the anterior commissure. ...
... Underlining indicates where the maximum voxel value is located when several Brodmann areas are lumped together. The coordinates (in millimeters) correspond to the stereotactic atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). The x and z coordinates indicate the distance from a line between the anterior and posterior commissures, and the y coordinate indicates the position relative to the anterior commissure. ...
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with H2¹⁵O positron emission tomography in 8 healthy women before and after fear conditioning (i.e., paired shocks) and unpaired shocks to videotape cues. Conditioning was supported by enhanced peripheral nervous system recordings and subjective ratings. Fear conditioning increased rCBF in the central gray of the midbrain; bilaterally in the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the left striatum; and in the right and left anterior cingulate and right prefrontal cortices. Regional CBF was attenuated bilaterally in the right and left prefrontal, temporal (including the amygdala), parietal, and occipital cortices, and in the left orbitofrontal cortex. When compared with unpaired shock presentations, fear conditioning resulted in elevated rCBF in the left cerebellum. Hence, in the present paradigm, only neural activity in the left cerebellum solely reflected processes associated with true Pavlovian conditioning.
... Each MP2RAGE scan was skull-stripped and denoised using the CEREBRUM-7T tool [122]. To enable allsubject group analysis, each T 1 -weighted structural scan was also normalised to the Talairach space, guided by the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line of each brain [123]. This normalisation process was followed by the conversion of each of the fMRI slicetime-course files into volume-time-course (VTC) files using information from the coregistration step and the Talairach normalisation step. ...
... Every T 1 -weighted FLASH scan was skull-stripped using FSL's Brain Extraction Tool (BET) [141]. To enable all-subject group analysis, each T 1 -weighted structural scan was also normalised to the Talairach space, guided by the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line of each brain [123]. This normalisation process was followed by the conversion of each of the fMRI slice time course files into volume time course (VTC) files using information from the coregistration step and the Talairach normalisation step. ...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the magnetic field strength of 7 Tesla (7T) enhances the quality of images available for research and clinical use. The improvements are however accompanied by novel challenges that are specific to ultra high-field MRI, which includes field strengths of 7T and above. Transmit B1+ field inhomogeneity is also higher, causing uneven signal intensity and linking to an uneven SAR distribution, which is also higher than at lower field strengths. The potential for higher spatial resolution imaging can also result in more pronounced motion artefacts. To address these issues in routine clinical use, motion correction strategies are required. This thesis describe the implementation of real-time, image-based Multislice Prospective Acquisition Correction (MS-PACE) technique for 7T MRI. Firstly, developmental work was done to establish a 7T-specific MS-PACE implementation. Pulse sequence and image reconstruction pipeline work was implemented using the Siemens Integrated Development Environment for Applications (IDEA) and Image Calculation Environment (ICE) framework. The technique was then validated in a task-based functional MRI study with healthy subjects. It was also integrated with parallel transmit imaging using slice-by-slice B1+ shimming. Validation experiments were performed in vivo using the Siemens MAGNETOM Terra 7T MRI scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) at the Imaging Centre of Excellence (ICE).
... LORETA (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1994, 19992002;Pascual-Marqui, 1999, 2002 is an inverse solution that estimates the density of cortical electric current based on measurements taken from the scalp. It utilizes realistic electrode coordinates and is applied to a three-concentric-shell spherical head model, which is registered to a standardized MRI atlas (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). This allows for an approximate anatomical labeling of the neocortical volume. ...
... SwLORETA is a brain imaging technique that provides subset of 1056 electromagnetic dipoles, providing information on their magnitude of activation (in nA) and tridimensional coordinates in the cerebra space (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). In order to statistically analyze the large amount of data, and differentiate the speci c sources of brain activation across the various motivational states, 8 regions of interest (ROIs) were identi ed following the ROI clustering procedure used to perform statistical analyses on individual LORETA solutions (Babiloni et al., 2004(Babiloni et al., , 2006Cannon et al., 2008Cannon et al., , 2009). ...
The literature has demonstrated the potential for detecting accurate electrical signals that correspond to the will or intention to move, as well as decoding the thoughts of individuals who imagine houses, faces or objects. This investigation examines the presence of precise neural markers of imagined motivational states through the combining of electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods. 20 participants were instructed to vividly imagine the desire to move, listen to music or engage in social activities. Their EEG was recorded from 128 scalp sites and analysed using individual standardized Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomographies (LORETAs) in the N400 time window (400–600 ms). The activation of 1056 voxels was examined in relation to the 3 motivational states. The most active dipoles were grouped in eight regions of interest (ROI), including Occipital, Temporal, Fusiform, Premotor, Frontal, OBF/IF, Parietal, and Limbic areas. The statistical analysis revealed that all motivational imaginary states engaged the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere. Distinct markers were identified for the three motivational states. Specifically, the right temporal area was more relevant for "Social Play", the orbitofrontal/inferior frontal cortex for listening to music, and the left premotor cortex for the "Movement" desire. This outcome is encouraging in terms of the potential use of neural indicators in the realm of brain-computer interface, for interpreting the thoughts and desires of individuals with locked-in syndrome.
... 176 frames). MRI data were preprocessed using AFNI software (Cox, 1996), and included the outlier suppression, spatial normalization to the Talairach et al. (1988) Colin27 template, spatial smoothing (4-mm Gaussian smoothing kernel), and signal intensity normalization. Bandpass filtering (0.01-0.1-Hz), motion censoring (values replaced with zero), and nuisance time series (estimates of motion parameters and derivatives) were detrended from each voxel simultaneously as a linear regression model to yield a residual time series for subsequent analysis reported here. ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive technique that can be used to evoke distributed network-level effects. Previous work demonstrated that the Hippocampal-Cortical Network responds preferably (i.e., greater memory improvement and increases in hippocampal-network connectivity) to continuous theta-burst stimulation protocol relative to intermittent theta-burst and to 20-Hz rTMS. Here, these data were further analyzed to characterize effects of continuous versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation on network-level connectivity measures – as well as local connectedness – via resting-state fMRI. In contrast to theories that propose continuous and intermittent theta-burst cause local inhibitory versus excitatory effects, respectively, both protocols caused local decreases in fMRI connectivity around the stimulated parietal site. While iTBS caused decreases in connectivity across the hippocampal-cortical network, cTBS caused increases and decreases in connectivity across the network. cTBS had no effect on the parietal-cortical network, whereas iTBS caused decreases in the right parietal cortex (contralateral hemisphere to the stimulation target). These findings suggest that continuous theta-burst may have entrained the endogenous hippocampal-cortical network, whereas the intermittent train was unable to maintain entrainment that may have yielded the long-lasting effects measured in this study (i.e., within 20-min post-stimulation). Furthermore, these effects were specific to the hippocampal-cortical network, which has a putative endogenous functionally-relevant theta rhythm, and not to the parietal network. These results add to the growing body of evidence that suggests effects of theta-burst stimulation are not fully characterized by excitatory/inhibitory theories. Further work is required to understand local and network-level effects of noninvasive stimulation.
... An example of an atlas of anatomy is the Cerefy brain atlas [99]. It is derived from the classic Talairach-Tournoux brain atlas [100], which contains gross anatomy in axial, coronal, and sagittal orientations. The Cerefy brain atlas is electronic, deformable, fully parcellated, labeled, and placed in a stereotactic coordinate system. ...
Stroke management employs a variety of diagnostic imaging modalities, image processing and analysis methods, and treatment procedures. This work categorizes methods for stroke imaging, image processing and analysis, and treatment, and provides their taxonomies illustrated by a state-of-the-art review. Imaging plays a critical role in stroke management, and the most frequently employed modalities are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR). CT includes unenhanced non-contrast CT as the first-line diagnosis, CT angiography, and CT perfusion. MR is the most complete method to examine stroke patients. MR angiography is useful to evaluate the severity of artery stenosis, vascular occlusion, and collateral flow. Diffusion-weighted imaging is the gold standard for evaluating ischemia. MR perfusion-weighted imaging assesses the penumbra. The stroke image processing methods are divided into non-atlas/template-based and atlas/template-based. The non-atlas/template-based methods are subdivided into intensity and contrast transformations, local segmentation-related, anatomy-guided, global density-guided, and artificial intelligence/deep learning-based. The atlas/template-based methods are subdivided into intensity templates and atlases with three atlas types: anatomy atlases, vascular atlases, and lesion-derived atlases. The treatment procedures for arterial and venous strokes include intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. This work captures the state-of-the-art in stroke management summarized in the form of comprehensive and straightforward taxonomy diagrams. All three introduced taxonomies in diagnostic imaging, image processing and analysis, and treatment are widely illustrated and compared against other state-of-the-art classifications.
... Many brain atlases exist, each with distinct characteristics. The Talairach and Tournoux Atlas (1988) set a historical precedent, offering a stereotaxic framework based on a single postmortem brain, significantly impacted neurosurgical guidance and functional brain mapping [25]. ...
This study presents an integrated approach for advancing functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging through the synthesis of data and application of machine learning models. By addressing the scarcity of high-quality neuroimaging datasets, this work harnesses Monte Carlo simulations and parametric head models to generate a comprehensive synthetic dataset, reflecting a wide spectrum of conditions. We developed a containerized environment employing Docker and Xarray for standardized and reproducible data analysis, facilitating meaningful comparisons across different signal processing modalities. Additionally, a cloud-based infrastructure is established for scalable data generation and processing, enhancing the accessibility and quality of neuroimaging data. The combination of synthetic data generation with machine learning techniques holds promise for improving the accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of fNIRS tomography, potentially revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment strategies for neurological conditions. The methodologies and infrastructure developed herein set new standards in data simulation and analysis, paving the way for future research in neuroimaging and the broader biomedical engineering field.
... Studies were considered eligible if they ful lled the following inclusion criteria: 1) participants of any age with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) and/or in a recovered (REC) state according to the ICD-10 and/or DSM IV, IV-TR, or 5, regardless of the presence of comorbid disorders; 2) included a matched healthy control group (HC); 3) applied identical experimental paradigms for the groups, involving exclusively food-related stimuli; 4) employed positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); 5) included a direct univariate comparison of brain activation between AN and HC (i.e., HC > AN and/or AN > HC), or REC and HC (i.e., HC > REC and/or REC > HC); 6) reported 3D coordinates of peak activations in either Talairach 14 ...
Despite the increased interest in understanding the neural underpinnings of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), its neurobiology is poorly understood. This activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis aimed to explore brain activity during food stimuli processing among individuals with AN and those who have recovered (REC). Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched throughout PubMed and PsycInfo, until the 28th of June 2023. Twenty-six publications were included, encompassing data from 403 AN, 141 REC, and 472 HC. The findings indicated significant convergence in the left Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL) in the HC > AN + REC contrast, whereas the AN + REC > HC contrast did not yield any significant cluster. From the sensitivity analyses confined to studies encompassing solely visual stimuli, the same significant cluster (left IPL) emerged for the HC > AN + REC contrast and no significant convergence was found for the reverse contrast, showing that the stimulation employed (visual, taste-based or olfactory cues) does not affect the food stimuli processing. Furthermore, when limited to studies involving only AN participants, the sensitivity analyses found no significant convergence for either the HC > AN or the reverse contrast. The fact that no significant cluster emerged when excluding REC participants from the analyses, together with a qualitative analysis of the results from the merged sample (i.e., HC > AN + REC contrast), suggests that REC individuals maintain the dysfunctional pattern. The hypoactivation of the left IPL supports its role in body image disturbance, diminished somatosensory-gustatory processing related to fasting, and fear with weight gain, three core symptoms of AN.
... The top 3 studies with the highest total link strength are Fox MD's "The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks" (31); Behrens TEJ's "Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging" (32) and Biswal B's "Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI" (33). The top three most frequently cited studies are "Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging"(32), "Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain" (34) and "Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex" (35) studies (Appendix 2). ...
Abstract
Objective: The thalamus regulates complex tasks like motor function and executive control while transmitting sensory information to higher centers. Bibliometric analysis analyzes studies in a research area and guides planning studies in that area. Despite bibliometric analysis in anatomy, there is no study on the thalamus' anatomy. This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited articles on the anatomy of the thalamus, a clinically important region, to guide research in this area, as there is no study on this topic in anatomy.
Material and Methods: Bibliometric analysis was used to evaluate human studies on the anatomy of the thalamus that were published in the Web of Science database between 2004 and 2023. As a result of the analysis, 1704 documents from the last twenty years were found. The data of the first 100 most cited articles were obtained.
Results: The average number of citations of the articles was 229.14. The publication years of the first 5 most cited studies were 2006-2010. The most cited study was by Heckemann et al. (2006). Articles were mostly published in NeuroImage. The United States has the strongest bibliographic link, publishes the most articles and is the most cited. Snyder Abraham Z. is the author with the most articles on this topic. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed 4 different clusters: the thalamus and its relationship to related anatomical structures, the connection between the thalamus and psychiatric and mood disorders, the relationship of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, and the function of the thalamus.
Conclusion: Researchers show high interest in studies on the anatomy of the thalamus. The fact that the studies to be planned on the anatomy of the thalamus have to do with neuroimaging is one of the factors that may increase the number of citations.
... Functional brain imaging was included when available. SPECT scanner specifications, radiopharmaceutical, acquisition, and processing are described in Supplementary File S1 (44,45). This study was approved as LSU IRB #4574. ...
Introduction
Oxygen toxicity has been defined as acute central nervous system (CNS), acute pulmonary, and chronic pulmonary oxygen toxicity. This study identifies acute and chronic CNS oxygen toxicity under 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) pressure of oxygen. Methods: The authors’ medical records from September 29, 1989 to January 20, 2023 and correspondence to the authors (9/1994 to 1/20.2023) from patients with signs and/or symptoms historically identified as acute CNS oxygen toxicity and those with neurological deterioration receiving hyperbaric oxygen for neurological conditions were reviewed. Acute cases were those occurring with ≤5 HBOTs and chronic cases >5 HBOTs. Chronic cases were separated into those at 1.5 ATA, > 1.5 ATA, or < 1.5 ATA oxygen. Cumulative dose of oxygen in atmosphere-hours (AHs) was calculated at symptom onset.
Results
Seven acute cases, average 4.0 ± 2.7 AHs, and 52 chronic cases were identified: 31 at 1.5 ATA (average 116 ± 106 AHs), 12 at >1.5 ATA (103 ± 74 AHs), and 9 at <1.5 ATA (114 ± 116 AHs). Second episodes occurred at 81 ± 55, 67 ± 49, and 22 ± 17 AHs, and three or more episodes at 25 ± 18, 83 ± 7.5, and 5.4 ± 6.0 AHs, respectively. Most cases were reversible. There was no difference between adults and children ( p = 0.72). Acute intervention in cases (<3 months) was more sensitive than delayed intervention (21.1 ± 8.8 vs. 123 ± 102 AHs, p = 0.035). Outside sources reported one acute and two chronic exposure deaths and one patient institutionalized due to chronic oxygen toxicity. A withdrawal syndrome was also identified.
Conclusion
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy-generated acute and chronic cases of CNS oxygen toxicity in chronic neurological conditions were identified at <2.0 ATA. Chronic CNS oxygen toxicity is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and occurred at an average threshold of 103–116 AHs with wide variability. There was no difference between adults and children, but subacute cases were more sensitive than chronic intervention cases. When identified early it was reversible and an important aid in proper dosing of HBOT. If ignored permanent morbidity and mortality resulted with continued HBOT.
... esta máscara fue creada utilizando un atlas de parcelación Freesurfer (aparc.a2009s) 25 . la ubicación de las agrupaciones resultantes y su respectiva área de Brodmann (AB) fue verificada en base al atlas de tailarach y tournoux 26 . la edad se integra como covariable de poco interés. ...
Está bien establecido que existe una variabilidad individual en la sensibilidad al dolor y a la temperatura. Los estudios de imágenes cerebrales funcionales han encontrado que la variabilidad interindividual al dolor por calor se correlaciona con la actividad cerebral en las áreas de modulación sensorial y del dolor. Así, es posible que esas diferencias individuales estén asociadas a la variabilidad en el espesor de la materia gris de las regiones corticales involucradas en la termorecepción y el dolor. Para probar esto, hemos investigado la relación entre los umbrales térmicos y el espesor cortical en 80 sujetos sanos. Los sujetos fueron sometidos a una sesión psicofísica para determinar sus umbrales en la detección de frío (DF), la detección de calor (DC), del dolor al frío (DolF) y dolor al calor (DolC). De cada sujeto se adquirió una imagen de resonancia magnética estructural de alta resolución. Hemos correlacionado cada medida del umbral al espesor cortical de las regiones asociadas a la termorecepción y al dolor. Los umbrales promedio (± DE) fueron 30.7°C (± 0.8) para DF, 33.8°C (± 0.7) para DC, 11.7°C (± 9.7) para DolF, y 45.3°C (± 2.8) para DolC. El análisis de la materia gris cerebral reveló una fuerte correlación entre una mayor sensibilidad térmica y dolorosa y el engrosamiento de la corteza somatosensorial primaria. Adicionalmente, la mayor sensibilidad a los estímulos fríos se correlacionó con el engrosamiento cortical del lóbulo paracentral, y una mayor DC se correlacionó con la disminución en el espesor en la corteza cingulada media anterior. Hemos encontrado además que una mayor sensibilidad al DolC se correlacionó con la disminución en el espesor de la corteza cingulada media posterior y la corteza orbitofrontal. Estas correlaciones entre la materia gris cerebral y la sensibilidad a la temperatura y al dolor proporcionan las bases neurales para las diferencias individuales en la sensibilidad térmica.
... 28,29 en el atlas de Talairach-Tournoux quedaría incluido en el complejo ventral posterior (VP). 30 es interesante resaltar que, si bien previamente no ha se había descripto el VMpo, varios estudios habían ya demostrado densas aferencias del tracto espinotalámico originadas en neuronas de la lámina I espinal a la región Sg/Po en monos. [31][32][33][34] las coordenadas estereotácticas descriptas para esta estructura fueron: A -0.5 a +2.0, L 12.0 hasta 16.0 y H -1.0 a +1.0. ...
a partir de la primera descripción y denominación del núcleo ventromedial posterior del tálamo (Vmpo) por Craig en 1994, ha surgido en las últimas dos décadas importante evidencia acerca de la estrecha vinculación de este núcleo talámico en el procesamiento específico de información termoalgésica. El VMpo contituiría una estructura localizada posteromedial al núcleo ventroposterolateral y ventroposteromedial cuyas aferencias provendrían de neuronas específicas de procesamiento termonociceptivo en la lámina I, y sus eferencias se dirigirían primordialmente hacia la corteza insular dorsal posterior. la evidencia, tanto en primates como en humanos, ha permitido replantear el esquema tradicional de las vías de procesamiento nociceptivo, así como evaluar si este núcleo podría estar involucrado en la fisiopatología del dolor central con el objetivo de plantearlo como un eventual blanco estereotáxico en el tratamiento de dolor refractario. En el presente trabajo revisamos la información disponible acerca de la anatomía del VMpo, sus conexiones y sus posibles implicancias clínicas.
... The MSC dataset was preprocessed with slice-timing correction (odd vs. even slice due to interleaved acquisition), intensity normalization to a whole brain mode value of 1,000 (Miezin et al. 2000), and realignment within-run to correct for head movement. BOLD data were transformed to Talairach atlas space by registering the mean intensity image from a single BOLD session to the atlas (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) using the average highresolution T1-and T2-weighted images. All other BOLD sessions were linearly registered to the single atlas registered BOLD session. ...
Measures of functional brain network segregation and integration vary with an individual’s age, cognitive ability, and health status. Based on these relationships, these measures are frequently examined to study and quantify large-scale patterns of network organization in both basic and applied research settings. However, there is limited information on the stability and reliability of the network measures as applied to functional time-series; these measurement properties are critical to understand if the measures are to be used for individualized characterization of brain networks. We examine measurement reliability using several human datasets (Midnight Scan Club and Human Connectome Project [both Young Adult and Aging]). These datasets include participants with multiple scanning sessions, and collectively include individuals spanning a broad age range of the adult lifespan. The measurement and reliability of measures of resting-state network segregation and integration vary in relation to data quantity for a given participant’s scan session; notably, both properties asymptote when estimated using adequate amounts of clean data. We demonstrate how this source of variability can systematically bias interpretation of differences and changes in brain network organization if appropriate safeguards are not included. These observations have important implications for cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional comparisons of functional brain network organization.
... The data from the two runs was concatenated. The participants' anatomical scans were then individually registered to the Talairach and Tournoux atlas [35]. The individuals' ...
Background: Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States. However, relatively little is known about the forms of atypical neuro-cognitive function that are correlates of suicidal ideation (SI). One form of cognitive/affective function that, when dysfunctional, is associated with SI is emotion regulation. However, very little work has investigated the neural correlates of emotion dysregulation in adolescents with SI. Methods: Participants (N = 111 aged 12-18, 32 females, 31 [27.9%] reporting SI) were recruited shortly after their arrival at a residential care facility where they had been referred for behavioral and mental health problems. Daily reports of SI were collected during the participants’ first 90-days in residential care. Participants were presented with a task-fMRI measure of emotion regulation – the Affective Number Stroop task shortly after recruitment. Participants were divided into two groups matched for age, sex and IQ based on whether they demonstrated SI. Results: Participants who demonstrated SI showed increased recruitment of regions including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/supplemental motor area and parietal cortex during task (congruent and incongruent) relative to view trials in the context of emotional relative to neutral distracters. Conclusions: Participants with SI showed increased recruitment of regions implicated in executive control during the performance of a task indexing automatic emotion regulation. Such data might suggest a relative inefficiency in the recruitment of these regions in individuals with SI.
... 28 Region of interest masks were created with the Harvard-Oxford Subcortical Structural Atlas for NAc 29 and the Talairach Atlas for ACC. [30][31][32] To investigate the relationship between rsFC and percentage change in DARS score, a general linear model (GLM) framework was applied: the main explanatory variable was change in DARS score, and age and gender were entered to control for confounding. To identify voxel clusters where this relationship was statistically significant, cluster thresholding was used (Z-statistic threshold of 3.1, cluster P-value threshold of 0.05). ...
Background
Identifying neuroimaging biomarkers of antidepressant response may help guide treatment decisions and advance precision medicine.
Aims
To examine the relationship between anhedonia and functional neurocircuitry in key reward processing brain regions in people with major depressive disorder receiving aripiprazole adjunct therapy with escitalopram.
Method
Data were collected as part of the CAN-BIND-1 study. Participants experiencing a current major depressive episode received escitalopram for 8 weeks; escitalopram non-responders received adjunct aripiprazole for an additional 8 weeks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (on weeks 0 and 8) and clinical assessment of anhedonia (on weeks 0, 8 and 16) were completed. Seed-based correlational analysis was employed to examine the relationship between baseline resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), using the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as key regions of interest, and change in anhedonia severity after adjunct aripiprazole.
Results
Anhedonia severity significantly improved after treatment with adjunct aripiprazole.
There was a positive correlation between anhedonia improvement and rsFC between the ACC and posterior cingulate cortex, ACC and posterior praecuneus, and NAc and posterior praecuneus. There was a negative correlation between anhedonia improvement and rsFC between the ACC and anterior praecuneus and NAc and anterior praecuneus.
Conclusions
Eight weeks of aripiprazole, adjunct to escitalopram, was associated with improved anhedonia symptoms. Changes in functional connectivity between key reward regions were associated with anhedonia improvement, suggesting aripiprazole may be an effective treatment for individuals experiencing reward-related deficits. Future studies are required to replicate our findings and explore their generalisability, using other agents with partial dopamine (D2) agonism and/or serotonin (5-HT2A) antagonism.
... The motion correction parameters of each run were also checked: three runs from one subject showed abrupt head motion over 1 mm and were discarded from further analyses. Functional data were superimposed on anatomical brain images, aligned on the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line, and transformed into Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). ...
... The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: (1) used fMRI or PET; (2) examined brain activity associated with the retrieval of spatial or temporal information within episodic memory; (3) compared the retrieval of spatial or temporal information with a control condition, recognition, other context, or incorrect retrieval; (4) reported wholebrain analyses; (5) provided Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) or Talairach & Tournoux (1988) stereotaxic coordinates; and (6) enrolled healthy young adults. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) reported only region of interest (ROI) analyses or (2) recruited older adults or individuals affected by psychiatric disorders or neurological diseases without reporting results in healthy young adults. ...
All experiences preserved within episodic memory contain information on the space and time of events. The hippocampus is the main brain region involved in processing spatial and temporal information for incorporation within episodic memory representations. However, the other brain regions involved in the encoding and retrieval of spatial and temporal information within episodic memory are unclear, because a systematic review of related studies is lacking and the findings are scattered. The present study was designed to integrate the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide converging evidence. In particular, we focused on identifying the brain regions involved in the retrieval of spatial and temporal information. We identified a spatial retrieval network consisting of the inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, and precuneus. Temporal context retrieval was supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Thus, the retrieval of spatial and temporal information is supported by different brain regions, highlighting their different natures within episodic memory.
... The anatomical reference image (template) was defined spanning across the brain and spinal cord regions by combining the MNI152 template and PAM50 template, as described by De Leener et al. [7]. Corresponding anatomical region-of-interest maps were defined from multiple sources, including the CONN15e software package, freely shared anatomical maps, and anatomical descriptions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. These sources were combined to create a single anatomical map. ...
A novel method has been developed for analyzing connectivity between regions based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This method, termed structural and physiological modeling (SAPM), combines information about blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) responses, anatomy, and physiology to model coordinated signaling across networks of regions, including input and output signaling from each region and whether signaling is predominantly inhibitory or excitatory. The present study builds on a prior proof-of-concept demonstration of the SAPM method by providing evidence for the choice of network model and anatomical sub-regions, demonstrating the reproducibility of the results and identifying statistical thresholds needed to infer significance. The method is further validated by applying it to investigate human nociceptive processing in the brainstem and spinal cord and comparing the results to the known neuroanatomy, including anatomical regions and inhibitory and excitatory signaling. The results of this analysis demonstrate that it is possible to obtain reliable information about input and output signaling from anatomical regions and to identify whether this signaling has predominantly inhibitory or excitatory effects. SAPM provides much more detailed information about neuroanatomy than was previously possible based on fMRI data.
... Head motion did not exceed 2 mm along any given axis or include spike-like motion of more than 1 mm in any direction. Functional and anatomical data sets for each subject were aligned and fit to standardized Talairach space 103 . ...
The primary visual cortex (V1) in individuals born blind is engaged in a wide spectrum of tasks and sensory modalities, including audition, touch, language, and memory. This widespread involvement raises questions regarding the constancy of its role and whether it might exhibit flexibility in its function over time, connecting to diverse network functions in response to task-specific demands. This would suggest that reorganized V1 takes on a role similar to cognitive multiple-demand system regions.
Alternatively, it is possible that the varying patterns of plasticity observed in the blind V1 can be attributed to individual factors, whereby different blind individuals recruit V1 for different functions, highlighting the immense idiosyncrasy of plasticity. In support of this second account, we have recently shown that V1 functional connectivity varies greatly across blind individuals. But do these represent stable individual patterns of plasticity or merely instantaneous changes, for a multiple-demand system now inhabiting V1? Here we tested if individual connectivity patterns from the visual cortex of blind individuals are stable over time. We show that over two years, fMRI functional connectivity from the primary visual cortex is unique and highly stable in a small sample of repeatedly sampled congenitally blind individuals. Further, using multivoxel pattern analysis, we demonstrate that the unique reorganization patterns of these individuals allow decoding of participant identity. Together with recent evidence for substantial individual differences in visual cortex connectivity, this indicates there may be a consistent role for the visual cortex in blindness, which may differ for each individual. Further, it suggests that the variability in visual reorganization in blindness across individuals could be used to seek stable neuromarkers for sight rehabilitation and assistive approaches.
... They also answered control questions, some requiring truthful responses, and other 'non-target' questions to confirm their attention to the protocol. Denying possession of a target playing card (the 'lie') was associated with greater activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (brain coordinates 4,26,42, in a region very similar to that identified in Spence et al. (2001): 3,28,43; Talairach & Tournoux 1988) and left parietal cortex (in a region medial to that identified in Spence et al. (2001)). There were no brain regions that exhibited greater activation during truthful responding relative to the lie condition. ...
The past 20 years have seen unparalleled advances in neurobiology, with findings from neuroscience being used to shed light on a range of human activities - many historically the province of those in the humanities and social sciences - aesthetics, emotion, consciousness, music. Applying this new knowledge to law seems a natural development - the making, considering, and enforcing of law of course rests on mental processes. However, where some of those activities can be studied with a certain amount of academic detachment, what we discover about the brain has considerable implications for how we consider and judge those who follow or indeed flout the law - with inevitable social and political consequences. There are real issues that the legal system will face as neurobiological studies continue to relentlessly probe the human mind - the motives for our actions, our decision making processes, and such issues as free will and responsibility. This volume represents a first serious attempt to address questions of law as reflecting brain activity, emphasizing that it is the organization and functioning of the brain that determines how we enact and obey laws. It applies the most recent developments in brain science to debates over criminal responsibility, cooperation and punishment, deception, moral and legal judgment, property, evolutionary psychology, law and economics, and decision-making by judges and juries. Written and edited by leading specialists from a range of disciplines, the book presents a groundbreaking and challenging new look at human behaviour.
... The fMRI time series data from each subject was coregistered to the anatomical 3D data sets in the same subject using the multiscale algorithm provided by BVQX. Individual 3D structural images were spatially normalized to standard Talairach space (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). An identical nonlinear transformation was subsequently applied to the T2*-weighted fMRI time series data. ...
Bupropion has been used in the treatment of patients with substance dependence based on its weak inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. We hypothesized that 6 weeks of bupropion sustained release (SR) treatment would decrease craving for Internet game play as well as video game cue-induced brain activity in patients with Internet video game addiction (IAG). Eleven subjects who met criteria for IAG, playing StarCraft (>30 hr/week), and eight healthy comparison subjects (HC) who had experience playing StarCraft (<3 days/week and <1 hr/day). At baseline and at the end of 6 weeks of bupropion SR treatment, brain activity in response to StarCraft cue presentation was assessed using 1.5 Tesla functional MRI. In addition, symptoms of depression, craving for playing the game, and the severity of Internet addiction were evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory, self-report of craving on a 7-point visual analogue scale, and Young's Internet Addiction Scale, respectively. In response to game cues, IAG showed higher brain activation in left occipital lobe cuneus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left parahippocampal gyrus than HC. After a 6 week period of bupropion SR, craving for Internet video game play, total game play time, and cue-induced brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were decreased in the IAG. We suggest that bupropion SR may change craving and brain activity in ways that are similar to those observed in individuals with substance abuse or dependence.
... An initial sagittal localizer (SPGR: 60 slices, resolution = 0.898 x 0.898 x 2.8 mm) was performed to provide a reference for future slice selection and for eventual localization within Talairach space (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). Following automated shimming (Reese, Davis, & Weisskoff, 1995) to maximize field homogeneity, .an ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human brain was used to compare changes in amygdala activity associated with viewing facial expressions of fear and anger. Pictures of human faces bearing expressions of fear or anger, as well as faces with neutral expressions, were presented to 8 healthy participants. The blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal within the dorsal amygdala was significantly greater to Fear versus Anger, in a direct contrast. Significant BOLD signal changes in the ventral amygdala were observed in contrasts of Fear versus Neutral expressions and, in a more spatially circumscribed region, to Anger versus Neutral expressions. Thus, activity in the amygdala is greater to fearful facial expressions when contrasted with either neutral or angry faces. Furthermore, directly contrasting fear with angry faces highlighted involvement of the dorsal amygdaloid region.
... The afni_proc.py processing script was used for within-subject analysis, which included spatial co-registration (Cox & Jesmanowicz 1999) followed by registration of functional images to the anatomy (Saad et al 2009) and projection of images to a standard stereotaxic space (Talairach & Tournoux 1988). The normalized images were smoothed with a Gaussian filter of 6 mm FWHM and converted to percent signal change. ...
Events are a fundamentally important part of our understanding of the world. How lexical concepts denoting events are represented in the brain remains controversial. We conducted two experiments using event and object nouns matched on a range of psycholinguistic variables, including concreteness, to examine spatial and temporal characteristics of event concepts. Both experiments used magnitude and valence tasks on event and object nouns. The fMRI experiment revealed a distributed set of regions for events, including the angular gyrus, anterior temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate across tasks. In the EEG experiment, events and objects differed in amplitude within the 300-500 ms window. Together these results shed light into the spatiotemporal characteristics of event concept representation and show that event concepts are represented in the putative hubs of the semantic system. While these hubs are typically associated with object semantics, they also represent events, and have a likely role in temporal integration.
... In occasional regions of partial voluming, the operator interpolated the line between two clearly definable segments of the cortical border. We resolved all questionable cases by consulting the correlative and general brain atlases (DeArmond, Fusco, & Dewey, 1976;Duvernoy, 1988;Montemurro & Bruni, 1988;Nieuwenhuys, Voogd, & van Huijzen, 1988;Ono, Kubik, & Abernathey, 1990;Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). In identification and tracing of the ROIs, our objective was reliable, conservative sampling that included less than the totality of a given structure, while avoiding encroachment into other ROIs. ...
To examine putative brain substrates of cognitive functions differentially affected by age the authors measured the volume of cortical regions and performance on tests of executive functions, working memory, explicit memory, and priming in healthy adults (18–77 years old). The results indicate that shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex mediates age-related increases in perseveration. The volume of visual processing areas predicted performance on nonverbal working memory tasks. Contrary to the hypotheses, in the examined age range, the volume of limbic structures was unrelated to any of the cognitive functions; verbal working memory, verbal explicit memory, and verbal priming were independent of cortical volumes. Nevertheless, among the participants aged above 60, reduction in the volume of limbic structures predicted declines in explicit memory. Chronological age adversely influenced all cognitive indices, although its effects on priming were only indirect, mediated by declines in verbal working memory.
... When visualizing mCCA results, all voxels above the threshold (|Z|>2.5) were converted from MNI coordinates to Talairach coordinates to obtain anatomical designations.38 MCCA beta weights were extracted from regions where a statistically significant correlation between TCRE and CHO/CRE was observed, and subsequently incorporated into correlation models to investigate associations with HADS and CSSS scores.Brain regions where unimodal group differences and mCCA findings were most pronounced were visualized using MRIcroGL (McCausland Center for Brain Imaging, University of South Carolina). ...
Objective
Epilepsy and depression share neurobiological origins, and evidence suggests a possible bidirectional relationship that remains poorly understood. This exploratory, cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate this relationship by employing magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and thermometry (MRSI‐t) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with comorbid depressive symptoms and control participants. This is the first study to combine MRSI and MRSI‐t to examine brain temperature and choline abnormalities in regions implicated in seizure onset and depression.
Methods
Twenty‐six patients with TLE and 26 controls completed questionnaires and underwent imaging at 3T. Volumetric echo‐planar MRSI/MRSI‐t data were processed within the M etabolite I maging and D ata A nalysis S ystem (MIDAS). Choline (CHO) was quantified as a ratio over creatine (CRE; CHO/CRE). Brain temperature (T CRE ) was calculated based on the chemical shift difference of H 2 O relative to CRE's stable location on the ppm spectrum. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale measured anxiety and depressive symptoms. The Chalfont Seizure Severity Scale measured seizure severity in patients with TLE. Two sets of voxelwise independent sample t‐tests examined group differences in CHO/CRE and T CRE maps. Voxel‐based multimodal canonical correlation analysis (mCCA) linked both datasets to investigate if, how, and where CHO/CRE and T CRE abnormalities were correlated in TLE participants and controls.
Results
Compared to controls, patients with TLE reported more depressive symptoms ( p =0.04) and showed CHO/CRE and T CRE elevations in left temporal and bilateral frontal regions implicated in seizure onset and depressive disorders ( p FWE <0.05). For the TLE group, CHO/CRE levels in temporal and frontal cortices were associated with elevated T CRE in bilateral frontal and temporal gyri (r=0.96), and decreased T CRE in bilateral fronto‐parietal regions (r =‐0.95).
Significance
Abnormalities in T CRE and CHO/CRE were observed in seizure‐producing areas and in regions implicated in depression. These preliminary findings suggest that common metabolic changes may underlie TLE and depression. Our results suggest further investigations into the proposed bidirectional mechanisms underlying this relationship are warranted.
... Talairach space (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988); (vii) studies which analyzed either of the two contrasts of interest: (1) texture perception through hand and/or finger stimulation compared to non-haptic control conditions, such as rest, visual control (e.g., visual instructions or rating scales with the absence of textured stimuli) or motor control (e.g., hand motion with the absence of textured stimuli), and (2) texture perception through hand and/or fingers stimulation compared to haptic control conditions, which included shape, location, and orientation tasks. See Figure 1 for a flowchart showing the study selection steps. ...
Introduction
Humans use discriminative touch to perceive texture through dynamic interactions with surfaces, activating low‐threshold mechanoreceptors in the skin. It was largely assumed that texture was processed in primary somatosensory regions in the brain; however, imaging studies indicate heterogeneous patterns of brain activity associated with texture processing.
Methods
To address this, we conducted a coordinate‐based activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis of 13 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (comprising 15 experiments contributing 228 participants and 275 foci) selected by a systematic review.
Results
Concordant activations for texture perception occurred in the left primary somatosensory and motor regions, with bilateral activations in the secondary somatosensory, posterior insula, and premotor and supplementary motor cortices. We also evaluated differences between studies that compared touch processing to non‐haptic control (e.g., rest or visual control) or those that used haptic control (e.g., shape or orientation perception) to specifically investigate texture encoding. Studies employing a haptic control revealed concordance for texture processing only in the left secondary somatosensory cortex. Contrast analyses demonstrated greater concordance of activations in the left primary somatosensory regions and inferior parietal cortex for studies with a non‐haptic control, compared to experiments accounting for other haptic aspects.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that texture processing may recruit higher order integrative structures, and the secondary somatosensory cortex may play a key role in encoding textural properties. The present study provides unique insight into the neural correlates of texture‐related processing by assessing the influence of non‐textural haptic elements and identifies opportunities for a future research design to understand the neural processing of texture.
... (vi) Studies including at least 5 participants. (vii) Studies that report results in a standardized coordinate space (e.g., Talairach & Tournoux, 1988), or Montreal Neurologic Institute (MNI). ...
In this study, we ran a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to pinpoint the neural regions that are commonly activated across space, time, and numerosity, and we tested the existence of gradient transitions among these magnitude representations in the brain. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included in the meta-analysis 112 experiments (for space domain), 114 experiments (time domain), and 115 experiments (numerosity domain), and we used the activation likelihood estimation method. We found a system of brain regions that was commonly recruited in all the three magnitudes, which included bilateral insula, the supplementary motor area (SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral intraparietal sulci. Gradiental transitions between different magnitudes were found along all these regions but insulae, with space and numbers leading to gradients mainly over parietal regions (and SMA) whereas time and numbers mainly over frontal regions. These findings provide evidence for the GradiATOM theory (Gradient Theory of Magnitude), suggesting that spatial proximity given by overlapping activations and gradients is a key aspect for efficient interactions and integrations among magnitudes.
... The source space comprises 2394 voxel at 7 mm spatial resolution, covering the cortical gray matter and the hippocampus (Pascual-Marqui et al., 1999), defined via a reference brain from the Brain Imaging Center at the Montreal Neurological Institute (Collins et al., 1994). LORETA uses a 3-shell spherical head model, co-registered to the Talairach anatomical brain atlas (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988). ...
The current series of studies are the first to examine brain responses to social aggression signals as a function of male and female sexual orientation. For the first set of studies (1a, 1b), axillary sweat had been collected from 17 heterosexual men and 17 heterosexual women aggressively responding to frustrating opponents (aggression condition) and while playing a construction game (control condition). Sweat samples were pooled according to sex and condition, and presented via a constant flow olfactometer to 17 gay and 23 heterosexual men (Study 1a), and 19 lesbian and 25 heterosexual women (Study 1b). Ongoing EEG was recorded from 61 scalp locations, chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs; P2, P3-1, P3-2) were analyzed, and neuronal sources calculated (low resolution electromagnetic tomography). Within the second set of studies (2a, 2b), pictures of males’ and females’ weak angry and neutral facial expressions were presented to 21 gay and 23 heterosexual men (Study 2a), and 19 lesbian and 26 heterosexual women (Study 2b), and ERPs (N170, P3) were analyzed. Gay men showed larger P3-1 amplitudes than heterosexual men upon presentation of male aggression sweat, accompanied by activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA 10). Gay men also displayed longer N170 latencies in response to men’s compared to women’s angry facial expressions, while heterosexual men did not. In women, sexual orientation did not affect the processing of aggression sweat or anger expressions. Gay men showed preferential processing of chemosensory aggression signals (P3-1 amplitudes), indicating fine-tuned socioemotional sensitivity, related to activation of brain areas involved in emotion regulation (IFG). They further process the relative relevance of visual aggression signals (N170 latency). These results were in line with theories proposing a common evolutionary pathway for same-sex attraction and traits easing social integration.
... The mean [HbO] in symmetric mode was significantly higher than that in alternating mode in ROI-3 at frequencies of 2.4, 2.7, and 3.3 Hz. This ROI includes premotor cortex, SMA, and frontal eye fields [39]. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Norihiro et al. found that activation of posterior SMA was significantly stronger during parallel movements than during mirror sequential movements, suggesting that posterior SMA is related to the bimanual coordination of finger movements [40]. ...
Background:
Interpersonal movement coordination is an important aspect of daily life. Behavioral studies have found that rhythmic bimanual coordination of movement is mainly influenced by two factors, spatio-temporal relationship and frequency of movements. How these factors affect action coordination at the neural level needs further exploration. The current study used a factor design to investigate the brain basis of movement coordination under various spatiotemporal relationships and frequencies, as well as their intricate interaction.
Methods:
Participants were asked to perform symmetric or alternating hand movements under conditions of different spatio-temporal relationships (symmetric, alternating) and frequencies. A multi-channel, continuous wave, functional near-infrared spectral (fNIRS) imaging instrument was used to monitor hemodynamic activity while 16 pairs of volunteers performed the task.
Results:
Behaviorally, as indexed by phase locking value, movements were more stable in symmetric mode than in alternate mode. With increasing frequency, symmetric mode became more unstable; in contrast, alternating mode became more stable at higher frequencies, suggesting phase transition. Activation in brain regions of interest was much stronger in symmetric mode as compared with alternate mode. In alternate mode, but not symmetric mode, [HbO] varied with frequency.
Conclusion:
Interpersonal bimanual coordination involves activity in premotor areas (premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and frontal eye fields). More oxygen is consumed in these regions in alternating mode than in symmetric mode.
... Functional data from each run for each participant were preprocessed (slice time correction: cubic spline, temporal filtering: < 2 cycles/run, and 3D motion correction: trilinear/sinc). Raw anatomical data were transformed to a Talairach template 90 . Functional data were co-registered via gradient-based affine alignment (translation, rotation, scale affine transformation). ...
Saccades change eye position and interrupt vision several times per second, necessitating neural mechanisms for continuous perception of object identity, orientation, and location. Neuroimaging studies suggest that occipital and parietal cortex play complementary roles for transsaccadic perception of intrinsic versus extrinsic spatial properties, e.g., dorsomedial occipital cortex (cuneus) is sensitive to changes in spatial frequency, whereas the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) is modulated by changes in object orientation. Based on this, we hypothesized that both structures would be recruited to simultaneously monitor object identity and orientation across saccades. To test this, we merged two previous neuroimaging protocols: 21 participants viewed a 2D object and then, after sustained fixation or a saccade, judged whether the shape or orientation of the re-presented object changed. We, then, performed a bilateral region-of-interest analysis on identified cuneus and SMG sites. As hypothesized, cuneus showed both saccade and feature (i.e., object orientation vs. shape change) modulations, and right SMG showed saccade-feature interactions. Further, the cuneus activity time course correlated with several other cortical saccade/visual areas, suggesting a ‘functional network’ for feature discrimination. These results confirm the involvement of occipital/parietal cortex in transsaccadic vision and support complementary roles in spatial versus identity updating.
... Lesion location and volume quantification were determined using a semi-automated method. Initially, SPGR and axial FLAIR acquisitions were both normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute template [42] using linear transformation with 12 degrees of freedom and 15 nonlinear interactions implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5, Wellcome Trust for Neuroimaging, London, UK https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/ (accessed in 2008)) [43], on the basis of coordinates referenced in the Talairach and Tournoux Atlas [44]. During this process, all images were sampled to 2.3 × 2.3 × 2.6 mm. ...
Background: Depressive symptoms have been associated with cognitive impairment after stroke, and women may be specifically affected. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate gender-specific characteristics in the relationship between changes in depression severity and changes in cognitive performance after stroke. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 73 patients without a previous history of depression in the first and fourth months after a first ischemic stroke. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the 31-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and executive function, attention, working memory, and verbal fluency were assessed using a neuropsychological battery. Results: We included 46 (63.0%) men and 27 (36.9%) women, with mean ages of 55.2 (SD ± 15.1) and 46.8 (SD ± 14.7) years, respectively. We found significant improvement in the digit span forward and Stroop dots from month 1 to month 4 post stroke for both men and women. Women, but not men, presented a correlation between changes in phonemic verbal fluency and changes in the 31-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores. Improvement in depression was correlated with improvement in verbal fluency, and worsening in depression was correlated with worsening in verbal fluency. Conclusions: Our results suggest that women might be more vulnerable to the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive performance, and improvement of depression may be necessary for women’s improvement in phonemic verbal fluency from the first to the fourth month after a stroke. We did not adjust the results for multiple comparisons. Thus, our findings might be considered preliminary, and confirmatory studies, also focusing on specific characteristics of women that could explain these differences, are warranted.
... In this review, we included all studies that used fMRI to investigate the effect of acupuncture on the human brain. To be included in this meta-analysis, research had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) it had to include healthy subjects only; (2) it had to include verum acupuncture only or verum versus sham acupuncture only using task-based fMRI with the whole-brain acquisition; (3) it only needed to report ST36; (4) it reported findings in 3D coordinates in the Montreal Neurological Institute (Evans et al., 1993) or Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988); (5) it concerned manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture. Studies were excluded if they: (1) examined needling stimulation with tasks, such as finger movement; (2) investigated only region of interest (ROI) results or used functional connectivity, independent component analysis, and graph theory analytical methods; (3) Consisted of reviews, case reports, conferences, abstracts, and animal studies; (4) only included fMRI results between acupuncture and sham acupuncture; (5) had no effective value. ...
Background
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to investigate the brain effect of acupuncture point Stomach 36 (ST36, Zusanli). However, inconsistent results have hindered our understanding of the neural mechanisms of acupuncture at ST36.
Objective
To perform a meta-analysis of fMRI studies on acupuncture at ST36 to assess the brain atlas of acupuncture at ST36 from available studies.
Method
Based on a preregistered protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42019119553), a large set of databases was searched up to August 9, 2021, without language restrictions. Peak coordinates were extracted from clusters that showed significant signal differences before and after acupuncture treatment. A meta-analysis was performed using seed-based d mapping with permutation of subject images (SDM-PSI), a newly improved meta-analytic method.
Results
A total of 27 studies (27 ST36) were included. This meta-analysis found that ST36 could activate the left cerebellum, the bilateral Rolandic operculum, the right supramarginal gyrus, and the right cerebellum. Functional characterizations showed that acupuncture at ST36 was mainly associated with action and perception.
Conclusion
Our results provide a brain atlas for acupuncture at ST36, which, besides offering a better understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms, also provides the possibility of future precision therapies.
... Data analysis was done using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK, www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/) implemented in MATLAB (Matlab 6.5, MathWorks, Natick, MA) in Windows XP ® (Microsoft) environment. The fMRI data from each participant were slice acquisition-corrected, motion-corrected, and coregistered to the coplanar anatomical image from each participant and represented in a stereotaxic atlas, [8] a standard brain-space coordinate system for anatomical reference. The first six measurements (baseline) were not considered for analysis to compensate for T1 saturation effects. ...
Language functions are known to be affected in diverse neurological conditions, including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and brain tumors. Because language networks are extensive, interpretation of functional data depends on the task completed during evaluation.
The aim was to map the hemodynamic consequences of word association using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in normal human subjects.
Ten healthy subjects underwent fMRI scanning with a postlexical access semantic association task vs lexical processing task. The fMRI protocol involved a T2*-weighted gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) sequence (TR 4523 ms, TE 64 ms, flip angle 90°) with alternate baseline and activation blocks. A total of 78 scans were taken (interscan interval = 3 s) with a total imaging time of 587 s. Functional data were processed in Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM2) with 8-mm Gaussian kernel by convolving the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal with an hemodynamic response function estimated by general linear method to generate SPM{t} and SPM{F} maps.
Single subject analysis of the functional data (FWE-corrected, P≤0.001) revealed extensive activation in the frontal lobes, with overlaps among middle frontal gyrus (MFG), superior, and inferior frontal gyri. BOLD activity was also found in the medial frontal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus (MOG), anterior fusiform gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobules, and to a smaller extent, the thalamus and right anterior cerebellum. Group analysis (FWE-corrected, P≤0.001) revealed neural recruitment of bilateral lingual gyri, left MFG, bilateral MOG, left superior occipital gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, bilateral thalami, and right cerebellar areas.
Group data analysis revealed a cerebellar-occipital-fusiform-thalamic network centered around bilateral lingual gyri for word association, thereby indicating how these areas facilitate language comprehension by activating a semantic association network of words processed postlexical access. This finding is important when assessing the extent of cognitive damage and/or recovery and can be used for presurgical planning after optimization.
... As alluded to above, the template we present in this report is not meant to be a finished end product, but a useful starting point for future work. For instance, it will facilitate the construction of even more detailed, higher-resolution hand templates, akin to how initial templates of the human brain historically facilitated the construction of a diverse variety of better and more representative brain templates in humans and other species [19,21,[36][37][38]. ...
During medical image analysis, it is often useful to align (or ‘normalize’) a given image of a given body part to a representative standard (or ‘template’) of that body part. The impact that brain templates have had on the analysis of brain images highlights the importance of templates in general. However, templates for human hands do not exist. Image normalization is especially important for hand images because hands, by design, readily change shape during various tasks. Here we report the construction of an anatomical template for healthy adult human hands. To do this, we used 27 anatomically representative T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of either hand from 21 demographically representative healthy adult subjects (13 females and 8 males). We used the open-source, cross-platform ANTs (Advanced Normalization Tools) medical image analysis software framework, to preprocess the MR images. The template was constructed using the ANTs standard multivariate template construction workflow. The resulting template image preserved all the essential anatomical features of the hand, including all the individual bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, as well as the main branches of the median nerve and radial, ulnar, and palmar metacarpal arteries. Furthermore, the image quality of the template was significantly higher than that of the underlying individual hand images as measured by two independent canonical metrics of image quality.
... One epoch was centered at the 1 min 30 s mark and is the period of time when participants knew to expect a painful stimulus but had not felt the stimulus yet ("Expecting Pain" period), while the other block was centered at 2 min 15 s, marking the period of time in which participants were experiencing the painful stimulus ("Experiencing Pain"). To reduce the number of comparisons and remain consistent with our previous studies, fMRI time-series data were extracted from 10 regions of interest (ROIs) which were defined using a probabilistic anatomical region map (12,42,56) which had been compiled from several atlases and published papers (57)(58)(59)(60)(61). The spinal cord region included the right dorsal quadrant of the 6th cervical spinal cord segment (C6RD), which was chosen because the noxious stimulus was applied to the thenar eminence of the right hand, corresponding with the C6 dermatome. ...
Introduction:
Fibromyalgia and provoked vestibulodynia are two chronic pain conditions that disproportionately affect women. The mechanisms underlying the pain in these conditions are still poorly understood, but there is speculation that both may be linked to altered central sensitization and autonomic regulation. Neuroimaging studies of these conditions focusing on the brainstem and spinal cord to explore changes in pain regulation and autonomic regulation are emerging, but none to date have directly compared pain and autonomic regulation in these conditions. This study compares groups of women with fibromyalgia and provoked vestibulodynia to healthy controls using a threat/safety paradigm with a predictable noxious heat stimulus.
Methods:
Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at 3 tesla in the cervical spinal cord and brainstem with previously established methods. Imaging data were analyzed with structural equation modeling and ANCOVA methods during: a period of noxious stimulation, and a period before the stimulation when participants were expecting the upcoming pain.
Results:
The results demonstrate several similarities and differences between brainstem/spinal cord connectivity related to autonomic and pain regulatory networks across the three groups in both time periods.
Discussion:
Based on the regions and connections involved in the differences, the altered pain processing in fibromyalgia appears to be related to changes in how autonomic and pain regulation networks are integrated, whereas altered pain processing in provoked vestibulodynia is linked in part to changes in arousal or salience networks as well as changes in affective components of pain regulation.
The literature has demonstrated the potential for detecting accurate electrical signals that correspond to the will or intention to move, as well as decoding the thoughts of individuals who imagine houses, faces or objects. This investigation examines the presence of precise neural markers of imagined motivational states through the combining of electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods. 20 participants were instructed to vividly imagine the desire to move, listen to music or engage in social activities. Their EEG was recorded from 128 scalp sites and analysed using individual standardized Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomographies (LORETAs) in the N400 time window (400–600 ms). The activation of 1056 voxels was examined in relation to the 3 motivational states. The most active dipoles were grouped in eight regions of interest (ROI), including Occipital, Temporal, Fusiform, Premotor, Frontal, OBF/IF, Parietal, and Limbic areas. The statistical analysis revealed that all motivational imaginary states engaged the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere. Distinct markers were identified for the three motivational states. Specifically, the right temporal area was more relevant for “Social Play”, the orbitofrontal/inferior frontal cortex for listening to music, and the left premotor cortex for the “Movement” desire. This outcome is encouraging in terms of the potential use of neural indicators in the realm of brain-computer interface, for interpreting the thoughts and desires of individuals with locked-in syndrome.
Optic flow provides useful information in service of spatial navigation. However, whether brain networks supporting these two functions overlap is still unclear. Here we used Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) to assess the correspondence between brain correlates of optic flow processing and spatial navigation and their specific neural activations. Since computational and connectivity evidence suggests that visual input from optic flow provides information mainly during egocentric navigation, we further tested the correspondence between brain correlates of optic flow processing and that of both egocentric and allocentric navigation. Optic flow processing shared activation with egocentric (but not allocentric) navigation in the anterior precuneus, suggesting its role in providing information about self-motion, as derived from the analysis of optic flow, in service of egocentric navigation. We further documented that optic flow perception and navigation are partially segregated into two functional and anatomical networks, i.e., the dorsal and the ventromedial networks. Present results point to a dynamic interplay between the dorsal and ventral visual pathways aimed at coordinating visually guided navigation in the environment.
Behavioral addictions (BA) and substance use disorders (SUDs) share core features, including impaired control and craving, leading to significant personal and societal impacts. Previous research has identified the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) as a critical node in GD-related neurocircuitry, making it a potential target for interventions also in SUDs. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) offers a non-invasive method to modulate pre-SMA activity. This study included 58 participants diagnosed with GD or SUDs. They underwent bilateral pre-SMA continuous TBS (cTBS) sessions targeting craving, impulsivity, and addiction severity. Standardized scales and questionnaires were employed to assess the outcomes. cTBS parameters included 20 daily sessions with 80% resting motor threshold (RMT). Both GD and SUD groups exhibited significant reductions in addiction severity and craving following cTBS. Impulsivity decreased significantly in SUD but not in GD. The study’s findings underscore the potential of pre-SMA TBS as an adjunctive treatment for GD and SUDs. The observed improvements in addiction severity and craving emphasize the shared neuronal mechanisms underlying these disorders. However, the nuanced differences, especially in impulsivity, indicate the need for further research to tailor interventions precisely.
The Human Mind: A Fascinating Journey: For centuries, philosophers have been fascinated by the human mind. What is it that makes us conscious? How do we experience emotions? And what is the nature of self-awareness? While the Western philosophers are struggling with the duality of mind and body, thus, signifying qualia as “hard problem of consciousness”, Vedic philosophers coupled physical world Prakriti and non-physical world “Purusha”, as singular entity, Purusha-Prakriti, thus, avoiding mountains of debates around qualia. In this chapter, we will explore the fractal brain theory, a new approach to understanding consciousness. This theory proposes that the brain is organized in a fractal pattern, with each level of organization reflecting the one above it. This pattern gives rise to a vast number of possible states of consciousness, each with its own unique flavor. We will also discuss the role of noise in consciousness. Noise is often seen as a nuisance, but it can also play a positive role. In fact, some studies have shown that noise can actually enhance creativity and problem-solving skills. Finally, we will look at the limitations of EEG and group study techniques, a ground to invent an advanced EEG, namely dodecanogram or DDG, an invention, prime focus of this book. EEG techniques are often used to study consciousness, brain disorders, but they have some important drawbacks. We will discuss these limitations and how they can be overcome with new instruments to read subconscious mind. This chapter is just the beginning of our journey into the fascinating science of the human mind. In the chapters to come, we will explore the human subject experiments on mysterious features of brain and unveil more about the sciences of the human brain.
The dual-process theory of thought rests on the co-existence of two different thinking modalities: a quick, automatic, and associative process opposed to a slow, thoughtful, and deliberative process. The increasing interest in determining the neural foundation of the dual-process distinction has yielded mixed results, also given the difficulty of applying the fMRI standard approach to tasks usually employed in the cognitive literature. We report an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to investigate the neural foundation of the dual-process theory of thought. Eligible studies allowed for the identification of cerebral areas associated with dual-process theory-based tasks without differentiating between fast and slow thinking. The ALE algorithm converged on the medial frontal cortex, superior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and left inferior frontal gyrus. These structures partially overlap with the cerebral areas recurrently reported in the literature about the neural basis of the dual-process distinction, where the PARCS theory-based interpretation emphasizes the role of the right inferior gyrus. The results confirm the potential (but still almost unexplored) common ground between the dual-process literature and the cognitive control literature.
The posterior cerebellum is a recently discovered hub of the affective and social brain, with different subsectors contributing to different social functions. However, very little is known about when the posterior cerebellum plays a critical role in social processing. Due to its location and anatomy, it has been difficult to use traditional approaches to directly study the chronometry of the cerebellum. To address this gap in cerebellar knowledge, here we investigated for the first time the causal contribution of the posterior cerebellum to social processing using a chronometric transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approach. We show that the posterior cerebellum is recruited at an early stage of the emotional processing (starting from 100 ms after stimulus onset), simultaneously with the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), a key node of the emotional-social brain. Moreover, using a condition-and-perturb TMS approach, we found that the recruitment of the pSTS in emotional processing is dependent on cerebellar activation. Our results are the first to shed light on chronometric aspects of cerebellar function and its causal connectivity with other nodes of the social brain.
Reductions in the ability to encode and retrieve past experiences in rich spatial contextual detail (episodic memory) are apparent by midlife—a time when most females experience spontaneous menopause. Yet, little is known about how menopause status affects episodic memory-related brain activity at encoding and retrieval in middle-aged premenopausal and postmenopausal females, and whether any observed group differences in brain activity and memory performance correlate with chronological age within group. We conducted an event-related task fMRI study of episodic memory for spatial context to address this knowledge gap. Multivariate behavioral partial least squares was used to investigate how chronological age and retrieval accuracy correlated with brain activity in 31 premenopausal females (age range, 39.55–53.30 years; mean age, 44.28 years; SD age, 3.12 years) and 41 postmenopausal females (age range, 46.70–65.14 years; mean age, 57.56 years; SD age, 3.93 years). We found that postmenopausal status, and advanced age within postmenopause, was associated with lower spatial context memory. The fMRI analysis showed that only in postmenopausal females, advanced age was correlated with altered activity in occipitotemporal and parahippocampal cortices during encoding and retrieval, and poorer spatial context memory performance. In contrast, only premenopausal females exhibited an overlap in encoding and retrieval activity in angular gyrus/inferior parietal cortex, midline cortical regions, and prefrontal cortex, which correlated with better spatial context retrieval accuracy. These results highlight how menopause status and chronological age, nested within menopause group, affect episodic memory and its neural correlates at midlife.
The Cingulo-Opercular network (CON) is an executive network of the human brain that regulates actions. CON is composed of many widely distributed cortical regions that are involved in top-down control over both lower-level (i.e., motor) and higher-level (i.e., cognitive) functions, as well as in processing of painful stimuli. Given the topographical and functional heterogeneity of the CON, we investigated whether subnetworks within the CON support separable aspects of action control. Using precision functional mapping (PFM) in 15 participants with > 5 hours of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) and task data, we identified three anatomically and functionally distinct CON subnetworks within each individual. These three distinct subnetworks were linked to Decisions, Actions, and Feedback (including pain processing), respectively, in convergence with a meta-analytic task database. These Decision, Action and Feedback subnetworks represent pathways by which the brain establishes top-down goals, transforms those goals into actions, implemented as movements, and processes critical action feedback such as pain.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) maps brain activity by detecting changes in image intensity related to neural activity by the blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) contrast. Functional MRI data essentially consist of time series of 3D images associated with a description of the experimental conditions. The chapter outlines an analysis pipeline for functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiments completely based on R packages. Thereby, we focus on a single-subject analysis with the full pipeline of data pre-processing, the General Linear Model, and inference with correction for the multiplicity of the statistical tests. Part of the chapter elaborates on the use of structural adaptive smoothing procedure in fMRI, which we specifically developed. We also include alternative fMRI analysis methods, i.e., other than the mass-univariate approach. The chapter concludes with a section on functional connectivity.
The clinical use of several functional neurosurgical procedures is among the most important advances in both basic and clinical neurosciences in the past several decades. In the last decades, functional neurosurgery has undergone rapid growth due to considerable advances in the techniques, neuroimaging technologies, treatment modalities and approaches resulting in improved stereotactic accuracy, better outcomes, a lower complications rate, and an increasing number of treated and improved patients. A number of neurological disorders have been treated, including movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, dystonia, Tourette’s syndrome, medically refractory epilepsy, different psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, disorders of consciousness and pain syndromes.Neurosurgery, as one of the most demanding branches of medicine, has greatly benefitted from technological improvements in the ways of approaching intracranial targets with high precision, reliability, and accuracy. Due to the brain specificity, precise target point localization within the skull is often challenging. The development of the stereotactic atlas and the introduction of the first stereotactic frame marked the beginning of stereotactic neurosurgery and introduced novel and improved standards in targeting and localization accuracy. The stereotactic frame is still widely used for brain biopsy procedures, but other systems are emerging.Furthermore, the care of patients undergoing numerous functional neurosurgical procedures requires the coordinated and devoted efforts of a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists, neurophysiologists, anesthesiologists, physical therapeutics, nurses etc.KeywordsStereotactic and functional neurosurgeryDeep brain stimulationTechnological development
Language, regarded as a hierarchical cognitive code activated by functional operational modes of the brain by most neuropsychologists, is characterized by increased cognitive load in successively higher levels of processing. Language comprehension is posited to be executed through symbolic-iconic information being encoded neurally as modulated phenomena, and can be studied _in vivo_ by functional brain imaging. Using a lexical decision-making task in conjunction with syntactic error correction that effectively isolated the regulatory neural substrate of processing structural-functional information, and minimizing the possible confounds of gender and proficiency, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed on bilingual volunteers to ascertain the attentional modulation of second language lexical and sentence processing. Our results indicate that while a right posterior cingulate gyrus-precuneus-lingual gyrus-cerebellar loop processes lexical information, the left inferior and middle frontal cortices are critically involved in the implementation of a structural-functional decision-making procedural loop in mediating second language comprehension.
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