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Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. Extract in Rats

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Sudipta Das
Sudipta Das
Sudipta Das
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Pallab Kanti Haldar at Jadavpur University
Pallab Kanti Haldar
Goutam Pramanik at NSHM Knowledge Campus
Goutam Pramanik
Ramakrishna Balasundaram Suresh Kumar at Jadavpur University
Ramakrishna Balasundaram Suresh Kumar
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Inflammation is a response of vascularized living tissue to the local injury. The severe side effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs evoked us to search for new anti-inflammatory drugs from the indigenous source. The methanol extract of leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. (MECI) was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan, histamine and dextran induced rat paw edema. The methanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) exhibited significant activity (p< 0.01) against all phlogistic agent used in dose dependant manner. All these effects were compared with reference drug phynylbutazone.
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Global Journal of Pharmacology 4 (1): 48-50, 2010
ISSN 1992-0075
© IDOSI Publications, 2010
Corresponding Author: Sudipta Das, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha - 741222, Nadia,
West Bengal, India. E-mail: sudipta_pharmacy@rediffmail.com
48
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of
Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. Extract in Rats
Sudipta Das, Pallab K. Haldar, Goutam Pramanik and R.B. Suresh
1 2 3 2
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha-741222, Nadia, India
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
2
Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Durgapur-713212, India
3
Abstract: Inflammation is a response of vascularized living tissue to the local injury. The severe side effects
of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs evoked us to search for new anti-inflammatory drugs
from the indigenous source. The methanol extract of leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. (MECI) was
evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan, histamine and dextran induced rat paw edema.
The methanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) exhibited significant activity (p< 0.01) against all
phlogistic agent used in dose dependant manner. All these effects were compared with reference drug
phynylbutazone.
Key words: Clerodendron infortunatum % Anti-inflammatory % Carrageenan % Histamine % Dextran
% Paw edema % Phenylbutazone
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS
Inflammation is a normal protective response toPlant Material: The plant Clerodendron infortunatum
tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxiousLinn. was collected during November 2008 from the forest
chemical or microbial agents. It is the body response toregion of Midnapore, West Bengal, India. The
inactivate or destroy the invading organisms, totaxonomical identification of the plant was done by
remove irritant and set the stage for tissue repair. It isBotanical Survey of India, Shibpur, India. The voucher
triggered by the release of chemical mediators fromspecimen (PMU-4/JU/2008) has been preserved in
injured tissue and migrating cells [1]. Drugs from plantPharmacology Research Laboratory, Jadavpur University,
origin are used in India for treatment of manyKolkata for future reference.
diseases in traditional system of medicine. Clerodendron
infortunatum Linn. belonging to family Verbenaceae, have Preparation of Extract: The leaves of the
been used in Indian folk medicine in the treatment ofClerodendron infortunatum was dried under shade
bronchitis, asthma, fever, burning sensation, disease ofand then powered by mechanical grinder. The powder
blood, inflammation and epilepsy [2]. Traditionally, theplant material was extracted with 80% methanol using
plant is used as an antipyretic and antihelmentic. LeavesSoxhlet extraction apparatus. The solvent was completely
of the plant are prescribed for tumour, certain skinremoved under reduced pressure and semisolid mass was
diseases and scorpion sting [3]. Previous phytochemicalobtained (Yield 13.5% w/w) stored in a vacuum dessicator
investigation of the plant revealed the presence of alkylfor further use. Preliminary phytochemical screening of
sterols [4] and 2,-(3, 4-dehydroxyphenyl) ethanol 1- O-"-the plant extract exhibited the presence of flavonoid,
2 rhamnopyranosyl-(163)-$-D-(4-O-caffeoyl)tannin and saponin.
glycopyranoside (acteoside) [5]. The present study was
undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity ofAnimal Used: Wistar strain rats of either sex (150-180 g)
methanol extract of leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum were maintained in identical laboratory conditions
Linn. in rats. (25- 30°C temperature and relative humidity of 55-65%
Global J. Pharmacol., 4 (1): 48-50, 2010
49
with alternate light and darkness 12 hours each) and fedStatistical Analysis: All data were expressed as the
with commercial pellet diet (Hindustan Lever, Kolkata,mean ± SEM. The results were analyzed for statistical
India) and water ad libitum. All procedures describedsignificance (P<0.01) by One-way (ANOVA) followed by
were reviewed and approved by the Jadavpur UniversityDunnett’s test using computerized Graph Pad InStat
animal ethical committee (ref no. 367001/C/CPCACA). version 3.05, Graph pad software, U.S.A.
Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema: Rats were dividedRESULTS
into four groups (n=6). Acute inflammation was produced
by sub planter administration of 0.1 ml of 1% w/vThe anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendron
carrageenan in normal saline in the right hand paw of the infortunatum against carrageen induced paw edema has
rats. The paw volume was measured at 0-h and 3-h afterbeen shown in Table 1 and the results were comparable to
carrageenan injection by using plethysmometer [6,7].that of reference drug phenylbutazone. The methanol
Animals of group I received normal saline (3 ml/kg b.w.,extract of Clerodendron infortunatum showed maximum
intraperitoneal, i.p) and served as saline control. Theinhibition of 49.64 and 65.63% at the dose of 250 and 500
groups II and III received methanol extract ofmg/kg body wt. respectively after 3 hrs of the extract
Clerodendron infortunatum (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w., i.p, treatment against carrageenan induced paw edema
respectively) and group IV received reference drug(Table 1) whereas the reference drug produced 76.29% of
phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg b. w., i.p). Animals of allinhibition at the dose 100 mg/kg body wt. In case of
groups were treated with the extract and reference drug 1histamine induced paw edema, the methanol extract
hour before the administration of carrageenan. produced 45.85 and 58.02% of inhibition (Table 2) at the
Mediator-Induced Inflammation: The anti-inflammatory whereas the reference drug produced 71.22% of inhibition.
activity of the extract was measured with phlogisticIn case of dextran induced paw edema, the methanol
agents (viz. Histamine, Dextran) which act as mediator of extract produced 39.65 and 57.90% of inhibition (Table 3)
inflammation. The paw edema was introduced in rats byat the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt., respectively
sub plantar injection of freshly prepared histamine whereas the reference drug produced 69.14% of
(1 mg/ml) and dextran (1 mg/ml) solution [8] and pawinhibition. The study revealed that after 3 h of
edema was measured as mentioned earlier. carrageenan, histamine and dextran administration,
dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt., respectively
Table 1: Effect of Clerodendron infortunatum extract and phynylbuyazone on carrageenan induced paw edema in rats (n=6)
Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Paw volume (ml) Percentage of inhibition *P value
Carrageenan control 0.9066±0.03490 - -
Extract 250 0.4566±0.02275 49.64% < 0.01
Extract 500 0.3116±0.03468 65.63% < 0.01
Phenylbutazone 100 0.215±0.01821 76.29% < 0.01
*P<0.01 when compared with control group; statistically analysis evaluation by Dunnett’s vs. control.
Table 2: Effect of Clerodendron infortunatum extract and phynylbuyazone on histamine induced paw edema in rats (n=6)
Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Paw volume (ml) Percentage of inhibition *P value
Histamine control 1.1233±0.04745 - -
Extract 250 0.6083±0.03936 45.85% < 0.01
Extract 500 0.4716±0.02469 58.02% < 0.01
Phenylbutazone 100 0.3233±0.03721 71.22% < 0.01
*P<0.01 when compared with control group; statistically analysis evaluation by Dunnett’s vs. control
Table 3: Effect of Clerodendron infortunatum extract and phynylbuyazone on dextran induced paw edema in rats (n=6)
Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Paw volume (ml) Percentage of inhibition *P value
Dextran control 1.2150±0.03810 - -
Extract 250 0.7333±0.03029 39.65% < 0.01
Extract 500 0.5116±0.03229 57.90% < 0.01
Phenylbutazone 100 0.3750±0.01945 69.14% < 0.01
*P<0.01 when compared with control group; statistically analysis evaluation by Dunnett’s vs. control
Global J. Pharmacol., 4 (1): 48-50, 2010
50
the methanol extract of Clerodendron infortunatumNetaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy,
(MECI) exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.01)Chakdaha, Nadia, India.
inhibition of paw volume at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg
body weight, respectively, which was less than thatREFERENCES
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... Flavonoids and alkaloids, for example, have been related to analgesic, antipyretic, and other effects [22]. Various studies have proposed the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoids [7,23,24,25]. Terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids are reported to elicit antiinflammation potentials by a cohort of studies [25][26][27][28]. Doughari [9] also submitted that glycosides and steroids are present in the leaf of E. senegalensis. ...
... Various studies have proposed the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoids [7,23,24,25]. Terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids are reported to elicit antiinflammation potentials by a cohort of studies [25][26][27][28]. Doughari [9] also submitted that glycosides and steroids are present in the leaf of E. senegalensis. ...
... Etkin [5] demonstrated the antiplasmodia, anti-inflammation, pain-relieving, and antibacterial actions of the stem and root extracts of E. senegalensis, which contained glycosides and steroids. Das et al. [25] reported that these phytochemical constituents contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal plants. Egharevba et al. [29] also established through a scientific investigation that plants with saponins in their substance have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties. ...
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... 22 Various studies have proposed the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoids . 7,23,24,25 Terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids are reported to elicit anti-inflammation potentials by a cohort of studies. 25,28 Doughari. ...
... 5 demonstrated the anti-plasmodia, anti-inflammation, painrelieving, and antibacterial actions of the stem and root extracts of E. senegalensis, which contained glycosides and steroids. Das et al. 25 reported that these phytochemical constituents contribute to the antiinflammatory activity of medicinal plants. Egharevba et al. 29 also established through a scientific investigation that plants with saponins in their substance have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties. ...
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... Fortunately, in spite of the numerous oxidative assaults stemming from biotic and abiotic factors, plants have evolved to survive in their environment by acquiring genetic traits and enzymes needed for the biosynthesis of a vast class of biologically active compounds that facilitate their survival. Some of these phytochemicals are known for their varying degrees of anti-inflammatory activities (Das et al., 2010;Lopez-Lazaro, 2009;Fürst et al., 2014). Sida linifolia is a virgin medicinal plant with no documented bioactivities. ...
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... Clerodendrum viscosum (abbreviated as CV) belongs to the family of Lamiaceae, commonly known as Bhat in Bengali, is a perennial woody shrub or undershrub of about 2-4 feet in height [7][8][9]. The plant is found as a weed grown along the roadside and wasteland, ...
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Article
  • Mar 1989
The configurations at C-24 of 24-alkylsterols of six samples of species (Verbenaceae) — the aerial parts of ,, , , and -, and the seeds of — were examined by NMR. All samples contained 24β-ethylsterols possessing a Δ25 -bond, clerosterol and 22-dehydroclerosterol, as the dominant sterol components. The other 24-ethylsterols lacking a Δ25 -bond, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol, and 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, which were present as minor components, were shown to be mixtures of the 24α- and 24β-epimers, with the 24α-epimers predominating in all cases. Four minor 24-methyl-sterols, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, and 24-methyllathosterol, were shown to be C-24 epimeric mixtures, whereas two others, 24-methyl-22, 25-bis-dehydrocholesterol and 24-methyl-22-dehydrolathosterol, were found to be present only as the 24β-epimers. This is the first report of the occurrence of 24β-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol in higher plants.
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Flavonoids from the Flowers of Clerodendron infortunatum
Article
  • Jul 1981
Apigenin, acacetin and a new flavone glycoside, characterised as the methyl ester of acacetin-7-0-glucuronide have been isolated from the flowers of Clerodendron infortunatum.
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Sterols of some Clerodendrum species (Verbenaceae): occurrence of the 24 alpha- and 24 beta-epimers of 24-ethylsterols lacking a delta 25-bond
Article
  • Mar 1989
  • STEROIDS
The configurations at C-24 of 24-alkylsterols of six samples of Clerodendrum species (Verbenaceae) - the aerial parts of C. fragrans, C. inerme, C. infortunatum, C. scandens, and C. siphonanthus, and the seeds of C. infortunatum - were examined by NMR. All samples contained 24 beta-ethylsterols possessing a delta 25-bond, clerosterol and 22-dehydroclerosterol, as the dominant sterol components. The other 24-ethylsterols lacking a delta 25-bond, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol, and 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, which were present as minor components, were shown to be mixtures of the 24 alpha- and 24 beta-epimers, with the 24 alpha-epimers predominating in all cases. Four minor 24-methyl-sterols, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, and 24-methyllathosterol, were shown to be C-24 epimeric mixtures, whereas two others, 24-methyl-22,25-bisdehydrocholesterol and 24-methyl-22-dehydrolathosterol, were found to be present only as the 24 beta-epimers. This is the first report of the occurrence of 24 beta-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol in higher plants.
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Diverse effect of SKF 52 and antioxidants on CCL4 induced changes in liver microbial P-450 content and ethyl-morphine metabolism
  • 129-136
  • J Castro
  • H Sasame
  • H Sussaman
  • P Buttette
Castro, J., H. Sasame, H. Sussaman and P. Buttette, 1968. Diverse effect of SKF 52 and antioxidants on CCL4 induced changes in liver microbial P-450 content and ethyl-morphine metabolism. Life Sci., 7: 129-136