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Bioavailability of oral magnesium supplementation in female students evaluated from elimination of magnesium in 24-hour urine
Abstract
The bioavailability of Mg from different preparations after oral intake has been evaluated by measuring the Mg elimination in 24-hour urine during placebo and treatment periods in 18 normal female students receiving 15-20.6 mmol/day. The urine elimination was increased 0.9-1.3 mmol/24 h by (a) tablets containing Mg citrate/Mg lactate 5 mmol three times a day; (b) tablets containing Mg citrate/Mg lactate and Mg hydroxide, 5 mmol three times a day; (c) tablets containing Mg hydroxide (Emgesan 10.3 mmol) twice a day; (d) solutions with Mg chloride (0.5 mmol/ml) 10 ml three times a day. There was no statistical difference in urine elimination after intake of the different preparations. The differences in Mg elimination/24 h discriminated between control and treatment groups just as well as or better than differences calculated on the basis of Mg/creatinine ratios.
... Magnesium derived from magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ) (Mablet) has been shown to be absorbed into the circulation and, hence, bioavailable in healthy male adults [8]. In a previous study, the bioavailability of magnesium from formulations containing different combinations of magnesium salts displayed similar bioavailability, however the daily dose of magnesium differed [9]. ...
... Moreover, none of the participants recruited reported any side effect following supplementation suggesting that Mg(OH) 2 may be a clinically relevant option for oral magnesium supplementation [8]. In a second human study the degree of bioavailability of Mg(OH) 2 was compared to other sources of magnesium, including MgCl 2 measured as urinary elimination of magnesium [9]. In this study it was found that Mg(OH) 2 was required at a higher dose to reach the same level of bioavailability [9]. ...
... In a second human study the degree of bioavailability of Mg(OH) 2 was compared to other sources of magnesium, including MgCl 2 measured as urinary elimination of magnesium [9]. In this study it was found that Mg(OH) 2 was required at a higher dose to reach the same level of bioavailability [9]. ...
Introduction: Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in a range of key biochemical pathways. Several magnesium supplements are present on the market and their degree of bioavailability differs depending on the form of magnesium salt used. Aquamin-Mg is a natural source of magnesium, containing 72 additional trace minerals derived from the clean waters off the Irish coast. However, the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Aquamin-Mg in comparison with other supplement sources of magnesium has yet to be tested. Method: Aquamin-Mg, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) were subjected to gastrointestinal digestion according to the harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method and in vitro bioavailability tested using the Caco-2 cell model. Magnesium concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: Magnesium recovery from both Aquamin-Mg and MgCl2 was greater than for MgO. Magnesium from all three sources was transported across the epithelial monolayer with Aquamin-Mg displaying a comparable profile to the more bioavailable MgCl2. Conclusions: Our data support that magnesium derived from a marine-derived multimineral product is bioavailable to a significantly greater degree than MgO and displays a similar profile to the more bioavailable MgCl2 and may offer additional health benefits given its multimineral profile.
... Bohmer et al. [12] studied the bioavailability of different Mg preparations in 18 female students, measuring only urinary excretion. Some preparations consisted of salt mixtures, and the amount of Mg administered was not constant across groups. ...
... When the absorption of Mg oxide was compared to that of aspartate, chloride (Slow-Mag), and lactate, 4% of the given dose was absorbed for Mg oxide and between 9% and 11% for the rest of the salts, meaning the absorption of inorganic salts could be equivalent to that of organic salts-except for Mg oxide [14]. Another study [12] showed no differences in urinary excretion 24 h after the administration of different commercial Mg preparations that combined organic and inorganic forms and different presentations, in solution or chewable tablets (Table 2). ...
Introduction: The market for food supplements is booming due to their increased consumption. European regulations include different ways in which vitamins/minerals are administered, without the consumer being clear if one formulation has advantages over the other. The aim was to compare the bioavailability of different forms of Mg and to analyze the differences between them.
Methods: Based on a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) research question, a search strategy for Mg bioavailability studies that compared different forms was established for Pubmed, Cochrane, Web Of Science and Scopus databases. 433 studies were found of which 14 were finally selected.
Results: Inorganic formulations appear to be less bioavailable than organic and the percentage of absorption is dose dependent.
Conclusion: All Mg dietary supplements can maintain the physiological levels of Mg in healthy subjects without prior deficit, although it cannot be assured in older patients, patients with illnesses or with previous sub-physiological levels.
... The bioavailability of elementary magnesium may vary in each of these individual compounds and is still the subject of experimental work and clinical studies. Clinical trials have investigated multiple magnesium compounds in order to determine the most suitable for magnesium supplementation by comparison their respective bioavailability (Kappeler et al. 2017, Bøhmer et al. 1990, Gegenheimer et al. 1994, Lindberg et al. 1990, Firoz et al. 2001, Muehlbauer et al. 1991, Walker et al. 2003. Clinical trials have generally tried to analyse magnesium bioavailability and specifically the compare organic and inorganic magnesium salt sources, (Ranade et al. 2001, Wolf et al. 2003, Kappeler et al. 2017 focusing primarily on evaluation of urinary excretion or serum levels. ...
Experimental data concerning the bioavailability of the different Mg-salts in human organism is inconsistent. Mg-absorption reported by clinical studies largely varies depending on the method used for evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability and accessibility of magnesium bound in different Mg-salt compounds, using an in vitro model of intestinal cell barrier. The study included a variety of inorganic (oxide, sulphate, chloride, carbonate) and organic salts (lactate, citrate, pidolate). Caco-2 cells were cultivated in a complete culture medium with different magnesium salts treatments in ascending concentrations. The viability and quantity of cells was analysed by FACS. Mg-absorption was analysed by a direct colorimetric assay, measured by spectrometry. T-test identified a significant decrease in cell count treatment with mg-lactate compared with citrate. Mg-pidolate showed a significantly higher cell viability compared with Mg-citrate, Mg-lactate and Mg-chloride. Even though the difference was not significant, we showed that an increase in Mg2+ salt concentration progressively decreased the cell count and the viability and the effect was universal for all the used Mg-salt treatments. Mg-citrate, chloride, and sulphate showed a significantly lower absorption compared to Mg-carbonate, pidolate and oxide. Our in vitro monolayer model of human intestinal transport showed that viability and quantity of cell decreased with increasing Mg-concentration. We admit that our experiment model may have some limitations in accurately describing an in vivo Mg2+ absorption. Moreover, it is also necessary to assess the relevance of our data in vivo and especially in clinical practice.
... The bioavailability of elementary magnesium may vary in each of these individual compounds and is still the subject of experimental work and clinical studies. Clinical trials have investigated multiple magnesium compounds in order to determine the most suitable for magnesium supplementation by comparison their respective bioavailability (Kappeler et al. 2017, Bøhmer et al. 1990, Gegenheimer et al. 1994, Lindberg et al. 1990, Firoz et al. 2001, Muehlbauer et al. 1991, Walker et al. 2003. Clinical trials have generally tried to analyse magnesium bioavailability and specifically the compare organic and inorganic magnesium salt sources, (Ranade et al. 2001, Wolf et al. 2003, Kappeler et al. 2017 focusing primarily on evaluation of urinary excretion or serum levels. ...
Experimental data concerning the bioavailability of the different Mg-salts in human organism is inconsistent. Mg-absorption reported by clinical studies largely varies depending on the method used for evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability and accessibility of magnesium bound in different Mg-salt compounds, using an in vitro model of intestinal cell barrier. The study included a variety of inorganic (oxide, sulphate, chloride, carbonate) and organic salts (lactate, citrate, pidolate). Caco-2 cells were cultivated in a complete culture medium with different magnesium salts treatments in ascending concentrations. The viability and quantity of cells was analysed by FACS. Mg-absorption was analysed by a direct colorimetric assay, measured by spectrometry. T-test identified a significant decrease in cell count treatment with mg-lactate compared with citrate. Mg-pidolate showed a significantly higher cell viability compared with Mg-citrate, Mg-lactate and Mg-chloride. Even though the difference was not significant, we showed that an increase in Mg2+ salt concentration progressively decreased the cell count and the viability and the effect was universal for all the used Mg-salt treatments. Mg-citrate, chloride, and sulphate showed a significantly lower absorption compared to Mg-carbonate, pidolate and oxide. Our in vitro monolayer model of human intestinal transport showed that viability and quantity of cell decreased with increasing Mg-concentration. We admit that our experiment model may have some limitations in accurately describing an in vivo Mg2+ absorption. Moreover, it is also necessary to assess the relevance of our data in vivo and especially in clinical practice.
... Other magnesium salts have been studied in a limited number of studies in humans conducted in the early 1990s, with mixed results. In some studies, there was no difference between organic and inorganic magnesium salts [76][77][78][79]; others demonstrated slightly higher bioavailability of organic magnesium salts under standardized conditions [18,34,[80][81][82][83]. Magnesium pidolate is an organic salt and organic salts have been found to be consistently more bioavailable that inorganic salts in many human studies. Despite the lack of studies specifically analyzing magnesium pidolate bioavailability, it could be postulated that magnesium pidolate availability is, in part, due to its organic properties [18,34,[80][81][82][83]. ...
Magnesium deficiency may occur for several reasons, such as inadequate intake or increased gastrointestinal or renal loss. A large body of literature suggests a relationship between magnesium deficiency and mild and moderate tension-type headaches and migraines. A number of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials have shown that magnesium is efficacious in relieving headaches and have led to the recommendation of oral magnesium for headache relief in several national and international guidelines. Among several magnesium salts available to treat magnesium deficiency, magnesium pidolate may have high bioavailability and good penetration at the intracellular level. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular effects of magnesium deficiency in the brain and the clinical evidence supporting the use of magnesium for the treatment of headaches and migraines.
... In einigen Studien wurden die Testsalze gemeinsam mit einer Mahlzeit verabreicht [3,9,13,18,28,30]; in anderen nicht [15,26]. Welche Unterschiede bereits hieraus resultieren (Stichwort "Matrixeffekt"), ergab eine Crossover-Studie mit 25 Mg-und 26 Mg-Isotopen. ...
... To our knowledge, there is no previous study investigating and comparing the immediate physiological and behavioral effects of various magnesium preparations and their corresponding blood/tissue magnesium levels. Most studies so far have compared the bioavailability of up to three different magnesium compounds and bioavailability has been measured through the urinalysis [24][25][26]. After oral administration, magnesium is absorbed from the intestines, and increased levels in the blood would not suffice, it would need to pass through the cell membrane and get inside the cell in order to participate in normal physiological functions. ...
Magnesium is an element of great importance functioning because of its association with many cellular physiological functions. The magnesium content of foods is gradually decreasing due to food processing, and magnesium supplementation for healthy living has become increasingly popular. However, data is very limited on the bioavailability of various magnesium preparations. The aim of this study is to investigate the bioavailability of five different magnesium compounds (magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, magnesium acetyl taurate, magnesium citrate, and magnesium malate) in different tissues. Following a single dose 400 mg/70 kg magnesium administration to Sprague Dawley rats, bioavailability was evaluated by examining time-dependent absorption, tissue penetration, and the effects on the behavior of the animals. Pharmacokinetically, the area under the curve calculation is highest in the magnesium malate. The magnesium acetyl taurate was found to have the second highest area under the curve calculation. Magnesium acetyl taurate was rapidly absorbed, able to pass through to the brain easily, had the highest tissue concentration level in the brain, and was found to be associated with decreased anxiety indicators. Magnesium malate levels remained high for an extended period of time in the serum. The commonly prescribed dietary supplements magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate had the lowest bioavailability when compared to our control group. More research is needed to investigate the bioavailability of magnesium malate and acetyl taurate compounds and their effects in specific tissues and on behavior.
... Several chemical forms of Mg are available: inorganic salts (chloride, corresponding to the circulating form of Mg ions, carbonate, sulfate), organic salts (acetate, pidolate, citrate, gluconate, lactate, aspartate), or oxides. Oxide forms have low bioavailability, while the various Mg salts have satisfactory and comparable bioavailability [32][33][34][35]. Mg bioavailability could thus be improved by novel formulations based on soluble salts. ...
While general recommendations are for 300-mg magnesium intake a day, an advanced low-dose formulation of magnesium chloride, ChronoMag®, was designed to provide 100 mg of magnesium element, thus decreasing the risk of gastrointestinal side effects and allowing long-term supplementation in health conditions related to low magnesium levels. The present study aimed to compare magnesium release profile and bioavailability between this patented low-dose continuous-release magnesium chloride tablet (100 mg magnesium element) and a reference tablet at the usually prescribed dose (300 mg magnesium element). Magnesium release profile was determined by dissolving the tablets in solutions simulating the gastrointestinal tract environment. A randomized double-blind crossover controlled trial of ChronoMag® versus reference tablet (3 × 100 mg magnesium element tablets) in 12 normo-magnesemic healthy volunteers was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of the patented magnesium chloride tablets (two 50 mg magnesium tablets, once-a-day intake). While the reference tablet released 100% of its magnesium within 1 h of dissolution, release from the magnesium chloride formulation was continuous for 6 h. Cumulative urinary magnesium levels compared to those with the reference tablet were 76% (0–5 h), 89% (0–10 h), and 87% (0–24 h). Elimination after 24 h was fairly similar with both supplements. Our results suggest that the new magnesium chloride formulation, providing continuous low-dose magnesium release throughout the gastrointestinal tract, improves absorption and bioavailability. This formulation conforms to the physiological mechanism of magnesium absorption throughout the digestive tract, allowing high absorption, and may improve gastrointestinal tolerance in long-term use.
Le magnésium est un minéral impliqué dans de nombreuses réactions dans l’organisme. Il intervient notamment en tant que cofacteur dans les réactions enzymatiques et à un rôle d’antagoniste du calcium. Souvent indiqué en cas de stress, d’asthénie et de crampes, il possède d’autres propriétés. Les apports recommandés sont estimés à 6mg/kg/jour. Plusieurs études affirment que les apports de la population ne sont pas satisfaisants. La pertinence d’une supplémentation peut se poser. Le magnésium se caractérise par son sel. On les classe en trois générations qui se différencient par la tolérance, la biodisponibilité et la teneur. Les sels organiques ou complexés doivent être privilégiés. L’association à d’autres éléments dans les compléments alimentaires, en particulier la vitamine B6 ou encore la taurine, offrent plusieurs propriétés. Face à la multiplicité des compléments disponibles à l’officine, une comparaison s’avère nécessaire. Une enquête concernant 133 patients a été mise en place en Moselle, dans le secteur de Bitche et de Stiring-Wendel, au cours de l’année 2016-2017. L’objectif de cette étude a été de mieux comprendre le contexte d’une supplémentation et la prise en charge des patients. Plusieurs axes ont été développés à travers des symptômes ressentis et l’amélioration suite à la prise de magnésium, le choix du complément et l’alimentation des patients. Face à la proximité de la frontière allemande, il s’est avéré que de nombreuses personnes achètent des compléments dans des structures autres que l’officine ou sur internet notamment à cause du prix. Le pharmacien en tant que professionnel de santé de proximité a une place privilégiée. Ses rôles se distinguent par la délivrance de conseils alimentaires, du choix du complément en magnésium tout en garantissant une prise en charge adaptée.
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