Content uploaded by Laura A King
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Laura A King on Jan 18, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Conflict Over Emotional Expression: Psychological and Physical Correlates
Abstract and Figures
This study addresses the construct of conflict or ambivalence over emotional expression. Ambivalence is seen as an important mediator in the link between emotional styles and psychological and physical well-being. Using the "personal striving" framework, a questionnaire measure of ambivalent emotional strivings (AEQ) was designed. In Study 1, 292 Ss completed this measure along with questionnaire measures of expressiveness, social desirability, and intense ambivalence. Women scored significantly higher than men on both the AEQ and expressiveness. In Study 2, scores on the AEQ were found to be negatively correlated with self-reported and peer-rated expressiveness. In Study 3, 48 Ss participated in a 21-day study of mood and health. Expressiveness was positively correlated with some measures of well-being and with daily negative affect. Ambivalence was positively correlated with several indices of psychological distress. Although the AEQ correlated with questionnaire measures of physical symptomatology, neither the AEQ nor the expressiveness measures correlated with daily symptom reports. Results support the contention that conflict over emotional expressiveness is a variable worthy of study in its own right, having implications for research on personality and health.
Figures - uploaded by Laura A King
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Laura A King
Content may be subject to copyright.
Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi, geleneksel erkeklik normları ile uyuşmayan bireysel, sosyal ve toplumsal durumlarda erkeklerin hissedebileceği stres olarak ele alınır. Alan yazında bu stresi ölçmek için en çok kullanılan ölçeklerden biri Eisler ve Skidmore’un (1987) geliştirdiği 40 madde ve beş alt faktörden oluşan Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi (ECRS) ölçeğidir. Ancak, alan yazında ölçeği farklı kültürlere uyarlayan çalışmalar oldukça azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise ECRS ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve geçerlik güvenirlik değerlerini ortaya koymaktır. Kolaylıkla bulunabilen örnekleme yöntemiyle erişilen 395 erkeğin katıldığı bu çalışmada, ECRS ölçeği, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ölçekleriyle birlikte uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinden sonra ölçek 28 maddeye indirgenmiş ve Türkiye örnekleminde performans yetersizliği, madun olma ve duygusal durumlarla yüzleşme olmak üzere üç faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulgularında da bu üç faktörlü yapının tek faktörlü yapıya göre veriye daha iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. ECRS, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları ile pozitif yönde ilişki gösterirken, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ile negatif yönde ilişkilenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları ECRS ölçeğinin Türkiye’de yapı ve ölçüt geçerlikleri olan güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, ECRS’nin erkeklerin bireysel (fiziksel ve ruh) sağlığı ve halk sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ışığında tartışılmıştır.
Background and purpose: Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the world and millions of people die from cancer every year. The present study was conducted to compare the emotional extroversion and personality traits of women and men with cancer. Research method: The research method was of comparative causal type. The statistical population of the study was all cancer patients referred to Al-Ghadir, Arash and Labafinejad hospitals in the 4th district of Tehran in 2019, which according to the statistics was 420 people. The statistical sample of the research was based on Morgan's table of 130 people, of which 64 were women and 66 were men. The sampling method of the research was available in the form of sampling. The research tools were Neo's personality questionnaire (1989) and King and Emmons' emotional projection questionnaire (1990) (EEQ). The method of data analysis was multivariate variance analysis using SPSS software. Findings: The research results showed that there is a significant difference between the personality traits of women and men with cancer at the level of 0.001. Also, there is a significant difference between the emotional extroversion of women and men with cancer at the level of 0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that gender can play a role in the type of personality traits and emotional projection in women and men with cancer.
This study aimed to examine the effect of an emotion recognition and expression program (EREP) on the alexithymia, emotion expression skills and positive and negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. The study had a non-randomized, quasi-experimental design including a pretest, post-test, and follow-up test. It was conducted with 36 patients with schizophrenia (n = 18 intervention group, n = 18 control group) who regularly visited a Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) in Türkiye and participated voluntarily. The EREP was applied to the intervention group for eight weeks. "Personal Information Form", "Emotion Expression Scale (EES)", "Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)", and "Positive Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)" were applied to all participants in the pretest, post-test, and follow-up test. The follow-up test was applied one month after the end of the sessions. Number, percentage, chi-square test, and repeated measures analysis of variance were used for data evaluation. In the total alexithymia score, there was a significant difference in the group interaction by time in the intervention group compared to the control group. In terms of total alexithymia score, the post-test and follow-up test mean scores of the intervention group were lower than the control group (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.122). There was a significant time*group interaction in the positive emotion subscale of the EES (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.121). The findings of our study indicated that the EREP had a positive effect on the alexithymia scores of patients with schizophrenia. We found that the EREP used in our study contributed to the reduction of alexithymia levels in patients with schizophrenia.
Background
This study focuses on college students as research subjects, exploring the relationship between fear of evaluation, ambivalence over emotional expression, and self-care, as well as the moderating effect of self-care on the prediction of ambivalence over emotional expression by fear of evaluation.
Methods
This study selected physical education college students in Sichuan Province as the research participants. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants through public recruitment information and questionnaire links on online platforms commonly used by college students. The questionnaire was distributed at two different time points to reduce the effect of common method bias. A total of 858 questionnaires were distributed, after excluding duplicate responses, a total of 743 valid questionnaires were obtained.
Results
The result as following: (1) College students exhibit a moderate to high level of negative fear of evaluation, ambivalence over emotional expression, and self-care, with female students having higher negative fear of evaluation; (2) There are significant correlations between fear of evaluation, ambivalence over emotional expression, and self-care; (3) Fear of evaluation and self-care can predict ambivalence over emotional expression, but self-care does not have a moderating effect on the prediction of ambivalence over emotional expression by fear of evaluation; (4) Self-care and negative self-care both have a moderating effect on the prediction of emotion rumination by positive fear of evaluation.
Conclusions
In the past, rumination has often been considered a manifestation of excessive rumination and anxiety. However, this study found that self-compassion’s modulation on fear of positive evaluation intensifies its impact on emotional rumination. Research suggests that moderate emotional rumination may not necessarily be a negative outcome and reflects a positive emotional adjustment process to some extent. Therefore, future studies can further explore the growth and decline of internal rumination processes in self-compassion or counseling, and potentially gain a better understanding of key elements of personal growth.
Purpose: There is a pressing need for interventions with the potential for scalability to enhance help-seeking inclination and behavior among individuals experiencing common mental health concerns. These interventions are important for addressing the widespread treatment gap. This study aimed to test the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of a newly developed simple technology-based multi-component help-seeking intervention ("ReachOut") for common mental health concerns among distressed, non-treatment-seeking young adults.
Methods: "ReachOut" was delivered to 172 young adults aged 20-35 years, scoring above the cutoff on the Kessler Psychological Distress scale. Effectiveness was studied using a single-group short-term prospective study design to examine changes in help-seeking barriers, inclination, and behavior. We assessed intervention feasibility in terms of demand, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy and acceptability was determined based on the rate of participation consent, the extent of pro-active initiation of contact with the facilitator during the intervention, feedback obtained on various "ReachOut" components and ratings on the likelihood of recommending the intervention to a person in distress.
Results: Significant reductions in the mean barriers and improvement in mean help-seeking inclination from mental health professionals (MHPs) were observed on the Friedman test from baseline to the two-month follow-up period after the intervention. Thirty-eight percent of participants (N=41) reported seeking help from MHPs by two-month follow-up. Feedback from participants, assessments, and observations indicated that "ReachOut" was feasible and acceptable among the target sample.
Conclusions: The study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of the help-seeking intervention "ReachOut" in reducing barriers and improving help-seeking inclination and behavior for common mental health concerns among distressed non-treatment-seeking young adults.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, varolan duygusal ve çoklu zekâ ölçeklerinin madde-tepki yapılarının uygunsuzluğundan hareketle, bu ölçeklerin zekâdan çok kendini değerlendirmeyi ve dolayısıyla benlik saygısını ölçtüğüne ilişkin kanıt toplamaktır. Bu amaçla; duygusal zekâ, çoklu zekâ, benlik saygısı ölçekleri arasındaki ilişkiler ile faktör yapıları araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri, 18 yaş üzeri 246 bireydenkartopu örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak; yüz yüze iletişim kurularak ya da COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle araştırmacıların tanıdıklarına internet aracılığıyla ulaşması yoluyla toplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) sonuçlarıduygusal zekâ, çoklu zekâlar, benlik saygısı ölçeklerinin alanyazında birden çok faktörlü olarak ortaya konmasına rağmen, bu ölçeklerin baskın tek bir faktöreişaret ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeklerarası korelasyonlarpozitif ve yüksek olarak bulunmuş, hepsi sanki tek bir ölçekmiş gibi tüm ölçeklerin toplandığı toplam puan ile bu ölçekler arasındaki korelasyonların ise çok daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Tek faktörlü yapı, ikili-üçlü ve tüm ölçek kombinasyonları Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile irdelenmiş; sonucunda tek faktörlü yapının tüm kombinasyonlar için iyi ve kabul edilebilir uyum gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Ek olarak, tek yönlü varyans analizi yoluyla, duygusal ve çoklu zekâ ölçeklerinden elde edilen puanların kendinden hoşlanma düzeyi arttıkça artacağı ortaya konmuştur. Bu bulgulara dayanarak, ölçeklerin madde-tepki biçimlerinin kendini değerlendirme şeklinde olmasından dolayı, bu ölçeklerin aslında bireylerin kendilerini ‘beğenme’ (benlik saygısı) düzeylerini ölçüldüğü sonucuna varılmıştır.
Social cognition enables the processing of information necessary to evolve within a social group. Neuropsychology explores models linking brain networks to social information processing. Social cognition is closely tied to the concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI), defined as the mental ability involved in accurately perceiving, understanding, using, and regulating one’s own emotions and those of others. EI could explain the variability of socially guided behavior. Therefore, EI seems to be an interesting concept for neuropsychologists. EI abilities are summarized, showing the neuroanatomical correlates, the tools enabling their assessment, and the functional impact in everyday life. Perceiving emotions in others, alexithymia, empathy, emotional memory, decision-making, theory of mind, and mind regulation are neuropsychological processes than can be explained through the lens of the concept of Emotional Intelligence. Creating standardized tools to assess perception, identification, emotional regulation skills, establishing emotional intelligence profiles, and comparing them to rational intelligence should contribute to enhancing our comprehension of social interactions and their associated dysfunctions.
The prevalence of collaborative learning in online virtual environments is on the rise. It is vital to investigate the effect of emotional interaction on the learning engagement of students. The university students who participated in 16 h of online collaborative learning responded to an anonymous survey. The instruments included Collaborative Learning Emotional Interaction Scale, Loneliness Scale, Positive and Negative Rumination Scale, and Learning Engagement Scale. The mediating and moderating roles of variables were tested. Both positive and negative emotional interactions in online collaborative learning positively predicted learning engagement. Positive emotional interaction can inversely predict loneliness, while negative emotional interaction has a positive effect on loneliness. Loneliness inversely predicts learning engagement. In the low level of positive rumination, loneliness has a significant inhibitory effect on learning engagement, and the effect is much greater than that in the high level of positive rumination. In online collaborative learning, loneliness mediates the effect of learners' emotional interaction on learning engagement. The level of positive rumination moderated the connection between loneliness and learning engagement, the second part of the mediation model. We can begin by increasing learners' positive rumination and reducing the detrimental impact of negative emotional interaction and isolation on learning engagement in online collaborative learning.
GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Duygusal okuryazarlık öğrenilebilen ve öğretilebilen bir beceridir. Duyguları yüz ifadeleri aracılığıyla ifade etme ve anlama becerisi erken yaşlardan itibaren kazanılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar ailelere verilen duygu eğitimlerinin çocukların duygusal becerilerini geliştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda yapılan çalışmanın amacı ailelere verilen duygu eğitimlerinin ebeveynlerin duygularını ifade etme ve empati becerisine etkisini incelemektir. YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalışmada kullanılan araştırma tasarımı, bir kontrol grubu olmaksızın "yarı deneysel ön-son test" olarak adlandırılan bir tasarım şeklinde planlanmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme tekniği kullanılarak ilkokulda çocuğu olan 18 ebeveyn üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların demografik bazı özelliklerinin tespiti için "Genel Bilgi Formu" kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın uygulamalarının etkililiğini test edebilmek için "Duyguları İfade Etme Ölçeği" ve "Empati Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. BULGULAR: Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde ebeveynlerin duygularını ifade etme becerilerinden yakınlık boyutunu, empati düzeylerinden de duygusal tepki boyutunu katılmış oldukları eğitimin etkilemediği görülmüştür (p>0,05). Fakat duyguları ifade etmede olumlu, olumsuz ve toplam puanda; empati düzeylerinde bilişsel empati, sosyal beceriler ve empati toplam puanda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede farklılık olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır (p<0,05). TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Diğer duygu sosyalleştirme türlerinde olduğu gibi, ebeveynlerin duygu ifadesi de duygu ile ilgili düzenleme de dahil olmak üzere çocukların sosyo-duygusal sonuçlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla yapılan çalışma sayesinde ebeveynlerin çocuklarına duygu düzenleme ve duygu becerilerinde doğrudan etkilere sahip olabilecektir. Yapılan bu çalışmada da ebeveynlerin empati düzeylerinde artış olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sebeple empati eğitimlerinin verilmesi ebeveynler üzerinde dolayısıyla da çocuklarının üzerinde etkiye sahip olabilecektir. Çünkü yapılan araştırmalar, bakıcı-çocuk etkileşiminin derecesinin, gelişim üzerindeki bu çoklu ve birbirine bağlı etkilerin toplamını yansıttığı için sonraki gelişimin güçlü bir belirleyicisi olduğunu öne sürmüştür. Abstract INTRODUCTION: Emotional literacy is a skill that can be learned and taught. The ability to express and understand emotions through facial expressions is acquired from an early age. Studies have shown that emotion trainings given to families improve children's emotional skills. In this direction, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of emotion trainings given to families on parents' ability to express their emotions and empathy skills.
Habitual expressive suppression (i.e., a tendency to inhibit the outward display of one's emotions; hereafter suppression) is often conceptualized as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. Yet, is this equally true for suppression of positive and of negative emotions? Across three studies and seven samples (total N > 1300 people) collected in two culturally distinct regions (i.e., Taiwan and the US), we examined the separability and distinct well-being effects of suppressing positive vs. negative emotions. Results consistently showed that (a) people suppressed their positive (vs. negative) emotions less, (b) the construct of suppression of positive (vs. negative) emotions was conceptually farther away from that of suppression of emotions in general, (c) suppression of positive and of negative emotions were only moderately correlated, and (d) only suppression of positive, but not negative, emotions, predicted lower well-being. An internal meta-analysis (k = 52 effect sizes) showed that these associations were robust to the inclusion of age, gender, and region as covariates. Future research may further probe the respective links between suppression of positive and of negative emotions and well-being across more cultural regions and across the life-span.
The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory. Psychometric data on single-item and multi-item subjective well-being scales are presented, and the measures are compared. Measuring various components of subjective well-being is discussed. In terms of causal influences, research findings on the demographic correlates of SWB are evaluated, as well as the findings on other influences such as health, social contact, activity, and personality. A number of theoretical approaches to happiness are presented and discussed: telic theories, associationistic models, activity theories, judgment approaches, and top-down versus bottom-up conceptions.
Attempting to understand the body’s signals is similar to trying to interpret the noises and sensations of the automobile that we drive. We do not have a computer printout of either the current physiological status of our body or the condition of the various systems of our car. Given this, we are in the position of attempting to understand a large array of ambiguous sensations about which we have at best a modicum of knowledge. Whether we are dealing with human bodies or inanimate cars, the awareness and reporting of symptoms are dependent on psychological or perceptual processes. Throughout this book, a large number of studies have outlined some of the parameters that determine when and why symptoms are reported. Before discussing some of the implications of symptom research, we present the following brief review of our current knowledge about the perception of physical symptoms.