### History of the Use of Hydroxyapatite in Orthopaedics
The term apatite was first applied to minerals by Werner45, in 1788. It now denotes a family of crystals with the formula M10(RO4)6X2, where M is usually calcium, R is usually phosphorus, and X is hydroxide or a halogen such as fluorine. The relationship to bone mineral was first suggested by Proust and Klaproth45, also in 1788. Only after the development and use of x-ray diffraction did Dejong confirm, in 1926, that the inorganic phase of bone was an apatite49. Bone mineral was found to be quite complex and included various types of hydrated calcium phosphates, the most common being calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2).
To the best of our knowledge, the earliest use of calcium-phosphate materials in humans was as a powder of varying crystalline composition to improve bone-healing. Albee and Morrison, in 1920, reported accelerated formation of callus3, but others later observed no major advantage with use of the hydroxyapatite powder80,147. As a bulk implant, calcium-phosphate materials were first used for dental applications133, as reported in 1971. More recent reports in the dental literature have attested to the success of bulk calcium-phosphate materials composed of pure hydroxyapatite and used as a bone-graft substitute12,35,57,68,135,137. Patients who had hydroxyapatite grafts were followed for a maximum of seven years57 and were evaluated clinically12,35,57,137, radiographically12,35,57, and with computer-assisted densitometry68. In two studies135,137, biopsy specimens were obtained for histological analysis. In addition to impressive evidence of osseointegration, no adverse effects of hydroxyapatite …