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Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, Without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge
Abstract
A method for estimating the cholesterol content of the serum low-density lipoprotein fraction (Sf- 0.20)is presented. The method involves measure- ments of fasting plasma total cholesterol, tri- glyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, none of which requires the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Cornparison of this suggested procedure with the more direct procedure, in which the ultracentrifuge is used, yielded correlation coefficients of .94 to .99, de- pending on the patient population compared. Additional Keyph rases hyperlipoproteinemia classifi- cation #{149} determination of plasma total cholesterol, tri- glyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol #{149} beta lipo proteins
... Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TAG) levels were measured using test strips (KENSHIN-2, Japan) and the results were expressed in mg/mL. LDL was determined by applying the equation by Friedewald (1972) [Total cholesterol -HDL -(TG/5)] (Friedewald et al., 1972). ...
... Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TAG) levels were measured using test strips (KENSHIN-2, Japan) and the results were expressed in mg/mL. LDL was determined by applying the equation by Friedewald (1972) [Total cholesterol -HDL -(TG/5)] (Friedewald et al., 1972). ...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), characterized by hepatic triglyceride elevation is prevalent globally and often leads to significant consequences such as steatosis and hepatocarcinoma. In association with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, effective interventions are essential. Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in regulating these metabolic parameters. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a fiber-rich oilseed, is known for its high fiber content. This study assessed the impact of the fiber-rich fraction of partially defatted chia seeds (FFC) on hepatic steatosis and metabolic disturbances induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet (CD) or HFD for 10 weeks, followed by FFC or oatmeal supple-mentation for an additional 4 weeks. FFC intake significantly reduced hepatic steatosis, lowered triglyceride and cholesterol levels, normalized plasma triglycerides, decreased oxidative stress, and attenuated inflammation. FFC has emerged as a promising candidate for managing hepatic steatosis.
... Estimation of serum total cholesterol concentration TC in plasma was measured using the method of Siedel et al. [8] Evaluation of serum triglyceride concentration The procedure described by Friedewald et al. [9] was used to calculate the serum triglyceride (TG) content of the samples. The reactions resulted in the production of a purple quinoneimine dye, which was measured colorimetrically at 540 nm. ...
... High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was determined using the Friedewald et al. [9] method. Its principle is the same as previously described TC evaluation. ...
A BSTRACT
Background
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine induces testicular toxicity and can result in reproductive dysfunction in male rats.
Aim
This study investigated the effects of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Justicia secunda on phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced reproductive dysfunction in male Wistar rats.
Settings and Design
Twenty rats (90–170 g) were grouped into five (A-E) ( n = 4) with the approval of the research ethics committee.
Materials and Methods
Group A (control) received 0.5 mL of normal saline, Groups B to E received PHZ, PHZ + Astymin (0.5 mL), PHZ + J . secunda (0.2 mg/kg) and PHZ + J . secunda (0.5 mg/kg), respectively. All animals in Groups B to E received 2 mg/kg PHZ intraperitoneally for 2 days, and thereafter, administration of Astymin and J . secunda commenced in Groups C, D and E for 14 days using gavage.
Statistical Analysis
The data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test.
Results
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased significantly in PHZ, PHZ + Astymin and PHZ + J . secunda (0.2 mg/kg) and increased significantly in PHZ + J . secunda (0.5 mg/kg) than control. Luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone significantly ( P < 0.001) reduced in treated groups than control. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were significantly reduced in the treated groups than the control. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) significantly ( P < 0.001) increased in treated groups than in control. Testicular glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, catalase and malondialdehyde significantly increased in extract-treated groups compared to control. Superoxide dismutase significantly decreased in PHZ-treated group than in the control.
Conclusion
PHZ administration caused testicular toxicity and altered biochemical markers, astymin treatment reduced male reproductive hormones, while J . secunda (0.5 mg/kg) increased FSH and LH, decreased TNFα levels and altered the concentration of testicular antioxidant markers. These alterations may be linked to the toxic effect of PHZ and could negatively affect spermatogenesis.
... alanine aminotransferase (ALT, U L − 1 ), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, U L − 1 ). Plasmatic analysis was performed using commercial kits (Wiener®, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer (Konelab CT 600i, Wiener®) except LDL, which was calculated according to (Friedewald et al. 1972). The liver and muscle glycogen (mg g tissue − 1) was determined according to (Bidinotto et al. 1997). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding chromium-methionine (Cr-meth) chelate in extruded diets containing reduced protein content on growth performance, carcass composition, nutrient retention, and hematobiochemical responses in Nile tilapia juveniles. The fish were fed with two control diets (no Cr-meth): positive control (311 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein, estimated 258 g kg⁻¹ of digestible protein) and negative control (255 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein, estimated 207 g kg⁻¹ of digestible protein). Another five experimental diets (mean 251 g kg⁻¹ of crude protein, mean estimated 204 g kg⁻¹ of digestible protein) were supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹. Juveniles (34.31 g) were organized in a randomized design (seven treatments in triplicate) in 21 tanks (250 L) and fed until apparent satiety. The experiment lasted nine weeks. Fish fed 0.8 and 1.0 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹ showed zootechnical variables similar to the positive control. The reduced protein diets showed lower costs, and supplementation with 0.91 mg kg⁻¹ of chromium matched the profitability observed in the positive control diet. Carcass gross energy and energy retention, plasma cholesterol (total and LDL), and triglycerides values were higher in fish fed 0.6 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹ than in the positive control. Treatments with dietary Cr-meth (mainly between 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg⁻¹) decreased carcass Cr, selenium, and copper retention and increased carcass nitrogen retention and muscle glycogen levels compared to the positive control. This treatment (positive control) also had lower values for total leukocytes and monocytes, respectively, than fish fed 0.2 and 0.4 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹ and for eosinophils and lymphocytes than fish fed 0.8 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹. In conclusion, we recommend supplementation with 0.8 mg Cr-meth kg diet⁻¹ for diets with low protein content, as it produces a dietary protein-sparing effect, reducing costs, improving immune defense, muscle glycogen, and nitrogen retention without compromising growth performance, physiology, and fish metabolism.
... The homeostatic assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated using previously reported formulas [18,19]. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was derived using Frieldewald's equation [20]. The coronary risk was calculated by dividing the total cholesterol by the HDL cholesterol. ...
Introduction
Data suggest malfunctioning mitochondria reduce oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, disrupting insulin signalling. Cytochrome c (CC), acylcarnitine (AC) and citrate synthase (CS) are essential components of the mitochondria machinery and can be used as reliable biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether mitochondrial biomarkers (AC, CS and CC) are altered in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to examine the association between these biomarkers and insulin resistance.
Methodology
A cross‐sectional observational study that recruited 170 participants (88 with T2DM and 82 without DM) was conducted. Blood samples were collected from the recruits and analysed for levels of fasting glucose (FBG), AC, CS, CC, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and magnesium. Blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric characteristics of participants were also taken. Appropriate formulas were used to determine %body fat, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA‐β).
Results
Patients with T2DM had higher levels of CC, %body fat, FBG, TG, HbA1c, BMI and HOMA‐IR than controls (p < 0.05, respectively). Results showed a significant relationship between circulating CC levels versus HOMA‐β (r = −0.40, p = 0.001), CS (r = −0.70, p = 0.001) and AC (r = −0.72, p = 0.001) levels in patients with T2DM. The adjusted odds increased in the T2DM patients for VLDL (OR = 6.66, p = 0.002), HbA1c (OR = 6.50, p = 0.001), FPG (OR = 3.17, p = 0.001), TG (OR = 2.36, p = 0.010), being female (OR = 2.09, p = 0.020) and CC (OR = 1.14, p = 0.016).
Conclusion
Overall, alterations in mitochondrial biomarkers, measured by AC, CC and CS, were observed in people with T2DM and showed a direct relationship with insulin resistance. These findings are potentially significant in Africa, although additional confirmation from a larger cohort is necessary.
... The levels of TC, TG, and HDL-C were measured in the serum samples using the methods described, respectively, by Allain [71], Bucolo and David [72], and Lopez-Virella et al. [73]. The VLDL-C and LDL-C concentrations were calculated using Friedewald formulas: VLDL-C (mg/dL) = TG/5 and LDL-C (mg/dL) = TC − (HDL-C + VLDL-C) [74]. ...
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is approved for the treatment of liver diseases. However, the antihyperglycemic effects/mechanisms of TUDCA are still less clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic action of TUDCA in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. Fifteen adult Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = five in each): control, diabetic (STZ), and STZ+TUDCA. The results showed that TUDCA treatment significantly reduced blood glucose, HbA1c%, and HOMA-IR as well as elevated the insulin levels in diabetic rats. TUDCA therapy increased the incretin GLP-1 concentrations, decreased serum ceramide synthase (CS), improved the serum lipid profile, and restored the glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles. Furthermore, serum inflammatory parameters (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and PGE-2) were substantially reduced with TUDCA treatment. In the pancreas, STZ+TUDCA-treated rats underwent an obvious enhancement of enzymatic (CAT and SOD) and non-enzymatic (GSH) antioxidant defense systems and a marked decrease in markers of the lipid peroxidation rate (MDA) and nitrosative stress (NO) compared to STZ-alone. At the molecular level, TUDCA decreased the pancreatic mRNA levels of iNOS and apoptotic-related factors (p53 and caspase-3). In conclusion, TUDCA may be useful for diabetes management and could be able to counteract diabetic disorders via anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions.
... The assay was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald's equation (Friedewald et al., 1972). LDL-C = [TC -{HDL-C+ (TG/5)}] where VLDL-C = (TG/5) (Bhandari et al., 2013). ...
This study evaluated the safety of the ethnomedicinal plant, Combretum. dolichopetalum methanol extract (CDME) in Wistar rats using the sub-acute toxicity model. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group A (control) received 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 5 ml/kg, while groups B -D received CDME at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. All treatments were administered orally and once daily for 28 consecutive days. The haematological profile, liver and kidney function tests, lipid profile as well as antioxidant status were evaluated. The 50 mg/kg extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, but had no effect on leucocytic profile of rats. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in leucocyte profile between the control and groups given the extract. At 200 mg/kg, CDME significantly (P<0.05) increased total protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) compared to the control group. Triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) were significantly (P<0.05) increased by the extract at both 100 and 200 mg/kg while low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by the extract at those doses compared to the control. Urea level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in rats dosed at 100mg/kg while creatinine levels was not increased by the extract. The antioxidants Superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase were significantly (P<0.05) higher in rats at all doses of the extract while serum catalase level was significantly lower (P<0.05). We conclude that Combretum dolichopetalum could cause a reduction in erythrocyte parameters and should be administered with caution in anaemic conditions as well as in liver diseases.
... LDL-C was obtained by the Friedewald formula [20]. Non-HDL cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) resulted from the difference between TC and HDL-C. ...
Background: Available evidence from randomized clinical trials is contrasting and definitely inconclusive in determining whether or not CoQ10 dietary supplementation is advisable in patients with statin intolerance or poor statin tolerability. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study aimed at investigating the effect of chronic dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) phytosome on physical performance in older adults with a ≥3-month history of statin-associated asthenia. The study’s participants were randomized to either a placebo or 300 mg daily CoQ10 phytosome (equivalent to 60 mg CoQ10; Ubiqsome®, Indena SpA, Milan, Italy). Asthenia, handgrip strength (HGs), 2-min step test (2MST), and 1-min sit-to-stand (STS) repetitions were assessed at baseline and at 8-week follow-up. Results: After the first 4 weeks of dietary supplementation, individuals taking CoQ10 phytosome showed a greater improvement in asthenia compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Even more significantly, at 8-week follow-up, participants receiving CoQ10 showed substantial improvements in asthenia (−30.0 ± 20.0%), HGS (+29.8 ± 3.6%), 2MST (+11.1 ± 1.8%), and 1-min STS repetitions (+36.4 ± 3.9%) compared to both baseline and placebo (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to our findings, chronic dietary supplementation with CoQ10 phytosome significantly enhances physical performance in older adults with statin-associated asthenia. This could have relevant implications for improving the compliance of older adults with statin treatment.
... Based on their height and weight, the BMI of the participants was calculated; (3) Overnight fasting venous blood samples were analyzed using automatic analyzers to obtain laboratory test data [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), HDL-C, TC, TG, hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c), and FPG]; (4) The abdominal ultrasound images of the subjects were acquired and archived through ultrasonographic examination; (5) LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula based on quantified TC, HDL-C, and TG. 27 Definitions Participants were categorized into three groups based on smoking history: non-smokers, past smokers, and current smokers. Based on the average weekly alcohol intake in the past month, participants were divided into three groups: non/small-drinkers (<40g/week), moderate drinkers (40-139g/week), and heavy drinkers (140-209g/week). ...
... The concentration of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the testes of the animal was estimated using the CHOD-PAP reaction described by Friedewald et al. (1972) while the colourimetric reaction method described by Tietz (1995) was used to assay for the concentration of triglycerides in the present study. ...
Cisplatin (a platinum-based drug) has chemotherapeutical potency in treating different kinds of cancer but elicits side effects of testicular dysfunction while hesperetin has antioxidant attributes against inflammation, free radicals, and apoptosis. This study investigated the likely protective property of hesperetin against cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity. Forty mice randomly assigned into four groups of 10 animals each were administered with the appropriate regimen. Group 1 (control) received normal saline alone while group 2 received 2.5 mg/kg body weight of cisplatin only. Group 3 received 40 mg/kg body weight of hesperetin and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of cisplatin, while group 4 received only 40 mg/kg body weight of hesperetin. Hesperetin administration (orally) was for 30 consecutive days while cisplatin (intraperitoneally) was on days 5, 7, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, and 28. Findings revealed that cisplatin decreased the activities/level of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, total thiol, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, sperm viability, sperm motility, and total sperm count while the abnormal sperm cells and levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and inteleukin-1β were increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, histopathological results of examined testes showed a reduction in the tube-shaped size of testes, diminished development of spermatozoa, and architectural impairment with cisplatin exposure. Contrarily, hesperetin reversed cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal oxidative damage, suppressed steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, and repaired the architecture of the testes. The study showed that hesperetin demonstrated multi-mechanistic protective activity against testicular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and histological damage owing to its antioxidant and steroidogenic actions.
... Serum glucose was measured by the hexokinase method and the other tests (with the exception of LDL-cholesterol) were conducted by standard enzymatic assay using an automated biochemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter AU480, Tokyo, Japan). For determining LDL-cholesterol concentrations, the Friedewald formula was adopted [31]. The intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation for the tests were within 2.5% and 4%, respectively. ...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur before 18 years of age. Studies emphasize the importance of childhood adversity as a risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases, including type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. This case-control study involved 137 patients with T2DM and 134 non-diabetic adults of both genders (mean age 46.9 and 45.7 years, respectively). In addition to collecting socio-demographic, behavioral, and anthropological data, a 10-item ACE scale was utilized to gather information regarding childhood adversities, while perceived stress was assessed using the perceived stress scale-4. Fasting and 2-hour post glucose load blood sugar levels, HbA1c, and fasting lipid profiles were measured. Both univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate whether ACE is a potential risk factor for T2DM, with a significance level of 0.05. Around two-thirds of T2DM patients reported having ACE scores of 4 or higher, with the mean ACE score significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (3.96 vs. 3.34; p<0.0001). The logistic regression analysis found that T2DM was linked to female gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history of DM, higher perceived stress, and a higher ACE score of 4 and above. After adjusting for confounding factors, individuals with an ACE score of 4 or higher had a significantly greater risk of developing T2DM (OR: 2.24; 95% CI 1.238–4.061). The study revealed a significant association between higher ACE scores and an increased risk of developing T2DM. As a recommendation, further investigation into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this relationship is warranted.
... Thus, in the present study, dams consumed the same amount of food during gestation until the beginning of lactation in a diet with a low content of energy different to food intake observed by dams fed low-protein diet (19) . ...
The effects of an obesogenic post-weaning diet on the growth and metabolic parameters of adult offspring submitted to a hypocaloric diet in perinatal life were evaluated. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation: Control (C, received normocaloric diet) and hypocaloric diet during pregnancy and lactation (H, received hypocaloric diet). At weaning, half the number of animals in each group was divided into two more groups according to the post-weaning diet: control (CC, n=12), control and subject to the obesogenic diet (CO n=11), hypocaloric diet and control (HC, n=14) and hypocaloric and obesogenic diet (HO, n=9). Maternal body weight, food intake, and energy intake were recorded daily. In the offspring, birth weight, growth rate, and physical characteristics were evaluated. At 120 days, relative food consumption, glucose tolerance test (GTT), biochemical profile, and organ weight were analyzed. Mothers on a low-calorie diet showed no difference in body weight during pregnancy or lactation even with lower energy intake. In offspring, litters from mothers fed a low-calorie diet showed a deficit in physical characteristics (growth restriction and low weight). The effect of an obesogenic diet on visceral fat weight, GTT, and hypercholesterolemia was most pronounced in animals subjected to a perinatal hypocaloric diet followed by a lifelong obesogenic diet. Conclusion: Our observations expand the evidence that social environments with food scarcity and/or obesogenic environments determine greater susceptibility to obesity.
... In our study, serum creatinine was used for calculating eGFR (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation) that was used for staging chronic kidney disease (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes staging system [29]. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was estimated by the Friedewald equation [30]. ...
Background
The pathogenesis of hypertension (HTN) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) is complex and remains not fully understood. Chronic immune activation (IA) is postulated to be one of the culprits. This notion is derived from studies in HIV-uninfected populations and/or animals while data on HTN and how it relates to IA in PLHIV remains scarce. We determined the relationship between HTN and IA among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve PLHIV.
Methods
We analysed baseline data of 365 out of 430 clinical trial participants whose main aim was to investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin on HIV disease progression in PLHIV starting ART. Soluble CD14 (sCD14), T cells co-expressing CD38 and HLA-DR, and PD-1 were the IA and exhaustion markers, respectively studied and were analysed by flow cytometry. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for comparison of the markers by HTN status. A robust Poisson regression model was used to determine the predictors for HTN.
Results
A quarter of the 365 were hypertensive (25.3%, 95% CI 20.9–29.8%), and, had higher median (IQR) body mass index (kg/m²) (23.4 (19.6, 28.0) versus 21.9 (19.3, 25.1)) and lower median (IQR) estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m²) (101.2 (79.4, 126.9) versus 113.6 (92.7, 138.8)) than normotensive participants (p < 0.05). Participants with HTN had higher median frequencies of all markers of IA and exhaustion but lower sCD14 (p > 0.05). None of these markers significantly predicted the occurrence of HTN.
Conclusion
Studied markers of IA and exhaustion were higher in PLHIV with HTN than those without but were unpredictive of HTN. Larger multicentre studies with a wider range of markers are needed to confirm the role of IA in HIV-associated HTN.
... Lipoprotein (a) levels were assessed through turbidimetry using a Binding Site Optilite system (The Binding Site Group Ltd., Birmingham, UK), with results expressed in nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). Detailed descriptions of the assay methodologies are available in Supplementary Appendix 1 28,29 . ...
High lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels are associated with an increased risk of arterial hypertension (AHT) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the detailed profile of AHT based on Lp(a) levels. This observational study focused on elucidating the relationship between Lp(a) concentrations and specific indices obtained from 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring in hypertensive patients over 18 years of age. We gathered and analyzed data on BP indices along with demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory variables from 227 hypertensive patients, median age 56 years, including 127 women (56%). After comparing hypertensive patients with Lp(a) levels above and below 125 nmol/L, we found that a 10 mmHg increase in nocturnal systolic BP and all pulse pressure indices (24-h, daytime, and night-time) was associated with an increased risk of high Lp(a) levels by more than 20% and 40%, respectively. Similarly, each 10% increase in the area under the function over time of nocturnal diastolic BP dipping was associated with more than a 30% decrease in the odds of belonging to the elevated Lp(a) levels category. Additionally, Lp(a) levels above 125 nmol/L were associated with higher 24-h, daytime, and night-time systolic BP and pulse pressure load. The relationship between Lp(a) and AHT appears to extend beyond conventional BP measurements, which may be relevant given the prognostic implications of nocturnal BP and pulse pressure indices.
... Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (Babson et al., 1966), total protein and albumin levels (Doumas et al., 1971;Koller and Kaplan, 1984), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Zimmerman and Henery, 1979), serum urea (Coulombe and Favreau, 1963), creatinine (Bartels et al., 1972), cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol concentrations (Friedewald, 1972), and LDL-cholesterol were measured by using commercial kits (Bio Diagnostics Company, Egypt) and strictly following to the instructions provided by the manufacturers. ...
... HDL-C was directly measured by the heparinmanganese precipitation method. LDL-C was determined through calculation using the measured values of TC, HDL-C, and TG according to the Friedewald formula [31]. The calculation was valid only when TG < 400 mg/dL. ...
Background/Objectives: Dyslipidemia is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, among available drug treatments, only those targeted at lowering LDL-C and consequently TC have demonstrated efficacy in preventing CVD. This is to say that the benefit for those with isolated high TG or low HDL-C is limited. The objective of this study is to examine the overlapping pattern of the four dyslipidemia components in US adult populations, which is important for quantifying the proportion of those who are less likely to benefit from lipid-lowering drugs and for a more precise use of the drug. Methods: A total of 7822 participants aged over 20 with abnormalities in any of the four lipid parameters, excluding those on lipid-lowering medications, were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles spanning 1999–2000 through 2017–2018. The proportions of different combinations of them were calculated and presented using area-proportional Euler plots. Results: High TC, high LDL-C, high TG, and low HDL-C were seen in 32.8% (95% CI: 31.3%–34.2%), 28.1% (95% CI: 26.6%–29.6%), 26.7% (95% CI: 25.4%–28.0%), and 65.9% (95% CI: 64.0%–67.7%) of the people with dyslipidemia, respectively. The proportions of dyslipidemia cases attributable to “high LDL-C or high TC” (irrespective of HDL-C and TG levels), “normal LDL-C, normal TC, but high TG” (irrespective of HDL-C level), and “normal LDL-C, normal TC, normal TG, but low HDL-C” (i.e., isolated low HDL-C) accounted for 37.5% (95% CI: 35.9%–39.1%), 18.3% (95% CI: 17.2%–19.4%), and 44.2% (95% CI: 42.5%–46.0%), respectively. Conclusions: Some two-thirds of those with dyslipidemia had low HDL-C or high TG but normal LDL-C and normal TC. As these people are less likely to benefit from currently available drug treatments in terms of CVD prevention, it is important to identify other effective strategies or interventions targeted at them in order to achieve more precise and cost-effective management of dyslipidemia.
... for TG. The concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were calculated from TC, HDL-C, and TG as per Friedewald's formula [8]. ...
Study aim: The aim of our study was to determine whether six weeks of CrossFit training, a popular form of high-intensity training, improves the atherogenic index of plasma and blood lipid profile indicators in young healthy men.
Material and methods: Twenty-nine young, normolipidemic men (age 23.3 ± 2.4 years, height 181 ± 6.2 cm, BMI 24.4 ± 1.7) participated in a six-week CrossFit program. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), autoantibodies against oxidized LDL (oLAB), and triglycerides (TG) were determined before and after completion of 6 weeks of CrossFit training, before, 3 minutes, and 60 minutes after the VO 2 max cycling test to exhaustion. Based on lipids, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the ratios TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C were calculated.
Results: A statistically significant main effect was found for the measures TG and HDL-C for the predictor variable TIME (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). No significant main effect was found for the predictor variable TRIAL or the TRIAL × TIME interaction.
Conclusions: The statistically significant changes observed after cycling to exhaustion confirm that intense physical exercise affects lipid metabolism. Six weeks of CrossFit training had no effect on the statistically significant changes in plasma lipid profile and AIP in young healthy men.
... LDL-C was calculated by the Friedwald equation by subtracting the concentration of cholesterol within all lipoproteins other than LDL from the concentration of TC. It was calculated by the following equation: LDL-C (mg/dL or mmol/L) = (Total cholesterol) -(HDL-C) -(Triglycerides)/5 [9]. ...
... Serum samples were analysed for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP) on a COBAS Integra 400 system using commercially available reagents, calibrators and controls (Roche Diagnostics, NSW, Australia). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was determined using the Friedewald equation [30]. Insulin concentrations were measured using a Diabetes 10-plex multiplex assay and Bioplex suspension array system (Bio-rad Laboratories, California, USA). ...
Background
Elevations in the gut metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Whether elevated TMAO levels reflect early mechanistic involvement or a sequela of evolving disease awaits elucidation. The purpose of this study was to further explore these potential associations.
Methods
We investigated relationships between circulating levels of TMAO and its pre-cursor substrates, dietary factors, gut microbiome profiles and disease risk in individuals with a Healthy BMI (18.5 < BMI < 25, n = 41) or key precursor states for cardiometabolic disease: Overweight (25 < BMI < 30 kg/m², n = 33), Obese (BMI > 30, n = 27) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS; ≥ 3 ATPIII report criteria, n = 39).
Results
Unexpectedly, plasma [TMAO] did not vary substantially between groups (means of 3–4 µM; p > 0.05), although carnitine was elevated in participants with MetS. Gut microbial diversity and Firmicutes were also significantly reduced in the MetS group (p < 0.05). Exploratory analysis across diverse parameters reveals significant correlations between circulating [TMAO] and seafood intake (p = 0.007), gut microbial diversity (p = 0.017–0.048), and plasma [trimethylamine] (TMA; p = 0.001). No associations were evident with anthropometric parameters or cardiometabolic disease risk. Most variance in [TMAO] within and between groups remained unexplained.
Conclusions
Data indicate that circulating [TMAO] may be significantly linked to seafood intake, levels of TMA substrate and gut microbial diversity across healthy and early disease phenotypes. However, mean concentrations remain < 5 µM, with little evidence of links between TMAO and cardiometabolic disease risk. These observations suggest circulating TMAO may not participate mechanistically in cardiometabolic disease development, with later elevations likely a detrimental sequela of extant disease.
... The LDL-cholesterol concentration of the plasma samples was determined according to the equation of Friedewald et al. [46], expressed: ...
Yellow -fleshed cassava flour (CF) and wheat flour (WF) composite bread was prepared in various proportions of 100:0 (100% CF), 50:50 (50% CF:50% WF), 20:80 (20% CF:80% WF), 10:90 (10% CF:90% WF), and 0:100 (100% WF) and flavored with 2 g of cocoa powder (FL). Forty male Wistar rats, weighing 170-200 g were divided into eight groups of five animals each. Rats in the control group were fed with the basal diet, and other rat groups were fed with high fat diet (30% fat) for two weeks prior to injection with 25 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ) for the induction of type-2 diabetes. Thereafter, the diabetic rats were subsequently placed on different formulated breads for two weeks, while the positive control rats were placed on acarbose (25 mg/kg/body weight) in addition to the composite bread for the time the experiment lasted. The blood glucose of the rats was checked every four days, and the rats were sacrificed using cervical dislocation at the end of the experiment. The blood was rapidly collected through a heart puncture, and the plasma was rapidly separated while the liver was excised, rinsed, and subsequently homogenized prior to the assessment of the lipid profile, and the pancreas histopathology was carried out. The result revealed that 100% CF bread + FL (98.00 mg/dl) significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic rat as compared to the acarbose (240.50 mg/dl) and the control rats. Furthermore, there were significant (p < 0.05) elevation in HDL-cholesterol and a concomitant decrease in LDL-cholesterol in the plasma of diabetic rats fed with 100% CF bread + FL as compared to the control. This study suggests that composite bread from vitamin-A enriched cassava and wheat flour may represent safe and effective functional foods with antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
... The use of the Friedewald equation is recommended at the national level, of obligatory observance, in NOM-037-SSA2-2012 [6]. However, this equation has several limitations: it is not capable of estimating LDL-C levels when triglycerides exceed 4.52 mmol/L [7]. Martin et al. developed an equation that modifies the triglyceride-VLDL-C ratio by making the fixed Friedewald ratio adjustable according to triglyceride and non-HDL-C conditions [8]. ...
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which makes up about 70% of the cholesterol in the blood, is critical in the formation of arteriosclerotic plaques, increasing the risk of heart disease. LDL-C levels are estimated using Friedewald, Martin and Sampson equations, though they have limitations with high triglycerides. Our aim is to compare the effectiveness of these equations versus the ultracentrifugation technique in individuals with and without dyslipidemia and identify precision. There were 113 participants, 59 healthy controls and 54 dyslipidemic patients. Samples were collected after fasting. LDL-C was estimated using the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson equations. The purified LDL-C, ultracentrifugated and dialysized control group without dyslipidemia vs. patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) showed differences in age, HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose non-HDL-C (p = 0.001 in all). There were correlations in CGWD between ultracentrifugation and Sampson R-squared (R2) = 0.791. In the dyslipidemia control group, ultracentrifugation and Friedewald R2 = 0.911. In patients with CAD, correlation between ultracentrifugation and Sampson R2 = 0.892; Bland–Altman confirmed agreement in controls without dyslipidemia. The Martin and Sampson equations are interchangeable with ultracentrifugation. Conclusion: The role of LDL analysis using precise techniques is necessary to obtain better control of disease outcomes after the use of precise therapies and suggests verifying its importance through clinical trials.
... Lipid profile such as total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol, (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were performed with a Cobas Integra analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana). An enzymatic colorimetric assay was used for HDL-C, and triglycerides; LDL-C and VLDL-C were derived using the Friedewald calculation [18]. FBS was measured using enzyme method and the cutoff point of 126 mg/dl.2 was considered as diagnostic criterion for the diabetes whereas HbAc1was measured by using Cobas Integra Tina-quant Hemoglobin A1c Gen.2 kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). ...
... Lipid profile such as total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol, (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were performed with a Cobas Integra analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana). An enzymatic colorimetric assay was used for HDL-C, and triglycerides; LDL-C and VLDL-C were derived using the Friedewald calculation [18]. FBS was measured using enzyme method and the cutoff point of 126 mg/dl.2 was considered as diagnostic criterion for the diabetes whereas HbAc1was measured by using Cobas Integra Tina-quant Hemoglobin A1c Gen.2 kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). ...
The Diabetes it is a major contributor to the development of many pathological processes including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. both animal and human studies indicates that gut microbial change is associated with diabetes, but such an association with T2DM in Libyan people is not known. Therefore, the aim of present study is to recognize if there is a difference in the bacterial composition between Libyan diabetic patients and a healthy control. Also, to find whether there is a relationship between bacterial composition and diverse factors such as FBS, HbA1c, and lipid profile and body composition. Two groups of participated in this study including 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 28 healthy control subjects were involved. The fecal microbiota structure at level of species was investigated by using conventional culture method. There was significant difference in gut bacteria between diabetic patients and healthy control. The relative abundance of B. vulgatus, and B. rodentium were significantly declined in the diabetic group compared to non-diabetic group (P = 0.008, P = 0.018) but B. vulgatus negatively and significantly correlated to level of HDL-C (P = 0.015). Moreover, the relative abundance of L. acidophilus reduced significantly (P = 0.02) and correlated positively and significantly with Fasting blood sugar (P = 0.001) and HbA1c (P = 0.016) in diabetic patients compared to the healthy control group. Our results show that T2DM is associated with compositional alterations in gut microbiota. B. vulgatus, B. rodentium and L. acidophilus B. may be possible indicators of T2DM. The interaction of specific gut microbiota with FBG, HbA1c, and HDL-C should be considered as potential interest for future studies to develop better approaches for the prevention and treatment of T2DM by modulation of gut microbiota.
... Briefly, the enzymatic-colorimetric method was used to determine TC, HDL, and TG using a Cobas c 501 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Poznań, Poland). To determine the concentration of cholesterol in the LDL fraction, Friedewald's formula was used [22]: "LDL = TC − (HDL + TG/5)". The formula can only be used when the TG concentration is below 4.5 mmol/L (400 mg%). ...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, influenced by the interaction of factors, including age, sex, genetic conditions, overweight/obesity, hypertension, an abnormal lipid profile, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, and psychological factors. This study aimed to assess the relationships between psychosocial and nutritional factors in a group of 61 patients with CVD (i.e., atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial infarction) and their possible impact on the course of the disease. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A, E, D, and β-carotene were determined using validated HPLC-MS/MS, while the lipid profile was analyzed enzymatically. Psychosocial factors and nutritional behaviors were assessed using author-designed questionnaires. Over 50% of patients had 25-OH-D3 and retinol deficiencies, while >85% of patients exhibited significant deficiencies in α-tocopherol and β-carotene. The lipid profile showed no specific relationship with any particular CVD. Dietary behavior minimally impacted biochemical parameters except for higher β-carotene concentrations in the group with higher fruit and vegetable intake. The negative impact of the CVD on selected parameters of quality of life was noticed. To increase the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of CVD, the need for interdisciplinary cooperation observed between doctors, psychologists, and specialists in human nutrition seems to be justified.
... The separated plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80°C until later analysis. TG, TC, and HDL were analysed using a colorimetric kit (Stanbio, EKF Diagnostics, Penarth, Wales, UK), and LDL was calculated according to the Friedewald formula: LDL = TC -HDL -(TG/5) (Friedewald et al., 1972). Leptin, resistin, TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ were measured using a multiplex bead assay (Human Magnetic Luminex Customized Assay, R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. ...
... The biochemical analyses included glucose (mg/dL), HbA1c (%), TC (mg/dL), HDL-c (mg/dL), TG (mg/dL), uric acid (mg/dL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, mg/dL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, mg/dL) levels, which were measured by specific calorimetric assays in an autoanalyser Pentra C200 (Horiba ABX Diagnostics, Montpellier, France). The LDL-c levels were calculated using the Friedewald formula [26]: LDL-c = TC À HDL-c À TG/5. The hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was also assessed using the following formula: HSI = 8 Â ALT/AST ratio + BMI (+2, if diabetes; +2, if female) [27]. ...
... Blood lipids (mmol/L, total serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c]) and plasma glucose (mmol/L) were analyzed using standard kits (Hitachi 912, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). The Friedewald formula was used to calculate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c, mmol/L) [19]. ...
Purpose
A healthy diet reduces the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the general population, especially in individuals who are genetically predisposed to NAFLD. Little is known in patients who suffered from a myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the interaction between diet quality and genetic predisposition in relation to NAFLD in post-MI patients.
Methods
We included 3437 post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort. Diet quality was assessed with adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index). A weighted genetic risk score (GRS) for NAFLD was computed using 39 genetic variants. NAFLD prevalence was predicted using the Fatty Liver Index. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals of DHD15-index and GRS in relation to NAFLD were obtained with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. The interaction between DHD15-index and GRS in relation to NAFLD was assessed on an additive and multiplicative scale.
Results
Patients had a mean age of 69 (± 5.5) years, 77% was male and 20% had diabetes. The DHD15-index ranged from 28 to 120 with a mean of 73. Patients with higher diet quality were less likely to suffer from NAFLD, with a PR of 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) for the upper vs lower quintile of DHD15-index. No association between the GRS and NAFLD prevalence was found (PR of 0.92 [0.76, 1.11]). No statistically significant interaction between the DHD15-index and GRS was observed.
Conclusion
In Dutch post-MI patients, adherence to the Dutch dietary guidelines was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD, as assessed by the FLI. This association was present regardless of genetic predisposition in this older aged cohort.
... The dietitian assessed behaviours and eating patterns and provided guidance. Each participant received a personalized menu plan according to the American Dietetic Association standards (30). The diet emphasized on fruits and vegetables, low fat, moderate carbohydrates, and low-glycaemic index foods. ...
... In addition, RT polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluation was carried out to determine the expression of the maintenance gene GAPDH as well as the lipogenic genes ACC and FAS in the liver and LPL in the abdominal fat tissue. Primers for RT-PCR are shown in According to Friedewald et al. (1972), samples were then centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min at 4°C. Also, VLDL was estimated as triglycerides divided by 5 (Musa et al., 2007). ...
In an experiment with four treatments and five replicates, the effects of adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to the diet in late phase of egg production was studied on performance, and lipid metabolism in laying hens. Dietary treatments included the control basal diet without MSG and the other treatments adding 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% MSG in the control diet respectively. The effect of supplementation of MSG on egg weight, egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg mass was insignificant ( p < 0.05). Adding MSG to the diet significantly increased feed intake and blood polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration ( p < 0.05). Intake of 0.8% and 1.2% MSG in the diet up regulated the mRNA expression of acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase in the abdominal and liver tissues in comparison to the control group. Blood very low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides and cholesterol concentration were increased in treatment fed with a diet containing 0.8% MSG compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). The effect of MSG on total egg yolk cholesterol concentration was not significant. In conclusion, the results of the present experiment indicated that adding MSG increased feed intake and blood polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration.
... [16] Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was estimated quantitatively using the Randox Kit as modified by Randox Laboratories. [16] Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL) concentrations were derived mathematically from the formula by Friedewald et al. [17] Serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated according to the methods of Aebi [18] and Xin et al., [19] respectively. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis was performed by determining the concentration of MDA formed using the method of Varshney and Kale. ...
Pregnancy is known to create profound metabolic, hormonal, and physiological changes in the body. Lipid profile and some parameters associated with lipid peroxidation play crucial roles in the sustenance of pregnancy and delivery. The biochemical changes resulting from pregnancy could be physiological or pathological depending on the parameter's concentration and other ancillary considerations. This study was therefore intended to evaluate lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation parameters in the three trimesters of pregnancy. The study population comprised one hundred women equally divided into pregnant and non-pregnant groups. One half made up of 50 pregnant women was monitored from the first to third trimester of pregnancy while the other half of 50 non-pregnant women were controls. Blood samples were collected into plain tubes after an overnight fast by venepuncture and thereafter standard biochemical procedures for lipid profile and lipid peroxidation parameters were done. The result revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase concentrations, whereas high-density lipoprotein, very LDL, and malondialdehyde exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05) when compared to the controls and within trimesters multiple comparisons using one-way analysis of variance (post hoc-least significant difference). Conclusively, the alterations in serum lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation parameters are pointers to the predisposition of pregnancy to lipid dysfunction and oxidative stress phenomenon. Hence monitoring of these parameters during pregnancy is apt.
... Lipid profiles include measurement levels of "total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)". The measurement of lipid profile parameters in both patients and the control group of this study was done by using the Cobas C311 device from Roche Company as shown in (Appendix III) while LDL and VLDL were measured automatically via using Friedewald's equation (Friedewald et al., 1972) by the device without the use of a kit and the others parameters were estimated by using their special kits as following. ...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease of the connective
tissues characterized by inflammation and degradation of the joints, causing a significant
negative impact on quality of life. The current study was performed to test some
parameters in patients suffering from this disease. The study sample consists of 90
participants both males and females: 60 blood samples collected from Rheumatoid arthritis
patients who were suffering from symptoms and under the treatment and a control group of
30 blood samples were collected from healthy people who did not suffer from any chronic
disease.
... The VLDL of P-407 induced atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice was determined using the formula shown in Equation (2) (Friedewald et al., 1972;Vujovic et al., 2010). ...
Atherosclerosis and relative cardiovascular complications remain the main reasons for death worldwide. This study stimulated atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice using P-407 via intraperitoneal injection, and treatment with Andrographolide (AGP) (15, 30 and 45 mg/kg BW) was carried out for six weeks. The heart and aorta were harvested after six weeks and assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and histological studies. The results demonstrated that the treatment with AGP reversed the effects of P-407 induced atherosclerosis. The doses of AGP correlated with the reduction of atherosclerosis biomarkers, and a high dose (45 mg/kg BW) was the most significant dose. The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), and Atherogenic Index (AI) were significantly reduced by the AGP treatment. The histological results showed a reduction in inflammation, fibrosis and hypertrophy in the heart tissues of the groups treated with AGP compared to the disease control. In addition, AGP treatment significantly decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the inflammation marker (NF-kB). Furthermore, the AGP-treated groups showed typical morphological characteristics of the aorta, while the disease control cells were highly affected. The results demonstrated that AGP is highly recommended as a natural treatment to reduce the symptoms of atherosclerosis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
The etiology of PCOS is complex and frequently mis or undiagnosed, which may enhance morbidity and reduce the quality of life. Attenuated total reflection- Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy examines the structural fingerprints of the biochemical compounds and can provide distinct FTIR spectra of the PCOS cases and controls. The present study recruited 61 PCOS cases and 38 control women. The student's t-test was used to compare BMI, WHR, and lipid profile. The FTIR spectral region was compared among both groups using the Mann-Whitney U test and multivariate analysis involved principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). FTIR spectra of different phenotypes of PCOS were also analyzed using multivariate analysis. In univariate analysis, PCOS women had significantly higher WHR (p = 0.007), BMI (p = 0.04), triglycerides (p = 0.04), and VLDL (p = 0.02) than the controls. The spectral regions of amide I (1700-1600 cm-1) and amide II (1580-1480 cm-1), were significantly greater in the PCOS group than in the controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The PCA and HCA revealed a distinct molecular fingerprint for phenotype A (PCOM + OA + HA) and phenotype B (HA + OA). Our study postulated that the spectral regions of amide I and amide II can distinguish between PCOS cases and control women and it may be used for the diagnosis of cases.
Introduction: Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Direct LDL-C measurement is not widely performed. LDL-C is routinely calculated using the Friedewald equation (FLDL), which is inaccurate at high triglyceride (TG) or low LDL-C levels. We aimed to compare this routine method with other estimation methods in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who typically have elevated TG levels and ASCVD risk. Method: We performed a retrospective cohort study on T2DM patients from a multi-institutional diabetes registry in Singapore from 2013 to 2020. LDL-C values estimated by the equations: FLDL, Martin/Hopkins (MLDL) and Sampson (SLDL) were compared using measures of agreement and correlation. Subgroup analysis comparing estimated LDL-C with directly measured LDL-C (DLDL) was conducted in patients from a single institution. Estimated LDL-C was considered discordant if LDL-C was <1.8mmol/L for the index equation and ≥1.8mmol/L for the comparator. Results: A total of 154,877 patients were included in the final analysis, and 11,475 patients in the subgroup analysis. All 3 equations demonstrated strong overall correlation and goodness-of-fit. Discordance was 4.21% for FLDL-SLDL and 6.55% for FLDL-MLDL. In the subgroup analysis, discordance was 21.57% for DLDL-FLDL, 17.31% for DLDL-SLDL and 14.44% for DLDL-MLDL. All discordance rates increased at TG levels >4.5mmol/L. Conclusion: We demonstrated strong correlations between newer methods of LDL-C estimation, FLDL, and DLDL. At higher TG concentrations, no equation performed well. The Martin/Hopkins equation had the least discordance with DLDL, and may minimise misclassification compared with the FLDL and SLDL.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer of both men and women in the United States (U.S.) and throughout the world, accounting for one-third of all deaths. In order to curb CVD, it is important that nurses and other health-care providers partner with patients to prevent or reduce CVD risk factors. Risk factors are biological characteristics or exposures to certain environmental conditions that increase a person’s statistical risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Some risk factors cannot be modified, such as age, sex, family history of premature ASCVD, and race and ethnicity. Genetic variants have also been linked to ASCVD as well as environmental factors that contribute to epigenetic modifications of DNA. Major risk factors that can be managed are dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes metabolic syndrome (MetS), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently appreciated risk factors in women are adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), such as preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, which can increase a woman’s risk of developing CVD later in life. Other risk factors are behavioral or pertain to lifestyle, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor nutritional practices, inadequate sleep, and stress. These will be discussed in other chapters.
We aimed to verify the prevalence of body composition phenotypes and the association of glycemic, lipidic, and inflammatory biomarkers with such phenotypes. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study, with 720 participants aged 20 to 59 years. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Obesity was defined as body fat percentage ≥ 25% in males and ≥ 32% in females and sarcopenia by appendicular muscle mass index < 7.0kg/m2 in males and < 5.5kg/m2 in females. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) was defined as the presence of both sarcopenia and obesity. The prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, and SO were 62.5%, 4.5%, and 6.2%, respectively. The association between biomarkers and phenotypes was verified using multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for confounding factors. The models showed that increased glycemia (OR = 3.39; 95%CI: 1.83-6.27), total cholesterol (TC) (OR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.35-3.70), LDL-c (OR = 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), VLDL-c (OR = 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02-1.06), non-HDL-c (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 1.01-1.03), triglycerides (Tg) (OR = 3.66; 95%CI: 2.20-6.06), and decreased HDL-c (OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.95-0.98) were significantly associated with the obesity phenotype. Increased HOMA-IR (OR = 3.94; 95%CI: 1.69-9.21), LDL-c (OR = 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), non-HDL-c (OR = 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), and hs-CRP (OR = 2.42; 95%CI: 1.04-5.66) were independently associated with SO phenotype. Our findings indicate that increased glycemia, TC, Tg, LDL-c, VLDL-c, non-HDL-c, and decreased HDL-c may be indicators of the obesity phenotype and that increased hs-CRP, HOMA-IR, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c appear to be indicators of the SO phenotype. Those parameters may be used as additional markers for screening.
Metabolic dysregulation and obesity are associated with many metabolic alterations, including impairment of insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia. Recent studies highlight the key role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac exchange proteins (PREX proteins) in the pathogenesis of obesity, advocating further elucidation of their potential therapeutic implications. The present study aimed to estimate the serum level of PREX proteins and its potential association with insulin resistance markers and plasma lipids level in obese and overweight non-diabetic patients. The study included 30 persons classified as obese, 30 as overweight, and 30 healthy individuals of similar age and gender. The levels of PREX1 and PREX2 were measured using ELISA kits, insulin, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and total lipid profile were determined using appropriate photometric kits. HOMA-IR was used as a measure of insulin sensitivity. According to the obtained results, obese non-diabetic patients had higher serum PREX1 level compared to both overweight and normal-weight individuals. PREX1 correlated positively with the markers of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. PREX2 level was shown to be lower both in obese compared to overweight patients and in overweight compared to normal-weight individuals. PREX2 correlated negatively with the markers of insulin resistance but not with the markers of dyslipidemia. Keywords: dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, overweight, PREX proteins
Background/Objectives: Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represent a vulnerable population. We aimed to investigate serum lipid levels of patients with ACS upon admission and during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic in a rural county hospital, and compared these findings with the data of patients with ACS in 2015 and 2017. The secondary aim of this paper was the comparison of the LDL-C values calculated with the Friedewald and Martin–Hopkins methods. Methods: A retrospective analysis of lipid-lowering data of patients treated with ACS in 2015, 2017 and in a COVID-19 year (1 April 2020–31 March 2021) was performed; the patient’s numbers were 454, 513 and 531, respectively. Results: In the COVID-19 period one year after the index event, only 42% of the patients had lipid values available, while these ratios were 54% and 73% in 2017 and in 2015, respectively. Using the Friedewald formula, in the COVID-19 era the median of LDL cholesterol (LDL-F) was 1.64 (1.09–2.30) mmol/L at six months and 1.60 (1.19–2.27) mmol/L at one year, respectively. These values were 1.92 (1.33–2.27) mmol/L and 1.73 (1.36–2.43) mmol/L using the Martin–Hopkins method (LDL-MH). The LDL-F yielded significantly lower values (15% lower at six months, p = 0.044; and 8% lower at one year, p = 0.014). The LDL-F reached the previous target of 1.8 mmol/L during the COVID-19 pandemic 36% at one year vs. 48% in 2017, and 37% in 2015. The recent target LDL-C level of 1.4 mmol/L was achieved in 22% of cases in the COVID-19 pandemic, 16% in 2015 and 19% in 2017. Conclusions: A significantly lower proportion of patients with ACS had available lipid tests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides the lower number of available samples, the proportion of achieved 1.4 mmol/L LDL-C target lipids was stable. More rigorous outpatient care in the follow-up period may help to improve the quality of lipid lowering treatments and subsequent secondary cardiovascular prevention. If direct LDL-C determination is not available, we prefer the LDL calculation with the Martin–Hopkins method.
Background
Coronary artery calcium testing using noncontrast cardiac computed tomography is a guideline‐indicated test to help refine eligibility for aspirin in primary prevention. However, access to cardiac computed tomography remains limited, with carotid ultrasound used much more often internationally. We sought to update the role of aspirin allocation in primary prevention as a function of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.
Methods and Results
The study included 11 379 participants from the MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) studies. A harmonized carotid plaque score (range, 0–6) was derived using the number of anatomic sites with plaque from the left and right common, bifurcation, and internal carotid artery on ultrasound. The 5‐year number needed to treat and number needed to harm as a function of the carotid plaque score were calculated by applying a 12% relative risk reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events and 42% relative increase in major bleeding events related to aspirin use, respectively. The mean age was 57 years, 57% were women, 23% were Black, and the median 10‐year ASCVD risk was 12.8%. The 5‐year incidence rates (per 1000 person‐years) were 5.5 (4.9–6.2) for ASCVD and 1.8 (1.5–2.2) for major bleeding events. The overall 5‐year number needed to treat with aspirin was 306 but was 2‐fold lower for individuals with carotid plaque versus those without carotid plaque (212 versus 448). The 5‐year number needed to treat was less than the 5‐year number needed to harm when the carotid plaque score was ≥2 for individuals with ASCVD risk 5% to 20%, whereas the presence of any carotid plaque demarcated a favorable risk–benefit for individuals with ASCVD risk >20%.
Conclusions
Quantification of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis can help improve the allocation of aspirin therapy.
The excessive consumption of high-energy dietary sweeteners is largely to blame for the widespread metabolic syndrome around the world. This study is aimed at in vivo evaluations of the ameliorative effects of A. garckeana fruit pulp on metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats were divided into six (6) groups (n=4). Groups A, B, and C received standard, high-fructose, and 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented standard diets, respectively. Groups D, E, and F were fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented standard, 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high-fructose, and 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diets. In addition to weekly monitoring of weight changes, activities of serum antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile, and blood glucose level were determined. There were no significant changes in weight gain among the groups throughout the experimental period. Compared with the initial value of blood glucose level, only the group fed high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher blood glucose levels at the end of the experiment. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high-fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher serum concentration of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in comparison with the control. The groups fed A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented diets had significantly (P<0.05) higher albumin concentrations than the group fed high fructose diet. The serum urea concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet when compared with the control. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher activities of SOD and GSH activities compared with the group fed high fructose diet. Also, the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher activities of CAT when compared with the group fed high fructose diet. It can be concluded that A. garckeana fruit pulp has anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects, which could be responsible for its ameliorative effects on metabolic syndrome.
This chapter discusses the practical methods for plasma lipoprotein analysis. Changes in the concentration and sometimes in the nature of the plasma lipoproteins occur in a variety of diseases. The pioneering work of Gofman and his colleagues in the early 1950s was responsible for much of the knowledge of these complex proteins that is now available. Their techniques of analytical ultracentrifugation were, and still remain, the primary standard for lipoprotein analysis. These methods are available in very few medical centers; however, excluding access to them by most of the laboratories where the interest and availability of patients or subjects for investigation are the greatest. Recent simplifications and improvements of other analytical methods have made these a partial replacement for the analytical ultracentrifuge, and newer methods have proved their value. Techniques of protein chemistry and immunology have added a new dimension to lipoprotein analysis —that of specific recognition and quantitation of the protein moieties.
28 in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease
- Chap
Chap. 28 in The Metabolic
Basis of Inherited Disease,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, N. Y. 1972, p 531.