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A short-form of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress
Abstract
The measurement of stress in families of developmentally delayed or mentally retarded children has been a difficult task. The Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS, Holroyd, 1974) was designed to answer this need, but the length and psychometric weaknesses of this instrument have interfered with more widespread usage. In the present investigation, data from 289 QRSs were item analyzed, and 52 items emerged as most reliable, forming a short form of the QRS. These items were factor analyzed, and four distinct factors were found: Parent and Family Problems, Pessimism, Child Characteristics, and Physical Incapacitation. The correlation between the total scores of the QRS and this short form was .997. In Study 2 initial efforts at concurrent validation of this short form were reported.
... Coping Inventory (Carver et al., 1989); Questionnaire on Ressources and Stress (Friedrich et al., 1983) Social, emotional Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank the student research assistant, Tabea Horstmann, who supported the screening process. ...
Family caregivers often play a critical role in supporting their relative(s) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan. This can lead to great burdens on family caregivers themselves. However, to date, the potential burden on family caregivers has not been in the focus of research, particularly, with respect to caregiver burden as relatives with ASD advance to adulthood. Thus, this scoping review aimed to (a) systematically map research regarding multiple dimensions of caregiver burden on family caregivers of adults with ASD (i.e., time dependence, developmental, physical, social, emotional, and financial burden) and (b) identify interventions designed to reduce such burden. A total of N = 33 eligible studies highlighted the impact of caregiving demands for adults with ASD, mainly focusing on emotional burden of caregiving (n = 27), reporting decreased mental quality of life and mental health. Findings gave indications on all other dimensions of caregiver burden, but evidence is lacking. No study was identified that provided evidence for specific interventions to reduce or to prevent caregiver burden. Findings highlighted the urgent need for more research on this topic and the development of strategies to support family caregivers of adults with ASD.
... This was measured using a seven-item version of the Parent and Family Problems scale from the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form (QRSF7; Griffith et al., 2011). The scale was developed by Griffith et al. (2011) from the QRS-F (Friedrich et al., 1983). An example of a scale item is "Caring for N puts a strain on me." ...
Mindfulness-based programs can help lower psychological distress among parents of children with developmental disabilities. However, less is known about the functions of mindfulness in relation to parental outcomes. In a cross-sectional survey, mothers of children with developmental disabilities (N = 313) reported on their child’s behavior problems, trait mindfulness, mindful parenting, and a range of outcomes (anxiety and depression symptoms, parenting stress, family satisfaction, and positive gain). Neither trait mindfulness or mindful parenting acted as moderators between child behavior problems and outcome variables, although both had main effect (compensatory) associations with parent outcomes. Benefits of mindfulness-based programs may be general rather than specifically in the context of high child behavior problems, given the lack of evidence for the moderating function of mindfulness.
... The most widely used instruments in ASD research for measuring parenting stress are the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) [23] and the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS) [24]. In the Greek population, a recent study [25] in mothers of children with ASD has shown high internal consistency for PSI-SF (Cronbach α was 0.82, 0.86, and 0.88 for the Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (P-CDI), Parental Distress (PD), and Difficult Child (DC), respectively). ...
(1) Background: This study aimed to validate the Greek version of the Autism Parenting Stress Index (APSI) among parents of children with ASD. (2) Methods: The translated version was administered to 113 parents (Male: 12, Female: 101, 39.24 years old, SD 6.70, age range, 25–58) of children diagnosed with ASD and 127 parents (Male: 24, Female: 103, 41.08 years old, SD 6.22, age range: 27–56) of typically developing children. (3) Results: Significant differences between the APSI total scores and three domains between groups were observed. Although the initial factor structure could not be replicated, the APSI’s internal consistency was excellent (a = 0.914), with a high positive item–total correlation (0.900–0.917). The APSI’s test–retest reliability was excellent, showing an ICC equal to 0.922 [95%, CI: 0.900–0.940]. The APSI’s total score cut-off point was equal to 12.00 (AUC 0.845, p < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 0.839 and 1-specificity of 0.220. A principal component analysis of the 13 items, using varimax rotations, identified three factors, which explained approximately 45.8% of the overall variance. (4) Conclusions: The Greek version of the APSI exhibited discriminant validity for measuring parents of children with ASD. Greek health professionals can use it to assess the stress experienced by parents of children with ASD.
... Relativamente a si próprios, existe com frequência a adoção de objetivos de vida envolvendo dedicação e sacrifício. 51 Fernandes 20 refere que o facto de estes irmãos terem vivido todas as exigências colocadas a uma família com um filho que está doente e, sobretudo, por terem sentido algum grau de negligência por parte dos seus pais, conheceram a solidão e tornaram-se mais capazes de elaborar atitudes sociais positivas. Em simultâneo, aprenderam a apreciar a amizade e a desenvolver uma grande compreensão em relação aos outros. ...
... Six different psychological health constructs were the focus of investigation in the different family systems practices meta-analyses, as well as the meta-analysis completed for this paper. The constructs and associated measures included general psychological health [78][79][80], depression [81,82], stress [83,84], well-being [85,86], caregiving burden [87,88], and parenting stress [89][90][91]. The general psychological health, depression, stress, and well-being scales all assessed psychological health without reference to a child with an identified disability, medical condition, or at-risk status. ...
(1) Background: Family systems theories include assertations that both personal and environmental factors are determinants of parents’ psychological health, well-being, and parenting quality. Applied family systems theories focus on determinants that can be operationalized as intervention practices. The analyses described in this paper focused on the direct and indirect effects of four family systems practices (family needs, resources, supports, and strengths), parents’ psychological health (depression, well-being, etc.), and parenting quality (parenting beliefs, involvement, and practices) in families of children with identified disabilities, medical conditions, or at-risk conditions for poor outcomes; (2) Methods: Data from previously completed meta-analyses of the relationships between family systems practices and parents’ psychological health outcomes and parenting quality outcomes were reanalyzed. Next, a meta-analysis of the relationships between parents’ psychological health and parenting quality was completed to identify which predictors were related to which parenting quality outcomes. Both main effects and mediated effects were examined; (3) Results: The four family systems practices were each related to six different psychological health measures and three parenting quality measures. The six different parental psychological health measures were also related to the three parenting quality measures. The relationships between family systems practices and parenting quality were partially mediated by parents’ psychological health; (4) Conclusions: The effects of family systems practices and parents’ psychological health on parenting quality were primarily direct and independent. The relationships between family systems practices and parenting quality were partially mediated by parents’ psychological health. Future research should focus on the identification of other mediator variables found to be important for explaining the indirect effects of family systems practices measures on parenting beliefs, behavior, and practices.
Background:
Fabricating data or creating fictitious datasets undermines research credibility with severe consequences.
Purpose:
To describe a data falsification incident that occurred during an undergraduate nursing research seminar and share the subsequent corrective measures employed at individual and class levels.
Methods:
The students involved in the falsification were asked to identify the incident's factors using an Ishikawa diagram and the 5M-Model approach, presenting their findings to the class.
Results:
In guided meetings, students offered diverse perspectives on the incident's causes, thoroughly examining the decision-making process behind data falsification, considering motives and emotions. Despite initial tension, the atmosphere improved as students displayed openness and honesty.
Conclusions:
The current case study uniquely combines educational concepts with an approach to establishing a constructive organizational culture, incorporating tools from risk management and treatment safety. Academia should study adverse events, engage students in learning, and emphasize the integration of ethical codes in academia and nursing.
This study investigated the broader autism phenotype (BAP) in mothers and siblings and the mothers’ stress and perceived support levels as factors affecting typically developing siblings’ adjustment by introducing the number of children with autism spectrum disorders (n-ASD) as a factor. The sample consisted of 25 families with multiple-incidence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children (multiplex families), 38 families with single-incidence ASD children (simplex families), and 46 families with non-ASD children. The data were collected via mothers by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Family Support Scale, Questionnaire on Resources and Stress, Social Communication Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the findings, siblings and mothers’ BAP, maternal stress, and perceived support levels significantly differed depending on the n-ASD, and the n-ASD was a significant predictor of both siblings’ problem behaviors and prosocial behaviors. These findings were discussed, and limitations and suggestions were included.
Background
Over 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents who have limited knowledge about deafness and require comprehensive support and information to support and communicate with their deaf child. However, little is known about the systems that support hearing families with deaf children. We performed a scoping review to provide an overview of current literature on the topic.
Methods
The protocol of the scoping review was prepared using the PRISMA statement guidelines for scoping reviews. Relevant search terms were used to identify eligible studies following discussion with the study’s steering group. Databases searched were CINAHL, Medline, ProQuest Central and ASSIA, as well as grey literature from relevant journals and online sources. Included were studies published from 2000 to 2021 and available in English.
Results
A search of databases identified 1274 articles. After excluding duplicates, screening titles and abstracts and full texts, 65 papers matched the identified inclusion criteria. Results included 1 RCT, 7 comparative studies, 6 literature reviews, 4 PhD theses, and 47 further empirical studies.
Conclusion
There is limited quality evidence on what supports hearing parents with deaf children. It is evident that further studies are needed to ensure comprehensive support is accessible and effective for hearing parents of deaf children.
Background. Family social support from informal and formal social network members provides parents and other primary caregivers the time and psychological energy to carry out child-rearing responsibilities. Objective. Conduct a meta-analysis of family social support studies to evaluate the associations between informal and formal family social support and parent and family general health, depression, stress, and well-being. Method. Studies that used the Family Support Scale to measure informal and formal family support which included one or more scales measuring parents' and other primary caregivers' health and well-being were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The correlations between measures were used as the sizes of effect for the relationships between informal and formal family social support and four different health-related outcomes. Twenty-three studies including 26 independent samples of study participants (N = 2929) were included in the meta-analysis. Results. Informal family social support was related to all four outcome measures and formal family social support was related to 3 of the 4 outcome measures. The sizes of effect for the associations between measures were larger for informal compared to formal family social support. The relationships between both types of family social support and the outcome measures were also moderated by several child and parent background variables. Conclusion. Results showed that both informal and formal family social support were related to less negative and more positive parent and family psychological health and well-being.
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