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Nutritional composition of okra seed meal
Abstract
The nutrient content of okra seed (Abelmoschus esculenta Moench) was investigated. Okra seed contained 21% protein, 14% lipids, and 5% ash. Removal of the seed hulls by grinding and sifting produced a meal with 33% protein, 26% lipids, and 6% ash. The protein of okra seed has a chemical score of 55, with isoleucine the first limiting amino acid. A saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of 1:1.55 was found in the oil, with principal fatty acids as follows: 42% linoleic, 34% palmitic, and 18% oleic. Minerals of whole seeds included 135 mg of Ca/100 g and 335 mg of Mg/100 g with much lesser amounts (<5 mg/100 g) of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc; sifting out hull material resulted in an increase in iron (11 mg/100 g), zinc (14 mg/100 g), and magnesium (518 mg/100 g) concentrations.
... Moench) is originally cultivated in Africa and now grown in different tropical and warm subtropical regions of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia. Previous studies have shown that okra seeds showed high contents of dietary fiber, protein, polyphenols, and flavonoids and thus possessed antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antidepressant benefits (Savello, Martin, & Hill, 1980;Tongjaroenbuangam et al., 2011;Xia et al., 2018). According to Petropoulos et al. (2017), okra seeds could be potential rich sources of dietary fiber, protein, and bioactive compounds that benefit to antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. ...
... The moisture, protein, and ash content of the studied ROS flour were within the range of different genotypes of okra seeds reported in previous literature (Petropoulos et al., 2017), while higher total dietary fiber (37.67%) and lower lipid content (14.14%) were observed. However, it was in agreement with the result of (Savello et al., 1980), in which the lipid and carbohydrate contents were 13.58% and 60.04% for ground okra meal, and 25.57% and 35.56% for sifted okra seed meal. ...
... In vitro antioxidative activities, including DPPH • RSA, O ⋅− 2 RSA, and FRAP, of ROS and SEOS flour were evaluated (Table 1) (Vinardell, Ugartondo, & Mitjans, 2008), and Maillard reaction derivatives formed (Amorati & Valgimigli, 2015), may react with Folin reagent (Savello et al., 1980). Therefore, along with the increase of steam explosion severity, the increasing amounts of hydrothermal degradation products might also be counted into TPC, indicating the reverse correlation between IDF and TPC (R 2 = −.872). ...
Health‐conscious consumers are increasingly interested in gluten‐free (GF) foods. Raw okra seed (ROS) flour and steam‐exploded okra seed (SEOS) flour were explored for developing GF cookies with high nutritional values and in vitro enzymatic digestion. Results indicated that the steam explosion exhibited significant effects on enhancing the release of dietary fibers and lipids in okra seed flour at moderate explosion pressure. Although steam explosion caused the loss of flavonoid compounds, moderate high explosion pressure enhanced the release of total phenolics ranged from 294.57 to 619.07 mg GAE/100 g DM with significantly improved DPPH• radical scavenging activity (from 18.78% to 67.34%) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (from 13.37% to 149.04%). The rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content in GF cookies decreased with increasing steam explosion severity, whereas slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents significantly increased from 36.91% to 40.92% and from 2.50% to 9.06%, respectively. Steam explosion is an effective technique for enhancing the release of nutrients like dietary fiber and total phenolics, and okra seed flour, especially SEOS flour, can be alternative choices to provide food functional materials for developing various GF food products.
... The contradictory results could be probably attributed to different genotypes and/or growing conditions, since in many countries, okra plants are rain-fed and no irrigation is applied, which is essential during fruit development and maturation, not only for the yield but also for the quality. 27 In addition, Savello et al. 28 observed a significant variation in okra seed meals from whole or sieved seeds, with a higher content in sieved seed meals compared to whole seed (32.50 Table 1 Water content (%), nutritional value (g per 100 g d.w.) and energetic value (kcal per 100 g d.w.) of seeds of the studied okra genotypes (mean ± SD) ...
... "Boyati" having the highest content of Ca, Fe and Zn, while "Lasithi", "Veloudo" and "Choppee" had the highest content of Mg, Mn and K, respectively. The Ca and K contents were significantly higher than those reported in the literature, 11,28,29 while Na and Mn were significantly lower. These differences could be attributed to the different methodologies and analytical equipment used in the abovementioned studies, as well as the genotype variation. ...
... Despite the high values of n-6/n-3 ratios, the low content in high homologues of n-6 fatty acids (fatty acids with >18 carbon atoms) is beneficial for human health, since they are considered as precursors of inflammatory responses. 34 Similar results have been reported in the study of Berry and Savello et al.,9,28 while Al-Wandawi 29 has detected high amounts of oleic acid instead of linoleic acid in the seeds of two okra varieties. ...
Okra is a vegetable crop usually used for its immature pods. Harvest stage (fruit size) depends on consumers’ preferences and fruit that do not meet market requirements are being disposed of. Considering the short time interval from fruit set to harvest stage, the present study evaluates nutritional value, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of okra seeds from genotypes cultivated under Mediterranean conditions, as an alternative end-use product. For this purpose, seeds from four okra cultivars and local landraces commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean basin, as well as seeds from four commercial cultivars from North America were collected at maturity stage. A significant variation between the studied okra genotypes was observed for all the evaluated parameters. Okra seeds of cv. “Silver Queen” were a significant source of proteins and minerals, such as Ca, K, Fe and Zn. Seeds of all the genotypes contained significant amounts of gamma-tocopherols, liposoluble pigments, and linoleic and palmitic acid. Total phenols content differed between the studied genotypes and correlated with EC50 values of Reducing Power assay. Seed extracts exhibited significant antibacterial properties, especially against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium, while fungistatic and fungicidal properties were better than ketoconazole in a genotype dependent manner. Antifungal properties of seeds were noticed towards all tested fungi, where Aspergillus versicolor and Caldosporium cladosporioides were the most sensitive species. Moreover, two of the tested genotypes (“Boyati” and “Clemson Spineless”) exhibited higher fungistatic and fungicidal properties than ketoconazole. In conclusion, okra seeds could be considered as innovative okra products and could be proposed for alternative end-uses in the food and pharmaceutical industry, especially for functional foods with antimicrobial and bioactive properties.
... One of the properties of okra is fighting cancer cells. In recent studies, scientists have found that the lectin in okra can fight breast cancer cells and help treat this cancer [39,40]. One of the important properties of okra is that, like fenugreek, it has the property of removing toxins from the digestive system. ...
... Nanotechnology is one of the basic and emerging fields of research in modern sciences, which have many applications in different sciences and have a great impact on different areas of human life [39][40][41][42][43]. NPs are simple particles with dimensions of 1-100 nm that provide unique activities such as an extraordinary surface/volume ratio and high surface energy. ...
Nanotechnology can solve many biomedical problems and cause transformation in the field of health and pharmaceuticals. The use of this technology in removing pathogenic bacteria is of great interest. The introduction of a strong antibacterial agent is very important to control pathogenic bacteria, especially strains resistant to antibiotics. The aim of this research was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the help of Abelmoschus esculentus aqueous extract and investigate its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens. Our study examined the ability of AgNPs to inhibit the dental bacterial growth and anti-adherence in vitro. The biosynthesized AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus were characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, and SEM tests. The physical and chemical investigation of the synthesized AgNPs showed that the particles were produced in nano dimensions, spherical shape, and without any impurities. In antibacterial test, the 8 µg/mL exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 8 µg/mL). In vitro adherence of S. mutans was significantly prevented by AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus (MIC = 8–16 µg/mL). According to the results, the AgNPs@Abelmoschus esculentus may be good candidates for the oral hygiene agents to prevent periodontopathic conditions and dental caries.
... [141] It was observed in A. esculentus seed oil, in hexane extraction, the presence of high content of linoleic acid (44.48%), palmitic acid (28.74%) and oleic acid (20.38%). [23] Similar values were demonstrated in A. esculentus oil cultivated in Central America, which revealed a percentage of 42% of linoleic acid, palmitic acid (34%) and oleic acid (18%), [23,142] but the cultivated in India showed different values with low content of linoleic acid (0.1%). [23,143] ...
... The oil extracted from the pulp of E. oleracea is considered a valuable product due to its peculiar sensory characteristics and numerous health benefits. [141][142][143][144] The oil represents approximately 50% of the total dry matter of its pulp, it has a lipid profile rich in mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acids; presents anthocyanins and phytosterols, properties that are similar to olive oil and avocado, qualifying it as a special oil. [35,36] The composition of E. oleracea oil consists of 73.9% unsaturated fatty acids and 27.5% saturated fatty acids. ...
... Effect of moisture content on the proximate properties of the miracle berry fruits is shown in Table 3 others (Savello et al., 1982). The higher value of the crude fat content obtained at higher moisture content may not be unconnected with the closely packed microstructure of flesh in the fruit; and this may suggest that the fruit can contain oil. ...
... The ash and crude fibre contents were slightly higher probably because of the presence high mineral and cellulose and lignin present in the fruit at higher moisture content. This implies that the fruit contain appreciable amount of total carbohydrates and a large percentage of the carbohydrate content is digestible (Savello et al., 1982). ...
This research was carried out to determine some physical, mechanical, mineral, and proximate properties of miracle berry fruits (Synsepalum dulcificum L.) in the moisture range of 6.45%-9.73% (dry basis, db). Physical properties, including bulk density and terminal speed, were determined by standard procedures. Mechanical properties including stiffness and deformation were determined using quasi-static compression analysis. Proximate and mineral compositions of the fruit including crude protein and calcium contents were determined using standard analytical methods. Results showed that the terminal velocity, stiffness, mineral contents increased generally with a decrease in the moisture content (p < 0.05). The average values of the terminal velocity, stiffness, crude protein, calcium contents of the fruit at 6.45% (db) were 14.32 mm s-1 , 2.37 N mm-1 , 11.13% and 92.11 mg 100 g-1 , respectively. We recommended the values at 6.45% moisture content for minimal product damage during bulk transportation, and for the design of cutting equipment for the product. Citation: Fadeyibi, A., W. A. Lamidi, and S. M. Ademola. 2021. Engineering and proximate properties of miracle berry fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum L.) essential for its processing equipment design. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, ? (23)4: 227-235.
... Earlier, Savello et al. reported that the seeds of the okra plant represent a rich source of oil, constituting 20 to 40% of the total composition, which varies with the extraction procedure [14]. Linoleic acid, a well-known representative of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), is the dominant constituent of the oil content (47.4%) of okra seeds [14]. ...
... Earlier, Savello et al. reported that the seeds of the okra plant represent a rich source of oil, constituting 20 to 40% of the total composition, which varies with the extraction procedure [14]. Linoleic acid, a well-known representative of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), is the dominant constituent of the oil content (47.4%) of okra seeds [14]. Other important dietary constituents essential for human growth are the amino acids and their polymers, viz., proteins [15,16]. ...
Recently, there has been a paradigm shift from conventional therapies to relatively safer phytotherapies. This divergence is crucial for the management of various chronic diseases. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a popular vegetable crop with good nutritional significance, along with certain therapeutic values, which makes it a potential candidate in the use of a variety of nutraceu-ticals. Different parts of the okra fruit (mucilage, seed, and pods) contain certain important bioactive components, which confer its medicinal properties. The phytochemicals of okra have been studied for their potential therapeutic activities on various chronic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, cardi-ovascular, and digestive diseases, as well as the antifatigue effect, liver detoxification, antibacterial, and chemo-preventive activities. Moreover, okra mucilage has been widely used in medicinal applications such as a plasma replacement or blood volume expanders. Overall, okra is considered to be an easily available, low-cost vegetable crop with various nutritional values and potential health benefits. Despite several reports about its therapeutic benefits and potential nutraceutical significance , there is a dearth of research on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of okra, which has hampered its widespread use in the nutraceutical industry. This review summarizes the available literature on the bioactive composition of okra and its potential nutraceutical significance. It will also provide a platform for further research on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of okra for its possible commercial production as a therapeutic agent against various chronic diseases.
... Regarding okra seed, C-OS also contained a higher content of reducing sugars compared to F-OS. This occurrence indicates that a region of the seed richer in reducing sugars, such as the hull (Savello, Martin, & Hill, 1980), remains in the coarse fraction after milling. Any of the okra flours presented higher protein content than wheat flour, with values for seeds and pods in agreement with those found in literature (Petropoulos et al., 2018). ...
... Most of tissues found in living plants are irregular in terms of composition and resistance to fracture, i.e., after milling, the different fractions collected (even those from the same particle size) might differ in the proportions of different parts of the initial tissue and, therefore, result in compositional differences. Specifically, okra seeds are mainly composed by an inner part (cotyledon) and a hull, the former representing around 51% (w/w) of the seed and being richer in proteins and minerals (Bryant, Montecalvo, Morey, & Loy, 1988;Savello et al., 1980). This occurrence could explain the higher protein and ash content in F-OS than C-OS and suggest that C-OS is richer in the hull fraction of the seed after milling. ...
The outstanding amount of phenolics and pectins of okra seeds and seedless pods, respectively, is well-known. However, their impact on bread nutritional quality, and particularly on slowing down α-amylase activity during crumb digestion, has never been studied. In this work, the phenolic and carbohydrate fractions of developed fine and coarse flours from okra seeds (OS) and seedless pods (OP) were investigated as well as their impact on wheat bread physical and nutritional quality. The use of okra flours dramatically increased the amount of extractable (EPP) and non-extractable hydrolyzable phenolics (HPP) of wheat breads, attaining up to 210.8 and 2944.8 mg/100g of EPP and HPP, respectively, with only a 5% replacement with OS. Interestingly, breads made with fine OS and OP exhibited a second digestion rate upon 50 min of digestion, indicating a time-dependence hypoglycemic effect of okra constituents whereby OS-breads presented the slowest digestion rate and extension among all breads.
... Okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition (Savello et al., 1980). The oil has a similar fatty acid composition with cottonseed oil and can be used for cooking and for the production of margarine Constantinides 1975, Martin and. ...
... The oil has a similar fatty acid composition with cottonseed oil and can be used for cooking and for the production of margarine Constantinides 1975, Martin and. Okra seed contains about 7.8 % moisture, 19.2 % crude protein, 13-21 % crude fat, 4-5 % ash, 60-61 % carbohydrate, 34-35 % crude fibre and the residue meal had a protein content of 42% (Savello et al., 1980, Karakoltsides and Constantinides 1975, Rao et al., 1992. Okra can be planted all the year round depending on availability of water. ...
... Priming also cause early flowering [9, 10], enhances growth rate [11-13] and increase plant height [12,14]. Okra seeds contain proteins, unsaturated fattyacids, vitamin B6, folic acid, fibre and relatively low amount of copper, iron, manganese and zinc [15]. According to USDA Nutrient database, per 100 gm of okra contain 7.03 g carbohydrates, 1.20 g sugars, 3.2 g dietary fiber, 0.10 g fat, 2 g protein, 90.17 g water and 129 KJ energy. ...
... Weeding was done twice and the field was irrigated four times. Osmotic potentials of priming solutions were determined according to [15]. Aquarium pump was used for adequate supply of oxygen to the priming solution. ...
To study the effect of seed priming on growth parameters of okra, a field experiment was conducted in 2013. For this experiment, seeds were primed in PEG-8000 (polyethylene glycol) and Mannitol solutions having 0,-0.4,-0.8,-1.2,-1.6,-2 and-2.4 Mpa osmotic potential while dry seeds were used as control. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and sixteen treatments replicated three times was used for this experiment. Field experiment results showed that days to flowering, days to edible maturity, plant height, absolute growth rate and relative growth rate were unaffected by priming agents but significantly affected by osmotic potential, reduction indays to flowering and days to edible maturity occurred as osmotic potential increased from-2.4 to 0 Mpa. Maximum absolute growth rate was recorded at-1.2Mpa osmotic potential. Significantly lowest plant height was recorded for plants raised from unprimed seeds followed by plants raised from seeds primed at lowest osmotic potential i.e at-2.4 and-2 Mpa osmotic potential respectively while highest plant height was recorded for-1.2 Mpa and above this osmotic potential. Highest relative growth rate was recorded for plants grown from unprimed seeds and seeds primed at lower osmotic potential while lowest relative growth rate was observed for plants raised from seeds which were primed at higher osmotic potential.
... Creole food and has a wide range of nutrients and chemicals. It is very rich in vitamin C and follate, with good levels of magnesium [2] , manganese, calcium, potassium and small but useful amount of thiamine, riboflvine, niacin and vitamin E. [3] A measure of low levels of carotenoids which decrease with all kinds of processing and phenolic content of 108.80mg/100g has also been reported. [4] Due to the presence of so many vitamins and minerals in okra, it provides a very good antioxidant activity. ...
... ium, potassium and small but useful amount of thiamine, riboflvine, niacin and vitamin E. [3] A measure of low levels of carotenoids which decrease with all kinds of processing and phenolic content of 108.80mg/100g has also been reported. [4] Due to the presence of so many vitamins and minerals in okra, it provides a very good antioxidant activity. [2] Furthermore, green-yellow oil is pressed from okra seed. This oil has a pleasant taste and odour and is high in unsaturated fats like oleic and linoleic acids. [5] A 1920 study revealed that a sample of okra contained 15% of oil; while in 2009, a study found out that okra oil is suitable for use as a biofuel. [6] Medicinally, the crude ...
This study was aimed at determining the effect of the methanolic extract of abelmoschus esculentus(okro) on the serum concentration of key male reproductive hormones and total sperm count in male albino wistar rats. We also tried to ascertain the reproductive safety of the fruit in males using animal models.In this study, twenty five male albino wistar rats weighing 180-220g were grouped into five of five rats each, after two weeks of acclimatization. Group1 served as the control and were given water and normal rat chaw while groups 2, 3,
4 and 5 served as the test groups and were orally administered with (250, 500, 750 and 1000)mg/kg of okro extract respectively. After six weeks of extract administration, the rats were anaesthetized using chloroform and 5ml of blood was collected from each rat through cardiac puncture. The blood was centrifuged and the serum was used for hormonal assay of testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Scrotal incision was done on the rats and semen was collected from their caudal epididymis for the analysis of total sperm count.The result of the study showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum level of T, LH and FSH with a surprising significant (p<0.05) decrease in total sperm count in the test groups when compared with the control group. The result of this study depicts that okro may not be very good for males who are still producing children especially those that have previously had infertility problems. We therefore advise males of this category to consume okro meals with caution.
... Priming also cause early flowering [9, 10], enhances growth rate [11-13] and increase plant height [12,14]. Okra seeds contain proteins, unsaturated fattyacids, vitamin B6, folic acid, fibre and relatively low amount of copper, iron, manganese and zinc [15]. According to USDA Nutrient database, per 100 gm of okra contain 7.03 g carbohydrates, 1.20 g sugars, 3.2 g dietary fiber, 0.10 g fat, 2 g protein, 90.17 g water and 129 KJ energy. ...
... Weeding was done twice and the field was irrigated four times. Osmotic potentials of priming solutions were determined according to [15]. Aquarium pump was used for adequate supply of oxygen to the priming solution. ...
... Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid, is abundantly present in okra seed oil (Savello et al., 1980). Apart from nutritional and health importance, okra plays an important role in subsistence and income generation among farmers of rural areas. ...
Annual life cycle of Earias vittella (Fabricius) was studied under laboratory conditions at mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh during 2021-22. Five overlapping generations of E. vittella were observed in a year. The mean duration of generations ranged between 31.6 to 34.6 days in generations falling in June to October months while its development slowed from November to May. Mean duration of egg, larva and pupa was 3.4 ± 0.05, 14.0 ± 0.44 and 8.30 ± 0.24 days, respectively. Mean developmental period excluding adult longevity was 26.8 ± 0.72 days in generations from June to October. The longevity of adult male and female was 5.3 ± 0.10 and 6.1 ± 0.20 days, respectively, while the average fecundity was 147.8 ± 21.60. E. vittella showed maximum mortality at larval stage (51.36%).
... Okra is famous for its immature pods which are enriched with protein, vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, and dietary fiber (Adom et al., 1996). It is also known as an anti-oxidant as it is used for plasma replacement or blood volume expander (Savello et al., 1980) against gastric and inflammatory diseases (Lengsfeld et al., 2004). Each 100 g green tender okra fruit contains 1.76 g protein, 8.73 g carbohydrate, 1.1 g fiber, 88 IU Vitamin A, 9.8 mg Vitamin C, and 116 mg Ca (Hasan, 1993). ...
Okra is widely cultivated vegetable crop which has been reducing its quality due to inappropriate utilization of micro-nutrients as well. This research was carried out to investigate the impact of foliar spray of boron and zinc on the growth and yield of the okra 'Arka Anamika' variety. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments, including control, 0.2%Zn, 0.2%B, 0.3%Zn, 0.3% B, 0.2%Zn+0.2%B, and 0.3%Zn+0.3%B, replicated three times. Data on various parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, number of branches, number of buds, number of fruits, length of fruits, girth of fruits, and yield were collected from sampled plants in each plot. Results indicated significant effects of different fertilizer treatments on these parameters. The highest values for plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of buds, fruit length, number of fruits, and yield were observed in T7, which was statistically at par with T6. Conversely, T1 (control) exhibited significantly lower values. The girth of fruits showed no any significant differences even due to various levels of foliar application of boron and zinc, either separately or in combination. Overall, the study suggests that the application of 0.3%Zn+0.3%B may be the most effective for improving the yield and yield parameters of okra.
... The mature seed of okra is a rich source of protein and oil and some important micro and macronutrients. The oil obtained from its seed is a rich source of fatty acids including linoleic acid, which is a good source of nutrition for humans (Savello et al., 1980). Okra is commonly known as "bhindi "in Pakistan. ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is one of important summer vegetable of Pakistan. In the present study GCA
effects of parents and SCA effects of crosses were estimated by using line × tester analysis. Five lines i.e. Clean strawless,
Sanura, Okra Malka, 0019221, Krishna and three testers Sabz pari, Perbhani selection, Ikra-03 were crossed to develop
15 F1 hybrids. The parents along with their hybrids were evaluated in RCBD in three replications in the field during 2019.
The GCA and SCA mean squares for plant height, number of fruits, number of leaves, Stem diameter, Fruit diameter,
Protein content, Fiber content, Ascorbic acid, Ash content, internodal distance and Pubesence were significant. Among
lines Clean strawless, Okra malka and Sanura whereas among testers Sabz pari and Ikra-03 were proved to be good
general combiners for most of the traits. These parents suggested to be used in future programs for fixing the desirable
traits. Among crosses Clean strawless × Sabz pari, Sanura × Perbhani selection,Sanura × Sabz pari, were proved to be
best specific combiners for most of the characters. Whereas Okra malka × Sabz pari, Sanura × Ikra-03, Krishna× Ikra-
03, 0019221 × sabz pari had significant mid and better parent heterosis for most of the traits under study. So these cross
combinations may be used in the development of hybrid okra or in the improvement of different quality traits of okra.
... Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus) (Fig. 1) is a tropical vegetable native to India and one of the most important vegetables in Nigeria (Liu et al., 2021). The fruit have nice taste and is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and triterpenes (Adelakun, Oyelade, Ade-Omowaye, Adeyemi, & Van de Venter, 2009;Arapitsas, 2008;Liao, Dong, Shi, Liu, & Yuan, 2012;Savello, Martin, & Hill, 1980). The entire Okra plant is edible including the immature pods, which are very popular for their taste, and the leaves are commonly used as a green leafy vegetables like dandelion for cooking (Liu et al., 2021;Petropoulos, Fernandes, Barros, & Ferreira, 2018). ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) have been introduced as food relatively recently in Europe. It is native to India and one of the most important vegetables in Nigeria. The leaves can be consumed but also the fruit is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds (i.e., dietary fiber, vitamins, oils, polysaccharides, polyphenols) and several health promoting actions have been ascribed, including a lipid-lowering properties. In this work the effects of fruit and leaf extracts on expression of key mediators of cholesterol metabolism, i.e., the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), were investigated in human hepatoma cell line Huh7. Furthermore, effects on proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) expressed by THP1-derived macrophages were studied to assess potential anti-inflammatory actions.
Okra fruit extract significantly induced the mRNA and protein levels of the LDLR by 1.4±0.3 and 4.8±1.5 fold, respectively without any significant modification of PCSK9 expression. In addition, fruit extract showed a significant sequestering ability of cholic acid. Leaf butanol extract exerted similar action by inducing the expression of both the LDLR (+3.1±1.6 fold vs control) and PCSK9 (+1.3±0.4 fold vs control). The evaluation of the potential anti-inflammatory effect revealed a significant action of leaf butanol extract with reduced mRNA levels of IL-1β (-28±8% vs control), IL-6 (-11±1% vs control) and TNF-α (-43±8% vs control), while fruit extract did not show any anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, leaf ethyl acetate extract showed a significant antioxidant capacity comparable to ascorbic acid. Taken together, we provided evidence that leaf butanol extract and, more effectively, fruit extract induced the LDLR expression, effect that may explain the previously reported hypocholesterolemic action of okra. In addition, okra’s extracts reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines from THP1-derived macrophages, an effect that may suggest a vascular protective action of okra.
... Compost is a cost-effective source of nutrients that can improve the soil fertility and organic matter of Pakistani soils (Sarwar, 2005). Organic fertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers can fulfill the nutrient requirement of okra, which is a good source of carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins (Savello et al., 1980). Okra plant requires plant nutrients for proper growth. ...
Improving the productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by strengthening
the impact of applied nutrients through alligator weed compost
... It is also known for several potential health benefi cial effects on human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, kidney diseases, skin infection, digestive diseases, some cancers, antioxidant, nootropic, eye, body immunity, blood pressure, obesity, asthma, constipation, heart disease, sexual health, and neurological disorders [38][39][40]. Like okra, the cowpea, fruits cucumber, and spices; ginger and turmeric contain a number of phytomedicines or biomedicine or bioagents or bionematicides only stand as a suitable and useful against different plants, animals and human diseases caused by pathogens, and recently also have been identifi ed to possess potential against SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. ...
Introduction: The new-easily-fast-spreading-variant of SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.529, is designated as a ‘Variant-of-Concern (VOC)’, the ‘Omicron’, now-suddenly-rise-of-more-transmissible-surprising-form, the “Sister”, causing detrimental-COVID-19 that impacts on public health, especially breakthrough severity-of-illness due-to-reinfections-or-infections in fully-vaccinated-people, causing more-severe-illness-or-death than other-variants also. And the COVID-scientists are trying the actual reasons regarding the quick speedy transmission of the variant, intensity, and ability to evade vaccines. So, it will require COVID-vaccine-booster-doses to tackle the ‘Omicron’ as early-as-possible, and the main objectives of the present study are to find out the most suitable ‘Preventive-Immunity-Booster-Community-Biomedicines-Vaccine (PIBCBV)’. Methods: The mixing of fresh weeds-vegetables-fruits-spices-(WVFS); amaranth-okra-cowpea-cucumber-ginger-turmeric-(AOCCGT)@(10g+25g+25g+35g+4g+1g=100g) respectively are prepared the 100g (a cup) of fresh-biomedicines-booster-meal-(BMBM)/ candidate (one-year to ninety-nine years-age-groups), taking-orally-in-different-forms @ twice-or-thrice/day (with any-kinds-of-nutritious-food) against naturally-occurring-coronavirus-2 infections-or-reinfections 45-days before COVID-19-infections, and in case-of-treatment, the dose may be increased depending on the intensity-of-diseases. Results: The present-Booster-Combination-(BC) of Weeds-Vegetables-Fruits-Spices-(WVFS), the Biomedicines-Booster-Meals-(BMBM) have revealed-again that Preventive-Booster-Community-Biomedicines (PBCBM), are very-much-effective in controlling-diseases-by-boosting-natural-immunity-against coronavirus-2 with no side effects among the student’s community.
... The okra seed meal contains more than 50% good quality protein on a fat-free, dry-weight basis, whereas most of the suitable amino acids in okra seed protein are present in amounts that are equal to or exceed the amounts in eggs, casein, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reference protein from okra source (Akingbala et al., 2003). Table 19.1 lists the amino acid composition of okra products that makes okra-based products desirable for food consumption (Savello et al., 1982) and makes okra a good source for food fortification strategies. The objective of this chapter is to appraise the level of food fortification using okra products to enrich select foods that are consumed in tropic and temperate regions of the world, including the impacts that selected processing techniques such as pretreatments may provide. ...
... Compost is a cost-effective source of nutrients that can improve the soil fertility and organic matter of Pakistani soils (Sarwar, 2005). Organic fertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers can fulfill the nutrient requirement of okra, which is a good source of carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins (Savello et al., 1980). Okra plant requires plant nutrients for proper growth. ...
Weeds produce huge biomass by competing with the main crop for resources has been well established by numerous investigators. The use of weeds, especially aquatic weeds, as an organic source of nutrients such as compost is lacking in the literature. We hypothesized that the use of aquatic weeds i.e. alligator as compost would limit the use of inorganic fertilizers in okra and it would increase the quality of produce. To maximize the effect of inorganic nutrients, it would be easier to use the alligator weed compost as a natural source of nutrients. The crop was sown on 22 July, 2017 and 20 July, 2018 in a randomized complete block design having four replications. The net plot size was 1.8 m x 6 m. The alligator weed compost along with NPK was applied at the time of sowing. Alligator weed compost was applied along with different combinations of NPK i.e. control (recommended dose of NPK 159-114-93 kg ha-1 ), compost application of 250 kg ha-1 , compost application of 500 kg ha-1 , compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 75% recommended NPK, compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK, compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 25% recommended NPK, compost application of 500 kg ha-1 compost with 75% recommended NPK, compost application of 500 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK and compost application of 500 kg ha-1 with 25% recommended NPK. Compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK significantly reduced the number of days to flowering and increased plant height (cm) at flowering and plant maturity over the alone NPK and other combinations of compost and NPK. Pod yield and yield components were outclassed by the compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK over the other combinations. For example, number of pods per plant and pod yield (t ha-1 ) were increased by 26%, 20%, respectively averaged across during both years of study over the recommended dose of NPK alone. Similarly, application of compost at 500 kg ha-1 along with NPK 50% of recommended dose enhanced pod potassium and ascorbic acid contents by 76% and 35%, respectively averaged across during both years of study over the control dose of NPK. Conclusively, alligator weed organic source of nutrients could reduce NPK fertilizers as it holds the nutrients applied and also provides the essential nutrients. In future climates, alligator weed compost would be a sustainable and environment friendly approach.
... Okra seed protein is rich in tryptophan (94 mg/g N) and has an adequate content of sulphur containing amino acids (189 mg/g N). The protein of okra could thus complement that of legumes or cereal grain in some dietary combinations (Savello et al., 1980). Many biometrical procedures have been developed to obtain information on combining ability. ...
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate six parents and fifteen hybrids through half-diallel mating system to study general and specific combining ability effects and genetic analysis for various yield and yield attributing characters. Six parents viz., Arka Anamika (P1), Thanvi 66 (P2), Villupuram Local (P3), Dhaanya (P4), Ankur 41 (P5) and Varsha Uphar (P6) were crossed in half-diallel fashion at the Plant Breeding Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University. Resulting fifteen hybrids along with their parents were evaluated for their combining ability. Observations were recorded on single plant basis. The observations were made on characters namely, days to first flowering, plant height at maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit girth, single fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. In half-diallel analysis, the variance of the genotype for all the characters were highly significant indicating high genetic variability among the parents studied. The variance due to GCA was higher than the corresponding variance due to SCA for most of the characters except number of fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit girth. The combining ability variance revealed the preponderance of additive gene action for all the characters studied. The parents P1 and P6 were found as good general combiner. Based on the sca effects, the hybrid P1 x P6 considered as the best followed by crosses P2 x P4 and P3 x P4 considered as the better hybrids.
... In addition to having low essential fatty acid content, okra fruits contain important macromicroelements and vitamins (Al-Wandawi, 1983), and also another study have shown that okra seed is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid etc.) and high Table 1). protein quality (Savello, 1980). Okra is not very selective in terms of soil, grown in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. ...
... Akinyele and Temikotan (2007) pointed out that okra mucilage is suitable for glace paper production and also has a confectionery use. In medical application, okra has been found as a good component for plasma replacement or blood volume expander (Savello et al., 1980, Markose & Peter, 1990Lengsfeld et al., 2004;Adetuyi et al., 2008;Kumar et al., 2010). Among the wild species of Abelmoschus, A. manihot types (Aibika) has been reported as medicine for the control of fertility, childbirth and also act as a stimulator in milk production for lactating mothers (Powell, 1976;Perry, 1980;Bourdy & Walter, 1992;Salomon-Nekiriai, 1995). ...
The diverse agro-climatic conditions encompassing variable farming systems, rainfall and soil regimes have promoted diversification of the crops in the Southeast Asia. India is a rich treasure house of various species of Abelmoschus and all 11 species are found either in the wild, semi-wild or under cultivation. The genus Abelmoschus has a tortured systematic history. The ambiguity in nomenclature and lack of strong morphological characters for the delimitation of species has made the circumscription the genus rather controversial and created problems in breeder's selection efforts. In the present review updated information on its taxonomy, genetic diversity, cytology and interspecific hybridization is discussed.
... The pods have some medicinal value with mucilaginous preparation which may used as plasma replacement or blood volume expander (Savello et al., 1980). In ...
... High protein source due to high lysine level in seeds make this plant as an alternative to soybean and therefore could be used as a supplement to cereal based diets [24,25]. In medical application, it has been found as a good component for plasma replacement or blood volume expander [26][27][28][29]. It also has been reported as medicine for the control of fertility, childbirth and also to act as a stimulator in milk production for lactating mothers [30][31][32][33]. ...
... Sometimes, dry okra seeds are roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. The fruits also have some medicinal value, the fruit can be used as a plasma replacement or blood volume expander [5] against gastric and inflammatory diseases [6]. ...
The study was carried out to find out the effect of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on growth and yield of okra (BARI Dherosh 1). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments of the experiment were, T0 (without Zn or B), T1 (20 kg Zn ha-1), T2 (30 kg Zn ha-1), T3 (10 kg B ha-1), T4 (20 kg B ha-1), T5 (20 kg Zn ha-1 + 10 kg B ha-1), T6 (20 kg Zn ha-1 + 20 kg B ha-1), T7 (30 kg Zn ha-1 + 10 kg B ha-1) and T8 (30 kg Zn ha-1 + 20 kg B ha-1) were undertaken to evaluate the best results of the study. The highest plant height was found in T8 (30 kg Zn ha-1 + 20 kg B ha-1) but the highest number of leaves plant-1 was recorded from T7 (30 kg Zn ha-1 + 10 kg B ha-1). On the other hand, the maximum leaf area index, SPAD value, mean fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit dry matter (%), number of fruits plant-1, fresh fruit weight plant-1 , fruit yield plot-1 and fruit yield ha-1 were found in T7 (30 kg Zn ha-1 + 10 kg B ha-1), while the control (T0) showed lowest performance for the respected parameters. It is strongly concluded that 30 kg Zn ha-1 with 10 kg B ha-1 combination may be helpful for okra cultivation in the field level to increase okra production.
... A mucilaginous preparation from the pod can be used for plasma replacement or blood volume expansion. The okra fruit has good iodine contents which are useful to reduce goiter [4]. The ripened and mature pod seeds are used as chicken feed and also for oil production on small scale [5]. ...
... It is a traditional vegetable crop commercially cultivated in West Africa, India, Southeast Asia, the southern United States, Brazil, Turkey and northern Australia [23]. Okra seed is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids [24], as well as oil and protein, in both the tropical and temperate regions [25,26]. It is valued for its nutritious edible green pods, containing seeds from which up to 15.9-20.7% ...
Ultrasound-assisted base-catalyzed transesterification of Abelmoscus esculentus seed oil was optimized for maximum biodiesel yield using Box–Behnken response surface design. Regression analysis of the results gave a robust empirical model with biodiesel yield being a function of catalyst concentration and methanol/oil ratio. In general, irrespective of the change in reaction temperature and time, the biodiesel yield increased with an increase in the catalyst concentration and methanol/oil ratio to the highest levels (> 95%) at a catalyst concentration of 0.70–1.48 % and methanol/oil ratio of 4.8–5.9. Optimal levels of the reaction variables for yields in excess of 97% were found at a moderate catalyst concentration of about 1.076 % and methanol/oil ratio of 5.24:1 when the reaction temperature and time were held at 30 °C and 20 min, respectively. The validation result (97.84 ± 0.17%) agreed with the predicted value of 97.3%. The mild optimal conditions could be linked to the ultrasonication employed for the reaction. Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) results showed that the biodiesel was dominated by methyl esters of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with oleic and palmitic acid methyl esters accounting for 79% of the biodiesel. Physicochemical properties of the biodiesel are generally in conformity with international standards for biodiesel, which makes the biodiesel suitable for use in a diesel engine.
... According to Bryant and Montecalvo [32], the amino acid composition of okra seed proteins is comparable to that of soybean and includes, tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids, while the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) of okra is higher than that of soybean and other legumes, which usually have a high content in anti-nutrient factors that decrease protein digestibility [71 -73]. These features make it very common to use okra seeds for flour and baked products preparation enriched with alternative sources of plant-based protein, especially in African countries where okra is widely cultivated [1,62,74]. ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) or lady finger, is a tropical vegetable of the Malvaceae family, which is usually consumed for its immature fresh or dried pods, while other parts of the plant such as leaves and seeds are also edible or have alternative uses. In addition, it is a versatile species and considered as a multipurpose crop, since plant tissues contain many chemical compounds that find applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry, as well as in other not widely known industrial uses (e.g. making of ropes, sacks, fishing lines, paper, biofuel, blood plasma replacement, stabilize foams). This chapter will describe chemical composition and uses of okra plant tissues, including pharmaceutical and industrial uses of the species. Moreover, special focus will be given on the health effects of the various plant parts and products (fruit, seeds, leaves, roots, flours, mucilage) and the mechanisms involved, while the most recent research results from both in vitro and in vitro models will be presented in order to establish the health effects of okra products and byproducts. In conclusion, considering that okra is an underutilized plant for most parts of the world, the potential of further exploiting the species and the future perspectives will be highlighted.
... Industrial use of mucilage is usually for glace paper production and has a confectionery use. Okra has found medical application as a plasma replacement or blood volume expander [17,18]. A study conducted in China suggested that an alcohol extract of okra leaves can eliminate oxygen free radicals, alleviate renal tubular-interstitial diseases, reduce proteinuria, and improve renal function [19]. ...
... Okra seeds are also rich in essential fatty acids. In addition to Vitamin B 6 , folic acid and fibre, they contain some calcium, iron, manganese and zinc (Savello et al., 1980). Its usage had been limited to the preparation of vegetable stew. ...
This study is aimed at fortifying instant fufu with ground dried roasted okra seeds at different proportions (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20). This was with a view to recommending the best level of fortification with okra seeds through the evaluation of the nutritional composition, some physicochemical and sensory properties of fufu samples. The protein, fat and ash contents of the samples ranged from 3.64 to 11.13%, 0.37 to 6.29%, and 1.33 to 1.87%, respectively while carbohydrate and fibre contents of the samples ranged from 65.20 to 76.90% and 10.16 to 11.80%, respectively. Calcium, iron and magnesium contents of the samples were 30.15 to 43.27 mg/100 g, 2.10 to 3.40 mg/100 g and 19.10 to 26.50 mg/100 g, respectively. The pH and water absorption capacity of the samples were 5.42 to 5.55 and 271 to 283% respectively. The fortification of instant fufu with okra seed flour resulted in improvement of the nutritive values of the foods. Sensory evaluators recommended an optimal substitution level of 10% of roasted floury okra seeds.
... Unspecified parts of the plant were reported in 1898 to possess diuretic properties [66] this is referenced in numerous sources associated with herbal and traditional medicine. Okra has found medical application as a plasma replacement or blood volume expander [67] [68], [69], [70], [62]. It is also good source of iodine which is useful in the treatment of simple goiter and source of other medically useful compound [37]. ...
Okra a commercial vegetable crop belongs to family Malvaceae. It originates from Ethiopia and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. It plays an important role in the human diet and is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, calcium, potassium, enzymes, and total minerals which are often lacking in the diet of developing country. Its medicinal value has also been reported in curing ulcers and relief from hemorrhoids. Okra has found medical application as a plasma replacement or blood volume expander and also useful in genito-urinary disorders, spermatorrhoea and chronic dysentery. The fruits of okra have reawakened beneficial interest in bringing this crop into commercial production.
... Previous studies showed okra fruit rhamnogalacturonans polysaccharide component increased cell proliferation. Savello et al. (1980), showed potential application of okra mucilage as a plasma replacement or blood volume expander. Similarly the phycocolloid polysaccharides obtained from some families of red macro algae (Rhodophyta), mainly Gracilariaceae and Gelidiaceae (Armisen, 1995) are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industry. ...
... Okra is grown as a health protective vegetable in China and it has a great deal of medicinal values. Several bioactive constituents of okra, including flavones, polysaccharides, pectin, alkaloids, and linoleic acid, were identified in previous reports [2][3][4]. These bioactives can help digestion, and have anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes, antibiosis, anti-inflammatory properties, confer liver protection, and other health care effects [5][6][7]. ...
Abelmoschus esculentus
(okra or lady's fingers) is a vegetable with high nutritional value, as well as having certain medicinal effects. It is widely used as food, in the food industry, and in herbal medicinal products, but also as an ornamental, in animal feed, and in other commercial sectors. Okra is rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, caffeine, and pectin. In the present study, the concentrations of total flavonoids and polysaccharides in five organs of okra were determined and compared. Transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the biosynthesis pathways associated with the active constituents in okra. Transcriptome sequencing of five organs (roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits) of okra enabled us to obtain 293,971 unigenes, of which 232,490 were annotated. Unigenes related to the enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway or in fructose and mannose metabolism were identified, based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. All of the transcriptional datasets were uploaded to Sequence Read Archive (SRA). In summary, our comprehensive analysis provides important information at the molecular level about the flavonoid and polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in okra.
... The pods contain medicinal value. Its mucilaginous preparation can serve as blood volume expander or plasma replacement (Savello et al., 1980). According to Wolford and Banks (2006), okra fresh fruit contain nutrients including water 88%, protein 1.52 grams, dietary fibre 2 grams, carbohydrates 5.76 grams, vitamin C 13.04 mg, vitamin A 460 iu, calcium 0.4mg, folic acid 36.5 micrograms, magnesium 46 mg and potassium 256.6 mg (Zodape et al., 2008;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009). ...
Field irrigation experiments were conducted to assess the varietal performance and correlation of pod yield and yield attributes under irrigation at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, during 2015 and 2016 dry seasons. The results revealed that the most outstanding for fresh pod yield per plant were okra cultivar Kwadag Y’ar gagure Salkade and, Kwadam in descending order with yield ranging from 580.38-622.67g, while the composite cultivar had the lowest value of pod yield of 428.62g over the two years. The highest mean values for number of pods per plant and number of primary branches per plant were observed for Salkade and Y’ar gagure, respectively. Highest fresh pod length and fresh pod diameter were also exhibited for Salkade and Kwadag, respectively. Genotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the phenotypic variation for all the yield contributing characters. Days to 50% flowering were positive and highly significance difference associated with plant height, number of pods per plant and fresh weight per pod. Path coefficient analysis showed that number of pods per plant exhibited positive and direct effects on pod yield across years. Indirect effect of other yield components through this character also contributed mainly towards pod yield. Therefore, plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, number of primary branches per plant and fresh weight per pod could be considered for selection and improvement for high pod yielding varieties in okra.
... Mucilaginous concentrates of the green stem and roots are regularly utilized in India for clearing up the sugarcane Juice before it is changed over into Jaggery and sugar. Dry seeds of Okra contain 18 to 20% oil and 20 to 30% unrefined protein (Savello et al., 1980). A few times the seeds are cooked and utilized as a substitute for Coffee (Lamont, 20 1999). ...
Mutation breeding in crop plants such as bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench) is a successful approach in change of product having narrow genetic base. In the present study to the determine the effect of physical mutagen such as gamma rays and chemical mutagens such as Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and Diethyl sulphate (DES) were used. The seeds were treating with different doses/concentration of Gamma irradiation (10KR, 20KR, 30KR, 40KR, 50KR and 60KR), EMS and DES (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%) for six hours were applied to 200 seed sample of each concentration and one respective control on bhendi. plants of four generations viz., M1, M2, M3 and M4. The cytological analysis, for example, chromosomal number was watched and recorded for images. The maximum changes of chromosome were observed in 50 KR of gamma rays and 0.4 % of EMS treatments than the other physical and chemical mutagens. The length and shape of chromosome for varied in treated plants than the untreated plants.
... Its fruits are rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other mineral matters (Camciuc et al., 1981). Okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (Savello et al., 1980), which is essential for human nutrition. Unlike many other members of pod vegetable group, it is not strictly season-bound and hence can be gown twice a year. ...
... It was reported that the okra seeds cultivated in Greece contain between 15.9% to 20.7% oil [4]. The okra seed oil mainly consisted of linoleic acid (up to 47.4%), which is essential for human nutrition [5]. In the literature, a few study also investigated the potential of okra seeds as a source of oil and protein [6, 7]. ...
Okra is a common vegetable in most regions of Turkey and available all year-round, with a peak season during the summer months. In this study, first the chemical composition and physical properties of mature okra seeds were investigated. Then, the unroasted okra seed flour (OSF)and roasted okra seeds flour (ROSF) (40 min at 160 0 C) were analyzed for total phenolic contents and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results of flour samples showed that the values of phenolics in OSF (157.80 mg GAE 100 g-1 flour) and ROSF (232.19 mg GAE 100 g-1 flour). The concentration that provided 50% radical scavenging (IC50) was determined as 360.25 ± 2.01 mg ml-1 and 452.39 ± 12.27 mg ml-1 for roasted and unroasted okra seed flour, respectively. Regarding physical and chemical composition, okra seeds and their flour could be recommended for a good source of protein, fat, mineral and phenolic acid, which can be help remove the stigma of "starvation food" for people and promote them as a healthy food source.
... The oil mainly consists of linoleic acid (up to 47.4%) (Andras et al., 2005) . Okra seed oil is a rich source of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for human nutrition (Savello et al., 1980). Proteins play a particularly important role in human nutrition. ...
Okra is an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical
and sub-tropical parts of the world. This paper was aimed to review nutritional quality and potential health
benefits of edible parts of Okra. Okra is a multipurpose crop due to its various uses of the fresh leaves,
buds, flowers, pods, stems and seeds. Okra immature fruits, which are consumed as vegetables, can be
used in salads, soups and stews, fresh or dried, fried or boiled. It offers mucilaginous consistency after
cooking. Often the extract obtained from the fruit is added to different recipes like stews and
sauces to increase the consistency. Okra mucilage has medicinal applications when used as a plasma
replacement or blood volume expander. The mucilage of okra binds cholesterol and bile acid carrying
toxins dumped into it by the liver. Okra seeds are a potential source of oil, with concentrations varying
from 20% to 40%, which consists of linoleic acid up to 47.4%. Okra seed oil is also a rich source of linoleic
acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for human nutrition.
... Industrially, okra mucilage is usually used for paper production and also has a confectionery use. Okra has medical application as a plasma replacement therapy (Savello et al., 1980;Markose and Peter, 1990). Carbohydrates are mainly present in the form of mucilage (Kumar et al., 2009) and in the young fruits consist of long chain molecules with a molecular weight of about 170,000 made up of sugar units and amino acids. ...
Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (syn, Hibiscus esculentus L.), is an important vegetable crop widely grown in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world. The fruits or pods containing seeds are harvested when immature and are eaten as vegetables. This review focuses on the nutrient profile, bioactive components and their health effects, functional properties of okra, and identifies some regional okra food dishes. Okra is a very good source of dietary fiber, magnesium, manganese, potassium, vitamin K, vitamin C, folate, B1, and B6. Studies have indicated that okra is rich in bioactive components, such as flavonoids, especially quercetin and phytosterols. The okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which is essential for human nutrition. Okra has beneficial health benefits on diabetes and some cancers. Okra mucilage from the immature pods was found to be suitable for industrial and medicinal applications.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding cold-pressed okra seed oil byproduct (OSB) to the muffin formulation, as a partial substitute for wheat flour, on the nutritional, physicochemical, rheological, textural, and sensory properties of muffins. The carbohydrate, protein, oil, moisture, and ash contents of OSB were 44.96, 32.34, 10.21, 7.51, and, 4.98%, respectively, indicating that OSB was rich in protein and carbohydrate. All muffin samples showed a shear thinning behavior, indicating that the viscosity of all samples decreased with increasing shear rate. The frequency sweep test showed that all samples showed viscoelastic solid-like structure [G′ (storage modulus)> G″ (loss modulus)]. The K′ values (between 66.45 and 139.14) were higher than the K″ values (between 36.62 and 80.42) for all samples. The result was another indication of the viscoelastic solid characteristic of the samples. In our study, it was found that the fluorescence of advanced Maillard products and soluble tryptophan index decreased with increasing amount of OSB, indicating that OSB addition led to a decrease in the amount of fluorescent Maillard reaction (MR) products. The fortified muffins with more than 10% OSB had a reduced estimated glycemic index (GI) significantly in comparison with control muffin samples (p < 0.05). The induction period (IP) values of the muffin samples containing OSB (between 11:57 and 15:15 h/min) were higher than the IP value of the control sample (10:50 h/min), indicating that OSB improved the oxidative stability of the muffin samples. The addition of OSB has shown no negative effect on sensory attributes considering texture, mouth fell, odor, and taste. This study suggested that the addition of OSB in muffins could improve rheological properties and oxidative stability and decrease GI and the amount of MR products without negative impact on sensory properties.
This study investigates freeze-dried okra seed flour (OSF) as a functional ingredient to attenuate postprandial blood glucose rise by creating lower glycemic index (GI) rice noodles. Secondary objectives are postprandial gut hormone responses, noodle satiety, and sensory evaluation. Twenty healthy individuals consumed control rice noodle (CON), 10 % okra seed fortified noodle (OKN), 20 % OKN and glucose reference drinks on separate visits. 20 % OKN significantly lowered the postprandial glucose and insulin peaks compared to CON. Compared to CON, there was a 20-point reduction of GI value for 20 % OKN to 64. All noodles produced similar responses in postprandial ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). OKN were found to be more satiating than control noodles given the same amount of available carbohydrates. Sensory evaluation revealed that OSF can be added to noodle to create sensorially acceptable products, though ratings for sensory characteristics decreased with increased fortification.
Twelve weeks feeding trial involving 75 point of lay hens of black Harco breed was carried out to study the effects of dietary inclusion of Abelmoschus esculentus leaf meal (AELM) on the performance and egg quality characteristics of the birds. Fresh Abelmoschus esculentus leaves were harvested, spread out and air-dried in a green house and allowed to dry for 6 days until it became crispy. The branches were threshed carefully to separate the leaf from the twig before milling to fine particle size to form Abelmoschus esculentus leaf meal (AELM). Proximate analysis of AELM and dietary treatments were analyzed Gross energy of leaf meal was carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter model CAL 2k. The 75 birds were grouped into five dietary treatments comprising 15 birds each in a completely randomized (CRD) design. The treatments were further subdivided into three replicates of five birds each. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated as_0, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% inclusion levels in diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The result of the proximate composition of AELM showed that the crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat or ether extract, ash and ME values were 13.15, 10.11, 6.0% and 1308.41 Kcal/kg respectively. Average final weight, average weight gain, feed intake and hen- day production were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the inclusion level of Abelmoschus esculentus leaf meal. Birds in the control group and those fed diet containing 5% Abelmoschus esculentus leaf meal had similar final weight (1.53kg) and higher than other treatment groups. The highest (P<0.05) hen-day production was recorded at 5% inclusion level while 2.5%, 7.5% and 10% levels had comparable values ( 49.13, 46.98 and 49.21). Internal and external egg qualities as affected by AELM inclusion levels showed that the egg, shell, yolk, albumen weights were significantly (P< 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments with the group of birds on 10% recording highest values. Significant (P<0.05) improvement in yolk weight and colour was observed in the AELM treated birds compared to the control. The total lipid profile of eggs revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in the cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein values measured. A linear trend was observed in the recorded cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL) values. The values decreased with increased AELM inclusion. It can therefore be concluded at the level of this study that Abelmoschus esculentus leaf meal inclusion in the diet of laying birds improved performance and egg quality indices with desirable aesthetic effect on egg yolk colour.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is one of the most commonly grown and consumed species of the family Malvaceae. It is a nutritious vegetable cultivated in tropical to subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Okra is an affordable source of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, dietary fiber, and other phytonutrients with physiological benefits. Okra seeds contain a considerable amount of edible oil, which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2). There are different conventional and unconventional extraction techniques that could be employed to recover oil from okra seeds. Among conventional extraction techniques, although cold pressing (CP) is relatively less efficient, the oil recovered with CP, has superior nutritional properties and organoleptic value. This chapter reveals the physicochemical and nutritional attributes of okra seed with special focus on functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical potential uses of cold pressed okra seed oil.
Fatty acid profile of the pods and seeds of eight indigenous Ethiopian okra accessions were studied for the first time in order to identify the possible sources of fatty acid and oil quantity. In the studied pods and seeds of the eight okra accessions, only five fatty acids were identified and quantified. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic and behenic acids were not detected in any of the studied pods and seeds of okra accessions. The study revealed that the fatty acid composition (%) of pods and seeds of okra accessions were significantly (P<0.05) varied and had respective ranges of myristic acid 4.43-6.85 and 3.35-7.75; for palmitic acid were 19.76-24.71 and 13.24-22.26; for stearic acid were 2.35-3.01 and 2.26-10.93; for oleic acid were 10.35-14.66 and 13.90-24.07; for linoleic acid were 8.70-23.38 and 35.31-43.93. The total saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acid of the pods and seeds of okra accessions were also significantly (P<0.05) varied and ranged from 28.18-36.04 and 20.62-34.97; 11.15-14.95 and 13.90-25.81; 8.70-23.38 and 35.31-43.93; 21.41-36.96 and 51.09-63.54, respectively. In the seeds of okra accessions, the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than total saturated fatty acid. The crude oil yield of the seeds of eight okra accessions were significantly (P<0.05) varied and ranged from 19.25-38.19%. Comparing with other vegetable oils, the present study revealed that okra seeds could be considered as a potential sources of edible oil. Okra seeds, especially OPA#3 accessions, could be a good source of essential fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acid. Overall results suggest that okra seed oil may be considered as a new candidate and valuable source of edible oil and can be utilized as multipurpose products for industrial and nutritional purposes and need to be improved through selection and breeding.
Objective: In this study aimed at evaluating the antifertility effect of the methanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus (okro) fruit using albino wistar rat. Methods: Fifty adult male rats weighing 200g to 300g were weighed and divided into five groups of five rats each. Group1 served as the control and were given water and normal rat
chaw while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 served as the test groups and were orally
administered with (250, 500, 750 and 1000)mg/kg of okro extract respectively after three weeks of acclimatization. Following six weeks of extract administration, the rats were reweighed and sacrificed. Semen was collected from their caudal epididymis for sperm analysis and their testes were weighed and processed for histological studies. Results: Results from the test groups showed a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in the testicular weight and a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the body weight of the rats when compared with the control group. There was also a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in sperm count and sperm motility with a corresponding increase in the percentage number of abnormal sperm cells The histology of the testes showed degenerating testicular tissues. From the result, we therefore conclude that consistent consumption of okro may be destructive to the testes and as such, could impair male fertility.
The nature and magnitude of gene action was analyzed with five families viz., P 1, P 2, F 1, F 2 and F 3 for fruit yield and its component characters in bhendi. It was found that the additive, dominance, additive x additive and dominance x dominance interaction with duplicate dominant type of epitasis was more important for the characters like plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. The characters like number of nodes per plant and number of fruits per plant in all the crosses and fruit weight in TCR 852 x Mohanur local and TCR 2056 x Parbhani Kranti which were controlled by additive genetic variation could be improved by resorting to simple selection in early segregating generation. The traits plant height, fruit weight and number of fruits per plant were controlled by non fixable gene effects and epistasis. To exploit additive, dominance as well as epistatic gene effects, bi-parental approach and population improvement programmes are appropriate.
Okra is an important crop in temperate and tropical climates. The seeds can be a source of antioxidant, which is essential in maintaining health. Okra flour has huge potential to be used to enrich foods in order to provide adequate nutrients for individuals for whom daily nutritional needs are not being met. Based on the nutrient profile of okra, including the amino profile and the effect of processing on this, human consumption of okra flour can be promoted because of its positive health effects. However, considerable effort needs to be directed at addressing associated technological issues regarding effective utilization of the food product in food fortification. The technological issues include: the constituent gossypol or gossypol-like compounds and cyclopropenoid fatty acids in the oil, the constraint of dehulling to produce high-quality okra products for effective utilization in food fortification programs, studies on the physicochemical properties of okra products to provide a suitable benchmark for the development of functional okra processing equipment, and determination of the effect of variety and agronomical traits on nutritional and physicochemical parameters of all known okra lines to present okra to wider population groups as a vital food crop.
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