Charles J. Sherr Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Tumor Cell Biology St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 332 North Lauderdale Memphis, Tennessee 38104 Recent advances in our understanding of the cell division cycle are now tying the functions of Gl phase regulators to diverse processes involving signal transduction, differ- entiation, senescence, apoptosis, and malignant transfor- mation. What determines the rate of Gl phase progression, and how do cells integrate mitogenic and antiproliferative signals with the cell cycle machinery? Lessons From Budding Yeast In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single 34 kDa cyclin- dependent kinase (cdk) (p34cDCZB/cdc2, also known as cdkl) serves as a master controller of the cell cycle, assembling sequentially into active holoenzyme complexes with Gl, S phase, or mitotic cyclins temporally to direct distinct transitions (reviewed by Nasmyth, 1993; Reed, 1992). In the presence of appropriate nutrients, Gl cells that reach a critical size initiate DNA replication, form buds, and dupli- cate their spindle bodies in preparation for subsequent division. Gl cyclins (Clnl, Cln2, and Cln3) are required for these processes (Richardson et al., 1989) (see Figure I), and their overexpression contracts Gl phase and de- creases cell size. Cln3-Cdc28 is present throughout Gl, and its kinase activity appears necessary for the subse- quent transcriptional activation of the CLN7 and CLN2 genes (Tyers et al., 1993). In turn, the induced Clnl and Cln2 proteins associate with Cdc28, whose kinase activity further stimulates CLN7 and CLN2 transcription. CLN7 and CLN2 gene expression is controlled by a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of Swi4 and Swi6, and Cln- CdcPm Schwab and Nasmyth, 1993). The kinase activities of Clb-Cdc28 complexes are held in check by an inhibitory protein (p40sfc’) (Mendenhall, 1993) that accumulates early in Gl and is degraded shortly before S phase (Schwab et al., 1994). Phosphorylation of ~40~‘~’ by Clnl,Cln2-Cdc28 might trigger its ubiquitin- mediated degradation, thereby enabling the Cln-regulated kinases to control S phase entry indirectly. Haploid Gl phase cells can also undergo cell cycle ar- rest and mate to form diploids. Conjugation is provoked by pheromones (a and a factors), secreted by cells of oppo- site mating types, that trigger a receptor-mediated sig- naling pathway (serpentine receptor-heterotrimeric G