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Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the current 1984 World Health Organization Guidelines, which form the basis of the future 1993 Guidelines. These Guidelines have an advisory nature. Legal standards are the responsibility of the appropriate authorities in the Member States. The recommendations made concerning water quality are expressed as guideline values (GVs). New information on the potential health risks of contaminants in drinking-water makes review and revision of these guideline values necessary. As with the 1984 Guidelines, the new Guidelines place the greatest emphasis on the microbiological quality of drinking-water. It is hoped that the new Guidelines will be useful to all governments, either in setting drinking-water standards where they do not yet exist, or in updating and expanding existing ones.
... For instance, iron is mostly present in drinking water as a result of the use of iron coagulants or corrosion of steel and cast-iron pipes during water distribution to homes, schools, hospitals, and workplaces [2]. Although, iron plays a vital role in the metabolic process including electron transport, oxygen transport and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in living organisms [3], excessive levels above World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits in drinking water (0.3 mg L −1 ) result in tissue damage and other health complications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In addition, excessive iron levels (over 40 mg L −1 ) in water produce a red colour, a bad odour, and an unpleasant taste due to changes in pH, which makes it unpalatable [3,5,6]. ...
... Figure 3a show wavenumbers that are characteristic of functional groups of pristine CHAp. The wavenumbers that occurred at 1412, 871 and 713 cm −1 are carbonate ions whereas the wavenumbers at 1090 (ν3), 1029 (ν3), 963 (ν1), 600 (ν4), 563 (ν4) and 473 (ν2) cm −1 are symmetric vibrational modes of phosphate ions (PO 4 3− ) in the crystal lattice of CHAp. In addition, the spectra show structural-hydroxyl ions (OH − ) at wavenumbers 3574 and 634 cm −1 . ...
... Figure 3 shows the Raman spectra of the pristine CHAp adsorbent (Figure 3a) and after the adsorbent adsorption of iron (II) from water ( Figure 3b). Figure 4a indicates PO 4 3− (ν1) and CO 3 2− (ν1)-B-type substitution vibrations of CHAp at wavenumber 962 and 1066 cm −1 , respectively [20]. Three other CO 3 2− vibrations are recorded at wavenumbers 1305, 1754, and 2433 cm −1 [21]. ...
Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) adsorbent material was prepared from Achatina achatina snail shells and phosphate-containing solution using a wet chemical deposition method. The CHAp adsorbent material was investigated to adsorb aqua Fe(II) complex; [Fe(H2O)6]2+ from simulated iron contaminated water for potential iron remediation application. The CHAp was characterized before and after adsorption using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The IR and the Raman data revealed that the carbonate functional groups of the CHAp adsorbent material through asymmetric orientation in water bonded strongly to the aqua Fe(II) complex adsorbate. The ad-sorption behaviour of the adsorbate onto the CHAp adsorbent correlated well to pseudo-second-order kinetics model, non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich model at room temperature of a concentration (20–100 mg/L) and contact time of 180 min. The Langmuir model estimated the maximum adsorption capacity to be 45.87 mg/g whereas Freundlich model indicated an S-type isotherm curvature which supported the spectroscopy revelation.
... Symptoms of dehydration vary, based on the amount of water loss. When water loss is about 1% of body weight, increased thirst and impairment of thermoregulation occur 10 . Thirst is increased at 2% of water loss; at 3% water loss, symptoms such as dry mouth, vague discomfort and loss of appetite are reported. ...
... Impairment of 20-30% work capacity is seen at 4% water loss and at 5% water loss, headache, difficulty in concentration and sleepiness are reported. At 6% tingling and numbness of extremities are reported and at 7% of water loss collapse occurs and death is reported at 10% dehydration 10 . ...
Introduction On an average, 50-70% of the body consists of water distributed in the intracellular and extracellular compartments 1. Water is essential for thermo-regulation, as well as for all metabolic functions of the body 2. It is continuously lost from the body via urine, faeces, breath and skin. This water loss should be replaced continuously by water, fluids and diet in order to maintain water balance 1. Though adults can maintain water balance efficiently, young infants and children are at a higher risk of dehydration 3. Even mild dehydration can produce multiple negative impacts on the health and well-being of infants and young children 3. This review discusses the central role of water in the body, water recommendations, effects of dehydration in children, assessment of hydration status in children and summarises the findings of available research studies conducted on the hydration status of children and their impact.
... Ahora bien, dentro del componente principal uno, se encontró la DBO 5; esta variable se utiliza para cuantificar la carga de contaminación orgánica (Galal-Gorchev et al., 1993) y en los distintos esteros presenta promedios entre 5,62 y 21,92 mg/l, con valores máximos de hasta 368,5 mg/l, lo que indica que la entrada de efluentes de aguas de origen antropogénico contribuye a la DBO 5 en los esteros analizados (Barakat et al., 2016) y en muchos casos con valores sobre los limites permisibles. Valores similares presentó el estudio de Rodríguez-Grimón et al. (2021) con promedios de 14,00-19,00 mg/l en el estero Mojahuevos en Ecuador, enfatizando que una DBO alta es común cuando se deriva de fuentes antropogénicas comerciales, ya que las descargas industriales de estos establecimientos suelen reducir la biodegradabilidad o la capacidad natural de purificación del agua. ...
... Now then, BDO 5 was found in principal component 1. This variable is used to quantify the organic pollution load (Galal-Gorchev et al., 1993), and it shows averages between 5.62 and 21.92 mg/l, with maximum values of up to 368.5 mg/l in different estuaries, which indicates that the input of anthropogenic effluent waters contributes to BDO 5 in the analyzed estuaries (Barakat et al., 2016), and in many cases with values above the permitted limits. The study by Rodríguez-Grimón et al. (2021) showed similar values with averages of 14.00-19.00 ...
Se recopilaron datos de calidad de agua de ocho sitios de monitoreo que incluyo 7 parámetros entre 2000-2015. Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas, análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y de conglomerados. El ACP resulto en 3 componentes que explicaron el 72,6% de la varianza total. El primer componente incluyo Nitrógeno total, Fosforo total, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO5) y alcalinidad representando mala calidad de agua. El segundo componente incluyo salinidad y pH representando calidad de agua moderada. El tercer componente representa la contaminación por solidos sedimentables. Como resultado del análisis de conglomerados, se clasificaron tres grupos estadísticamente significativos, el grupo I esteros Purgatorio y Barrancones con calidad de agua buena, grupo II esteros Garcero, San Bernardo, Pedregal, Perejil y Berbería calidad de agua mala, y grupo III estero Jagua calidad de agua moderada. Los análisis indicaron que los esteros con mala calidad de agua fueron los sitios que han aumentado las actividades antropogénicas directamente por aguas residuales de acuicultura. Es necesario tomar medidas preventivas que propicien el desarrollo de la vida acuática a través de la orientación de una regulación y servicio costero efectivo en la que se apoyen los esfuerzos de gestión en el futuro.
... [33], and Tien Giang (7.2-7.8) [34]. This can be explained by its geographic location in the upstream area, with large water flow, mainly alluvial soil, less affected by acid sulfate soil through leaching and overflow processes, which helps maintain the pH value as more stable in the water. ...
... BOD 5 and COD are usually used as indicators of organic waste concentration in water [23,34]. The BOD 5 in the impacted water bodies is suitable only for irrigation, navigation, and other equivalent activities. ...
The study employed different statistical approaches to assess surface water quality in the upstream region of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The dataset included seven parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and coliform) at seventy-three locations. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to analyze spatial variations in surface water quality and recognize the important parameters. The findings revealed that surface water quality was deteriorated by organic matters (high BOD5 and COD), nutrients and microorganisms. Particularly, urban areas were found to be more polluted than the other areas. The PCA results indicated that three potential water pollution sources, including industry, urban and tourism, could explain 87.03% of the total variance. Coliform was identified as the leading latent factor that controls surface water quality in the study area. CA grouped the sampling locations into 11 groups, in which the groups of the baseline monitoring sites and large rivers had better water quality. The results indicated a significant impact of anthropogenic activities (especially, urban and tourism practices) in surface water quality degradation. Moreover, CA suggested that the numbers of the sampling sites could be reduced from 73 to 58 locations, lowering 20.54% of the monitoring cost. Thus, the study recommends scrutinizing the current surface water quality monitoring system to be more economic and urgently implementing appropriate solutions to mitigate coliform pollution in the smaller water bodies.
... mg/l. Therefore, all the samples are within the acceptable limit based on the WHO standard [16]. ...
... Also, the values of TH in all the suburbs are within acceptable levels; however, there is a slight increase in TH values in the suburbs compared to the intake and outlet point of Bardasoor Treatment Plant. Based on WHO standard, the permissible value of TH is )500( mg/l [16]. So, the quality of the water distribution pipes may have a role in this slight increase of TH values. ...
In this research, Water Quality Index (WQI) was mathematically assessed to determine water quality at (Bardasoor Treatment Plant – Kalar) and at different points within the neighbourhoods, away from some distance from the treatment plant to check the quality of water in the distribution network. A water sample was collected from the input point at Bardasoor Treatment Plant before the process of treatment, and another sample was collected after the treatment process and before the distribution process. As well, (40) samples of water were collected at (8) stations and were all subjected to Physico-chemical tests. The index classified the quality of water within the water distribution system in Kalar as (good quality) except (2) stations which were classified as (poor quality); despite, some parameters works compete unfavourably with (WHO) standards.
... 76 Therefore, considering the size of the roof of a single bedroom room, the proposed evaporator will be able to evaporate around 65−72 L of water in a sunny day (8−10 h sun). According to the estimates of WHO, an adult male (70 kg weight) and an adult female (58 kg weight) require about 2.5 and 2.2 L of drinking water per day, 77 respectively, and the requirement becomes 4.5 L per day for both in the case of manual labor at high temperatures. The drinking water requirement for a child (10 kg weight) is 1 L. 77 Hence, the proposed evaporator will be able to provide sufficient water for a small family of three members. ...
... According to the estimates of WHO, an adult male (70 kg weight) and an adult female (58 kg weight) require about 2.5 and 2.2 L of drinking water per day, 77 respectively, and the requirement becomes 4.5 L per day for both in the case of manual labor at high temperatures. The drinking water requirement for a child (10 kg weight) is 1 L. 77 Hence, the proposed evaporator will be able to provide sufficient water for a small family of three members. ...
... 0.14-0.6 with a mean value of 0.778, 0.020, 0.085, 0.03125 mg/L for the study mentioned above areas. According to WHO, the maximum permissible limit for iron in groundwater is 0.3 mg/L (Galal-Gorchev et al. 1993). The concentration of F − in the groundwater in the area mentioned above ranged from 0.1-3.9, ...
Groundwater contamination with arsenic (As) is a significant concern in Pakistan's Punjab Province. This study analyzed 69 groundwater samples from Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Lahore, and Multan to understand hydrogeochemistry, health impacts, contamination sources, and drinking suitability. Results revealed varying as concentrations across districts, with distinctive cation and anion orders. Faisalabad exhibited Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Fe²⁺ for cations and SO42– > Cl– > HCO3– > NO3– > F– for anions. Gujranwala showed Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ for cations and HCO3– > SO42– > Cl– > NO3– > F– for anions. In Lahore, demonstrated: Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Fe > K⁺ for cations and HCO3– > SO4²– > Cl– > NO3– > F– for anions. Multan indicated K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > Fe for cations and HCO3– > SO42– > Cl– > F– > NO3– ) for anions. Hydrochemical facies were identified as CaHCO3 and CaMgCl types. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), highlighted the influence of natural processes and human activities on groundwater pollution. Water Quality Index (WQI) result reveal that most samples met water quality standards. The carcinogenic risk values for children exceeded permissible limits in all districts, emphasizing a significant cancer risk. The study highlights the need for rigorous monitoring to mitigate (As) contamination and protect public health from associated hazards.
... Jenis pipa terbanyak yaitu pipa PVC yang digunakan di Zona Wendit ini. Menurut (Galal-Gorchev, 1993) Pipa PVC memiliki berbagai kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan pipa baja galvanis atau pipa GP untuk aplikasi perpipaan air minum. Pipa PVC jauh lebih ringan dan tidak mengalami masalah korosi, baik di bagian dalam maupun luar pipa. ...
... Determining the safety and trustworthiness of water sources necessitates regular evaluation of water quality at the point of consumption. Water quality evaluation is described by monitoring water parameters (physical, chemical, and microbiological) and identifying the parameters that exceed acceptable limits (Galal-Gorchev, 1993). Various approaches have been proposed to assess water quality, one of which is the Water Quality Index (WQI), which is widely used for water quality assessment (Ibrahim, 2018). ...
Many people find tap water unsatisfactory for their daily consumption, despite the fact that suppliers are required to provide high-quality water to the public. Water quality indices that were developed to assess the water quality of water bodies are sometimes used to assess water in distribution networks. The use of the water quality indices Weighted Arithmetic (WA) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) methods in describing the tap water quality status at Al-Baqa'a camp is evaluated in this study. Forty samples were collected over four rounds from ten households. The study concluded that the water supplied to the study area was safe but was subjected to a later irregular localized biological contamination. The analysis of water constituents revealed that both indices provide generalized descriptions that do not accurately represent the current state of tap water quality. The study proposed using a two-index system comprised of WQI at the network pumping location and a contamination threat index to study tap water quality. Applying the two indices system at Al-Baqa'a Camp tap water showed that water supplied to the area is safe but it has a localized biological contamination potential of 23.7%
... Fig. 5A and B present the DPV results of Nafion/L-Au-MOFs-GO/GCE in the presence of different concentrations of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ . The response currents of each metal ion linearly increase with increasing target concentrations from 80 μg/L to 560 μg/L, with the limit of detections (LODs) of 21.9 μg/L for Cd 2+ and 16.4 μg/L for Pb 2+ (S/N = 3), which are lower than many other previous reports (Table S1.), and the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking water (0.003 mg/L for Cd 2+ and 0.01 mg/L for Pb 2+ ) [49]. ...
... The release of these untreated and toxic pollutants, even at low concentrations in water without treatment, generates undesirable effects on the aquatic ecosystem and human life [3,4]. Moreover, with the growing environmental awareness and new legislation, the discharged water must meet the minimum quality criteria to satisfy the requirements proposed by different countries [5]. Wastewater management is essential to underpin the rapidly expanding human population and reduce environmental pollution and health risks. ...
In recent decades, the greatest challenge facing the world has been protecting the environment from various forms of pollution. Water pollution is one of the most crucial environmental problems threatening living organisms’ lives and human health. Mostly anthropogenic, it undoubtedly originates from diverse sources, including agricultural, domestic, and industrial activities. Therefore, adopting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices constitutes an ideal solution for purifying contaminated water to be further used in industrial activities and so on. The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass for the production and conception of value-added products is an attractive and environmentally friendly way of preserving the environment. Lignocellulosic biomass, such as crops, agricultural wastes, forest residues, etc., is a sustainable and plentiful resource that can be valorized and used as robust material for eliminating different pollutants from sewage, including organic pollutants, heavy metals, inorganic compounds, and microorganisms. Indeed, the valorization of biomass wastes is among the most intelligent strategies. It is like killing two birds with one stone: reducing the quantity of biomass waste and benefiting from its physicochemical properties. Feedstocks are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which have already been proven efficiency in removing persistent pollutants. Moreover, it can undergo physical, chemical, and thermal to prepare cellulose nanocrystals and biochar with high removal ability. The current review discusses the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce composite materials in the applications of wastewater purification, especially for the removal of different persistent organic and inorganic contaminants. It highlights the recent research studies and the mechanisms involved in eliminating pollutants using lignocellulosic-based materials.
... The air people breathe strongly influences their state of health as almost every human being requires approximately 12kg of air in a day compared with water that a person can survive without for about 3 days (Grandjean, 2004;Arcado, 2006). Which means that on the average, a person inhales approximate 9-20m 3 of air per day and requires approximately 2.2-3.2liters of water per day. ...
This study characterized and identified sources of air pollutants in Ogoni area. Measurement of air pollutant concentrations was carried out at selected locations in the four local government areas (LGAs) of Ogoni area. Traffic volume was determined using traffic count method. Data were analyzed using XLSTAT-2020 software. Space borne imaging was used to detect artisanal oil refining and gas flaring sites. Pairwise comparison and ratio techniques were used to rank identified sources of air pollutants. Computed air quality rating index (AQRI) was used to evaluate air pollution levels. SO2 maximum mean values were 1.33mg/m 3 , 2.48mg/m 3 , 2.78mg/m 3 and 3.3mg/m 3 for Tai, Gokana, Khana and Eleme LGAs respectively. NO2 maximum mean values were 0.63mg/m 3 , 0.67mg/m 3 each and 0.81mg/m 3 for Tai, Gokana, Khana and Eleme LGAs respectively. CO maximum mean values were 2.54mg/m 3 , 3.17mg/m 3 , 4.23mg/m 3 and 9.78mg/m 3 for Tai, Gokana, Eleme and Khana LGAs respectively. O3 maximum mean values were 1.28mg/m 3 , 1.63mg/m 3 , 1.73mg/m 3 and 1.97mg/m 3 for Tai, Gokana, Eleme and Khana LGAs respectively. PM10 maximum mean values were 140.59µg/m 3 , 175.63µg/m 3 , 194.58µg/m 3 and 214.43µg/m 3 for Gokana, Tai, Khana and Eleme LGAs. PM2.5 maximum mean values were 93.61, 120.61µg/m 3 , 127.19µg/m 3 and 158.46µg/m 3 for Gokana, Tai, Khana and Eleme LGAs respectively. Minimum traffic volume was 21, 853; maximum traffic volume was 64,548; while average traffic volume was 42,894. Dominant air pollution sources included artisanal refineries, transportation and industrial activities. The study revealed serious air pollution in Ogoni area, which is hazardous to human health with critical health concern and thus requires government intervention.
... Bioaccumulation of non-degradable contaminants has aggravated the intensity and propensity of fatal diseases (Jamshaid et al. 2018). Potability of water is decided by the physicochemical and biological parameters according to World Health Organization (WHO) (Galal-Gorchev 1993;Van Leeuwen 2000), Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (Young et al. 1996), Environment Quality Standard (EQS) (Gobelius et al. 2018). Although comprehensive water testing mechanisms ensure that international standards for water quality are stringently met, yet local contaminations during storage and distribution have been observed resulting in increase in bacterial load (Brick et al. 2004;Ramírez-Castillo et al. 2015). ...
This paper introduces a novel prototype for the removal of Pseudomonas from water samples. Bacterial cells have the tendency to get attracted towards specific chemicals (chemotaxis); a ‘honey-based trap’ (henceforth, addressed as ‘honey-trap’) strip was conceptualized by integrating a combination of serine, pseudomonas-specific chemoattractant and honey to attract and inhibit the bacteria in situ. Honey, a natural antimicrobial agent, has garnered the attention as an effective inhibitor for Pseudomonal biofilms and wound infections. Dipping serine side of the strip attracted bacteria towards honey-trap, whereby the porous nature of the strip facilitated the ‘trapping’ and subsequent diffusion of the bacterial cells towards honey-adsorbed end of the strip. This ‘honey-trap’ reportedly leads to the targeted elimination of Pseudomonas, hence facilitating its removal. The percentage efficacy of this ‘honey-trap’ device is 96% with a log reduction equivalent to 1.6 within a time frame of 2 h. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although, not a natural contaminant of potable water, enters circulation due to improperly maintained plumbing fixtures and storage facilities. Honey-trap strip is an easy to use, biodegradable and cost-effective sustainable solution, and thus a scaled-up version of this device may enable substantial improvement in quality of potable water.
Graphic abstract
Schematics showing the preparation and working of the Pseudomonas Honey-trap. Serine as an attractant and honey as an inhibitor was absorbed on filter strips (HT) for use. The strip was dipped in culture from serine end. After different time period of incubation, difference in bacterial load was confirmed by measuring the electrical conductivity and OD600nm of the culture. Additionally, inhibitory effect of HS was confirmed by placing the strip incubated with culture on agar plates and differences in bacterial lawn were monitored. Removal of bacterial cells from the suspension was also confirmed using absorption spectroscopy.
... Dose conversion coefficients were considered for adults (1 × 10 −8 Sv.Bq −1 ), children (2 × 10 −8 Sv.Bq −1 ) and infants (7 × 10 −8 Sv.Bq −1 ) (26) . The volume of water intake for 365 d was taken as 4.5 l.d −1 for adults and children (27,28) and 0.75 l.d −1 for infants (27,29) . The inhalation dose was obtained using the following equation (2,10,20,30) : ...
Radon-222 concentrations in groundwater from 10 local government areas (LGAs) of Ogun State were measured using AlphaGUARD radon detector and AquaKIT. The mean activity concentration of radon ranged from 1.23 ± 0.21 to 12.68 ± 18.11 Bq.l-1 corresponding to geometric means (GMs) of 1.22- 6.39 Bq.l-1. The radon concentrations of all the samples were below the World Health Organization and European Commission guidance level of 100 Bq.l-1, with 17% higher than 11.1 Bq.l-1, recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mean annual effective dose due to ingestion ranged from 0.020 ± 0.004 to 0.254 ± 0.353 mSv.y-1 (adults), 0.041 ± 0.007 to 0.509 ± 0.705 mSv.y-1 (children) and 0.024 ± 0.004 to 0.297 ± 0.411 mSv.y-1 (infants). That of inhalation varied from 0.303 ± 0.053 to 3.108 ± 4.440 μSv.y-1. The mean annual effective doses of some of the LGAs were higher than the International Commission for Radiological Protection recommended reference dose level of committed effective dose of 0.1 mSv from 1-year consumption of drinking water.
... Every person living in developed countries needs an average of 60-120 liters of clean water per day. Each person needs between 30-60 liters of clean water per day (Galal-Gorchev, 1993). The increasing need to access drinking water not supported by available freshwater sources causes a problematic situation for humans. ...
Background : The need for water in an area will always increase with population growth, while the water itself decreases in terms of quality, quantity, and continuity. The potential for health problems due to the microbiological quality of drinking water that does not meet the requirements is very high. This study aimed to analyze the microbial quality of drinking water in An-Nuriyah Islamic Boarding School Wonocolo Surabaya. Method : This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. This research sample is drinking water consumed by the student in An-Nuriyah Islamic Boarding School Wonocolo Surabaya, which comes from three sources: refill drinking water, boiled water, and bottled drinking water. Results : This study showed that the Escherichia coli parameters' microbiological quality in the three drinking water sources resulted in 0/100 ml samples. Each head was obtained for the Coliform parameters. Namely, 125/100 ml refill drinking water, 2/100 ml bottled drinking water, and 100/100 ml boiled water samples. Conclusion : The results of this study conclude that the microbiological quality of drinking water at An-Nuriyah Islamic Boarding School Wonocolo Surabaya meets the requirements of Minister of Health Regulation Number 492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010 for Escherichia coli parameters, while Coliform parameters do not meet the criteria of Minister of Health Regulation Number 492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010.
... Nitrogen pollution in groundwater, especially in areas of intensive agriculture, has aroused widespread concern throughout the world [1]. It has been reported that the excess of the main inorganic nitrogen compounds in drinking water (NO 3 − , NH 4 + , NO 2 − ) are detrimental to human health [2][3][4]. ...
As one of the largest agricultural areas, the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China has faced serious inorganic nitrogen pollution of groundwater, but the sources and the formation mechanism of pollution in the regional shallow groundwater remain unclear, which constrains the progress of pollution control and agricultural development planning. An investigation on potential nitrogen sources, groundwater inorganic nitrogen compounds (NH4+, NO3−, NO2−), and topsoil total nitrogen concentration (TN) was conducted in a typical paddy irrigation area of Sanjiang Plain. Multivariate statistical analysis combined with geospatial-based assessment was applied to identify the sources, determine the governing influencing factors, and analyze the formation process of inorganic nitrogen compounds in shallow groundwater. The results show that the land use type, oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), groundwater depth, NO2− concentration, and electrical conductivity (EC) are highly correlated with the NO3− pollution in groundwater, while DO and Eh affected the distribution of NH4+ most; the high concentrations of NO3− in sampling wells are most likely to be found in the residential land and are distributed mainly in densely populated areas, whereas the NH4+ compounds are most likely to accumulate in the paddy field or the lands surrounded by paddy field and reach the highest level in the northwest of the area, where the fields were cultivated intensively with higher fertilization rates and highest values of topsoil TN. From the results, it can be concluded that that the NO3− compounds in groundwater originated from manure and domestic waste and accumulated in the oxidizing environment, while the NH4+ compounds were derived from N fertilization and remained steady in the reducing environment. NO2− compounds in groundwater were the immediate products of nitrification as a result of microorganism activities.
... Dissolved oxygen concentration was inversely correlated with PC8 (-0.514), PC10 (-0.490) and PC11 (-0.362) affected by many factors such as temperature, air diffusion, presence of aquatic plants and organic matter (Galal-Gorchev et al., 1993;Kazi et al., 2009;Chounlamany et al., 2017). Both BOD and COD were explained by PC12 with correlation coefficients of 0.693 and -0.707, respectively. ...
This study assessed the surface water monitoring system in Hau Giang Province in 2019. The monitoring data for pH, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (NH4+_N), nitrite (NO2-_N), nitrate (NO3-_N), orthophosphate (PO43-_P), coliforms, and iron (Fe) were collected from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Hau Giang Province, Vietnam. The results were compared with the national technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Then, these parameters were used to determine the locations and parameters for water quality monitoring using multivariate analyses including cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated that the main concerns for the quality of water in the canal of Hau Giang Province were organic matter (high BOD and COD), nutrients (NH4+_N, NO2-_N, PO43-_P), coliforms and iron. The CA results showed that 42 monitoring locations could be decreased to 26 locations, reducing monitoring costs by up to 32%. The PCA identified 12 sources of pollution, of which three main sources were PC1, PC2 and PC3 accounting for 75.6% of the variation in water quality. PCA findings showed that all the current water variables in the 2019 monitoring program were significant. The present study could help local environmental managers to reconsider the selected locations and parameters in the environmental monitoring program.
... suggesting that PO 4 3originated from anthropogenic sources. BOD 5 and COD are two parameters used to estimate the organic contamination load [47]. BOD 5 and COD showed a positive correlation between them, indicating contamination of organic matter. ...
This study describes the combination of neural networks and multivariate methods to develop a proper model for the forecasting of water quality index (WQI) in the Saf-Saf River using water quality parameters. The main objectives of this work were to determine the importance of different input variables and to assess the spatial and temporal water quality variation. MLP models were trained using three different algorithms and tested, these models were compared in terms of efficiency criteria and goodness-of-fit for WQI modeling. The results show that MLP BFGS model provide the best performance with small root mean square error value (RMSE = 0.007) and high coefficient of determination value (R 2 = 0.811) compared with the other types of MLP models. In the meantime, sensitivity analysis reveals that BOD 5 acts as the most contributor decreasing WQI. PCA/FA results show relatively spatial and seasonal changes in surface water quality, it generated three groups of sampling sites with similar characteristics. Group I (upstream sites), group II (midstream sites), and group III (downstream sites) correspond to a relatively low pollution, moderate pollution, and high pollution sites, respectively. Therefore, this approach can provide managers with the right tools to make decisions about the implementation of sustainable management practices.
... One of the compounds identified in the industrial effluent prior to the treatment was NaClO, which is generally used as a disinfectant and sanitizer in the pharmaceutical industry. This compound is important because when combined with humic and fulvic acids normally present in surface water, it can form highly toxic compounds such as haloalkanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and haloaldehydes (Boorman et al. 1999;Galal-Gorchev et al. 1993). However, the NaClO after the photocatalytic treatment was completely eliminated, favoring the decrease in toxicity, as can be seen later with the evaluated biomarkers. ...
Agriculture is a dominant component of the world economy since this primary activity allows us to have access to the food required by the populations; however, this need for food has led to the expansion of irrigation and an increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides in order to achieve and maintain higher yields and has become a significant source of organic pollution in most countries, which has caused a significant and generalized dysfunction of ecosystems through the various toxic effects induced in organisms. According to WHO reports, nitrogen levels in groundwater have increased in many parts of the world as a result of “intensification of agricultural practices”; in some parts of Europe, nitrate levels have increased to the point that more than 10% of the population drinks water with nitrate levels above the norm of 10 mg/L, along with other activities related to agriculture which have an impact on water quality, such as the application of fertilizers, manure, and pesticides, which cause high levels of pathogens, metals, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The ecological, recreational, and tourist state park “Hermenegildo Galeana” is located in the southern part of the state of Mexico, specifically in the municipality of Tenancingo, State of Mexico; this park is important because in this there are about 30 different species of plants, ferns, mosses, and different fungi, as well as housing species such as lynx, jaguarundi, coyote, tuza, Peter squirrel, skunk, rabbits, opossum, Cozumel badger, armadillo, fox, buzzard, red-tailed hawk of Tres Marías, carpenter, hummingbird, sparrow (finch of Guadalupe), swallow, quail, heron, lizard, snake, salamander, and viper; in addition there are two perennial river currents, one corresponds to La Fábrica, located at the east end of the park, and another is located westward called Puentecillas, and the rest of the fluvial network that make it up are intermittent; also within the park you can distinguish other bodies of water, such as the spring located south of the limit, near the town of Monte del Pozo and San Antonio Agua Bendita, and near the park in which small boards have been created to store water that serves for irrigation of the agricultural area, occupied mostly by greenhouses with flower production, which can represent a risk to the ecosystem by releasing various types of contaminants such as pesticides and metals. Due to this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity induced by effluents from the Hermenegildo Galeana Park (HGP) in a sentinel organism, Hyalella azteca, using biomarkers of oxidative stress as hydroperoxide content, lipoperoxidation degree, and carbonylated protein content, in addition to the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutas and catalase.
... Although the tanks tested negative for E. coli, Colilert™ does not test for all pathogenic serotypes of E. coli. The World Health Organization describes coliform bacteria as a good test for the assessment of disinfection practices but not necessarily an indicator of health risk [25]. E. coli is considered the best indicator of fecal contamination. ...
In many regions where drinking water supply is intermittent and unreliable, households adapt by storing water in cisterns or rooftop tanks. Both intermittent supply and stored water can be vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms with deleterious health effects. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area is a rapidly growing urban center with over five million residents where household storage is nearly ubiquitous. This pilot study was conducted in July 2018 to examine the microbiological quality of drinking water in Guadalajara. Samples were tested for free available chlorine residual, total coliform bacteria, and E. coli. A survey on access to water and public perspectives was also conducted. Water exiting rooftop tanks exceeded regulatory limits for total coliform levels in half of the homes studied. Piped water arriving at two homes had total coliform levels that far exceeded regulatory limits. No E. coli were detected in any of the samples. Only 35% of homes had a chlorine residual between the recommended 0.2 and 1.5 mg/L. Many homes reported unpleasant odors and colors. Only 7% of residents drank the piped water. Future studies are needed, especially during April and May when many homes reported a higher disruption to water service.
... Although the tanks tested negative for E. coli, Colilert™ does not test for all pathogenic serotypes of E. coli. The World Health Organization describes coliform bacteria as a good test for the assessment of disinfection practices but not necessarily an indicator of health risk [25]. E. coli is considered the best indicator of fecal contamination. ...
In many regions where drinking water supply is intermittent and unreliable, households adapt by storing water in cisterns or rooftop tanks. Both intermittent supply and stored water can be vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms with deleterious health effects. The Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara is a rapidly growing urban center with over five million residents where household storage is nearly ubiquitous. This pilot study was conducted in July 2018 to examine the microbiological quality of drinking water in Guadalajara. Samples were tested for free available chlorine residual, total coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli. A survey on access to water and public perspectives was also conducted. Water exiting rooftop tanks exceeded regulatory limits for total coliform levels in half of the homes studied. Piped water arriving at two homes had total coliform levels that far exceeded regulatory limits. No E. coli were detected in any of the samples. Only 35% of homes had a chlorine residual between the recommended 0.2 and 1.5 mg/L. Many homes reported unpleasant odors and colors. Only 7% of residents drank the piped water. Future studies are needed, especially during April and May when many homes reported a higher disruption to water service.
... The Yuncheng Basin, situated between 34 40 0 and 35 30 0 N and 110 150 0 and 111 25 0 E with a total area of 6211 km 2 , is an area in China with severe fluorosis (Cao, 2005) (Fig. 1). In the basin area, approximately 60% of the shallow groundwater and 40% of the deep groundwater have fluoride concentrations higher than 1.0 mg/L (the maximum allowable concentration in China) Gorchev and Ozolins, 2011). The widespread occurrence of fluoride in groundwater has limited the available water resources in the area. ...
... The concentration of dissolved oxygen in water is impacted by the water temperature and the chemical or biological processes that occur in the aquatic system. The monitoring of oxygen concentration is an essential matter in the aquatic system [20]. The low level of DO concentration may be due to the untreated sewage or due to the organic pollutants that attach the intake of dissolved oxygen in the water during warm conditions. ...
Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were utilized to the surface water quality data of the Shatt Al Arab River (Iraq), over 4-year period on a monthly basis, with tracking at five different monitoring sites across the river for seven water quality parameters. The study area included the Shatt Al-Arab River, which is one of the most essential rivers that formed because of the confluence related to the Euphrates along with Tigris at the city of Al-Qurnah in Basrah province, southern Iraq. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate (PO4), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrate (NO3), chloride (Cl), and sulphate (SO4) were analyzed making use of standard methods. This research assessed and clarified the complex data sets of water quality and apportioned of pollution sources to obtain better information concerning water quality and to demonstrate the data structure as well as to analyze temporary and spatial variations regarding the water quality. The results of this research were exposed to principal component and factor analysis with three latent factors which were extracted with 98.9 % of the total variance explained. Based on gaining information, it will be possible to design a future, ideal sampling approach, which might minimize the number of monitoring sites and additionally associated cost.
... The World Health Organisation has determined the recommended value as a "concentration that does not cause any significant risk related to health during lifelong consumption". At that point, the recommended dose of 1.5 mg/l was determined for fluorides [21]. ...
The optimal amount of fluoride in drinking water is just one of the factors that positively influence the occurrence of dental caries and has an effect on the oral health of the population of the Republic of Macedonia. The correlation existing between dental fluorosis and fluorine concentration in water is based on average water consumption, a condition that depends directly from air temperature and local climate conditions. The climate in the Republic of Macedonia is characterized by the interweaving of Mediterranean and continental influences, and on very specific way the mild Mediterranean climate collide with the harsh continental climate. editerranean influences create a dry and hot summer, and continental influences cold and wet winter. The average annual temperature in our country is 11.5 °C. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average
air temperature of 22.2 °C, while the coldest is January with an average temperature of 0.3 °C. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia expand between 40°50’ and 42°20’ north geographic latitude and 20°27’ and 23°05’ east geographic length. To provide protection against dental caries, we need to determine the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water using the mean annual air temperature. Тhe majority of the population in the Republic of Macedonia used is supplied by drinking water from groundwater, from carbonates springs.
Os compostos nitrogenados: nitrato (NO3-), nitrito (NO2-) e amônia (NH3), quando em excesso na água, a tornam imprópria para o consumo, a ingestão de água contaminada por estes compostos causa doenças como: metemoglobina, câncer de estômago, câncer de mama e câncer de bexiga. A amônia possui facilidade na adsorção em partículas do solo, geralmente é encontrada em águas subterrâneas ou rasas. A presença de amônia é importante no método de desinfecção da água pelo cloro, por meio da formação de cloraminas, que possuem baixo poder bactericida. O excesso de nitrito em águas apresenta um perigo para a saúde, pois pode causar a meta-hemoglobinemia em recém-nascidos e mesmo em adultos com deficiência enzimática. O nitrato é capaz de ser convertido a nitrito pela ação de algumas enzimas da saliva e bactérias específicas de acordo com a reação. Nitrito, nitrato e amônia podem ser determinados por espectrofotometria UV-Vis. Neste projeto foi proposto um estudo do teor de nitrito, nitrato e amônia em águas de consumo humano utilizando metodologias baseadas em imagens digitais. Os parâmetros de qualidade de águas analisados foram: nitrito, nitrato e amônia, tanto como o fotômetro desenvolvido quanto com o método de referência, espectrofotometria UV-VIS. Os resultados obtidos pelas duas metodologias apresentam uma pequena discrepância com erro relativo absoluto inferir a 6,0 %. Todas as amostras apresentaram teores de nitrito, nitrato amônia abaixo do valor máximo permitido pela Portaria Nº 888/2021 do Ministério da Saúde para água potável.
Forty percent of the 320 million people in Africa lacking access to safe, clean drinking water live in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, water quality has not been extensively studied due to a lack of automated monitoring systems that provide reliable and frequent data. Without clear, consistent, and universally accepted water quality standards, it is difficult to determine the full extent of the crisis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of water quality monitoring systems identified through a systematic literature review. A theoretical effectiveness framework was developed to assess the identified monitoring systems. Three water quality monitoring systems were identified, and the effectiveness of each system was evaluated. Cloud-based smart water quality monitoring systems using Internet of Things with sensor technologies met the criteria to be effective.
The light-trapping texture on the surface of the photothermal evaporator for an interfacial steam generation has been largely overlooked so far. Here, we present a novel light-trapping texture on the surface of bio-hydrogel fabricated by a facile low-cost method that improves solar absorption. Light-trapping textures trap incoming solar irradiance so that heat energy conversion can be accomplished with minimal reflection loss, improving photothermal energy conversion efficiency compared to flat textures. A superb seawater evaporation rate of 2.851 kg m−2h−1 and an evaporation efficiency of 91.17 % have been achieved under 1 sun illumination. The decoration of bio-hydrogel with TaTe2 quantum dots (QDs) exhibits superior antibacterial and anti-biofouling properties, which are reported for the first time in this research. TaTe2 QDs have a remarkable affinity for sulfur proteins in bacterial DNA, which helps to destroy them at a rate of over 95 % with this approach. Experiments conducted with S. aureus and E. coli bacteria revealed that TaTe2 QDs have superior anti-biofouling and antibacterial properties, with 96.49 and 97.58 % reduction rates, respectively. The low-cost fabrication method, anti-biofouling and antibacterial characteristics, and superior seawater desalination rate make it appropriate for extensive practical use.
Both in developed and developing countries, there is a growing concern about the dangerous hexavalent chromium, in the consumption of drinking water. Hexavalent chromium is recognized to have a negative impact on the human body, both in the short and long term. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between hexavalent chromium in water and its impact on human health. A systematic review of the international literature is applied, according to the instructions of PRISMA protocol, in the databases PubMed and Scopus, for the years 2005–2022. The systematic literature review was conducted using inclusion and exclusion criteria, and appropriate keywords for exposure and outcome. A total of 18 studies met all inclusion criteria. Most research concludes that hexavalent chromium is a risk factor for humans, as opposed to trivalent chromium who is a protective factor. A study indicates the consumption of drinking water with high concentrations of hexavalent chromium, as a protective factor for human life, while eight of the total studies suggest hexavalent chromium as a potential risk factor. It is necessary to clarify the origin, the mode of action, and the negative impact has on human health, to create appropriate preventive and intervention measures.
HIGHLIGHTS
Assessment of the relationship between harmful hexavalent chromium in water and human health effects (systematic review – PRISMA protocol).;
Data on hexavalent chromium from an epidemiological point of view.;
A study indicates the consumption of drinking water with high concentrations of hexavalent chromium is a protective factor for human life.;
Eight of the studies suggest hexavalent chromium as a possible risk factor.;
Global population growth, rapid urbanization, and developmental activities have inflicted significant pressures on drinking water supplies, thus leading to severe water scarcity. Spring is the major source of water within the mid-hill and mountain region. However, studies carried out on water quality of spring in Nepal are quite limited. The objective of the study was to access the water quality index (WQI) of spring in April, and May (pre-monsoon months) and June (monsoon month) in Tanahun district of Nepal. Discharge of water from three springs was measured at 10 am and 4 pm in two months by bucket method. Water samples from the three springs were collected with plastic bottles (a bottle of sample for each month for each spring) and sent to the laboratory for analysis of various water quality parameters. The discharge of all the springs increased during the monsoon month than the pre-monsoon month. Water quality parameters i.e. turbidity, pH, ammonia, nitrate, total hardness calcium hardness, and alkalinity were approximately under the range of standard limits by World Health Organization (WHO), National Drinking Water Quality Standard of Nepal (NDWQS) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). However, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and fecal coliform (E. coli) exceeded the WHO, and NDWQS permissible limit of drinking water. The presence of fecal coliform made the water unsuitable for drinking purposes without treatment. The WQI was good in Spring II (15.76) followed by Spring III (38.65) and Spring I (61.08). Spring II has the lowest WQI among the three springs due to the application of conservation measures like plastering the spring. The variation in WQI in three springs depends on both natural factor and management of springs. Overall, application of modern technology i.e. GIS and Remote Sensing will provide accurate information on the source of springs which can be beneficial for conservation of springs globally and contribute to reducing water scarcity especially in the mountain regions.
Schwertmannite (Sch) has been proved to be a promising and efficient adsorbent for the removal of various metal ions. However, how to further improve the adsorption capacity and stability of Sch to As(III), As(V) and P(V) is always a problem. In this study, we developed a method to synthesize various Schs with different initial ratios of SO4²⁻:Fe(III). Our results show that Schs can be used to remove As(III), As(V) and P(V) in a wide concentration range of pH 3.0-7.0, and negligible difference can be observed in the adsorption capacities of various Schs towards As(III), As(V) and P(V), indicating that increasing initial concentrations of SO4²⁻ does not necessarily increase the adsorption capacity of Sch. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of Sch-0.75 towards As(V) and P(V) increase with decreasing pHs, whereas increase with increasing pHs towards As(III). The Qmax values of As(III), As(V) and P(V) are 80.5, 161.5 and 139.9 mg g⁻¹ at pH 3.0, respectively, and are 214.5, 107.6 and 86.5 mg g⁻¹ at pH 7.0, respectively, indicating that the strong dependence of Qmax on pH values. Besides, we also successfully developed a method to synthesize the diatomite-modified Sch (DMS) The synthesized DMS with the ratio of Fe(III) salts and diatomite of 4:1 (DMS-4) shows the maximum adsorption capacities of As(III), As(V) and P(V) of 59.81, 151.52 and 236.97 mg g⁻¹ at pH 3.0, respectively, and of 282.49, 126.58 and 165.02 mg g⁻¹ at pH 7.0, respectively. DMS-4 also shows high stability during repeated experiments, and the removal efficiencies of DMS-4 to As(III), As(V) and P(V) maintain 97.42%, 88.39% and 94.72% after five cycles, whereas the removal efficiencies of Sch-0.75 rapidly decreased to 63.61%, 31.12% and 50.71% towards As(III), As(V) and P(V) after five cycles. This study provides a new method to synthesize stable DMS with high adsorption capacities towards As(III), As(V) and P(V).
In our work, in-situ attenuated-total-reflection Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the interface interactions between phosphate and zirconium oxide surface. The results showed that phosphate mainly forms three inner-sphere complexes, (≡ZrO)2PO2, (≡ZrO)2(HO)PO and (≡ZrO)(HO)2PO, on ZrO2 surface in a wide pH range. At pH 9 and above, no band shift was observed upon replacing light water by deuterium water as the medium, implying a non-protonated bidentate (NB) structure, (≡ZrO)2PO2. At pH 4-7, surface phosphate species have similar structures due to similar spectra, while the band position differences in between the two media suggest that the surface phosphate is protonated. At pH 2, the spectra display remarkable differences in between the two media, suggesting a higher protonation degree of surface phosphate. On the comprehensive analysis, it is reasonable to confirm that the surface phosphate species are in modes of mono-protonated bidentate (MB) at pH 4-7 and bi-protonated monodentate (BM) at pH 2, designated as (≡ZrO)2(HO)PO and (≡ZrO)(HO)2PO, respectively. DFT calculations suggest the stability of these species follows the sequence: MB > NB > BM, and the bidentate structures are corner-sharing.
High-resolution electrochemical sensors with excellent sensitivity and selectivity are urgently needed for simultaneous monitoring of heavy metal ions (HMIs) in the environment. In this study, a nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Ti3C2-MXene heterostructure (Ti3C2@N-C)-based electrochemical sensor was developed for simultaneously determining cadmium (Cd²⁺) and lead ions (Pb²⁺) in seawater and tap water via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The sensor exhibits excellent performance with a low limit of detection (LOD) (Cd²⁺ 2.55 nM, Pb²⁺ 1.10 nM), as well as excellent selectivity in the presence of interfering ions (Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu⁺, Cu²⁺, and K⁺) and high resolution for simultaneous detection of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The N-C and Ti3C2-MXene heterostructure improves the conductivity of the composites by accelerating the electron transfer. The nitrogen-doping in Ti3C2@N-C provides adsorbent sites for electrons to coordinate with HMIs. Due to the heterostructure and the coordination by nitrogen, the interface charge transfer is enhanced and the number of selective adsorption sites is increased, improving the metals determination performance. This study proposes a new strategy for improving the electrochemical characteristics of Ti3C2-MXene by using heterostructure and nitrogen-doping effect, and develops a highly sensitive sensor for selective and simultaneous determination of HMIs.
Solid waste management (SWM) has always been an integral feature of every human society and has become a growing global concern as urban populations continue to grow as well as consumption patterns change. The health and environmental consequences of SWM are becoming increasingly urgent, particularly in developing countries. In this sense, sustainable and integrated solid waste management emerges as a solution to the growing global challenges of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW). SWM is a cross-cutting issue that can be directly or indirectly linked to the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because it is an essential utility service. The three dimensions (or pillars) of sustainability are the environment, the economy, and society. Sustainable solid waste management (SWM) is a multifaceted issue with political, socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental components. It has become one of the most significant issues confronting urban spaces in developing countries as a result of exponential urban growth. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) aims to optimize the management of solid waste from all waste-generating sectors, collection, transportation, and disposal while involving all stakeholders (waste generators, service providers, regulators, government, and community/neighborhoods).
Amine modified nano-silica was prepared via a one-pot route and under very mild conditions in water in oil microemulsion with a non-ionic surfactant to study the effect of changing the amount of N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DA) added to the synthesis mixture on the characteristics of the obtained nanocomposite such as morphology, crystallinity, surface charge, particle size, surface area, and accordingly the effect of all of these factors on the efficiency of the nanocomposite for the removal of heavy metal ions, namely zinc, from aqueous solutions. XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, DLS, FTIR, and pH0 analysis were performed for samples and the results showed a strong effect for the amount of DA added to the synthesis mixture on the characteristics of the obtained nanocomposites. It was found that increasing the amount of DA added to the synthesis mixture increased the pH0, hydrodynamic particle size obtained by dynamic light scattering analysis, and the particle size obtained by SEM. Sample prepared without the addition of DA (SNP) and the samples prepared with 1.5 mL of DA (SNP-1.5DA) showed a better adsorption performance compared to the samples prepared with 0.5 and 1.0 mL of DA (SNP-0.5DA and SNP-1.0DA, respectively). The main factor affecting the adsorption efficiency was found to be the available surface area for each nanocomposite, which was directly related to the degree of crystallinity as obtained by XRD analysis.
The law and institutional structure provide the basis for formulating a policy framework aimed at improving the future practice for solid waste management (SWM). SWM has recently become a worldwide concern for metropolitan environments, which could have a negative impact on the economy. The authors have reviewed many regulations, which applied in many countries like the US, Europe, Korea, and Japan. Related international standards and principles have also been reviewed at the federal, state, and local levels. This chapter covers the legislations based on the countries mentioned and also includes Malaysian legislations such as the Federal Constitution of 1957, the Act for Local government (Act 171) 1976, the Town and Country Planning Act (Act 127) 1976, the Act for the Environmental Quality (Act 127) 1974, the Act for Street, Drainage and Building Act (Act 133) 1974, and the Act for Solid Waste and Public Cleansing 2007. An overview of SWM implementation in Malaysia and the rest of the world will be given through this subject. The most recent (updated to 2020) US Federal Acts affecting solid and hazardous waste management are also covered in detail: the Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965), Resource Recovery Act (1970), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980), the Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments (1980), the Used Oil Recycling Act (1980), and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (1984); and some acts’ recent amendments up to 2020.
Arsenite (AsIII) is the most toxic form of arsenic in drinking water, but AsIII removal is still a challenge. In this study, α-Fe2O3-doped graphitic carbon nanosheets were coated on the surfaces of coconut biochar backbone to remove AsIII from contaminated water. The properties of the composites and the efficiency of AsIII treatment were measured by modern techniques and methods, such as XPS, SEM-EDS, ICP–MS, BET analyses. The novel composites enhance AsIII removal capacity by up to 99.85%, and exhibited high effectiveness for AsIII removal over a large pH range from 3 to 9. In addition, XPS analysis revealed that the FeCl3-derived composites have the ability to oxidize AsIII into AsV species on the composite surfaces due to its catalytic properties. The novel composites can be considered adsorbents that can treat a large AsIII concentration range to obtain safe aqueous As levels according to the WHO guidelines for drinking water.
Water covers 71% of the surface of the earth, out of which the share of rivers and lakes being 0.3% only. Therefore, it is necessary to assess and maintain the health of rivers. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are exclusively measured to determine the health of river water. The present study was carried out for 3 years during 2017–2019 to evaluate the ecosystem health of River Mahanadi and its seven tributaries at the nodes by analyzing the physical habitats, chemical characteristics of water, and biological attributes of fishes. River health was calculated from water quality index (WQI), qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), nutrient pollution index (NPI), and biological integrity index (IBI). The major stressors affecting river health have been established through principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis revealed variations in water quality over time, which are typically signs of pollution. We also described a variety of macroinvertebrates to determine their function in determining the quality of river water and pollution levels. The study suggests that most sites of the river have moderate water quality. The water quality of upstream stretches was deteriorated due to anthropogenic activity and intensive agriculture. Nutrient (N and P) enrichment, organic matter contaminants from domestic wastewater disposal, deforestation, and loss of riparian vegetation were identified to be the major stressors. The deterioration of the quality of rivers was also linked to river regulation and channel alteration. The findings of the study could be used as a metric for assessing the ecological health of rivers.
Background: Hydration results from body fluids balance, while dehydration results from body fluids imbalance. Dehydration can result from losing too much water, not drinking enough or both of these things. There are certain job who has special needs for fluids especially who works in hot environments.Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge, fluid intake and nutritional status with hydration status in expedition couriers.Methods: A cross-sectional design with 44 expedition couriers as the research subject. Knowledge of fluids were obtained using a questionnaire, fluid intake were obtained by interview using repeated 24-h food recall, nutritional status were obtained by using BMI and the hydration status were obtained by urine specific gravity using urinalysis reagent strips. The data was processed and analyzed using Pearson correlation test.Results: Most of the respondents had sufficient knowledge (59.1%). The average fluid intake of the respondents were 2562 mL. Most of the respondents had normal nutritional status (45.4%). Almost half of respondents has pre-dehydration (45.5%). There were arelationship between knowledge of fluids and hydration status (p=0,0001, r=-0,514), also between fluid intake and hydration status (p=0,0001, r=-0,685). There is no relationship between nutritional status and hydration status (p=0,337, r=0,148).Conclusion: Fluid intake and hydration status on expedition couriers are still not as expected, even though expedition couriers have sufficient knowledge.
This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Göksu Lake, which is located in Ankara, Turkey. For this purpose, multivariate statistical analyses, namely, principal component analysis/factor analysis, regression analysis and cluster analysis, and linear regression analysis, were used to determine the relationship between the nutrients. In order to evaluate the status of the lake water quality, the limiting nutrient element was determined using the total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratio (TN/TP). The water quality parameters were selected as pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total phosphorus (TP), color, fecal coliform (FC), and total coliform (TC) count. For the cluster analysis, the single-link clustering method using Euclidean distance criteria was preferred. Cluster I consisted of sites 1, 2, 3, and 4, while cluster II consisted of site 5. Two factors were obtained as a result of the factor analysis. These two factors explained 88.2% of the total variance. The first factor clarifies the 45.62% of total variance has pH, COD, DO, TN, TP, color, BOD, and TC strong positive load value. This factor was thought to represent domestic wastewater. The second factor that affects water quality clarifies the 42.54% of total variance has turbidity, SS, Chl-a, and FC strong positive load value. This factor was thought to represent the microbiological activities that occurred as a result of the mixing of wastewaters and also pollution accumulating in the bottom sediment. The nutrient-limiting elements in the water lake quality are determined with TN/TP ratio. Accordingly, the lake water quality was determined as N-limited at two points and co-limited at three points. The relationship between the nutrients was evaluated using regression analysis.
Confusion has persisted for decades in the United States (U.S.) over how much plain water to drink, despite national water intake recommendations which are based on high quality scientific evidence. This editorial summarizes the definition, alignment and coordination of evidence that informs the current U.S. adequate intake (AI) recommendations for water. It highlights gaps in the evidence that perpetuate confusion and opportunity to address the gaps through strategic planning.
The heavy metals are exceptionally responsive at low fixations and can accumulate in the food web, causing extreme general wellbeing concerns. Remediation utilizing customary physical and substance techniques is uneconomical and creates huge volumes of compound waste. Bioremediation of risky metals has gotten impressive and developing enthusiasm throughout the years. Adsorption of Cr³⁺and Fe²⁺ from its aqueous solution on biosorbent Mango leaf powder (MLP) was prepared from matured Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves. The study was carried out by batch adsorption experiments using atomic adsorption spectroscopy upon various parameters used to assess their impact on the adsorption of metal ions. The achieved results evidenced the adsorption of Cr³⁺and Fe²⁺on MLP is better. The higher adsorption ability was shown about 237.5 and 227.5 mg/g respectively at 50 mg/L concentration of metal ions and 100 mg/L of MLP. Besides, the adsorption of Cr³⁺and Fe²⁺ on MLP was found to be fitted with the Freundlich isotherm. Thermodynamic results showed the sorption process is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. Kinetic parameters had shown that the adsorption of Cr³⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions found as pseudo-second-order kinetics; also this current study proposing that the adsorption process is presumably chemisorption. The consequences of this examination will be helpful for the expulsion of metals from water containing substantial metal ions. Further, this assessment is prescribed to recognize and evaluate the possible wellspring of those major and substantial metals to the wastewater. Thus, the current investigation emphatically prescribes the mango leaf powder used to expel the metals particles from wastewater.
The discharge of untreated wastewater become a major threat to the environment and posed health risk to human. Thus, in this study a low-cost and eco-friendly bio-sorbent produced from cheap and locally available material of Eucalyptus camaldulensi was used for removing toxic heavy metals from wastewater. The bio-sorbent was studied for its capacity of removing total Pb, Cd and Cr from synthetic and industrial wastewater of textile and leather industries. Parameters such as the effect of particle size, contact time, pH, and amount of adsorbent and initial concentration of metal ions were examined using the batch method. The removal of metal ions was mainly dependent on the physico-chemical nature of the adsorbent and concentration of the adsorbate. Maximum removal for Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (III) were observed at pH 10.0 for Pb and Cr and pH 12.0 for Cd, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed based on Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Langmuir was found to be best suited for the studied bio-sorbent. At the optimum pH and particle size studied, the adsorption capacity (mg/L) of the bio-sorbent was obtained to be 9.259, 6.173 and 47.619 for Pb, Cd and Cr. Thus, the finding suggests that the Eucalyptus camaldulensis bio-sorbent can be employed as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr from wastewater.
At present, the generation of wastewater is a major environmental problem of the pharmaceutical industry due to the toxicity of some of the substances contained in them, which can be generated in various aquatic organisms. Due to this situation, appropriate treatments for wastewater treatment should be explored and implemented. Traditional treatments have proven to be deficient in the removal of emerging pollutants. Currently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown to be a promising option for this purpose. Within these, heterogeneous photocatalysis is an important alternative, which uses TiO2 as catalyst and ultraviolet light for the formation of hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful and nonselective oxidants capable of decomposing and mineralizing most organic compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of an industrial effluent (wastewater from a pharmaceutical industry dedicated to the manufacture of NSAIDs) before and after a treatment using Sn-modified TiO2 under UV irradiation. The physicochemical properties were evaluated. NSAID concentrations, acute toxicity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined before and after the photocatalytic treatment. The toxicity tests were performed on the amphipod Hyalella azteca. The results showed a decrease in the values of the physicochemical parameters, as well as the concentrations of DCF, IBP, NPX, and PCT after the treatment. LC50 values after the photocatalytic treatment were reduced by 430%. Likewise, the cellular oxidation biomarkers and antioxidation decreased drastically after treatment. The findings obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the treatment used is effective both chemically and biologically. Also, this treatment is effective for the elimination of microcontaminants present in complex mixtures such as the effluents of industrial wastewater.
تضمنت الدراسة الحالية جزئين : الجزء الأول هو تقييم كفاءة محطة حمدان لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي في مدينة البصرة, عن طريق جمع عينات المياه فصلياً وإجراء بعض التحاليل الفيزيائية والكيميائية من ثلاثة مواقع, الأول (حوض التجميع الخارجي) والثاني (حوض الترسيب الابتدائي) والثالث (حوض الترسيب الثانوي) .
أما الجزء الثاني فقد تناول تطبيق نظامين من المعالجة الحيوية Bioremediation على مياه الصرف الصحي المعالج أولياً والذي تم جمعه من أحواض الترسيب الابتدائي لمحطة حمدان, هما نظام المعالجة النباتية Phytoremediation بتطبيق نظام الجريان السطحي الحر (FWS) وباستعمال نوعين من النباتات هما نبات القصب Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.ex Steud ونبات الجولان Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrader) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. ولمدة ستة أسابيع. ونظام المعالجة الحيوانية Zooremediation باستعمال نوعين من القشريات هما Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) و Arctodiaptomus (Rhabdodiaptomus) salinus (Daday, 1885) ولمدة ثمانية أسابيع .
Fluoride ion (F⁻) occurs naturally in all types of water. Groundwater may contain high levels of fluoride by exposure to inorganic fluoride-containing minerals causing teeth molting and lesion of endocrine glands, thyroid, and liver. High levels of natural, synthetic, and dissolved organics in water sources complicate coagulation techniques toward acceptable water quality. The challenges to have fresh, clean, and toxic-free drinking water motivated the search for effective, inexpensive, and environmentally acceptable disinfectants and decontaminants. The unique physicochemical properties and large surface-to-volume ratio of the nanomaterials make them very efficient, cost-effective, and attractive separation media for water purification. This chapter highlights the synthesis and use of magnetic nanoparticle compositions in the treatment of surface, ground, and wastewaters; with emphasis on the elimination of fluoride ions and organic matter. The chapter also covers the properties, advantages, and the challenges associated with the use of nanomaterials in the drinking water systems.
This study was conducted for the sole purpose of assessing the effect of sunlight on some physical and chemical constituents of sachet water sold in Port Harcourt with a view to determining the level of contamination through leaching from the sachet container during exposure to sunlight in the process of storage. The main focus was to check for changes in the physical and chemical constituents of these products before and after 72 hours exposure to sunlight. A total of 30 different brands of sachet packaged water were collected at their site of production (not previously exposed to sunlight), analyzed for total hydrocarbons (THC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and pH before and after exposure to sunlight. The results showed that the mean turbidity before and after exposure were 1.62 ± 0.63 NTU and 2.37 ± 0.64 NTU respectively. There was significant increase in the level of turbidity (p=0.000). Mean value for THC before exposure was recorded as 1.08 ± 0.63 mg/L, while mean THC value after exposure was recorded to be 1.62 ± 1.02mg/L. Comparison between both mean values using paired sample t-test showed a significance level of p=0.002 and correlation of 0.56. Mean TSS, pH and TDS before and after were respectively 0.92 ± 0.32mg/L and 0.92± 0.41mg/L for TSS; 6.46 ± 0.52 and 5.95 ± 1.32 for pH; 361.00 ± 105.19mg/L and 473.33 ± 123.49mg/L for TDS. Significant increases were observed after exposure to sunlight for pH (p=0.027) and TDS (p=0.000) and no significant change was seen for TSS. Higher concentrations of parameters after exposure probably indicate that there is the possibility of leaching of chemical constituents from the sachet container into the water as a result of increase in temperature during exposure caused by direct sunlight.
The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead levels in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) has been examined for white males aged 40-59 years. After adjustment for age, body mass index, nutritional factors, and blood biochemistries in a multiple linear regression model, the relationship of systolic and diastolic blood pressures to blood lead levels was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). There was no evidence of a threshold blood lead level for this relationship. Although these data alone do not prove a casual relationship between low blood lead levels and blood pressure, the findings are consistent with current epidemiologic and animal studies, indicating that a causal relationship is probable. To examine the potential health risks, the multiple logistic risk factor coefficients from the Pooling Project and Framingham studies were used to predict the impact of the 37% decrease in mean blood lead levels which occurred in adult white males from 1976 to 1980. As a result of this blood lead decrease, the calculations predicted a 4.7% decrease in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction over 10 years, a 6.7% decrease in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal strokes over 10 years, and a 5.5% decrease in the incidence of death from all causes over 11.5 years. In addition, as a result of this blood lead decrease, the predicted number of white males in this age group with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg) decreased by 17.5%.
The negative association between water hardness and cardiovascular disease found by several authors in different countries has also been found in the present investigation. All cases of myocardial infarction were registered in a standardized way at 15 WHO Collaborating Centres in Europe; information on the hardness of drinking water used by the population studied was also collected. Higher rates of myocardial infarction were usually found in towns served by softer water.
Earlier studies have shown an association between cold climate and high coronary mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate in more detail the effect of drinking water hardness on this association. Drinking water parameters were obtained from 259 municipalities in Sweden over a 10-year period. During the same period a 'cold index' was calculated for each municipality. Standardized coronary mortality rates in men aged 40-64 years were used. A negative association was found between water hardness and coronary mortality (coefficient of determination k = 0.080). A much stronger association was found between coronary mortality and cold index (D = 0.389). When coronary mortality was explained by both water hardness and cold index, the association was not significantly strengthened (D = 0.391). Water hardness was negatively correlated with cold index (r = 0.55). We conclude that the association between cold climate and coronary mortality was stronger than that between drinking water hardness and coronary mortality, and that it persisted after stratification for water hardness.
Data on the hardness of drinking water were collected from 27 municipalities in Sweden where the drinking water quality had remained unchanged for more than 20 years. Analyses were made of the levels of lead, cadmium, calcium, and magnesium. These water-quality data were compared with the age-adjusted mortality rate from ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease for the period 1969-1978. Lead and cadmium were not present in detectable amounts except in one water sample. A statistically significant inverse relationship was present between hardness and mortality from cardiovascular disease for both sexes. Mortality caused by ischemic heart disease was inversely related to the magnesium content, particularly for the men (P less than 0.01). The rather small set of data supports results from previous studies suggesting that a high magnesium level in drinking water reduces the risk for death from ischemic heart disease, especially among men, although the possible importance of confounding factors needs further evaluation.
Magnesium may be important in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease and sudden death. To study the role of magnesium, 400 high risk individuals were asked to volunteer either for a magnesium-rich diet (group A, 206) or for our usual diet (group B, 194) for 10 years in a randomized fashion. The age groups were between 25 and 63 years and the majority (374) of them were males. At entry to the study, age, sex, incidence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, coronary disease and diuretic therapy were comparable. Dietary magnesium intake in group A (1,142 +/- 233 mg/day) was higher than in group B (418 +/- 105 mg/day). Total complications in group A (59; 28.6%) were significantly (p less than 0.001) less compared to group B (117; 60.3%). Sudden deaths were one and a half times more common in group B than in group A. Total mortality in group A (22; 10.7%) was significantly (p less than 0.01) less than in group B (34; 18.0%). A greater number of complications and increased mortality in group B subjects was consistent with a higher incidence of hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and coronary risk factors in group B patients. Mean serum magnesium levels in group B participants were significantly (p less than 0.01) lowered compared to the mean magnesium level in group A participants who were administered the magnesium-rich diet. It is possible that increased intake of dietary magnesium in association with the general effects of a nutritious diet can offer protection against cardiovascular deaths among high-risk individuals predisposed to coronary heart disease.
Water hardness can no longer be considered as the most reliable "water factor' with regard to the cardiovascular risk observed in epidemiologic studies. Only two out of three studies have shown a reverse correlation between cardiovascular mortality and water hardness. But studies carried out on the water Mg level alone, as opposed to those on water hardness (Ca + Mg) have all shown a reverse correlation between cardiovascular mortality and the Mg level. In developed countries, the Mg intake is often marginal and the Mg intake coming from drinking water represents the critical factor through which the Mg intake is deficient or satisfactory. Thus, Mg deficiency, either experimental or in man facilitates cardiovascular pathology. The importance of the Mg intake in drinking water is both quantitative and qualitative. Water containing Mg is better and more quickly absorbed than dietary Mg. This particular availability might help to understand why an adequate water Mg level may determine a better state of health, even without any Mg deficiency. Epidemiological data in man and experimental data in rats have demonstrated that the intake of water containing a sufficient amount of Mg may prevent arterial hypertension and correlated ionic and nervous disturbances. Indirectly the water Mg level also interferes in the leakage of food-borne Mg during cooking. There is an inverse correlation between the Mg loss in the cooked food and the Mg level of the cooking water itself. Mg appears to be an antagonist of noxious polluting agents (e.g. in the human amnion, Mg is a competitive inhibitor of Pb and Cd). It is not advisable to enrich water in Mg in the course of the processing since its corrosivity index would also increase. The best pathway is probably to neutralize corrosive water by filtration on calibrated grains of earth-alkaline metals (Neutralite or Magno or Akdolit) to ensure the highest possible Mg/Ca ratio, with the best anticorrosive power.
The question of whether there is a relationship between the quality of drinking water and cardiovascular health has not been resolved. Associations between water hardness and mortality rates found in national studies appear to be weak and inconsistent even when studied in smaller regional areas where extraneous variables are more uniform. Findings regarding the association between cardiovascular diseases and individual components of drinking water have not been consistent. There are several new areas of research which should be pursued. Research might focus on constituents of water which are suspected of having important biological effects. The exposure of individuals to these constituents and the more subtle effects that occur in individuals are areas that deserve particular attention. Much more information is needed on basic metabolism of magnesium, the contribution of various sources to human intake, and the human magnesium requirement. Methods should be developed for assessing magnesium requirement. Methods should be developed for assessing magnesium deficiency as a possible precursor to coronary heart disease. Until further studies are brought to bear on these problems, one cannot draw definitive conclusions regarding the relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease.
Studies of water hardness and cardiovascular disease are briefly reviewed, and the probability that the reported associations are those of cause-and-effect is assessed. While the verdict is "not proven", further studies are desirable because of the potential benefits that might accrue from water treatment. Future studies, however, need to be much more definitive than the ecological investigations of the past. Although such studies have been useful as pilot studies, the effects of a possible water factor cannot be disentangled from the effects of many personal characteristics that also vary with geography.
It is known that obesity, sodium intake, and alcohol consumption factors influence blood pressure. In this clinical trial, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, we assessed the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure.
We enrolled 459 adults with systolic blood pressures of less than 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressures of 80 to 95 mm Hg. For three weeks, the subjects were fed a control diet that was low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, with a fat content typical of the average diet in the United States. They were then randomly assigned to receive for eight weeks the control diet, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, or a "combination" diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and with reduced saturated and total fat. Sodium intake and body weight were maintained at constant levels.
At base line, the mean (+/-SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131.3+/-10.8 mm Hg and 84.7+/-4.7 mm Hg, respectively. The combination diet reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 5.5 and 3.0 mm Hg more, respectively, than the control diet (P<0.001 for each); the fruits-and-vegetables diet reduced systolic blood pressure by 2.8 mm Hg more (P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure by 1.1 mm Hg more than the control diet (P=0.07). Among the 133 subjects with hypertension (systolic pressure, > or =140 mm Hg; diastolic pressure, > or =90 mm Hg; or both), the combination diet reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 11.4 and 5.5 mm Hg more, respectively, than the control diet (P<0.001 for each); among the 326 subjects without hypertension, the corresponding reductions were 3.5 mm Hg (P<0.001) and 2.1 mm Hg (P=0.003).
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods and with reduced saturated and total fat can substantially lower blood pressure. This diet offers an additional nutritional approach to preventing and treating hypertension.