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Protecting Adolescents From HarmFindings From the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health

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Michael D. Resnick
Michael D. Resnick
Michael D. Resnick
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Peter S. Bearman
Peter S. Bearman
Peter S. Bearman
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Robert Blum at Johns Hopkins University
Robert Blum
Karl E Bauman at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Karl E Bauman
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Abstract

The main threats to adolescents' health are the risk behaviors they choose. How their social context shapes their behaviors is poorly understood. To identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to 4 domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use, and sexuality. Cross-sectional analysis of interview data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 12118 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 drawn from an initial national school survey of 90118 adolescents from 80 high schools plus their feeder middle schools. The interview was completed in the subject's home. Eight areas were assessed: emotional distress; suicidal thoughts and behaviors; violence; use of 3 substances (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana); and 2 types of sexual behaviors (age of sexual debut and pregnancy history). Independent variables included measures of family context, school context, and individual characteristics. Parent-family connectedness and perceived school connectedness were protective against every health risk behavior measure except history of pregnancy. Conversely, ease of access to guns at home was associated with suicidality (grades 9-12: P<.001) and violence (grades 7-8: P<.001; grades 9-12: P<.001). Access to substances in the home was associated with use of cigarettes (P<.001), alcohol (P<.001), and marijuana (P<.001) among all students. Working 20 or more hours a week was associated with emotional distress of high school students (P<.01), cigarette use (P<.001), alcohol use (P<.001), and marijuana use (P<.001). Appearing "older than most" in class was associated with emotional distress and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among high school students (P<.001); it was also associated with substance use and an earlier age of sexual debut among both junior and senior high students. Repeating a grade in school was associated with emotional distress among students in junior high (P<.001) and high school (P<.01) and with tobacco use among junior high students (P<.001). On the other hand, parental expectations regarding school achievement were associated with lower levels of health risk behaviors; parental disapproval of early sexual debut was associated with a later age of onset of intercourse (P<.001). Family and school contexts as well as individual characteristics are associated with health and risky behaviors in adolescents. The results should assist health and social service providers, educators, and others in taking the first steps to diminish risk factors and enhance protective factors for our young people.
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Vol.278No.10,September10,1997 JAMA
•
OnlineFeatures
ARTICLE
Protectingadolescentsfromharm.Findingsfromthe
NationalLongitudinalStudyonAdolescentHea lth
M.D.Resnick,P.S.Bearman,R.W.Blum,K.E.Bauman,K.M.Harris,J.Jones,J.
Tabor,T.Beuhring,R.E.Sieving,M.Shew,M.Ireland,L.H.BearingerandJ.R.Udry
AdolescentHealthProgram,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis55455,USA.
resni001@tc.umn.edu
CONTEXT:Themainthreatstoadolescents'healtharetheriskbehaviorstheychoose.
Howthei rsocialcontextshapestheirbehaviorsispoorlyunderstood.OBJECTIVE:To
identifyriskandprotectivefactorsatthefamily,school,andindividuallevelsasthey relateto4domainsof
adolescenthealthandmorbidity:emotionalhealth,violence,substanceuse ,andsexual ity.DESIGN:Cross
sectionalana lysisofinterviewdatafromtheNationalLongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth.
PARTICIPANTS:Atotalof12118adolescentsingrades7through12drawnfromaninitialnationalschool
surveyof90118adoles centsfrom80highschoolsplustheirfeedermiddles chools.SETTING:Theinterview
wascomplete dinthes ubject's home.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Eightareaswereassessed:emotional
distress;suicidalthoughtsandbehaviors;violence;useof3substances(cigarettes,alcohol,marijuana);an d
2ty pesofsexual b ehavior s(ageofsexualdebutandpregnancyhistory ).Independentvariablesincluded
measuresoffamilycontext,schoolcontext,andindividualcharacteristics.RESULT S:Pare ntfamily
connectednessandperceivedschoolconnectednesswereprotectiveagainstev eryhealthriskbehavior
measureexcepthisto ryofpregnancy.Conversely,easeofaccesstogunsathomewasassociatedwi th
suicidality(grades912:P<.0 01)andviolence(grades78:P<.001;grades912:P<.001).Accessto
substancesinthehom ewasassociatedwith useofcigarettes(P<.001),alcohol(P<.001),andmarijuana
(P<.001)amongallstudents.Working20ormorehoursaweekwasassociatedwithemotionaldistressof
highschoolstudents(P<.01),cigaretteuse(P<.001),alcoholuse(P <.001),andmarijuanause(P <.001).
Appearing"olderthan most"inclasswasassociatedwithemotionaldistressandsuici dalthoughtsand
beh aviorsamonghighschoolstudents(P<.001);itwasalsoass ociatedwithsubstanceuseandanearlier
ageofsexualdebutamongbothjuniorandseniorhighstudents.Repeatingagradeinschoolwasassociated
withemotionaldistressamongstudentsinjuniorhigh(P<.001)andhighschool(P<.01)andwithtobacco
useamongjuniorhighstudents(P<.001).O ntheotherhand,par entalexpectationsregard ingschool
ach ievementwereassociatedwithlowerlevelsofhealthriskbehavio rs;p arentaldisapprovalofearlysexual
debutwasassociatedwithalaterageofonse tofintercourse(P<.001).CONCLUSIONS:Familyandschool
contextsaswellasindividualcharacteristics are associatedwithhealthandriskyb ehavior sinadolescents.
Theresultsshouldassisth ealthandsocialserviceproviders,educators,andothersintakingthefirstst epsto
diminish riskfactorsandenhanceprotectivefactorsforouryoungpeople.
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UseofDiscretionaryProtectiveEquipmentinHighScho olAthletes:PrevalenceandDeterminants
Yangetal.
Am.J.PublicHealth
2005;95:19962002.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
DoMothers'OpinionsMa tterinTeens'S exualActivity?
Fingerson
JournalofFamilyIssues
2005;26:947974.
ABSTRACT
AssociationBet weenSmokingandAttentionDeficit/Hyp eractivityDisorderSymptomsina
PopulationBasedSampleofYoungAd ults
Kollinsetal.
ArchGenPsychiatry
2005;62:11421147.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
EffectofSmokingonDepressiveSym ptomatology:AReexaminationofDatafromtheNational
LongitudinalStudyofAdolescentHealth
DuncanandRees
2005;162:461470.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
AdolescentVictimiza tion:TestingModelsofResiliencybyGender
Christiansenand Evans
TheJournalofEarlyAdolescence2005;25:29 8316.
ABSTRACT
TheInfluen ceofParentalMonitoringonAdolescentSexual Initiation
Sieverdingetal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2005;159:724729.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
TheAdolescentMasculinityIdeologyinRelationshipsScale :DevelopmentandValidationofaNew
MeasureforBoys
Chu etal.
Men andMasc ulinities2005;8:9 3115.
ABSTRACT
Red ucingViolencea ndAggressioninSchools
Greene
TraumaViolenceAbuse2005;6:236253.
ABSTRACT
PsychosocialCo rrelatesofSmokingTrajectoriesAmong UrbanAfricanAmericanAdolescents
Fergusetal.
JournalofAdolescentResearch
2005;20:423452.
ABSTRACT
PredictingAdolescents' LongitudinalRiskforSexuallyTransmittedInfectio n:ResultsFromthe
NationalLo ngitudinalStudyofAd olescentHealth
Ford etal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2005;159:657664.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
RelationshipsAmongYouthAssetsandNeighborhoodandCommunityResources
Keglere tal.
HealthEducBehav2005;32:380397.
ABSTRACT
WhenPerceptio nIsReality
Joffe
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2005;159:592593.
FULLTEXT
PaternalRelationshipQualityasaProtectiveFactor:PreventingAlc oholUseAmongAfrican
AmericanAdole scents
JordanandLewis
JournalofBlackPsychology
2005;31:152171.
ABSTRACT
EarlyPuberty,PeerVictimization,a ndIn ternalizingSymptom sinEthnicMinorityAdolescents
NadeemandGraham
TheJournalofEarlyAdolescence2005;25:19 7222.
ABSTRACT
YoungAgeatFirstSexualIntercourseandSexuallyTransmittedInfectionsinAdolescentsand
YoungAdults
Kaestleetal.
2005;161:774780.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
PredictorsofViolentBehav iorinanEarlyAdolescentCohort:SimilaritiesandDifferencesAcross
Genders
Blitsteinetal.
HealthEducBehav2005;32:175194.
ABSTRACT
TheImpactofViolenceonUrbanAdolescents:LongitudinalEffectsofPerceivedSchool
ConnectionandFamilySupport
Ozer
JournalofAdolescentResearch
2005;20:167192.
ABSTRACT
RiskFactorsPredictingChanges inMarijuanaInvolvementinTeenagers
vandenBreeandPickworth
ArchGenPsychiatry
2005;62:311319.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
ViolencePerpetrationAmongUrbanAmericanIndianYouth:CanProtectionOffsetRisk?
Bearingeretal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2005;159:270277.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Socialsupportandsexuallytransm itteddiseaserelatedhea lthcareutilisationinsexually
experiencedAfricanAmericanadolescents
Loweryetal.
Sex.Transm.Infect.2005;81:6366.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
ParentalNotific ationLawsforMinors'AccesstoContraception:What DoParentsSay?
Eise nber getal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2005;159:120125.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
TheGatehouseProject:canamultilevelschool interventionaffe ctemotionalwellbe ingandhealth
riskbehaviours?
Bondetal.
J.E pidemiol.CommunityHealth
2004;58:9971003.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
VulnerableTeens,VulnerableTimes:HowSensa tionSeeking,Alienation,andVictimizat ion
ModeratetheViolentMediaCont entAgg ressivenessRelation
Slateretal.
CommunicationResearch2004;31:642668.
ABSTRACT
"Developing HolisticNursingInterventionstoImprove AdolescentHealth"
Rewetal.
JHolistNurs
2004;22:298319.
ABSTRACT
MaleAdolescentRitesofPassage:Positive VisionsofMultipleDevelopmentalPathways
POLLACK
Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.
2004;1036:141150 .
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Age,Pub erty,andExposuretoIntimatePartnerViolenceinAdolescence
FOSTERe tal .
Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.
2004;1036:151166 .
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Enhancingadolescenthealthbehav iorsthroughstrengtheningnonresidentfatherson
relationships:amodelforinter ventionwithAfricanAmericanfamilies
Caldwelletal.
HealthEducRes2004;19:644656.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Theass ociationbetweenganginvolvementandsexualbehavioursamongde tainedado lescent
males
Voisinetal.
Sex.Transm.Infect.2004;80:440442.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Guns,Ga ngs,andGossipAnAnalysisofStudentEssaysonYout hViolence
Zimmermanetal.
TheJournalofEarlyAdolescence2004;24:38 5411.
ABSTRACT
Students'PerceptionsofSchoolSaf ety::EffectsbyCommunity,SchoolEnvi ronment,and
Substance UseVariables
Kitsantasetal.
TheJournalofEarlyAdolescence2004;24:41 2430.
ABSTRACT
PsychiatricAspectsofChildandAdolescentObesity:AReviewo fthe Pa st10Years
Zametkinetal.
Focus2004;2:625641.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
EffectsofaPrimaryCareBased InterventiononViolentBehaviorandInjuryinChildren
Borowskyetal.
Pedi atrics2004;114:e392e399.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
PubertyandtheOnsetofSubstanceUseandAbuse
Pattonetal.
Pedi atrics2004;114:e300e306.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
CorrelationsBetweenFamilyMealsandPsychosocialWellbeingAmongAdolescents
Eise nber getal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2004;158:792796.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Hea dache,Stomachache,Backache,andMor ningFatigueAmongAdoles centGirlsintheUnited
States:AssociationsWithBehav ioral,Sociodemographic,andEnvironmentalFactors
Ghandouretal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2004;158:797803.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
TheRewardsofReducingRisk
Brent
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2004;158:824825.
FULLTEXT
RelationshipCharacteristicsandSexualPractic esofAfricanAmericanAdolescentGirlsWho
DesirePregnancy
Daviese tal.
HealthEducBehav2004;31:85S96S.
ABSTRACT
ADropOutPreventionProgra mforHighRiskInnerCityYouth
Leveretal.
BehavModif 2004;28:513527.
ABSTRACT
ConnectionandReg ulationatHomeandinSchool:PredictingGr owthinAchievementfor
Adolescents
Gregoryand Weinstein
JournalofAdolescentResearch
2004;19:405427.
ABSTRACT
ParentalEfficacy,SelfControl,and Delinquency:aTestofaGeneralTheoryofCrimeona
NationallyRepresentativeSampleofYouth
Perroneetal.
IntJOffender TherCompCriminol2004;4 8:298312.
ABSTRACT
SchoolBasedMentalHealthServices
CommitteeonSchoolHealth
Pedi atrics2004;113:18391845.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
LegalizationofMarijuana:PotentialImpact onYouth
Joffeetal.
Pedi atrics2004;113:e632e638.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
PrevalenceofChlamydialandGonococcalInfect ionsAm ongYoungAdultsintheUnitedStates
Milleretal.
JAMA
2004;291:2229223 6.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
FamilyEnvironmentFactorsandSubstanceAbuseSeverityinan HMOAdolescentTreatment
Population
Wu etal.
CLINPEDIATR2 004;43:323 333.
ABSTRACT
UsingtheCaseStudyMethodologytoTeachEthicstoPublicHealthStudents
Howardetal.
HealthPromotPract2004;5:151159.
ABSTRACT
Postt raumaticStressDisorderandTraum ai nYouthinJuvenileDetention
Abrametal.
ArchGenPsychiatry
2004;61:403410.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Effectsof2PreventionProgramsonHighRiskBehaviorsAmongAfricanAmericanYouth:A
RandomizedTrial
Flayetal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2004;158:377384.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
HarmReductionforthePreventionofYouthGamblingP roblems:LessonsLearnedfrom
AdolescentHighRiskBehaviorPrev entionProgram s
Dicksonetal.
JournalofAdolescentResearch
2004;19:233263.
ABSTRACT
PredictorsofFutureFightRelatedInjuryAmongAdolescents
BorowskyandIreland
Pedi atrics2004;113:530536.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
SuicideandFriendshipsAmongAmericanAdolescents
BearmanandMoody
Am.J.PublicHealth
2004;94:8995.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Racial/EthnicDifferencesinCigaretteSmokingInitiationandProgressiontoDailySmoking: A
MultilevelAnalysis
Kandeletal.
Am.J.PublicHealth
2004;94:128135.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
ResearchBasedCharact erEducation
BerkowitzandBier
TheANN ALSoftheAmericanAcademyof PoliticalandSocialScience2004;591 :7285.
ABSTRACT
Thefeasibilityofevaluatingatobaccocontrolinterventionforworkingyouth
Faganetal.
TobaccoControl2003;12:iv3439.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Feasibilityo fimplemen tinginterventionmethodsinanadolescentworksitetobaccocontrolstudy
Huntetal.
TobaccoControl2003;12:iv4045.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
Adolescentandyoungadulttobaccopreventionandces sation:currentstatusandfuture
directions
Backingeretal.
TobaccoControl2003;12:iv4653.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
AdolescentHealthintheCaribbean:ARegionalPortrait
Halconetal.
Am.J.PublicHealth
2003;93:18511857.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
PsychosocialRiskFactorsforTobaccoUseAmongAdolescentswithAsthma
Tercyak
JPediatrPsychol
2003;28:495504.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
SocioeconomichealthinequalitiesamonganationallyrepresentativesampleofDanish
adolescents:theroleofdifferenttypesofsocialrelations
Dueetal.
J.E pidemiol.CommunityHealth
2003;57:692698.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
UseofIndoorTanningFacilitiesbyWhiteAdolescentsintheUnitedStates
Dem koetal.
ArchPediatr AdolescMed
2003;157:854860.
ABSTRACT| FULLTEXT
HOME|CURRENTISSUE|PASTISSUES|TOPICCOLLECTIONS|CME |SUBMIT|SUBSCRIBE|HELP
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©1997AmericanMedicalAssociation.AllRightsReser ved.
... The School Connectedness Scale was used to examine perceived quality of connectedness with school at T1. The scale was revised (Yu et al., 2011) with reference to previous studies (McNeely et al., 2002;Resnick et al., 1997) and is more suitable for measuring school connection in the context of Chinese culture. It contains 10 items, clustered into three dimensions: peer support (e.g., 'Someone willing to help me when I need help'), school belongingness (e.g., 'I think I am happy in school') and teacher support (e.g., 'My teachers are very caring and supportive'). ...
Insomnia symptoms as a mediator between school connectedness and suicidal ideation in Chinese adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal model
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  • May 2024
  • EARLY INTERV PSYCHIA
Aim School connectedness is related to suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents. However, little is known about the mediating role of insomnia symptoms in the school connectedness–SI link. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal mediating effect of insomnia symptoms on the relationship between school connectedness and SI as well as the moderating effect of sex using a three‐wave longitudinal design. Methods A total of 3110 adolescents completed three online surveys. Data were collected over the course of 1 year, in three waves 6 months apart. Participants completed the School Connectedness Scale, Youth Self‐Rating Insomnia Scale, Self‐rating Idea of Suicide Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and a self‐compiled demographic questionnaire. Linear regressions and mediation analyses were performed to examine the associations between school connectedness, insomnia symptoms and SI. Results School connectedness had a significant mediating effect on SI through insomnia symptoms ( β a×b = −.03, 95% confidence interval = −0.04, −0.02) after controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses showed that insomnia symptoms accounted for 23.1% of the total effects in the entire sample, with 13.3% in males and 27.3% in females. Sex had no significant moderating effect on the school connectedness–SI link association. Conclusions The association between school connectedness and SI appears to be mediated by insomnia symptoms. Assessing and promoting school connectedness, as well as intervening and treating distress associated with insomnia, may have important clinical implications for reducing the risk of SI in adolescents.
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Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, depression and anxiety, and satisfaction with life among emerging adults in Israel and India: the impact of gender and individualism/collectivism
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2024
Much research has focused on how emotional and spiritual intelligences promote well-being and help combat mental health issues. This comparative study, which was conducted in Israel and India with emerging adults enrolled in higher education, explored the relationship of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, anxiety and depression, and satisfaction with life. The results in Israel showed a positive correlation of emotional intelligence with satisfaction with life, but in India, only spiritual intelligence correlated positively with satisfaction with life. In both groups, female participants scored higher on all variables than male participants. We offer initial explanations for these results.
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Residential Racial Segregation and Youth Firearm Aggression: Neighborhood Disadvantage and Exposure to Violence as Mediators
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  • May 2024
  • YOUTH SOC
Youth interpersonal firearm violence disproportionately affects Black youth, with residential racial segregation as a key determinant. Racially segregated neighborhoods, which are economically isolated (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage), are linked to increased exposure to violence. This exposure, in turn, is a determinant of youth firearm aggression (i.e., using a gun on someone else). Mechanisms from residential racial segregation to firearm aggression, however, have not been evaluated. Therefore, we tested neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence as mediators in the association between residential racial segregation and youth firearm aggression. Participants were 338 Black youth who had used drugs in the past 6 months and sought care in an urban emergency department. Using serial mediation analysis, residential racial segregation was indirectly associated with youth firearm aggression via neighborhood disadvantage and then exposure to violence. While researchers have documented the association between structural racism and firearm violence injury and incidents, our study assessed multiple socioecological mechanisms simultaneously. Identifying the downstream socioecological consequences of residential segregation can guide the development of firearm aggression prevention programs addressing the consequences of racism.
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Suicide awareness homophily in adolescent peer support networks: A Swiss cross-sectional social network analysis
Article
  • Apr 2024
Objective Suicide awareness, encompassing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to suicide, plays a critical role in primary suicide prevention, especially among adolescents. However, little is known about how perceived suicide awareness is apparent in peer support networks in this population. This study examined the presence of suicide awareness homophily in adolescent peer support networks. We also explored other patterns of homophily and identified factors associated with the in-degree popularity of adolescents. Methods We used baseline data from a non-randomized, cluster-controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of a universal suicide prevention intervention in Swiss secondary schools (n = 194). We assessed perceived suicide awareness, support networks (including in-degree popularity, i.e., receiving a high number of nominations as a supportive peer), and other covariates. Data were analyzed using social network analyses. Results We found evidence of suicide awareness homophily in peer support networks, where adolescents with high suicide awareness were more likely to connect with peers having high suicide awareness (p < .001). The same applied to those with low suicide awareness (p < .001). Age also emerged as a significant homophily factor. Girls (p = .024) and adolescents with high instrumental social support (p = .008) were more likely to be popular in peer support networks. Conclusions This study highlighted the homophily of suicide awareness in peer support networks and the need to focus on strengthening peer support networks and promoting suicide awareness in adolescents, particularly for those with low suicide awareness. Future suicide prevention programs, including peer-led interventions, should consider these findings to better target vulnerable subgroups and reduce suicide-related disparities.
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Hierarchical Bayesian adaptive lasso methods on exponential random graph models
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
The analysis of network data has become an increasingly prominent and demanding field across multiple research fields including data science, health, and social sciences, requiring the development of robust models and efficient computational methods. One well-established and widely employed modeling approach for network data is the Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM). Despite its popularity, there is a recognized necessity for further advancements to enhance its flexibility and variable selection capabilities. To address this need, we propose a novel hierarchical Bayesian adaptive lasso model (BALERGM), which builds upon the foundations of the ERGM. The BALERGM leverages the strengths of the ERGM and incorporates the flexible adaptive lasso technique, thereby facilitating effective variable selection and tackling the inherent challenges posed by high-dimensional network data. The model improvements have been assessed through the analysis of simulated data, as well as two authentic datasets. These datasets encompassed friendship networks and a respondent-driven sampling dataset on active and healthy lifestyle awareness programs.
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Girls at Puberty: Biological and Psychosocial Perspectives
Book
  • Jan 1983
The publication of this volume at this time appears particularly auspi­ cious. Biological, psychological, and social change is greater during the pubertal years than at any other period since infancy. While the past two decades have witnessed a virtual explosion of productive research on the first years of life, until recently research on adolescence, and particularly on puberty and early adolescence, has lagged substantially behind. This book provides encouraging evidence that things are changing for the better. Considered separately, the individual chapters in this book include important contributions to our growing knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in pubertal onset and subsequent changes, as well as of the psychological and social aspects of these changes, both as con­ sequences and determinants. In this regard, the book clearly benefits from the breadth of disciplines represented by the contributors, includ­ ing developmental endocrinology, adolescent medicine, pediatrics, psy­ chology, and sociology, among others.
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Accuracy of Proxy Reports of Parental Status Characteristics
Article
  • Oct 1989
This article addresses the accuracy of proxy reports of parental status characteristics by examining findings from over 30 studies. The analysis focuses on the influence of the child-respondent's age, race, and gender and the parents' education or occupation on the accuracy of reporting. In addition to providing a comprehensive summary of this research literature, the article tests four hypotheses: (1) there will be a curvilinear relationship between the age of the child-informant and the accuracy of the proxy information, (2) blacks will be less accurate reporters than will whites, (3) there will be few gender differences in the accuracy of reports, and (4) parental education will be less accurately reported than will father's occupation. In general, it seems that proxy reports are most accurate if the respondents are high school seniors living at home and reporting on their parents' current status characteristics.
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The Contribution of Family Environment to Perceived Competence and Illness Adjustment in Diabetic and Acutely Ill Adolescents
Article
  • Jan 1985
The authors of this study present cross-sectional findings drawn from the first year of a four-year longitudinal study of adolescent insulin-dependent diabetics and their families. The diabetic sample is compared with an acutely ill group of adolescents. These first analyses of diabetic adolescents and their families reveal that family orientations toward independence, participation in social/recreational activities, and organization are strongly associated with the young patient's perceived competence and diabetic adjustment. More detailed analyses show that these family environment factors predict these aspectsd of adolescent functioning after age and social class are statistically controlled. In addition to presenting and discussing these results, we describe the overall longitudinal project, which is an extensive investigation of chronically ill adolescents and their families. The rationale and potential implications of this project are reviewed in this paper.
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Increased Drug Use Among Old-for-Grade Adolescents
Article
  • May 1996
  • Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
Objective: To determine whether students older than most other students at their grade level ("old for grade") are more likely to report engaging in alcohol, tobacco, and drug-related behaviors.Design: Cross-sectional analyses of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey.Setting: Monroe County, New York.Participants: A total of 1396 high school students from selected classrooms; 68 classrooms randomly selected within schools with the number of students per school proportionally selected from the 28 schools in the county.Main Outcome Measure: Rates of drug-related behaviors by age-for-grade status.Results: Thirty-six percent of adolescents surveyed were old for grade. Adjusting for multiple potential confounders, old-for-grade high school students were more likely to report being regular smokers, chewing tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, driving in a car with someone who had been drinking, using alcohol or other drugs before last sexual intercourse, using cocaine in the past month, ever using crack, and using injected or other illicit drugs.Conclusions: Old-for-grade status is a potentially important marker for drug-related behaviors in adolescents. The antecedents of adolescent risk-taking behavior may begin before the teen years, and prevention of school failure or interventions targeted toward old-for-grade children could affect their propensity to experiment with or use drugs during adolescence.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:470-476)
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Pubertal Timing and Grade Effects on Adjustment
Article
  • Jun 1985
Effects on adjustment of biological maturation and social timing were compared using data from a longitudinal sample of 335 young adolescents, who were followed from the sixth through eighth grades. Biological maturation was estimated from the relative timing of the adolescent growth spurt. Social timing was assessed by grade in school. Five adjustment constructs were examined: school achievement (course grades in five subjects), family relations (a 17-item scale), peer relations (a 10-item scale), body image (an 11-item scale), impulse control (an 8-item scale), and psychopathology (an 11-item emotional tone scale and an 11-item general psychopathology scale). All but one adjustment construct showed grade effects, but only three of the six constructs showed pubertal timing effects. There were no grade by pubertal timing effects. Although there were gender differences for some of the adjustment constructs, there were no gender by pubertal timing effects. The results are discussed in terms of the life-span developmental perspective.
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The Adequacy of Student Reports of Parental Ses Characteristics
Article
  • Feb 1973
In this study, the reliability and validity of student reports of parental SES characteristics was investigated. Using panel data for student reports and independent surveys of both mothers and fathers, it was found that student reports were relatively stable over time and were more reliably measured for parental education than for either father's income or occupation. The validities of the reports were, for all but income reports, moderate. The validity of income reports was very low. It was concluded that student reports should be utilized with some caution, and, where possible, direct measures of parental SES should be used.
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Violence in America: A Public Health EmergencyTime to Bite the Bullet Back
Article
  • Jun 1992
Violence, according to one dictionary, is defined as "(1) exertion of any physical force so as to injure or abuse, (2) injury by or as if by distortion, infringement, or profanation, (3) intense, turbulent and often destructive action, or force." In his book Powershift Alvin Toffler identifies violence or the threat of violence as one of the three fundamental sources of all human power, the other two being money and knowledge. Toffler convincingly argues that these power sources influence every person and all groups including government. Of the three, violence is the lowest form of power because it can only be used to punish. Knowledge and money are far more versatile and can be used in an infinite variety of positive as well as negative or manipulative ways.1 The violence referred to in this issue of JAMA is the interpersonal kind rather than such types as war or that
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