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Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey
Abstract
Data from 27,616 current and former drinkers interviewed in the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey were used to examine the relationship between age at first use of alcohol and the prevalence of lifetime alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, among all U.S. adults 18 years of age and over and within subgroups defined by sex and race. The rates of lifetime dependence declined from more than 40% among individuals who started drinking at ages 14 or younger to roughly 10% among those who started drinking at ages 20 and older. The rates of lifetime abuse declined from just over 11% among those who initiated use of alcohol at ages 16 or younger to approximately 4% among those whose onset of use was at ages 20 or older. After using multivariate logistic regression models to adjust for potential confounders, the odds of dependence decreased by 14% with each increasing year of age at onset of use, and the odds of abuse decreased by 8%. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for prevention policies and the need to integrate epidemiological and intervention research.
... School health interventions are of particular importance because children spend a considerable part of their adolescence in this environment, which makes it an ideal measure for preventive measures against volatile behaviour along with alcohol consumption. Alcohol intake with the help of teenagers increases justified problems as it has significant negative consequences for both physical and intellectual fitness [30][31][32]. ...
... One immediate concern with alcohol intake during early life is its mind-enhancing impact, which can cause fatal problems related to memory, attention, and learning. Excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to unstable behaviour, including drunk driving, unprotected sex, or engaging in physical altercations [31]. In addition, frequent alcohol consumption during early life may increase the risk of developing alcohol dependence in adulthood and lead to long-term physical health problems, including liver, pancreatic, and coronary heart disease [31,32]. ...
... Excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to unstable behaviour, including drunk driving, unprotected sex, or engaging in physical altercations [31]. In addition, frequent alcohol consumption during early life may increase the risk of developing alcohol dependence in adulthood and lead to long-term physical health problems, including liver, pancreatic, and coronary heart disease [31,32]. ...
This study delves into how motivational sessions and brief interventions impact students' alcohol consumption, highlighting the vital role of nurses in fostering positive behavioural changes. The study aims to discern the effects of these interventions, starting with a pre-and post-intervention setup involving 62 students from a private school in northern Portugal. The intervention comprised a session delivered by school and mental health nurses, utilizing the motivational intervention and FRAMES method and a poster offering feedback on alcohol consumption scores. The results indicated that females tended to drink for fewer days and engage in less binge drinking than males. Furthermore, the intervention hinted at a reduction in the number of heavy drinking days. This study underscores the importance of including healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in delivering brief interventions within school settings. The findings carry weight for crafting evidence-based interventions to cultivate healthier adolescent behaviours and enhance overall well-being.
... [5,6] Używanie alkoholu w młodym wieku wiąże się również z występowaniem problemów alkoholowych w przyszłości. [7][8][9] Dane National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study [7] pokazały, że rozpowszechnienie uzależnienia od alkoholu i nadużywania alkoholu w ciągu całego życia zmniejsza się zdecydowanie wraz z opóźnieniem wieku rozpoczynania picia. W przypadku dzieci sięgających po alkohol po raz pierwszy w wieku 12 lat lub wcześniej rozpowszechnienie uzależnienia od alkoholu w ciągu całego życia wynosiło 40,6%, natomiast wśród osób, które rozpoczęły spożywanie alkoholu w wieku 18 lat wynosiło ono 16,6%, a 10,6% wśród rozpoczynających picie alkoholu po 21 roku życia. ...
... [5,6] Używanie alkoholu w młodym wieku wiąże się również z występowaniem problemów alkoholowych w przyszłości. [7][8][9] Dane National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study [7] pokazały, że rozpowszechnienie uzależnienia od alkoholu i nadużywania alkoholu w ciągu całego życia zmniejsza się zdecydowanie wraz z opóźnieniem wieku rozpoczynania picia. W przypadku dzieci sięgających po alkohol po raz pierwszy w wieku 12 lat lub wcześniej rozpowszechnienie uzależnienia od alkoholu w ciągu całego życia wynosiło 40,6%, natomiast wśród osób, które rozpoczęły spożywanie alkoholu w wieku 18 lat wynosiło ono 16,6%, a 10,6% wśród rozpoczynających picie alkoholu po 21 roku życia. ...
... Podobnie kształtowało się rozpowszechnienie nadużywania alkoholu w ciągu całego życia. [7] Dodatkowo młody organizm dużo łatwiej uzależnia się od środków psychoaktywnych. • Jako kolejną z wymienianych przyczyn sięgania przez młode osoby po alkohol jest łatwa dostępność napojów alkoholowych. ...
Introduction and purpose: Alcohol has been known for centuries. In recent years, awareness of the effects of its consumption has been growing and acceptance of the drink has been declining. Despite this, there is an increase in young alcohol consumption and a decrease in the age of alcohol initiation. In this work, the problem of alcohol consumption by minors will be reviewed based on the evaluation of hospitalizations in the Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology of the Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski Regional Hospital in Lublin in 2022. The aim of the study is to draw attention to this important, although often downplayed, problem. Material and method: The study was retrospective in nature. It used an analysis of the records of 120 intoxications in people under the age of 18, from which a group of alcohol-poisoned people was distinguished, consisting of 37 cases. Results: Hospitalization of 7 patients aged 13 to 18 years was reported due to alcohol intoxication. Of these, 22 (59.5%) female and 15 (40.5%) male patients were singled out. Most were urban residents 29 (78.4%). Isolated alcohol intoxication was the cause of 18 hospitalizations(48.6%). The remaining cases were accompanied by drug intoxication 11 hospitalizations (29.7%) and drug intoxication 8 hospitalizations (21.6%). All analyzed intoxications were intentional, of which 9 (24.3%) were suicide attempts. In 14 cases (37.9%), patients were burdened with mental illness, the most common of which was depressive disorders. There were no deaths in the study group. Conclusions: Alcohol should be forbidden and unacceptable in the family and young people's environment. Parents and young people should be made aware of the harmful effects, psychological, social and health consequences of its consumption.
... 6,7 A strong link has been established between adolescent substance use and increased morbidity and mortality from traumatic injury. This association arises from 3 primary drivers: chronic substance addiction, 8 risk-taking behaviour 9 and trauma recidivism, 10 which is defined as the need for medical intervention for traumatic injury on more than 1 occasion. 11 Despite the paucity of data pertaining to alcoholrelated trauma recidivism in pediatric populations, current evidence shows that adult patients admitted for trauma who have positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at the time of their admission are significantly more likely to be admitted to hospital in the future for a separate incident of traumatic injury. ...
... Adolescents who begin to consume alcohol before the age of 16 years are 4 times more likely to become addicted to alcohol than those who start drinking at the age of 21 years. 8 In adult populations, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma mandates that level 1 trauma centres universally screen for, and document, alcohol misuse as well as briefly intervene when problematic use is identified. 14 Further, the Trauma Association of Canada Accreditation Guidelines suggest that level 1 trauma centres should screen all trauma patients aged 12 years and older for alcohol use and provide evidencebased substance use interventions as a means to minimize relapse. ...
... This is problematic because accurately identifying substance use in patients aged 12-14 years is of vital importance, as patients who begin using alcohol at this age are more than 10 times more likely to develop lifetime alcohol dependence than adults. 8 Further, it was also found that adolescents injured in MVAs were 1.35 times more likely to be screened than those with other mechanisms of injury. It is likely that alcohol screens are completed with greater consistency in this population owing to ubiquitous awareness of the association between intoxication and MVAs. ...
Background:
Level 1 pediatric trauma centres should screen all trauma patients aged 12 years and older for alcohol use and provide substance use interventions as a means to minimize relapse. We aimed to approximate the rate of alcohol and drug use screening in Canadian pediatric patients admitted for trauma in our centre, determine the prevalence of intoxication on admission and compare the injury characteristics and morbidity of patients with and without concomitant substance use.
Methods:
We conducted a single-centre retrospective review of the Stollery Children's Hospital's medical records abstracted from the Alberta Trauma Registry database of patients aged 12-17 years who were admitted for trauma (Injury Severity Score ≥ 12) between Jan. 1, 2012, and Dec. 31, 2021.
Results:
Of the 543 patients included in the analysis, 380 (70.0%) received screening for alcohol as a part of their trauma panel; meanwhile, only 5 (0.9%) patients were screened for drug use. Among the patients who were screened for alcohol, 47 (12.4%) had a positive blood alcohol level (BAC). Nine (7%) of 129 screened patients aged 12-14 years were found to have positive BACs compared with 38 (15.1%) of 251 screened patients aged 15-17 years. Patient age and mechanism of injury significantly affected rates of screening. Among patients with positive BACs on admission, the 3 most prevalent mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accident (26 [55.3%]), assault (13 [27.7%]) and recreational vehicle accidents (4 [8.5%]). Patients with a positive BAC sustained significantly more severe injuries (p = 0.003).
Conclusion:
These results provide evidence of the importance of standardized screening to identify pediatric patients admitted for trauma who are in need of treatment for alcohol and drug use. The Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment model is the primary approach used to fulfill substance use identification and intervention recommendations. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble questionnaire are most suitable for adolescent populations.
... This increase in substance use including alcohol poses both immediate risks (car accidents, violence, unsafe intercourse) and long-term risks (chronic organ damage, neuropsychiatric conditions, and alcohol use disorders) (Chung et al., 2018;Vaca et al., 2020). Several studies have reported a relationship between age at first alcohol use and an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) later in life (Grant & Dawson 1997;DeWit et al., 2000;Addolorato et al., 2018), although other analyses suggest age at first intoxication or the onset of regular drinking episodes may be a more reliable predictor of subsequent risky drinking patterns (Sartor et al., 2016;Newton-Howes, et al., 2019). However, a variety of additional environmental factors and general risk factors likely influence both the age of first alcohol use onset and AUD risk. ...
... The current body of work further highlights the need to consider precise developmental timing of alcohol exposure (Spear 2015;Spear 2020). Although we did not find robust escalations in alcohol consumption in our preclinical models of voluntary adolescent alcohol exposure, earlier initiation of alcohol use is associated with negative alcohol-related outcomes later in life, including risk of AUD development and other problematic alcohol consumption patterns (Grant & Dawson, 1997;DeWit et al., 2000;Hingson et al., 2006;Patrick et al., 2023). ...
Adolescence is a period of increased risk taking, including increased alcohol and drug use. Multiple clinical studies report a positive relationship between adolescent alcohol consumption and risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. However, few preclinical studies have attempted to tease apart the biological contributions of adolescent alcohol exposure, independent of other social, environmental, and stress factors, and studies that have been conducted show mixed results. Here we use several adolescent voluntary consumption of alcohol models, conducted across three institutes and with two rodent species, to investigate the ramifications of adolescent alcohol consumption on adulthood alcohol consumption in controlled, pre-clinical environments. We consistently demonstrate a lack of increase in adulthood alcohol consumption. This work highlights that risks seen in both human datasets and other murine drinking models may be due to unique social and environmental factors – some of which may be unique to humans.
HIGHLIGHTS
Adolescent drinking-in-the-dark (DID) binge drinking does not increase adulthood consumption in a DID model or a two bottle choice model in male and female SST-Cre:Ai9 mice
Adolescent pair-housed intermittent access consumption of alcohol does not increase adulthood consumption in an identical adulthood model in male and female C57BL/6J mice
Adolescent intermittent access to alcohol does not increase adulthood consumption in male and female Wistar rats
These complementary datasets across murine models and institutions highlight the need to consider human social factors as well as biological factors
... The high school transition coincides with new peer contexts, role demands, and behavioral expectations (Benner, 2011), which can increase stressors and threaten adolescents' well-being and adjustment as well as put them at risk for problem behaviors like substance use (Barber & Olsen, 2004;Benner & Graham, 2009;Newman et al., 2007). Adolescents who engage in substance use before the high school years have also been shown to be at significantly elevated risk for developing substance dependence as adults, among other serious health issues (Grant & Dawson, 1997;Odgers et al., 2008;Sartor et al., 2007), making this a particularly salient time to identify problematic substance use behaviors. Qualities of the family environment, like supportive parenting, can buffer the negative effects of the high school transition on adolescent well-being (Isakson & Jarvis, 1999;Newman et al., 2007;Roderick, 2003). ...
... Pronounced negative adolescent divergence from one or both parents in reports of parental warmth predicted risk for diminished positive well-being, and pronounced negative divergence further signaled risk for early alcohol and marijuana use initiation, whereas positive divergence and less extreme negative adolescentparent divergence served more of a protective role. Given the potential persistence of adolescent well-being and substance use problems into adulthood (Grant & Dawson, 1997;McLeod et al., 2016;Odgers et al., 2008;Richards & Huppert, 2011), family practitioners could consider ways in which to identify patterns of adolescent-parent divergence that are extreme or are inconsistent across parent-adolescent dyads, in addition to generally low adolescent ratings of warmth, early in adolescence. Including adolescents in family-based parenting interventions could improve effectiveness (Van Ryzin et al., 2016) and may reveal new insights into the processes that drive each family member's perceptions of parenting and other family contextual factors. ...
Parental warmth during the transition from childhood to adolescence is a key protective factor against a host of adolescent problems, including substance use, maladjustment, and diminished well-being. Moreover, adolescents and parents often disagree in their perceptions of parenting quality, and these discrepancies may confer risk for problem outcomes. The current study applies latent profile analysis to a sample of 687 mother–father–6th grade adolescent triads to identify patterns of adolescent–parent convergence and divergence in perceptions of parental warmth. Five profiles were identified, and associations with adolescent positive well-being, substance use, and maladjustment outcomes in 9th grade were assessed. Patterns of divergence in which adolescents had a pronounced negative perception of parental warmth compared to parents, as well as those wherein pronounced divergence was present in only one adolescent–parent dyad, were associated with diminished positive well-being compared to adolescents who had more positive perceptions of warmth than parents. Having more negative perceptions of warmth compared to parents was also associated with elevated risk for alcohol and marijuana initiation, but only when the divergence was pronounced rather than more moderate. These findings add nuance to findings from previous between-family investigations of informant discrepancies, calling for further family-centered methods for investigating multiple perspectives.
... In humans, alcohol drinking in adolescence increases the likelihood of problematic alcohol use and diagnosis of AUD in adulthood [8][9][10][11][12]. Adolescence is a dynamic period of developmental plasticity in the brain that also corresponds with increased vulnerability to alcohol-induced effects that may drive development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) [13][14][15][16]. ...
... The adolescent's reduced sensitivity to factors that help one control their alcohol intake such as diminished motor impairing or sedative effects of alcohol, coupled with their greater vulnerability to the damaging effects of alcohol, e.g., [19], sets up a dangerous situation [17]. Unfortunately, excessive alcohol exposure in adolescence changes the brain in such a way as to increase the likelihood that these individuals develop an AUD as adults [9][10][11][12]. ...
During adolescence, the brain is highly susceptible to alcohol-induced damage and subsequent neuroimmune responses, effects which may enhance development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Neuroimmune reactions are implicated in adolescent alcohol exposure escalating adulthood drinking. Therefore, we investigated whether intermittent alcohol exposure in male, adolescent rats (AIE) escalated adult drinking via two-bottle choice (2BC). We also examined the influence of housing environment across three groups: standard (group-housed with enrichment during 2BC), impoverished (group-housed without enrichment during 2BC), or isolation (single-housed without bedding or enrichment throughout). In the standard group immediately after AIE/saline and after 2BC, we also examined the expression of microglial marker, Iba1, reactive astrocyte marker, vimentin, and neuronal cell death dye, FluoroJade B (FJB). We did not observe an escalation of adulthood drinking following AIE, regardless of housing condition. Further, only a modest neuroimmune response occurred after AIE in the standard group: no significant microglial reactivity or neuronal cell death was apparent using this model, although some astrocyte reactivity was detected in adolescence following AIE that resolved by adulthood. These data suggest that the lack of neuroimmune response in adolescence in this model may underlie the lack of escalation of alcohol drinking, which could not be modified through isolation stress.
... Moreover, the age at which teenagers enter excessive drinking and drug abuse is becoming alarming [9]. Although, it was discovered that early onset of drug use is often associated with both greater likelihood of continuation [10] and greater longterm harm and dependence [11]. Worldwide, substance abuse and addiction among high school students have become a crucial issue that stakeholders-governments, drug addicts, drug addicts' relations, health care practitioners, and Non-governmental Organizations frequently ask questions about; and, which in contemporary debate is yet to attract sufficient information as far as the role of education in handling substance abuse amongst adolescents. ...
There is limited data on the assessment of substance abuse awareness among secondary school students in Nigeria. This study aims to evaluate the level of awareness regarding substance abuse among secondary school students. The research was conducted in secondary schools in Benin City, encompassing both single-gender and mixed-gender institutions. Data collected from the survey were analyzed descriptively. Out of 195 secondary school students surveyed, 20.5% were aged 17-19, 77.9% were aged 14-16, and 1.5% were aged 11-13. Among the respondents, 1.5% attended boarding schools, 97.9% attended day schools, and 5% attended schools offering both day and boarding options. Furthermore, 29.2% attended all-boys schools, 10.3% attended all-girls schools, and 60.5% attended mixed-gender schools. In terms of religious affiliation, 90.8% practiced Christianity, 8.2% practiced Islam, 0.5% were traditional practitioners, and 0.5% followed other religions. Regarding substance abuse education, 4.6% had not been exposed to it, while 95.4% had received education on substance abuse. Therefore, the findings reveal that there is a high level of awareness of substance abuse among secondary school students in Benin City, Nigeria.
... Adolescents respond differently to alcohol than their adult counterparts, showing increased sensitivity to the rewarding aspects of alcohol, and decreased sensitivity to the aversive aspects of alcohol (Spear, 2014). This enables adolescents to increase their alcohol consumption, giving rise to the binge drinking behavior commonly seen among this age group, while subsequently increasing the risk for developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) later in life (Grant and Dawson, 1997;Spear, 2000). Human brain imaging studies have shown that consuming alcohol in adolescence can disrupt myelination and cause brain structural changes, finding reductions in prefrontal cortex (PFC) (De Bellis et al., 2005;Medina et al., 2008), white matter (Luciana et al., 2013;Pfefferbaum et al., 2018;El Marroun et al., 2021) and myelin fiber tract volumes and integrity Bava et al., 2013;Elofson et al., 2013). ...
Introduction
Binge drinking in adolescence can disrupt myelination and cause brain structural changes that persist into adulthood. Alcohol consumption at a younger age increases the susceptibility of these changes. Animal models to understand ethanol’s actions on myelin and white matter show that adolescent binge ethanol can alter the developmental trajectory of oligodendrocytes, myelin structure, and myelin fiber density. Oligodendrocyte differentiation is epigenetically regulated by H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3). Prior studies have shown that adolescent binge ethanol dysregulates H3K9 methylation and decreases H3K9-related gene expression in the PFC.
Methods
Here, we assessed ethanol-induced changes to H3K9me3 occupancy at genomic loci in the developing adolescent PFC. We further assessed ethanol-induced changes at the transcription level with qPCR time course approaches in oligodendrocyte-enriched cells to assess changes in oligodendrocyte progenitor and oligodendrocytes specifically.
Results
Adolescent binge ethanol altered H3K9me3 regulation of synaptic-related genes and genes specific for glutamate and potassium channels in a sex-specific manner. In PFC tissue, we found an early change in gene expression in transcription factors associated with oligodendrocyte differentiation that may lead to the later significant decrease in myelin-related gene expression. This effect appeared stronger in males.
Conclusion
Further exploration in oligodendrocyte cell enrichment time course and dose response studies could suggest lasting dysregulation of oligodendrocyte maturation at the transcriptional level. Overall, these studies suggest that binge ethanol may impede oligodendrocyte differentiation required for ongoing myelin development in the PFC by altering H3K9me3 occupancy at synaptic-related genes. We identify potential genes that may be contributing to adolescent binge ethanol-related myelin loss.
... Approximately 1.8 million adolescents ages 12-17 initiated alcohol use in 2021 (2), and 36.3% of all 8th, 10th, and 12th graders reported lifetime alcohol use in 2019 (3). Alcohol use among adolescents increases the likelihood of alcohol-related problems and psychiatric disorders into adulthood (4,5). It is also associated with adverse developmental outcomes such as social problems, misuse of other substances, and alterations in brain development with long-term effects (6)(7)(8). ...
Introduction
Alcohol expectancies predict subsequent alcohol use and related problems among adolescents, although predictors of alcohol expectancies remain unclear. This study examined the longitudinal association between family conflict, a sociocultural factor strongly implicated in adolescent alcohol use, and positive and negative alcohol expectancies of adolescents of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds.
Methods
Data were from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 4.0 release, a multisite longitudinal study (N = 6,231, baseline age 9–10). Linear mixed-effects regression, with interactions between race/ethnicity and family conflict, tested the association between family conflict and alcohol expectancies, for each racial/ethnicity (e.g., Black vs. non-Black; White vs. non-White).
Results
Interactions of family conflict with race/ethnicity in predicting negative and positive alcohol expectancies were statistically significant for models testing Black and White adolescents, but not for Asian, Hispanic, and Other. Family conflict at baseline predicted lower negative alcohol expectancy for Black adolescents (B = −.166, p = 0.033) and positive alcohol expectancy for White adolescents (B = 0.71, p = 0.023) at the year 3 follow-up. All models controlled for sex, age, family socioeconomic status, alcohol expectancies at year 1, and family conflict at year 3.
Conclusion
The results indicate that family conflict is a potential risk factor for problematic alcohol expectancies for Black and White adolescents. Although we did not directly compare Black and White adolescents, our findings indicate that family conflict may operate differently for Black and White adolescents. Prevention and intervention efforts targeting family conflict may be relevant for different aspects of alcohol expectancies in Black and White families.
... Alcohol use among youth is also linked to many other health risks, including road traffic accidents, risky sexual behaviors, violence, and poor mental health. Because alcohol is particularly harmful to a young and developing bodyand because early initiation substantially increases the likelihood of developing alcohol dependency laterany amount of alcohol use among children and youth should ideally be avoided (Grant and Dawson 1997). ...
... The incidence of this condition lower with increasing age at commencement of usage. Preadolescence and early adolescence (ages 16 and younger) can have a particularly sensitive time for the onset of drinking (Grant & Dawson, 1997). ...
Psychological distress in preadolescents refers to a variety of symptoms that includes either internalized symptoms (depression, anxiety, panic), either externalized manifestations (eating disorders, substance abuse). In the recent years epidemiological studies revealed a growing tendency of children referral to treatment due to psychopathological conditions. The aim of this study was to screen a young population of student (middle schoolers) for different types of symptoms that could be described by psychological distress. The results revealed that anxiety symptoms tend to grow from the 5th grade to the 7th grade and then decrease in the 8th grade. Also, emotional-eating students tend to experience higher levels of anxiety compared to others. Implications for future research and functional mechanisms are discussed.
... Alcohol is the most commonly used substance during adolescence (Miech et al., 2023). Common patterns of adolescent drinking, such as binge or heavy drinking, increase the risk of being diagnosed subsequently with alcohol use disorder (AUD) (Hingson et al., 2006a(Hingson et al., , 2006bGrant and Dawson, 1997;Degenhardt et al., 2013). Age of onset for AUD is a critical factor for treatment outcome (Rohde et al., 2001); thus, decreasing disordered alcohol use early could have significant long-term implications for AUD. ...
... Binge drinking, defined by NIAAA as a pattern of consumption resulting in blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) of 0.08 g/dL or higher, begins in adolescence (ages 15-18) and peaks in young adulthood (ages 25-34) (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance system, 2019). Earlier age of drinking initiation as well as higher frequency of binge drinking correlate significantly with increased chances of later development of alcohol use disorder (Grant and Dawson, 1997;Crews et al., 2016). Although binge alcohol consumption during adolescence remains a global health concern, our knowledge about long-lasting effects of adolescent alcohol misuse on the trajectory of physiological and neurobehavioral development is still limited. ...
Early initiation of alcohol use during adolescence, and adolescent binge drinking are risk factors for the development of alcohol use disorder later in life. Adolescence is a time of rapid sex-dependent neural, physiological, and behavioral changes as well as a period of heightened vulnerability to many effects of alcohol. The goal of the present studies was to determine age-related changes in blood (leukocyte populations) and body composition across adolescence and early adulthood, and to investigate whether adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure would alter the trajectory of adolescent development on these broad physiological parameters. We observed significant ontogenetic changes in leukocyte populations that were mirrored by an age-related increase in cytokine expression among mixed populations of circulating leukocytes. Despite these developmental changes, AIE did not significantly alter overall leukocyte numbers or cytokine gene expression. However, AIE led to sex-specific changes in body fat mass and fat percentage, with AIE-exposed male rats showing significantly decreased fat levels and female rats showing significantly increased fat levels relative to controls. These changes suggest that while AIE may not alter overall leukocyte levels, more complex phenotypic changes in leukocyte populations could underlie previously reported differences in cytokine expression. Coupled with long-term shifts in adipocyte levels, this could have long-lasting effects on innate immunity and the capacity of individuals to respond to later immunological and physiological threats.
... In college students, increased feelings of loneliness and a tendency to drink as a means of coping with stress was associated with heavy drinking (Gonzalez et al., 2009;Gonzalez and Skewes, 2013). Furthermore, the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood increases the younger one first engages in alcohol consumption (Grant and Dawson, 1997;Spear, 2000). ...
Introduction
Adolescence is a critical period in cognitive and emotional development, characterized by high levels of social interaction and increases in risk-taking behavior including binge drinking. Adolescent exposure to social stress and binge ethanol have individually been associated with the development of social, emotional, and cognitive deficits, as well as increased risk for alcohol use disorder. Disruption of cortical development by early life social stress and/or binge drinking may partly underlie these enduring emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects. The study goal is to implement a novel neighbor housing environment to identify the effects of adolescent neighbor housing and/or binge ethanol drinking on (1) a battery of emotional and cognitive tasks (2) adult ethanol drinking behavior, and (3) the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex transcriptome.
Methods
Adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice were single or neighbor housed with or without access to intermittent ethanol. One cohort underwent behavioral testing during adulthood to determine social preference, expression of anxiety-like behavior, cognitive performance, and patterns of ethanol intake. The second cohort was sacrificed in late adolescence and brain tissue was used for transcriptomics analysis.
Results
As adults, single housed mice displayed decreased social interaction, deficits in the novel object recognition task, and increased anxiety-like behavior, relative to neighbor-housed mice. There was no effect of housing condition on adolescent or adult ethanol consumption. Adolescent ethanol exposure did not alter adult ethanol intake. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that adolescent housing condition and ethanol exposure resulted in differential expression of genes related to synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens and genes related to methylation, the extracellular matrix and inflammation in the prefrontal cortex.
Discussion
The behavioral results indicate that social interaction during adolescence via the neighbor housing model may protect against emotional, social, and cognitive deficits. In addition, the transcriptomics results suggest that these behavioral alterations may be mediated in part by dysregulation of transcription in the frontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens.
... It has also been the leading cause of global premature death (ages 15-49) [19]. Early alcohol initiation increases the risk of subsequent alcohol use disorder (AUD) and related problems [20,21]. Adolescents who endorse subthreshold levels of AUD (even just one symptom) have a higher risk (odds ratio: 2.0) of transitioning into meeting full AUD criteria by early adulthood [22]. ...
Adolescence is a critical phase of psychosocial and neural development that oftentimes overlaps with the initation and escalation of substance use, particularly alcohol use. Adolescent alcohol use is not innocuous, and endorsing a single symptom of alcohol use disorder (AUD) during adolescence predicts AUD diagnosis in adulthood. Further, up to 5% and 15% of adolescents and young adults, respectively, meet critertia for AUD. The age of intervention for AUD is a critical predictor of treatment outcomes. Therefore, intervening during adolescence could lead to better outcomes across the lifespan. Currently, there are several available treatments for adolescent AUD, as well as possible adjunctive treatments and alternative modalities to existing interventions. Currently available treatments include: family-based therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; including 3rd wave CBT), motivational interviewing/motivational enhancement therapy, multicomponent psychosocial therapy, and brief alcohol interventions. Possible adjunctive treatments include 12-step programs, pharmacotherapy, exercise-based therapies, goal setting, and progress monitoring. Unfortutanetly, the effect size for existing interventions are small-to-moderate, leaving much room for future improvement. Digital strategies and culturally based programs may help increase the effectiveness of existing treatments. This chapter will provide a guide through the current standalone, possible adjunctive, and new modalities as well as discuss the obstacles surrounding adolescent AUD interventions.
... A growing body of evidence has investigated the environment as it relates to alcohol sipping and initiation among youth (19,36). Importantly, despite relatively low rates of alcohol sipping among youth [ages 9-11; 22.5% of individuals reported sipping alcohol; Lisdahl et al. (37)], young adolescent alcohol sipping is an important factor to investigate as it can be linked with downstream mental health outcomes including risky drinking and alcohol use disorder development (38,39). It remains crucial to investigate the onset of alcohol sipping and alcohol use linked with later substance use, as few studies have investigated patterns among a large cohort of children and adolescents. ...
Purpose
Evidence has shown neighborhood threat (NT) as a social driver of emotional and brain development. Few studies have examined the relationship between NT and neural function. Altered functional connectivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) with the frontoparietal network (FPN) has been implicated in the development of substance use, however, little is known about perceived NT-related brain function or downstream alcohol sipping during early adolescence. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between youth and combined youth/parent perceived NT, resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the NAcc-FPN, and alcohol sipping behavior during late childhood and preadolescence.
Methods
This study used data (N = 7,744) from baseline to 2-year follow-up (FU) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; Release 4.0). Relationships between youth and combined youth/parent perceive NT, alcohol sipping (baseline to two-year FU), and NAcc-FPN (left/right) connectivity, adjusting for demographics, family/peer history of alcohol use, parental monitoring and warmth, externalizing symptoms, and site, were examined in a mediation model via PROCESS in R.
Results
Greater youth-reported NT at baseline was significantly associated with lower RSFC between the right (but not left) NAcc-FPN holding covariates constant (R² = 0.01, B = −0.0019 (unstandardized), F (12, 7,731) = 8.649, p = 0.0087) and increased odds of alcohol sipping at baseline up to the two-year FU (direct effect = 0.0731, 95% CI = 0.0196, 0.1267). RSFC between the right NAcc-FPN did not significantly predict alcohol sipping at the two-year FU (b = −0.0213, SE = 0.42349, p = 0.9599; 95% CI = −0.8086, 0.8512). No significant relationships were observed for combined youth/parent report predicting alcohol sipping or NAcc-FPN connectivity.
Conclusion
Findings suggest notable reporting differences in NT. Combined youth/parent report did not reveal significant findings; youth perceived NT was related to increased likelihood of alcohol sipping and lower neural connectivity between the right NAcc-FPN during late childhood and early adolescence. NT context – and source of reporting – may be crucial in examining links with downstream neuronal function and health behaviors. Future research should investigate reward processing and threat as the cohort ages into later adolescence.
... Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) modulate attention and cognition, and integrate neural networks [1][2][3] through vast projections to key brain regions, including the cortex and hippocampus [4]. Adolescent binge drinking is associated with increased risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) [5] and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) [6,7]. Loss of BFCNs occurs in both AUD and AD [8,9], and is accompanied by induction of proinflammatory neuroimmune signaling molecules, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and the endogenous TLR4/RAGE ligand high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) [10][11][12]. ...
Adolescent binge drinking increases Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the endogenous TLR4/RAGE agonist high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and proinflammatory neuroimmune signaling in the adult basal forebrain in association with persistent reductions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). In vivo preclinical adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) studies find anti-inflammatory interventions post-AIE reverse HMGB1-TLR4/RAGE neuroimmune signaling and loss of BFCNs in adulthood, suggesting proinflammatory signaling causes epigenetic repression of the cholinergic neuron phenotype. Reversible loss of BFCN phenotype in vivo is linked to increased repressive histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) occupancy at cholinergic gene promoters, and HMGB1-TLR4/RAGE proinflammatory signaling is linked to epigenetic repression of the cholinergic phenotype. Using an ex vivo basal forebrain slice culture (FSC) model, we report EtOH recapitulates the in vivo AIE-induced loss of ChAT+IR BFCNs, somal shrinkage of the remaining ChAT+ neurons, and reduction of BFCN phenotype genes. Targeted inhibition of EtOH-induced proinflammatory HMGB1 blocked ChAT+IR loss while disulfide HMBG1-TLR4 and fully reduced HMGB1-RAGE signaling decreased ChAT+IR BFCNs. EtOH increased expression of the transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and the H3K9 methyltransferase G9a that was accompanied by increased repressive H3K9me2 and REST occupancy at promoter regions of the BFCN phenotype genes Chat and Trka as well as the lineage transcription factor Lhx8. REST expression was similarly increased in the post-mortem human basal forebrain of individuals with alcohol use disorder, which is negatively correlated with ChAT expression. Administration of REST siRNA and the G9a inhibitor UNC0642 blocked and reversed the EtOH-induced loss of ChAT+IR BFCNs, directly linking REST-G9a transcriptional repression to suppression of the cholinergic neuron phenotype. These data suggest that EtOH induces a novel neuroplastic process involving neuroimmune signaling and transcriptional epigenetic gene repression resulting in the reversible suppression of the cholinergic neuron phenotype.
... [8,9] Several factors affect early age at onset of substance dependence documented in literature. [10][11][12][13] While the psychopathology of early-onset substance dependence and its correlates have been studied extensively, the treatment needs of patients with dependence and their perspective on recovery have not been explored comprehensively. ...
... While numerous studies have explored the use patterns and risk factors associated with youth substance use, there remains a need to examine these risk factors within the speci c context of mid-adolescence. Research has suggested that the risk factors associated with substance use may differ across developmental stages, meaning that the factors that in uence substance use in early adolescence may not be the same as those that in uence use in later adolescence or adulthood 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 . ...
This study utilized a longitudinal health survey to identify sub-phenotypes of behavioral risk profiles related to youth substance use. We analyzed 8824 Canadian secondary school students who completed COMPASS questionnaires in 2016/17 and were followed up until 2018/19. The fuzzy clustering algorithm was used to identify four sub-phenotypes of risk profiles, including low-risk, medium-low-risk, medium-high-risk, and high-risk subgroups. The study found that the mean scores of health risk behaviors within each subgroup increased across the three waves, indicating a rising risk of health behaviors over time. The results confirm heterogeneity in the prevalence and characteristics across the subgroups. These findings can help school program managers and policymakers develop targeted interventions to reduce substance use among at-risk individuals and improve youth health behaviors. By identifying at-risk groups, stakeholders can develop effective preventive measures against addictive behaviors in school settings. The study results offer evidence to support the development of risk reduction interventions for youth substance use and ultimately improve youth health behaviors.
... For young people, alcohol carries significant health risks (3). Numerous adverse health and social consequences of alcohol use in young people have been identified, including decreased educational attainment, low mental well-being, increased risk for social problems, violence and crime, a higher likelihood of binge drinking later in life and earlier development of liver cirrhosis (4,5). Minimizing alcohol consumption among young people needs to be addressed if global health loss attributable to alcohol is to be substantially reduced (3). ...
THE PROBLEM. Alcohol consumption among young people remains a global concern given its negative effect on brain development, decreased educational attainment, low mental well-being, greater alcohol consumption throughout the lifespan, higher likelihood of binge drinking and increased risk of alcohol use disorders as well as increased risk for social problems, such as violence and crime and earlier development of liver cirrhosis. The environment in which young people live, learn and play significantly affects their decisions about whether to consume alcohol. Environmental factors are the main risk factors driving alcohol consumption and related harm among young people. Environments that normalize alcohol consumption – termed alcogenic environments – include contexts with unregulated advertising and marketing of alcoholic beverages, higher alcohol outlet density, products designed to facilitate affordability and low prices of alcoholic beverages.
THE EVIDENCE. A recent body of research evidence has emerged related to the measurement, functional significance and consequences of living in alcogenic environments. This includes findings on the complex and bidirectional interactions among alcohol acceptability availability and affordability and how they create and perpetuate alcogenic environments.
THE KNOW-HOW. Comprehensive and enforced alcohol control policies are effective at delaying the age of onset and lowering alcohol prevalence and frequency among young people. Experience from Colombia, Japan, Lebanon, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, Thailand, Uganda and the United States of America elucidates how alcogenic environments normalize alcohol consumption and increase the exposure of young people to alcoholic products and how the initiatives of civil society organizations and whole-of-society approaches have counteracted alcohol industry interference.
THE WAY FORWARD. Evidence consistently confirms the effectiveness of designing and implementing alcohol control policies that regulate upstream the drivers of an alcogenic environment, including alcohol availability, acceptability and affordability. These policies need to be multipronged and address the complex interactions between these drivers and the local alcohol culture. Civil society organizations and other community partners can be powerful associates in pursuing structural reforms, especially in garnering public support for strengthening alcohol control policies ■
Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development.
Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development.
Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development.
Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development.
The loss of John Schulenberg reverberates across the developmental and prevention sciences. In honor of his many contributions, this paper applies his ideas of developmental continuity and discontinuity to understand the process by which PROSPER delivered universal prevention programs (delivered in Grades 6 and 7) affect young adult outcomes. Guided by these developmental models, we deconstructed adolescent substance use initiation trajectories into two discrete phases–early and late adolescence, demarcated by substance use initiation levels at the end of 9th grade. We evaluated the effects of PROSPER interventions on these phases, and in turn, the effects of adolescent substance use initiation on young adult antisocial behavior, alcohol and drug use consequences, and depression symptoms. This sample included 1,984 young adults who participated in the PROSPER intervention trial in Grade 6 (two cohorts, 2002 and 2003), followed over 8 adolescent measurement occasions (Fall and Spring of Grade 6; Spring of Grades 7–12). Young adult outcomes were averaged across three waves (collected at ages 20, 23, and 25). PROSPER interventions were associated with reduced substance use initiation in early adolescence, but not escalation during late adolescence. In turn, substance use in both early and late adolescence was uniquely associated with young adult antisocial behavior, depression symptoms, and substance use consequences. PROSPER interventions were associated with young adult antisocial behavior and problematic substance use via reduced risk for early initiation status. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental continuity and discontinuity.
The current study aims to explore Substance use, Depression, Social Anxiety and Academic Achievement among University Students. The observation of substance use, Depression, Social Anxiety and educational Achievement is so essential in this cutting-edge era. The sample for the present study of 225 (95 male and 130 female) changed into decided on from exceptional universities the purposive sampling technique. A correlational research design and convenient sampling technique were to measure study variables. Adult, Academic Performance Rating Scale, depression and social anxiety scale used where to check substance use, and Drug Use Questionnaire (DAST 28) were applied. The observed findings suggest that a large tremendous courting among materials makes use of, melancholy, social tension among university students. Multiple linear regression and t-tests on sample analyses for inferential facts were additionally done to check the hypotheses. The findings confirmed a large sample uses drugs and faces mental health issues but a value of (-1.01) shows a small distinction between male and female substance use. Similarly, the t-value of-1.04 suggests a small distinction between male and female depression levels. The p-value of 0.298 showed that this distinction isn't statistically large. No distinction was found in depression ranges among male and female university students. The t-value of-1.43 represents a distinctly small distinction in social anxiety rankings among male and female students. The consequences suggest largely terrible courting among substance use and educational achievement among university students. Results additionally suggest depression and social anxiety are terribly correlated with academic achievements. Findings found that there are no large variations between male and female university students in phrases of substance use, depression, social anxiety and educational performance amongst university students. The consequences found that substance use of are slight tremendous large predictor of depression among university students. The study focuses on the significance of addressing substance use, melancholy, and social anxiety among students to enhance their academic overall performance and well-being.
La literatura sobre la relación entre los rasgos de personalidad y el consumo de alcohol presenta una serie de inconsistencias, debido a que no se sabe si son causas o consecuencias del consumo. Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue relacionar los rasgos de ansiedad y depresión con el consumo de alcohol y el consumo de riesgo en una población no clínica de adolescentes escolarizados de México. Método. 906 estudiantes voluntarios de educación básica fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico accidental. La media de edad fue de 13.37 (DE=1.09). La edad de inicio de consumo fue de 11.49 (DE= 2.47). Resultados. Se identifican relaciones bajas estadísticamente significativas entre los rasgos de ansiedad y depresión con el consumo de riesgo, así mismo se identifican diferencias por sexo y por inicio en el consumo. Conclusiones. Los resultados se discuten con base en el desarrollo de los rasgos de personalidad.
Reciprocal communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, commonly referred to as the “gut-brain-axis” is crucial in maintaining overall physiological homeostasis. Gut microbiota development and brain maturation (neuronal connectivity and plasticity) appear to be synchronized and to follow the same timeline during childhood (immature), adolescence (expansion) and adulthood (completion). It is important to note that the mesolimbic reward circuitry develops early on, whereas the maturation of the inhibitory frontal cortical neurons is delayed. This imbalance can lead to increased acquirement of reward-seeking and risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, and consequently eventuate in heightened risk for substance abuse. Thus, there is high initiation of alcohol drinking in early adolescence that significantly increases the risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. The underlying causes for heightened AUD risk are not well understood. It is suggested that alcohol-associated gut microbiota impairment during adolescence plays a key role in AUD neurodevelopment in adulthood. Furthermore, alcohol-induced dysregulation of microglia, either directly or indirectly through interaction with gut microbiota, may be a critical neuroinflammatory pathway leading to neurodevelopmental impairments and AUD. In this review article, we highlight the influence of adolescent alcohol drinking on gut microbiota, gut-brain axis and microglia, and eventual manifestation of AUD. Furthermore, novel therapeutic interventions via gut microbiota manipulations are discussed briefly.
The initiation of alcohol use early in life is one of the strongest predictors of developing a future alcohol use disorder. Clinical studies have identified specific behaviors during early childhood that predict an increased risk for excess alcohol consumption later in life. These behaviors, including increased hyperactivity, anxiety, novelty-seeking, exploratory behavior, impulsivity, and alcohol-seeking, are similarly stimulated in children and adolescent offspring of mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy. Here we tested larval zebrafish in addition to young pre-weanling rats and found this repertoire of early behaviors along with the overconsumption of alcohol during adolescence to be increased by embryonic ethanol exposure. With hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons known to be stimulated by ethanol and involved in mediating these alcohol-related behaviors, we tested their function in larval zebrafish and found optogenetic activation of Hcrt neurons to stimulate these same early alcohol-related behaviors and later alcohol intake, suggesting that these neurons have an important role in producing these behaviors. Together, these results show zebrafish to be an especially useful animal model for investigating the diverse neuronal systems mediating behavioral changes at young ages that are produced by embryonic ethanol exposure and predict an increased risk for developing alcohol use disorder.
Background
Changes in substance use among adolescence from before to after the COVID-19 lockdowns have been noted in the literature with mixed findings. Yet, no study has examined potential changes in risk or protective factors for substance use in that same period. This study assesses whether perceived parental/peer disapproval, and perceptions of substance harm among adolescents, changed from before to after COVID-19 lockdowns.
Methods
The Rhode Island Student Survey was administered to 17,751 middle and high school students from January 2020 – May 2021. Perceived parental/peer disapproval, as well as perception of harm, was measured for cigarettes, vaping, alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs. Changes were assessed pre-post COVID-19 lockdown implementation using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
Perceptions of harm increased for all substances other than vaping, alcohol, and marijuana, and perceptions of peer and parental disapproval for all substances increased after COVID-19 lockdown implementation.
Conclusion
COVID-19 lockdown implementation may have led to greater perceptions of substance harm and peer/parental disapproval among adolescents. These shifts may have been associated with increased parental exposure and limited peer influence, which should be considered in future programming to prevent and treat adolescent substance use.
Background
Drug and alcohol use before the age of 14 is associated with adverse outcomes over the life course. While previous studies have identified numerous sociodemographic characteristics associated with youth substance use initiation, few have examined the relationship between behavioral characteristics, such as childhood aggression, and substance use initiation in adolescence.
Methods
This longitudinal study consisted of 2985 children from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Aggression was measured using primary caregiver report when the children were about the age of 9 and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use was measured using the child report when the children were age 9 and age 15. Separate multivariable Poisson regression models were fitted for each substance use initiation outcome.
Results
Childhood aggression was positively associated with the initiation of cigarette and marijuana use in adolescence (aRR = 2.3 [95% CI = 1.5,3.4] and aRR = 1.3 [95% CI = 1.1,1.6], respectively). Childhood aggression was not associated with adolescent alcohol use initiation (aRR = 1.2 [95% CI = 0.9,1.5]).
Conclusions
The presence of aggressive behavior in childhood was associated with the initiation of cigarette and marijuana use in adolescence. These results may be used to identify children at higher risk of cigarette and marijuana use, who may benefit from additional monitoring for substance use initiation.
Time-varying confounding is a common challenge for causal inference in observational studies with time-varying treatments, long follow-up periods, and participant dropout. Confounder adjustment using traditional approaches can be limited by data sparsity, weight instability and computational issues. The Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study is a prospective cohort study involving 24 data collection cycles from 1999 to date, among 1,294 students recruited from 10 high schools in Montreal, Canada, including follow-up into adulthood. Our aim is to estimate associations between the timing of alcohol initiation and the cumulative duration of alcohol use on depression symptoms in adulthood. Based on the target trials framework, we define intention-to-treat and as-treated parameters in a marginal structural model with sex as a potential effect-modifier. We then use the observational data to emulate the trials. For estimation, we use pooled longitudinal target maximum likelihood estimation (LTMLE), a plug-in estimator with double robust and local efficiency properties. We describe strategies for dealing with high-dimensional potential drinking patterns and practical positivity violations due to a long follow-up time, including modifying the effect of interest by removing sparsely observed drinking patterns from the loss function and applying longitudinal modified treatment policies to represent the effect of discouraging drinking.
Women’s incarceration has been increasing over the past several decades, representing an incredibly high-need population. Jailed women have the highest rates of substance use and mental health issues compared to other criminal legal populations. Their trajectories into crime differ from men, often attributed to trauma, substance use, and traditional heterosexual partnerships. Using a thematic analysis and data from 42 interviews with jailed women, the current study examines women’s decision to engage in substance use and continuation or cessation of use. Findings contribute to the literature on gendered-pathways by describing their perspectives. Findings inform recommendations for future research and policy implications.
Adolescence through young adulthood is a unique period of neuronal development and maturation. Numerous agents can alter this process, resulting in long-term neurological and biological consequences. In the clinical literature, it is frequently reported that adolescent alcohol consumption increases the propensity to develop addictions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), during adulthood. A general limitation of both clinical and human pre-clinical adolescent alcohol research is the high rate of co-using/abusing more than one drug during adolescence, such as co-using/abusing alcohol with nicotine. A primary goal of basic research is elucidating neuroadaptations produced by adolescent alcohol exposure/consumption that promote alcohol and other drug self-administration in adulthood. The long-term goal is to develop pharmacotherapeutics for the prevention or amelioration of these neuroadaptations. This review will focus on studies that have examined the effects of adolescent alcohol and nicotine exposure on adult alcohol consumption, the hypersensitivity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and enhanced responses not only to alcohol but also to nicotine during adulthood. Again, the long-term goal is to identify potential cholinergic agents to prevent or ameliorate the consequences of, peri-adolescent alcohol abuse.
Objective: Accumulating evidence suggests that particular parenting behaviors (e.g., elevated psychological control) may increase risk for both problematic social anxiety and alcohol use among youth; however, no work has yet examined these factors together in a single model. Building developmentally-sensitive models of problematic alcohol use trajectories is key to developing effective prevention and intervention strategies. Method: The present study includes 94 adolescents (ages 14-17 years; 53.3% girls; 89.2% White) entering a treatment facility for a variety of internalizing and externalizing forms of psychological distress. Levels of perceived parental psychological control, social anxiety, and coping-related drinking motives were assessed. Results: Higher levels of perceived psychological control was associated with a greater endorsement of coping-related drinking motives; however, a significant proportion of that association was accounted for by elevated social anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: These data extend the existing literature and lay groundwork for more sophisticated experimental and longitudinal designs to corroborate the findings. Moreover, personality-targeted drinking interventions for adolescents may benefit from identifying elevated perceived psychological control as a developmentally relevant risk-factor for social anxiety and problematic drinking motives and administering relevant interventions (e.g., personality-targeted coping skills training, parent-involved care) before drinking patterns are established.
We studied the effect of exogenous DHEA on the severity of alcohol motivation in animals of mature and adolescent-pubertal periods of ontogenesis using a model of voluntary ad libitum consumption of ethanol with determination of its level and preference index in a 2-bottle test. Course intranasal administration of DHEA under conditions of long-term preventive alcoholization, has a normalizing effect on emotional-motor activity and weakens anxiety-phobic reactions, which leads to the predominance of the sociocentric type in the structure of zoosocial behavior of animals. At the same time, there is a significant (by 74 %, p ≤ 0.001) decrease in the ethanol preference index in the situation of alcohol free choice, which reflects the suppression of alcohol motivation in mature adult male rats. Such effects of DHEA may indicate its certain therapeutic potential under psychoemotional disorders due to long-term alcohol consumption on the background of age-related peripheral neurosteroid hormone deficiency. In comparison, there were no found such properties during puberty, which is characterized by the highest intensity of endogenous DHEA production. Key words: periods of ontogenesis, disorders due to ethanol consumption, zoosocial behavior, intranasal administration of DHEA, correction of alcohol motivation
Objective:
Transdiagnostic perspectives on the shared origins of mental illness posit that dysregulated emotion may represent a key driving force behind multiple forms of psychopathology, including substance use disorders. The present study examined whether a link between dysregulated emotion and trying illicit substances could be observed in childhood.
Method:
In a large (N = 7,418) nationally representative sample of children (Mage = 9.9), individual differences in emotion dysregulation were indexed using child and parent reports of frequency of children's emotional outbursts, as well as children's performance on the emotional N-Back task. Two latent variables, derived from either parental/child-report or performance-based indicators, were evaluated as predictors of having ever tried alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana.
Results:
Results showed that reports of dysregulated emotion were linked to a greater likelihood of trying both alcohol and tobacco products. These findings were also present when controlling for individual differences in executive control and socioeconomic status.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that well-established links between dysregulated negative emotion and substance use may emerge as early as in childhood and also suggest that children who experience excessive episodes of uncontrollable negative emotion may be at greater risk for trying substances early in life.
Families, communities and societies influence children's learning and development in many ways. This is the first handbook devoted to the understanding of the nature of environments in child development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's idea of embedded environments, this volume looks at environments from the immediate environment of the family (including fathers, siblings, grandparents and day-care personnel) to the larger environment including schools, neighborhoods, geographic regions, countries and cultures. Understanding these embedded environments and the ways in which they interact is necessary to understand development.
The present work evaluated the consequences of chronic maternal separation (MS), an animal model of early-life stress, on ethanol intake and striatal Fos expression induced by ethanol consumption. Furthermore, we analyzed MS impacts on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and on locomotor and plasma corticosterone responses to intraperitoneal treatment with ethanol in adolescent mice. For that, male and female C57BL/6J mice were submitted or not to MS stress, for 3h per day, from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 14, and submitted to behavioral tests from PND 28. In Experiment 1, MS and control groups of mice were submitted to an involuntary ethanol intake protocol, and striatal Fos expression following ethanol exposure was analyzed. In Experiment 2, mice behavior was assessed in elevated plus-maze, sucrose splash, saccharin preference, and open field tests. Locomotor and plasma corticosterone responses induced by a systemic dose of ethanol (1.75 g/kg) were also evaluated. Our results demonstrated that MS increased ethanol intake only in an acute manner and did not impact ethanol-induced Fos expression in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell subregions. MS did not change the parameters analyzed during elevated plus-maze, sucrose splash, preference for saccharin, and open field tests. MS did not affect locomotor activity following ethanol injection nor plasma corticosterone response to the drug. Thus, our data showed that MS transiently increased ethanol intake. However, early-life stress did not impact Fos, locomotor, or plasma corticosterone responses to the drug. In addition, MS did not affect anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent mice.
The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule (AUDADIS), was designed for use in the general population, and was previously shown to have good reliability in a sample of household residents. However, measurement problems are different in clinical samples. Thus, a test-retest study was conducted of the AUDADIS in a clinical sample of 296 substance-using patients from substance- and psychiatrically-identified treatment settings. Reliability for current drug-specific AUDADIS dependence diagnoses was good to excellent for high-prevalence as well as low-prevalence drug categories. Reliability for abuse diagnoses was not as good, although this was due to the hierarchical nature of the abuse diagnosis itself, rather than its defining criteria. Demographic and other factors were investigated for their potential effects on the reliability of alcohol and cocaine diagnoses; low severity was the only consistent predictor of unreliability for both of these categories. Reliability of consumption variables was generally good, with a few notable exceptions. Results suggest that the AUDADIS can be used in research comparing treated to community samples of individuals with alcohol and drug diagnoses.
In order to supplement existing studies of deviant populations (alcoholics, drug addicts, jailed delinquents) and to bring to light the existence of early relationships between aggressiveness and alcohol consumption, an epidemiological survey was carried out among 1601 adolescents (aged 13–16) from a suburban area of Paris. Some types of the aggressive behaviour studied were more socially acceptable — breaking objects, hitting people, fighting — than others — threatening to use or using physical violence to obtain money or objects from people. A majority of the adolescents had already demonstrated violent behaviour. 41% showed repetitive delinquent behaviour, and l2% cumulated several types of such behaviour.
The aggressive teenagers differed from the non-aggressive subjects firstly in their alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug consumption, and secondly with respect to other deviant behaviour, such as stealing, running away from home or violent victimization. A logistic regression analysis highlighted the relative importance of each type of delinquent behaviour and of the early onset of regular alcohol consumption. The discussion focuses on the complex relationship between violence and alcohol consumption.
Presents a biopsychosocial model for adolescent risk-taking behaviors, which proposes that 4 areas of psychosocial functioning are affected by biological maturation: cognition, self-perceptions, perceptions of the social environment, and personal values. Peer group selection and perceptions of risk may be influenced by cognitive capacity and self-perceptions, particularly self-esteem. It is suggested that risk-taking behavior may serve to fulfill developmental needs related to expectations of autonomy, mastery, and intimacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
review studies that evaluated the relative influence of a number of factors to predict condom use among adolescents / each study will be reviewed in turn, and an overarching synthesis of the findings will be described in a summary section / methodological limitations inherent in the design of these studies also will be discussed / presents recommendations for developing more effective HIV-prevention interventions (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was employed to ascertain the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), alcohol and substance abuse in a sample of 424 college students aged 16 to 19 years. Applying DSM III criteria, the prevalence of MDD was 6.8 per cent; of alcohol abuse, 8.2 per cent; and of substance abuse 9.4 per cent. Alcohol abuse was associated with MDD, but not with other psychiatric diagnoses. Substance abuse was associated both with MDD and with other psychiatric diagnoses as well. The onset of MDD almost always preceded alcohol or substance abuse suggesting the possibility of self-medication as a factor in the development of alcohol or substance abuse.
In order to supplement existing studies of deviant populations (alcoholics, drug addicts, jailed delinquents) and to bring to light the existence of early relationships between aggressiveness and alcohol consumption, an epidemiological survey was carried out among 1601 adolescents (aged 13-16) from a suburban area of Paris. Some types of the aggressive behaviour studied were more socially acceptable--breaking objects, hitting people, fighting--than others--threatening to use or using physical violence to obtain money or objects from people. A majority of the adolescents had already demonstrated violent behaviour, 41% showed repetitive delinquent behaviour, and 12% cumulated several types of such behaviour. The aggressive teenagers differed from the non-aggressive subjects firstly in their alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug consumption, and secondly with respect to other deviant behaviour, such as stealing, running away from home or violent victimization. A logistic regression analysis highlighted the relative importance of each type of delinquent behaviour and of the early onset of regular alcohol consumption. The discussion focuses on the complex relationship between violence and alcohol consumption.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of multiple psychosocial and knowledge-related antecedent factors that may predict sexual and alcohol and drug use behaviors that are associated with the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus infection. Five hundred forty-four ninth-grade urban high school students were surveyed regarding knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to STDs and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that higher levels of STD and AIDS knowledge were associated with lower levels of STD and AIDS anxiety (R2 delta = 0.09; p less than 0.001), fewer negative attitudes toward people with AIDS (R2 delta = 0.09; p less than 0.001), stronger perceptions of self-efficacy (R2 delta = 0.03; p less than 0.01), and stronger peer affiliation (R2 delta = 0.02; p less than 0.05). Negative attitudes toward people with AIDS were inversely related to knowledge (R2 delta = 0.08; p less than 0.001), social support (R2 delta = 0.02; p less than 0.01), and perceived self-efficacy (R2 delta = 0.01; p less than 0.05). Predictors of alcohol and drug use included perceived peer norms (R2 delta = 0.08; p less than 0.001) and strong peer affiliation (R2 delta = 0.05; p less than 0.001). The best predictor of sexual risk behavior was alcohol and drug use (R2 delta = 0.07; p less than 0.001). Lower levels of knowledge (R2 delta = 0.14; p less than 0.01) and perceived peer norms (R2 delta = 0.05; p less than 0.05) predicted nonuse of condoms. Our results indicate that several factors relate to adolescent risk for STDs: the connection between peer influence and adolescent risk behaviors, the link between alcohol and drug use and sexual risk behavior, and the role of knowledge in determining nonuse of condoms.
Numerous attempts have been made to subdivide populations of alcoholics into homogeneous subgroups. Although no consensus has been reached about the characteristics of these subgroups, a number of classification schemes have identified a subgroup of patients with a high genetic loading for alcoholism, an early onset of alcoholism, a severe course, and coexisting psychiatric problems consisting of aggressive tendencies or criminality. In a recent typology proposed by Cloninger on the basis of adoption studies, this subgroup has been classified as type 2. Another group of patients who were found to differ in their mode of inheritance and clinical characteristics was classified as type 1. The identification of etiologically homogeneous subgroups is easier in studies of adoptees than in studies of individuals who were not adopted. In an attempt to divide alcoholics into two groups of individuals presenting type 1 and type 2 characteristics, we used as a criterion the age of alcoholism onset because type 2 alcoholics as well as their fathers had been found to abuse alcohol at a younger age than type 1 patients. Patients with an onset of alcoholism before their 20th birthday were found to have a significantly higher incidence of paternal alcoholism and were twice as likely to have been incarcerated for crimes involving physical violence. We also observed other features not previously described in this patient subgroup. Patients who started abusing alcohol in their teens were three times as likely to be depressed and four times as likely to have attempted suicide as patients with a later onset of alcohol abuse.
The relationship between self-reported frequency of drunkenness at 14-16 years of age and registered alcohol abuse at age 15-25 was studied in a large and representative group of Swedish men. The results showed that the proportion of boys who had experienced drunkenness more than 10 times increased rapidly between ages 14-16. Before the age of 25, 17% of the boys were registered in governmental records (police, social authorities or psychiatric services) because of alcohol abuse. A high frequency of self-reported drunkenness at age 14-16 was found to be significantly related to registered alcohol abuse at age 18-24. At the same time, however, it was found that 70-80% of the adolescent boys with the greatest frequency of drunkenness were not registered for alcohol abuse in early adult years. Using self-reported frequency of drunkenness at age 14-16 as a basis for predicting registered alcohol abuse at age 18-24 allowed correct classification of only 6% more boys than would have been expected by using a random procedure. The present study indicated that initial drinking habits per se are of limited importance in the development of alcohol abuse in early adulthood. However, the results showed that the combination of high self-reported frequency of drunkenness and appearance in government registers as early as age 15-17 constitutes a serious indication of continuing alcohol abuse.
The suicide rate among people under 30 years of age has nearly tripled in the past several decades. We compared 133 suicides under the age of 30 years with 150 aged 30 years and over. After gathering and reviewing extensive clinical information and postmortem toxicologic data, we assigned diagnoses using DSM-III criteria. A major diagnostic finding was the occurrence of more drug abuse than had been previously reported, significantly more often in the young people. Few other differences were found either between our total sample and previous studies or between our younger and older groups. We conclude that a closer look at the young group is necessary to see what other differences might occur between the drug abusers and other young suicides.
Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in 64 adolescent psychiatric patients were assessed by a structured interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The medical seriousness of suicidal behavior was associated with conscious intent to die and with the number of previous nonlethal suicide attempts. Suicidal behavior was associated with depressed mood, negative self-evaluation, anhedonia, insomnia, poor concentration, indecisiveness, lack of reactivity of mood, psychomotor disturbance, and alcohol and drug abuse. The results suggest that adolescents can be reliable reporters of their suicide potential and that clinicians need to be sensitive to symptoms of major depressive disorder in assessing potentially suicidal adolescents.
The subdivision of alcoholism into type I and type II, as suggested by Cloninger et al., was applied to two groups of men alcoholics: 30 in treatment for alcoholism ("active" alcoholics) and 39 ex-alcoholics. Despite the fact that the duration of alcohol misuse did not differ between the groups, there were significantly more type II alcoholics among the ex-alcoholics and more type I alcoholics among the active alcoholics. The results seem to indicate a better prognosis in type II alcoholism. The type I and type II alcoholics differed also, as in previous studies, in their frequencies of drug misuse and criminality.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a Health Behavior Questionnaire (HBQ) were administered to 398 junior and senior high school students to assess the relationship between health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Adverse health behaviors which included cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, and the use of drugs other than marijuana were highly intercorrelated. Age of the subjects and BDI items explained up to 31% of the variance of the adverse health behaviors. The suicidal ideation and hopelessness items of the BDI and age of the subjects accounted for most of the explained variance (28%) in adverse health behaviors.
A survey of 1,012 university men aged 21 to 25 years revealed that age at first drink varied inversely with alcohol consumption and frequency of drinking, incidence of alcohol-related problems, and incidence of drug use and associated problems.
A longitudinal study of the changes in health-related behavior in Israeli adolescents was undertaken in a large, comprehensive secondary school. The incidence of starting to smoke and its relationship to the development of sexual behavior was assessed. Smoking, use of drugs, sexual behavior, and drinking of alcoholic beverages at the age of 16 years was related to dropout from secondary school during the 2-year study period. The possibility of developing a model of adolescent risk behavior and its relevance to planning of health and educational services is discussed.
Using a representative sample of the general population, the test-retest reliability of the alcohol and drug modules of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS) was examined. The AUDADIS showed good to excellent reliability for measures of alcohol consumption and use of sedatives, tranquilizers, amphetamines, opioids (other than heroin), cannabis and cocaine. Equally good reliability was demonstrated for diagnoses of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and heroin abuse or harmful use and dependence defined in terms of the International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Third Edition-Revised (DSM-III-R) and Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Results are discussed in terms of the need for future research on the psychometric properties of the AUDADIS in clinical and general population samples.
To examine the relationship between age of drinking onset and patterns of use, abuse of other substances, and the prevalence of other alcohol-related problems in a population of midwestern high school seniors.
We analyzed self-report survey data on public school students' history of alcohol and other drug use and related problems from the Minnesota Student Survey conducted in 1989. The sample consisted of 2,650 male and female seniors, representing a 10% random sample of all white seniors in the study.
The findings suggest that early onset of alcohol use (by age 12) is associated with subsequent abuse of alcohol and related problem behaviors in later adolescence, including alcohol-related violence, injuries, drinking and driving, and absenteeism from school or work, as well as increased risks for using other drugs.
This paper identifies the preadolescent years from age 10 to 12 as a particularly vulnerable period for the development of early alcohol dependence and abuse. Delaying alcohol use onset to age 13 may significantly reduce the risk of severe alcohol abuse in later adolescence.
Source and accuracy statement for the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey
- B F Grant
- A Peterson
- D S Dawson
- S P Chou
Grant, B.F., Peterson, A., Dawson, D.S., & Chou, S.P. (1994). Source and accuracy statement for the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Alcohol, tobacco and drug use In Adolescent health: background and the effectivene.s.s of s~~lrctrtl prevmtion and treatmtwt sen~ice.s. OTA-H466
- U S Congress
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1991). Alcohol, tobacco and drug use. In Adolescent health: background and the effectivene.s.s of s~~lrctrtl prevmtion and treatmtwt sen~ice.s.
OTA-H466. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
D esr 'g n and estimation ,fkom the National Health Interview Survey
- J Massey
- T F Moore
- R P Parsons
- W Tadros
Massey, J., Moore, T.F., Parsons, R.P.. & Tadros, W. ( 1989). D esr 'g n and estimation,fkom the
National Health Interview Survey, 19X-1994.
Soffvare for .sur~~ey data ana[y.si.s (SUDAAN), l'crsion 6
Research Triangle Institute. ( 1996). Soffvare for.sur~~ey data ana[y.si.s (SUDAAN), l'crsion 6;30.
Research Triangle Park, NC: Author.
Alcohol, tobacco and drug use
- U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment