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The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of Its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors
Abstract
To review applications of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior in the domain of health and to verify the efficiency of the theory to explain and predict health-related behaviors.
Most material has been drawn from Current Contents (Social and Behavioral Sciences and Clinical Medicine) from 1985 to date, together with all peer-reviewed articles cited in the publications thus identified.
The results indicated that the theory performs very well for the explanation of intention; an averaged R2 of .41 was observed. Attitude toward the action and perceived behavioral control were most often the significant variables responsible for this explained variation in intention. The prediction of behavior yielded an averaged R2 of .34. Intention remained the most important predictor, but in half of the studies reviewed perceived behavioral control significantly added to the prediction.
The efficiency of the model seems to be quite good for explaining intention, perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior categories. The efficiency of the theory, however, varies between health-related behavior categories.
... They found that 'subjective norm' is a weak predictor of 'intention', and other factors like perceived behavioural control and attitude may be seen as more critical by consumers in their buying behaviour. Some other studies also have shown that 'subjective norm' is not a strong predictor of the intention of consumers to use a product (e.g., Conner & Armitage, 1998;Godin & Kok, 1996). So, the zoomers surveyed in the present study are not influenced by 'subjective norms', and utilitarian factors impact their use of online social networks. ...
... Subjective norm or opinion of people important to the user, like family and friends, does not impact the user's intention when deciding to use social networks. Similar outcomes were seen in some past studies, which showed that subjective norm is not a strong predictor of intention to use a technology (Conner & Armitage, 1998;Godin & Kok, 1996;Povey et al., 2001). While privacy concerns with using online social networks have shot up in recent years (Jeong & Kim, 2017), for the zoomers surveyed for the present study, this issue interestingly does not impact their attitude towards choosing such networks. ...
With a young population and high internet penetration levels, Saudi Arabian users are more active than ever on social media. Close to 44% of Saudi Arabia’s users of online social networking sites are between the age of 18 and 24 years, also known as ‘zoomers’ or ‘Gen Z’. From this age group, students at the college level are one of the most prolific users of online social networks ( Alaslani & Alandejani, 2020 ). Since this study was conducted on Saudi undergraduate students, we will refer to them as zoomers in this article as they are from the same age group. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology was adapted for the study to understand factors that influence the perception, acceptance and usage of online social networks by zoomers in Saudi Arabia. Data collected from 623 undergraduate students across the country reflect that while variables like task-oriented usage, trust and pleasure influenced the attitude of users, privacy was not a concern for students in choosing to use online social networks. Perceived behavioural control directly impacts the intention to use such networks; however, subjective norms or influence of peers and family did not impact the behavioural intention of the students to choose online social networking sites. A better understanding of the factors influencing the attitude of these zoomers (Gen Z) provides a massive opportunity for brands as well as social networking platforms to be able to not only reach this population effectively but also plan efficient approaches for revenue generation. This can also help academicians and government entities understand the behaviour of college-going students by exploring the constructs related to their behavioural intention to choose and use online social networks.
... Since Entrepreneurship is also a planned behaviour, its explanation with the help of intention is very much possible. Research done elsewhere on behaviour like health behaviour (Godin and Kok, 1996), leisure behaviour (Hagger et al., 2003) and consumer behaviour (Chen, 2017) have used this model and established it as the best forecaster of any planned behaviour. As far as its statistical robustness is concerned, the TPB is found being extensively used in the literature (Kolvereid, 1996;Tkachev and Kolvereid, 1999;Krueger et al., 2000;Guerrero et al., 2008;Liñán and Chen, 2009;Lortie and Castogiovanni, 2015;Roy et al., 2017) and it has always been successful in explaining every type of activity it had been applied to such as psychology (Austin and Vancouver, 1996), health sciences (Godin & Kok, 1996), leisure studies (Hagger et al., 2003) and marketing (Pavlou and Fygenson, 2006). ...
... Research done elsewhere on behaviour like health behaviour (Godin and Kok, 1996), leisure behaviour (Hagger et al., 2003) and consumer behaviour (Chen, 2017) have used this model and established it as the best forecaster of any planned behaviour. As far as its statistical robustness is concerned, the TPB is found being extensively used in the literature (Kolvereid, 1996;Tkachev and Kolvereid, 1999;Krueger et al., 2000;Guerrero et al., 2008;Liñán and Chen, 2009;Lortie and Castogiovanni, 2015;Roy et al., 2017) and it has always been successful in explaining every type of activity it had been applied to such as psychology (Austin and Vancouver, 1996), health sciences (Godin & Kok, 1996), leisure studies (Hagger et al., 2003) and marketing (Pavlou and Fygenson, 2006). Therefore, this study also implies the use of this model to observe EI in Indian students from Muslim community. ...
The objective of this research is to check whether the models of EI (Entrepreneurial Intention) explain the entrepreneurial phenomenon when applied to Indian Muslims. The framework tested here is Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the data has been collected by administering questionnaire among the students at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. The study uses a linear regression model to examine the drivers of EI based on TPB. The results partly back the TPB since its construct social norms (SN) found to be insignificant in forecasting EI. Furthermore, highest variance is explained by PBC indicating India's environment to be less conducive for entrepreneurs than other countries. This study is one of its kind studying Entrepreneurial Intention Models based on TPB framework covering students from Muslim community of India. Additionally, this study also focuses on checking the strength of the TPB in explaining EI in Indian Muslims.
... This theory states that attitude (the degree to which a person has a positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior), subjective norms (normative influences; perceived social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior), and perceived behavioral control (perceived difficulty) or the ease of performing a certain behavior) have an effect on the intention and directly affect the behavior. This theory pays attention to social factors such as social norms and the motivation to obey important people, and for this reason, many studies consider it an important factor in accepting desirable sexual functions [17][18][19]. ...
Objectives
This study investigated the effect of an intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on sexual function and satisfaction of migrant women during menopause in Iran.
Methods
This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 88 migrant and menopausal women in Iran. Sampling was performed using the multistage methods in four health care centers. The educational program based on the theory of planned behavior was held in 4 sessions of 90 min for 4 weeks in the intervention group. The final evaluation of the intervention was performed immediately, and the follow-up stage (3 months after the intervention) by completing questionnaires in two groups. The data was analyzed with SPSS 20 software with statistical tests of mean and standard deviation, Manwitney, Frideman, Generalized Estimating Equations.
Results
The results showed that after the intervention, the mean score of sexual function in the intervention group increased from 16.53 ± 2.68 before to 17.52 ± 2.90 immediately and 17.38 ± 2.81 in follow up stage (p < 0.05). But in the control group, this score was not statistically significant during the study stages (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The results indicate that the intervention based on the theory of planned behavior is effective in sexual function and satisfaction with the married life of migrant women during menopause. but to change the sexual function, studies with a longer duration and also the use of other educational models are suggested.
... Studies have shown that college students' cognition and attitudes towards GenAI technology are positively correlated with their usage intentions [5] (Armitage & Conner 2001). Specifically, when students believe that GenAI can improve learning efficiency and promote innovative thinking, they are more likely to show a strong intention to use it [6](Godin & Kok, 1996). Subjective norms -referring to the pressure that individuals feel important to others or groups feel that they should or should not undertake a specific behavior -also play an important role in the intention of GenAI use by college students. ...
In the contemporary era of intelligent media, the utilization of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has become a focal point of research, especially concerning the behavioral intentions of college students. This study aims to delve into the complex factors affecting college students’ behavioral intentions toward using generative AI, with a theoretical foundation rooted in the thoroughly researched Theory of Planned Behavior. The primary focus of the research is to understand how the current wave of intelligent media influences college students’ choices and intentions regarding the adoption of generative AI. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the subtle factors influencing college students’ intentions to interact with generative AI. By bridging the theoretical framework with practical application, the research strives to offer feasible suggestions for educators, policymakers, and AI developers seeking to enhance the integration of generative AI in the academic field.
... The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been widely used across disciplines to understand the mechanisms of conscious decision-making, including decisions related to health behaviors and environmental hazards [15,16]. TPB is particularly useful for this study because it provides a structured framework to analyze how unhoused individuals form intentions to avoid heat exposure. ...
The escalating awareness of heat-related risks and the associated imperative to enhance preparedness strategies at various levels has spurred a growing emphasis on disseminating knowledge about heat vulnerability. These efforts aim to equip diverse stakeholders with practical heat planning and forecasting tools. The success of these communication initiatives hinges on understanding the nuanced perceptions of risk and the priority assigned to addressing heat as a health risk. This paper delves explicitly into the unhoused population’s risk perceptions and coping strategies. Acknowledged as one of the most underserved and vulnerable groups to extreme heat, unhoused individuals face prolonged exposure, a heightened frequency of mental and physical health issues, and limited coping resources during extreme heat events. Despite widespread acknowledgment of their vulnerability, little attention has been directed towards researching health behavior within this demographic about excessive heat. We developed a survey instrument using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to bridge this gap. We collected quantitative survey data from unhoused populations in Columbia, South Carolina, an area of the United States that experiences extreme heat events and has a sizeable unhoused population. Using a series of hierarchical multiple regression models, our findings indicate that TPB variables predict the intention to avoid the heat while considering additional coping strategies common among unhoused individuals. These findings offer valuable insights for public health researchers, practitioners, and community officials engaged in direct interactions with unhoused populations, informing how this underserved group manages excessive heat exposure.
... Many of these constructs overlap since health behavior theories are often developed with contributions from other theories. 77,78 Social cognitive theory, 79 the health belief model, 80 and the theory of planned behavior 81 have been most influential during the past decades. 76,77 This thesis uses theoretical constructs from social cognitive theory, which has previously been used in research aiming at influencing or explaining adolescents' and young adults' health behaviors, including their physical activity, 82 , diet. ...
Purpose
This study aims to explore and segment consumer preferences for electric and hybrid vehicles in Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands and Turkey, focusing on understanding the various factors that influence consumer decisions in these markets.
Design/methodology/approach
Using latent class analysis (LCA) on data collected through online surveys and discrete choice experiments, this research categorizes consumers into distinct segments. The approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how various factors such as income level, fuel cost, age, CO 2 emissions, purchase price, vehicle range, policy policies and environmental concerns interact with shape consumer preferences.
Findings
The analysis uncovers significant heterogeneity in consumer preferences for electric and hybrid vehicles across Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands and Turkey, revealing four key segments: “Eco-Driven Innovators,” “Value-Focused Pragmatists,” “Tech-Savvy Early Adopters” and “Reluctant Traditionalists.” “Eco-Driven Innovators” prioritize environmental benefits and are less sensitive to price, demonstrating a strong inclination toward vehicle CO 2 emissions and policy policies. “Value-Focused Pragmatists” weigh economic factors heavily, showing a sharp interest in fuel costs and purchase prices but are open to considering electric and hybrid vehicles if they present clear long-term savings. Technology-savvy early adopters are attracted by the latest technological advancements in vehicles, regardless of the type, and are motivated by factors beyond just environmental concerns or cost savings. Lastly, “Reluctant Traditionalists” exhibit minimal interest in electric and hybrid vehicles due to concerns over charging infrastructure and upfront costs. This detailed segmentation illustrates the diverse motivations and barriers influencing consumer choices, from governmental policies and environmental concerns to individual financial considerations and technological appeal.
Originality/value
This study stands out for its pioneering application of LCA to dissect the complexity of consumer preferences for electric and hybrid vehicles, a methodological approach not widely used in this research domain. Using LCA, the authors are able to uncover nuanced consumer segments, each with distinct preferences and motivations, providing a depth of insight into market dynamics that traditional analysis methods may overlook. This approach enables a more granular understanding of how diverse factors – ranging from environmental concerns to economic considerations and technological attributes – interact to shape consumer choices in different countries. The findings not only fill a critical gap in the existing literature by mapping the intricate landscape of consumer preferences, but also offer a novel perspective on strategizing market interventions. Therefore, the application of LCA enriches the discourse on sustainable transportation, offering stakeholders, manufacturers, policymakers and researchers – a refined toolkit for navigating the evolving market dynamics and fostering the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles.
Perilaku kesehatan & Promosi Kesehatan" adalah panduan komprehensif yang menguraikan beragam aspek penting dalam upaya meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat. Dari konsep dan ruang lingkup promosi kesehatan hingga teori dan model yang mendasarinya, buku ini membawa pembaca dalam perjalanan mendalam untuk memahami faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku kesehatan. Dengan penekanan pada determinan kesehatan, pembaca diperkenalkan dengan berbagai metode penilaian kesehatan dan evaluasi perilaku yang menjadi landasan dalam merancang program promosi kesehatan yang efektif.
Selain itu, buku ini menyoroti faktor-faktor pendorong perubahan perilaku, termasuk budaya dan lingkungan, yang memberikan pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang dinamika kesehatan masyarakat. Dari promosi gaya hidup sehat hingga pencegahan penyakit, pembaca akan dipandu untuk menggali strategi-promosi yang relevan dengan konteks kesehatan mental, kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi, serta pentingnya menjaga kesehatan lingkungan.
Dengan bahasa yang jelas dan informatif, "Perilaku kesehatan & Promosi Kesehatan" tidak hanya menyajikan wawasan teoritis, tetapi juga menawarkan panduan praktis bagi pembaca untuk mengimplementasikan konsep-konsep yang diajarkan. Buku ini merupakan sumber pengetahuan yang berharga bagi para profesional kesehatan, mahasiswa, dan siapa pun yang tertarik dalam upaya memajukan kesehatan masyarakat.
Despite the success of psychoeducational interventions at improving willingness to seek professional help for mental illness, limited research explores the effect of culturally tailored psychoeducational interventions on African American (AA) college students. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a culturally relevant psychoeducational intervention impacted AA young adult attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, depression stigma, disclosure and willingness to seek help for depression. We conducted a one-group pre- and post-test intervention study of AA college students (N = 75). The 2.5-h intervention featured presentations, large-group discussions, videos, and active learning exercises and was guided by applying a cultural adaptation framework to an existing psychoeducational intervention. The self-administered surveys were created using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a guide. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests. A total of 70 participants completed both pre- and post-test surveys. Overall, willingness, attitude, and disclosure significantly increased after the intervention ( p < .001). Additionally, depression stigma significantly decreased after the intervention, indicating fewer stigmatizing beliefs about depression ( p < .001). Willingness to seek help for depression among AA college students can be improved through culturally relevant and interactive psychoeducational interventions. These interventions can also improve negative attitudes and perceived behavioral control toward seeking help and decrease stigmatizing beliefs. More research is needed to explore the longitudinal impact of culturally relevant psychoeducational interventions and how they may affect actual help-seeking behavior among AA college students.
Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)
Two meta-analyses were conducted to Investigate the effectiveness of the Fishbein and Ajzen model in research to date. Strong overall evidence for the predictive utility of the model was found. Although numerous instances were identified in which researchers overstepped the boundary conditions initially proposed for the model, the predictive utility remained strong across conditions. However, three variables were proposed and found to moderate the effectiveness of the model. Suggested extensions to the model are discussed and general directions for future research are given.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
Research in social psychology has extensively referenced and used Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action to predict and understand motivational influences on behavior Recently Ajzen has proposed an extension of the theory by including perceptions of behavioral control as an additional predictor of intentions and behavior. The present research compared Ajzen's theory of planned behavior with the theory of reasoned action for 10 behaviors chosen to represent a range with respect to control over performing the behavior. he results indicate that inclusion of perceived behavioral control enhances the prediction of behavioral intention and behavior Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, the effects of perceived behavioral control on a target behavior are most vivid when the behavior presents some problem with respect to control.
College students completed a questionnaire that assessed general beliefs and attitudes with respect to matters of health and illness, as well as specific beliefs and attitudes concerning each of 24 health-related behaviors selected in a pilot study. In addition, the frequencies with which each of the 24 behaviors were reportedly performed were used as single-act criteria and to construct an aggregate measure of health behavior (multiple-act criterion). Consistent with previous work on the attitude-behavior relation, predictability of health behavior was contingent on measurement correspondence. Specific health behaviors were largely unrelated to general attitudes toward medical services, concern about illness, evaluations of health practices, or health locus of control; but they did correlate quite well with equally specific attitudes toward, and perceived control over, each behavior. Also consistent with the principle of correspondence, attitudes toward performing recommended health practices in general were found to correlate with the aggregate, multiple-act measure of health behavior. Interestingly, this was true of an affective judgment concerning enjoyment or displeasure associated with performance of health practices but not of a more cognitive evaluation of the desirability of engaging in health-related activities.
This paper summarizes the results of published studies that have applied the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to the prediction of exercising intentions and behavior. In particular, the paper illustrates the knowledge we have gained from the application of thesetheoriesand how these theoretical frameworks could be used to guide the development of exercise promotion programs. Finally, research are noted.
A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) theory of reasoned action, was tested in two experiments. The extended theory incorporates perceived control over behavioral achievement as a determinant of intention (Version 1) as well as behavior (Version 2). In Experiment 1, college students' attendance of class lectures was recorded over a 6-week period; in Experiment 2, the behavioral goal was getting an “A” in a course. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were assessed halfway through the period of observation in the first experiment, and at two points in time in the second experiment. The results were evaluated by means of hierarchical regression analyses. As expected, the theory of planned behavior permitted more accurate prediction of intentions and goal attainment than did the theory of reasoned action. In both experiments, perceived behavioral control added significantly to the prediction of intentions. Its contribution to the prediction of behavior was significant in the second wave of Experiment 2, at which time the students' perceptions of behavioral control had become quite accurate. Contrary to expectations, there was little evidence for interactions between perceived behavioral control and the theory's other independent variables.
It is important to develop and apply AIDS prevention models. The capacity of the theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour to predict intended condom use was tested, using self-administered questionnaires. among 179 male and 123 female Zimbabwean teacher-trainees. Over 93% of males and 72% of females were sexually experienced. Scale reliabilities, which ranged from 0.46-0.90, were reasonable. Data were analyzed using multiple regression with hierarchical entry, first of the Theory of Reasoned Action dimensions, then the additional Theory of Planned Behaviour components. The additional elements of the Theory of Planned Action contributed little to the Theory of Reasoned Action, whose predictive capacity was itself largely accounted for by attitude towards behaviour. Concerns about the measurement of subjective norm are considered. With this proviso, results support the use of skills-based, cognitive-behavioural modification techniques to alter underlying beliefs and expectations respecting condoms.
In this chapter we consider recent theoretical and empirical developments relevant to the theory of planned behaviour, drawing in particular on our own research in the domain of driver behaviour. The issues we focus on are the measurement of perceived control, and in particular the development of a ‘belief-based’ measure of perceived control; the more general issue of ‘direct’ versus ‘belief-based’ measures of constructs within the theory of planned behaviour; the advantages accruing from the addition of measures of personal normative beliefs to the existing model constructs; and the role played by affective beliefs in shaping behavioural intentions. Despite the considerable success of the theory of planned behaviour in predicting intentions and behaviours in a wide variety of behavioural domains, it is argued that significant methodological and theoretical issues remain to be resolved.
This study tested the usefulness of the theory of reasoned action and the addition of self-efficacy to this model for the prediction of oral health behaviour as part of a larger intervention at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine. Self-efficacy is a belief in one's ability to perform a particular behavior. The theory of reasoned action is an attitudinal model focused on predicting behavior. One hundred and sixty-six patients volunteered for an intervention and assessment program at the Oral Health Enhancement Clinic. Participants visited the clinic 7 times over a 14 month period. Relationships among social cognitive model variables and clinical and self-report outcome measures were examined at three different time points over increasingly longer time spans. Results indicated that the theory of reasoned action model was useful in predicting oral health behavior, and adding self-efficacy to the model significantly increased the reliability of predictions of outcome measures. Relationships for social cognitive variables were stronger for self-report than for clinical indices. Reasons for these differences are suggested.