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Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years
Abstract
To determine the stability of perceived parental monitoring over time and its long-term effect on health risk behaviors among low-income, urban African-American children and adolescents.
Prospective, longitudinal follow-up (4 years).
A total of 383 African-American youth aged 9-15 years at baseline recruited from nine recreation centers serving three public housing communities in an Eastern city.
A six-item measure assessing perceived parental monitoring and an 11-item self-reported measure assessing unprotected sex, drug use, and drug trafficking were administered at baseline and at regular intervals over the subsequent 4 years.Analysis: Concordance was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients at the level of scale and by kappa scores at the level of items. The association between the monitoring score and risk involvement was determined by stepwise multiple regression analysis including parental monitoring, age, gender, intervention status, and two-way interactions between parental monitoring and age, gender, intervention status as independent variables.
The perception of being monitored demonstrated consistency over time. Parental monitoring was inversely correlated with all three targeted risk behaviors cross-sectionally and prospectively.
These data provide evidence for an inverse relationship between perceived parental monitoring and risk involvement cross-sectionally and longitudinally. These data support the long-term effect of perceived parental monitoring on risk behaviors among urban, low-income African-American children and adolescents. Coupled with some evidence suggesting that directed interventions might be able to increase parental monitoring, this study provides a solid platform for reinforcing the importance of parental monitoring and directing intervention efforts at strengthening parental monitoring to reduce adolescent risk behaviors.
... First, most articles did not include an explicit definition of the monitoring construct. Rather, most defined monitoring indirectly, such as by describing what "good" monitoring looks like (Crouter & Head, 2002;Gabriels, 2016), explaining the "function" of monitoring (e.g., Guilamo-Ramos et al., 2010) or what it "relies on" (e.g., Ceballo et al., 2003), identifying important "aspects of monitoring" (e.g., DiClemente et al., 2001;Dittus et al., 2015), or listing what monitoring "includes" (e.g., Gentile et al., 2014) or "incorporates" (e.g., Li et al., 2000). Because the articles did not assert directly what monitoring is, it is difficult to determine the boundaries of the definitions being offered. ...
... Second, construct definitions were often expansive. Articles described monitoring as tracking youths' activities (e.g., Dishion & McMahon, 1998), knowing about youths' activities (e.g., Jacobson & Crockett, 2000;Smetana, 2008), directly supervising youth (e.g., Ceballo et al., 2003;Li et al., 2000), communicating with youth (e.g., Crouter & Head, 2002;Stanton et al., 2000), structuring the youths' environment (e.g., Dishion & McMahon, 1998;Racz & McMahon, 2011), setting and enforcing rules for youth (e.g., Dittus et al., 2015;, negotiating and problem-solving (e.g., Borawski et al., 2003), and an aspect of the parent-child relationship (e.g., Borawski et al., 2003;Crouter & Head, 2002). Most articles described monitoring as encompassing more than one of these concepts. ...
... (p. 66) Li et al. (2000) "Parental monitoring" incorporates both communication between parents (including both biologic and nonbiologic guardians) and their youth and supervision of the youth by the parents/guardians." (p.49) "Silverberg's six-item Parental Monitoring Scale ascertains whether the youth believe that their parents/guardians usually know where and with whom the youth are and in what activities they are engaging." ...
Parental monitoring is a construct of longstanding interest in multiple fields—but what is it? This paper makes two contributions to the ongoing debate. First, we review how the published literature has defined and operationalized parental monitoring. We show that the monitoring construct has often been defined in an indirect and nonspecific fashion and measured using instruments that vary widely in conceptual content. The result has been a disjointed empirical literature that cannot accurately be described as the unified study of a single construct nor is achieving a cumulative scientific character. Second, we offer a new formulation of the monitoring construct intended to remedy this situation. We define parental monitoring as the set of all behaviors performed by caregivers with the goal of acquiring information about the youth’s activities and life. We introduce a taxonomy identifying 5 distinct types of monitoring behaviors (Types 1–5), with each behavior varying along five dimensions (performer, target, frequency, context, style). We distinguish parental monitoring from 16 other parenting constructs it is often conflated with and position monitoring as one element within the broader parent-youth monitoring process: the continuous, dyadic interplay between caregivers and youth as they navigate caregivers attempts' to monitor youth. By offering an explicit and detailed conceptualization of monitoring, we aim to foster more rigorous and impactful research in this area.
... Por el contrario, los estilos no democráticos han sido asociados con problemas de rendimiento escolar, pobre capacidad cognitiva, escasa autonomía y presencia de conductas antisociales (Lambron et al, 1991;Steinberg et al, 1994;Baumind, (1991) & Li et al, 2000. Es por ello que el propósito del presente estudio, giró en torno al análisis de las relaciones entre dichas variables. ...
... Esto implica que los padres que delimitaron la conducta de sus hijos(as) por medio de interacciones basadas en el afecto, la confianza, la autonomía, y el humor favorecieron un mayor nivel de acuerdo con las conductas prosociales, lo que concuerda con los hallazgos de Palacios y Rodrigo (1998), Lambron et al (1991, Steinberg et al (1994) y Li et al (2000). ...
La violencia es reconocida como uno de los principales retos del siglo XXI. Su incremento afecta a toda la población, pero especialmente a niñas, niños y adolescentes, quienes además de estar entre sus víctimas más frecuentes, pueden aprender a normalizarla y reproducirla. Ante tal situación, la familia cobra nueva relevancia, pues en este contexto desfavorable, debe cumplir con sus funciones de protección y socialización de sus miembros. Diversos autores plantearon que los estilos parentales positivos, en los que las experiencias educativas son mediadas por demostraciones de afecto, comunicación y confianza, previenen la violencia y favorecen la apropiación de conductas prosociales, mientras que las prácticas controladoras y autoritarias promueven simulación, rechazo escolar y conductas violentas. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar resultados de autoinforme de estilos parentales, entre estudiantes agrupados según su reporte de participación en bullying y nivel de acuerdo con afirmaciones antisociales y prosociales. Participaron 106 estudiantes de primaria (X̅ Edad=10.15 D.E. 0.998). Aplicamos escalas de bullying, conductas antisociales, prosociales, y un cuestionario de estilos parentales con seis dimensiones (afecto, autonomía, control conductual, psicológico, revelación y humor), formamos grupos y los comparamos. La prueba U de Mann Whitney mostró diferencias significativas en estilos parentales percibidos, entre los estudiantes clasificados según su nivel de acuerdo o desacuerdo con conductas prosociales y antisociales. El análisis por dimensiones de estilo parental reportó diferencias significativas en afecto, autonomía, control conductual, revelación y humor, pero no en control psicológico. Tampoco hubo diferencias entre alumnos clasificados como agresores, víctimas o testigos de bullying. Se concluyó que los padres que limitaron la conducta de sus hijos(as) por medio de interacciones basadas en el afecto, confianza y humor, favorecieron mayor acuerdo con conductas prosociales. Las diferencias en estilos parentales, no influyeron en las modalidades de participación en conductas de bullying. Trabajo apoyado por PAPIIT IN303624.
... Researchers define parental monitoring as parental behaviors that regulate and provide awareness of their offspring's' whereabouts, conduct and companions (Dishion et al., 1998;Li et al., 2000) [1,2] . Parental monitoring reduces adolescents' externalizing outcomes; therefore it is one of the important aspects of parenting. ...
... Researchers define parental monitoring as parental behaviors that regulate and provide awareness of their offspring's' whereabouts, conduct and companions (Dishion et al., 1998;Li et al., 2000) [1,2] . Parental monitoring reduces adolescents' externalizing outcomes; therefore it is one of the important aspects of parenting. ...
The study was carried out at Barpeta district of lower Assam. The sample comprises of 200 Class XI adolescents in the age group of 16 to 17 years. Biological parents with whom sample adolescents are living from birth were also included under the study. To make the sample representative equal numbers of boys and girls from both rural and urban areas were selected. A semi-structured interview schedule was adopted for collecting data on problems associated with parenting. Home visit was conducted for interviewing parents of the sample adolescents. Frequencies and percentages were computed and tabulated to analyze the findings. Results of the study revealed that most of the rural and urban parent's perceived problems associated with monitoring and controlling of their adolescents. Most of the adolescents also had perception on their parents' problem in parenting them on different aspects of monitoring and controlling.
... The relationship with parents, including low parental monitoring and parental support [14], as well as their loss [15] or single parenthood [16], have been identified as risk factors for the adoption of violent behaviour among adolescents. Parents have also been shown to have a critical role in influencing adolescent substance use [17][18][19]. ...
... The prevalence of violent behaviour did not vary significantly between the different degrees of parental rule-setting in both groups, while it significantly increased with decreasing perceived parental monitoring. Concerning perceived parental monitoring, in the 15-17 year-old group the highest prevalence of violent behaviour was found among those who answered "Seldom" (41.9%), while in the [18][19] year-old group the highest prevalence was found among those who answered "Almost never" (31.3%). ...
This study extends existing research on the relationship between psychoactive substance use among young people and violent behaviour, by evaluating the possible effect of the modification of parenting in a nationally representative sample of 14,685 Italian students drawn from the 2019 wave of the ESPAD Italia survey (51% male; mean age about 17 years). Parental dimensions considered in the study were rule-setting, monitoring, and emotional support, as well as the possible absence of a parent. Relative risk ratios and binary logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations separately for adolescents (15–17) and young adults (18–19). Overall, parental rule-setting, perceived parental monitoring, and emotional support were protective factors for substance use, and the strength of this relationship increased with the frequency of use. Among adolescents, the absence of a parent represented a risk factor. In both age groups, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour was increased among those reporting alcohol intoxication and substance use and the greater the frequency of use, the greater the increase in the odds. As parental monitoring and emotional support decreased, the odds of engaging in violent behaviour increased (except in the case of lower parental support among young adults), while the opposite applies to parental rule-setting. The odds of engaging in violent behaviour were increased among those reporting the absence of a parent only in the adolescent age group. Parental rule-setting was found to have an effect only among adolescents, increasing the odds of violent behaviour among frequent drinkers. Our results might be helpful to signal adolescents who would be more prone to adopt violent behaviour in order to target prevention policies.
... As parental behavioral control transmits behavioral norms to adolescents, it has been considered a protective factor in adolescents' positive development and problem prevention (Finkenauer, Engels, and Baumeister 2005;Kincaid et al. 2011). More specifically, it helps reduce adolescent exposure to risky environments, "curb" their impulsive misbehaviors, hence preventing adolescent substance use behaviors (Ennett et al. 2008;Li, Stanton, and Feigelman 2000). Empirical studies showed that adolescents whose parents exercised effective behavioral control were less likely to consume alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs (Ennett et al. 2008;Li, Stanton, and Feigelman 2000;Shek and Law 2014;van der Vorst et al. 2006). ...
... More specifically, it helps reduce adolescent exposure to risky environments, "curb" their impulsive misbehaviors, hence preventing adolescent substance use behaviors (Ennett et al. 2008;Li, Stanton, and Feigelman 2000). Empirical studies showed that adolescents whose parents exercised effective behavioral control were less likely to consume alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs (Ennett et al. 2008;Li, Stanton, and Feigelman 2000;Shek and Law 2014;van der Vorst et al. 2006). ...
The present study examined the concurrent and longitudinal influences of paternal and maternal factors on the levels of and changes in substance use among early adolescents. Based on three waves of data collected from 2,669 junior high school Chinese students in Hong Kong, we found that fathers’ and mothers’ behavioral control and the quality of parent–adolescent relationship were negative predictors of the initial levels of substance use. Higher levels of maternal behavioral control and quality of mother–adolescent relationship predicted a slower rate of increase in adolescent substance use. Parental psychological control was not a significant predictor of the growth rate of adolescent substance use. While fathers’ behavioral control and mother–adolescent relationship were stable concurrent predictors, the mother–adolescent relationship was a robust longitudinal predictor of adolescent substance use. The findings underline the critical roles of parents in influencing adolescent substance use.
... Sexual risk prevention during adolescence focuses on a number of behavioral targets, including delaying onset of sexual activity (Tortolero et al., 2010), reducing the number of condomless sex acts (Coyle et al., 2006), reducing the number of partners (Jemmott et al., 2010), and increasing condom use (DiClemente et al., 2009). Some programs focus on a specific behaviors such as condom use and abstinence (Boekeloo et al., 1999), while others focus on developmental and contextual processes that influence sexual risk behavior such as emotion regulation (Raffaelli & Crockett, 2003), parent-adolescent communication (Huebner & Howell, 2003), parental monitoring (Huebner & Howell, 2003;Li et al., 2000), and social networks and interpersonal connectedness . Programs that focus on these important but more distal processes likely impact more than one behavioral target of sexual risk. ...
... Unfortunately, the VEE does not include other sexual risk behaviors important to adolescent sexual risk prevention such as multiple concurrent partners and substance use prior to sex. To our knowledge, there is no consistently used, empirically Create an a priori composite risk score that captures overall risk on a one-dimensional continuous scale (Bancroft et al., 2003;Brown et al., 2011;Carey et al., 2004;Carmona et al., 2014;Fergus et al., 2007;Huang et al., 2012;Murry et al., 2011;Pearlman et al., 2002;Raffaelli & Crockett, 2003;Wilson & Widom, 2011) A priori categories based on patterns of risk behaviors (Bowleg et al., 2014;Epstein et al., 2014;Graham et al., 2013;Huebner & Howell, 2003;Li et al., 2000;Murphy et al., 2009;Mustanski, 2008;Siegel et al., 2001;Wu et al., 2005) Pros Latent variable measurement models (e.g., item response theory, exploratory factor analysis, principal components analysis; (Mattson et al., 2008;Siegel et al., 2001;Williams et al., 2001) Create a weighted composite based on predictive models of a specific outcome (e.g., contracting HIV; (Susser et al., 1998) Latent class (Beadnell et al., 2005;Hipwell et al., 2011;Lanza & Collins, 2008 derived approach that captures all the sexual risk behaviors that are targeted by adolescent sexual risk prevention programs. Using a consistent composite index that captures these behaviors could help improve interpretability across studies and populations, but only if the composite values hold the same meaning from one population to the next, which requires replication and cross-validation. ...
Composite scores offer the advantage of summarizing across multiple sexual risk behaviors to both simplify results and better capture the influence of core contextual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal dynamics that affect multiple sexual risk behaviors. There is inconsistency in how researchers utilize composite scores with minimal guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of frequently used approaches. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed in the context of assessing adolescent sexual risk behavior. A latent variable model and three commonly used composites were applied to data combined across four clinical trials (n = 1322; 50% female). Findings suggested that the latent variable approach was limited due to minimal correlations among sexual risk behaviors, that choice of composite had minimal impact on cross-sectional results so long as there is sufficient variability in risk behavior in the sample, but composite choice could impact results from clinical trials particularly for subgroup analyses. There are unique challenges to creating composites of adolescent risk behavior, including the fluidity and infrequency of adolescent sexual relationships that result in many participants reporting no sexual behavior at any given assessment and a low correlation between the number of partners and condomless sex acts. These challenges impede application of data-driven approaches to defining sexual risk composites. Recommendations to improve consistency in reporting include: (1) reporting each type of risk behavior separately prior to forming a composite, (2) aggregating across assessments to increase the chance of observing sexual risk behaviors, and (3) continued work toward a unified definition of adolescent sexual risk behavior that can guide the development of appropriate measurement models.
... Other scholars have indicated that parental monitoring should also include the willingness of children to voluntarily disclose information to parents as a feature of parental monitoring [25]. Taken together, parental monitoring has been associated with reducing deviant peers and delinquent behavior [26][27][28][29]. ...
The purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure and measurement invariance of the three-factor (nurturance, monitoring, discipline) 29-item Parenting Practices Scale across four Caribbean islands-Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, The Bahamas, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines-with data from 1948 adolescent Caribbean grade 10 students. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, and the findings supported the original three-factor model, and factor loading invariance was found across the four Caribbean islands. These findings suggest that this par-enting measure may be used to compare perceptions of parental behaviors among adolescents in the English-speaking Caribbean with some limitations that are discussed.
... A longitudinal study on adolescents and risk behavior found parental monitoring to be inversely related to risk behaviors. Additionally, perceived parental monitoring had long-term effects on adolescents who were less likely to be involved in risk behaviors as they aged as compared to adolescents who had lesser perceived parental monitoring 57 . Similar to our study, their sample also contained a majority of female participants. ...
This study explores the impact of Internet addiction (IA), age, and essential and non-essential technology usage time on the physical and mental fatigue of adolescents. The research surveyed 477 adolescents from Qatar and employed the Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (IADQ) and Chalder's Fatigue Scale for data collection. Multiple linear regression and Mann–Whitney U tests were utilized for analysis. The findings indicate that IA, non-essential usage time, and age are positively associated with overall fatigue among adolescents. IA and non-essential usage time are positively linked to physical fatigue, while IA, non-essential usage time, and age are positive predictors of mental fatigue. However, essential usage time is negatively associated with mental fatigue. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing technology usage based on intent and necessity, as well as differentiating between physical and mental fatigue when examining problematic technology usage. This study is among the few conducted in the Middle Eastern context.
... Poor parental monitoring is related to higher levels of externalizing behaviors, such as delinquency, aggression and antisocial behavior, and violence (Patterson & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1984;Peterson, Ewigman, & Kivlahan, 1993;Singer, Miller, Guo, Flannery, Frierson, & Slovak, 1999). Low parental monitoring is related to earlier initiation of substance use (Chilcoat, Dishion, & Anthony, 1995;Steinberg, trafficking among low-income African American children and adolescents (Li, Stanton, & Feigelman, 2000). ...
This study examined relationships among gender, perceived parental monitoring, externalizing behaviors, and adolescent alcohol use in a 2-wave longitudinal study. Females reported more perceived parental monitoring and less alcohol use than males. Perceived maternal and paternal monitoring were related to less alcohol use over time. Increases in alcohol use were associated with increases in externalizing behaviors over time. Perceived maternal monitoring mediated the relationship between gender and youth drinking and was also a significant predictor of changes in adolescent drinking over time. Perceived paternal monitoring was not a predictor of adolescent drinking in the context of perceived maternal monitoring and externalizing behaviors. The importance of gender in implementation of prevention programs is discussed.
... Perceptions of Parental Monitoring. Five items assess youths' perceptions of parental monitoring, adapted from prior work (Li et al., 2000;Steinberg et al., 1992). The prompt read "How much does your parent/ guardian try:" and then the youth responded on a scale from 1 (Does not try at all) to 4 (Tried extremely hard) to five questions: To know who you spend time with; To know how you spend your free time?; ...
Juvenile probation can be a critical inflection point. As such, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are interested in enhancing youths' success on probation, especially pertaining to reducing recidivism and promoting their success in education and employment. Informed by the risk-need-responsivity framework, the present study examined how theoretically derived familial/peer (e.g., social bonds, parental monitoring), societal/community (e.g., labeling theory), and individual-level (e.g., impulsivity, procedural justice) factors were associated with youths' expectations for success on probation as well as more general life course outcomes. Within samples of youth starting probation (N = 301) and 6 months into probation (N = 253), we combined cross-sectional data from the jurisdiction's risk/needs tool with a self-reported survey from youth. Youths’ perceptions of parental monitoring and procedural justice were consistently associated with their self-expectations for completing probation. However, for more general life course success, only perceptions of parental monitoring promoted self-expectations. Implications for theory, policy, and practice are discussed.
... Six items from Silverberg and Steinberg's parental monitoring measure [36,37] were summed to assess participant's perception of their parent or guardian's knowledge of their whereabouts and activities (e.g., "When I go out at night, this person knows where I am"). Response options were either "never," "rarely," "sometimes," "very often," and "always" or "never," "hardly ever," "some days," "most days," and "almost every day"). ...
Given their disproportionate HIV incidence, there is a critical need to identify factors related to HIV risk among Black young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the southeastern United States. This study investigated the association of family factors and HIV-related outcomes among Black YMSM in Mississippi ages 14–20 (n = 72). Multivariable regression models evaluated associations of family factors and outcomes. Greater parent/child communication about sex was associated with fewer lifetime male sex partners and lower odds of lifetime anal sex. Greater parental monitoring was associated with greater likelihood of future condom use. Sexual orientation disclosure was associated with more lifetime male sex partners. Parental monitoring and parent/child communication about sex were protective, suggesting that family-based interventions are promising for HIV prevention among Black YMSM in Mississippi. Results also indicated that YMSM who are “out” to family are important to reach, and families could be useful in encouraging healthy behaviors.
... Mounting research across early (Baker et al., 1999), middle (Beck et al., 1999;Mott et al., 1999;Richards et al., 2004), and late adolescence (Barnes et al., 2000;Siebenbruner et al., 2006) shows that greater monitoring and knowledge (particularly child disclosure) are associated with lower alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use among general population samples (Abar et al., 2014;Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000;Li et al., 2000;Micalizzi et al., 2019). Parental monitoring and knowledge may be especially protective among JIY, as research among delinquent youth (who are not necessarily justice involved) highlights this possibility. ...
Increased parental monitoring is protective against cannabis use (CU) for justice involved youth, although discrepancies across parent/adolescent reports of monitoring may confer risk. Baseline data were drawn from two randomized clinical trials (152 adolescents; Mage= 15.9; 68% male). Adolescents reported on past 60-day CU and adolescents and parents completed a measure of parental knowledge, parental solicitation, parental control, and child disclosure. Multiple regression models that varied operationalization of discrepancies were performed, in which CU was predicted from each monitoring construct. Inclusion of main effects of parent and adolescent reports improved prediction of CU, particularly parental knowledge and child disclosure. When operationalized categorically, discrepancies improved prediction of CU for parental knowledge. Discrepancies did not improve prediction of CU for the other aspects of parental monitoring. Findings diverge from previous research on adolescent alcohol use; explanations of findings and implications for treatment are discussed.
... Despite robust findings that suggest protective effects of parental monitoring against substance use and deviant peer affiliation, results yield mixed findings in high crime/highrisk neighborhoods. While some research is consistent with the broader literature showing parental monitoring is related to lower rates of substance use and deviant peer affiliations (e.g., Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000 for review), other research fails to show the protective effects of monitoring (e.g., Li et al., 2000) or that protective effects of monitoring dampen as neighborhood risk increases (e.g., Sullivan et al., 2004). These conflicting findings may be explained through the interactive effects of parenting practices. ...
Robust research shows that poor parenting practices are related to adverse outcomes among adolescents; however, few have examined the interaction between parenting variables and adolescent outcomes within the context of exposure to relentless crime. The current study examined the combined effects of parental monitoring and discipline on marijuana involvement and deviant peer affiliation among adolescent males living in Los Angeles neighborhoods with concentrated crime. For this study, areas with higher-than-average crime rates were selected based on census data, published statistics, and law-enforcement data. The study included 349 males between 13 and 17 years of age, mostly Latino (70.2%) and African American (28.4%). Data were collected using questionnaires to interview participants and analyzed using logistic regression. Results suggest that among adolescent males in geographic areas of high violence and crime, the interaction between parental monitoring and discipline was significantly related to marijuana involvement and deviant peer affiliation. Follow-up analyses showed parental monitoring was only an effective tool at higher levels of consistent parental discipline. In the absence of consistent discipline, good parental monitoring was ineffective at preventing marijuana involvement and affiliation with deviant peers. Results suggest that if time and resources are limited, clinicians should consider focusing on the use of consistent discipline with parents residing in high-crime neighborhoods.
... Control/demandingness on the other hand can be divided into behavior/authoritative control, harsh/authoritarian control (verbal and physical punishment as well as intrusiveness), and psychological control (e.g., manipulation) (Barber, 1996;Pinquart, 2017). As one of the most important associations between these behavioral characteristics and child development, it could be found that parenting behavior is particularly related to behavioral adjustment in children (e.g., Haapasalo and Tremblay, 1994;Steinberg et al., 1994;Pettit et al., 1997;Li et al., 2000;Waller et al., 2015;Pinquart, 2017), which is observable as externalizing or internalizing behavior problems as described above. In a meta-analysis by Pinquart (2017), it could be shown that certain dimensions of parenting behavior, such as harsh control, psychological control, as well as permissive and neglectful parenting were strongly associated to high levels of externalizing behavior problems in children. ...
It has widely been accepted that play has a major role in human development. The play situation is considered a save and controlled space in which children can learn to express their problems and to regulate their emotions, thus promoting emotional and behavioral adjustment. In early childhood, this process is thought to emerge in close interaction with caregivers. Parent-child play is thus viewed as an ideal window for parents to connect with their children and to support them in their social-emotional development. In this preregistered systematic review, we sought to integrate evidence from developmental and clinical psychology to shed more light on the role of parents in the relationship between parent-child play and children's behavioral adjustment as expressed in internalizing or externalizing behavior. Our review revealed that increased harsh control during play interactions as well as a lack of parental responsiveness, warmth and sensitivity were found to be associated with increased behavioral problems. Yet, no protective effect of warmth or responsiveness could be found in the context of risk groups. Moreover, the included studies indicated that positive affect expressed by parents during parent-child play was associated with fewer behavior problems in children, while negative affect was associated with more behavior problems. In general, this review revealed that quality and quantity of playful parent-child interactions were reduced in children with behavioral problems of both domains compared to children without behavioral problems. These findings illustrate the important role of parental characteristics during play interactions and their possible impact on children's behavioral adjustment.
... Parental monitoring has been defined as parenting practices or involvement in which parents are mindful of their adolescents' whereabouts, peers, and activities (Borawski, Ievers-Landis, Lovegreen, & Trapl, 2003;Stattin & Kerr, 2000). A number of studies have examined adolescent risky behaviors among Laitnx and non-Latinx black adolescents and found that an adolescent's perception of parental monitoring serves as a protective factor against engaging in risky behaviors (Borawski et al., 2003;Di-Clemente et al., 2001;Kerr, Stattin, & Burk, 2010;Lawton & Gerdes, 2014;Li, Stanton, & Feigelman, 2000) such as alcohol and drug consumption (DiClemente et al., 2001;Lawton & Gerdes, 2014). International studies have shown that parental monitoring and similar constructs (e.g., parent-child cohesion; parent involvement) are associated with lower rates of adolescent PIU (Cho, & Cheon, 2005;Li, Garland, & Howard, 2014;Xu, Turel, & Yuan, 2012). ...
Problematic Internet use (PIU) and problematic video gaming (PVG) are associated with various negative health outcomes and are increasingly concerning behavioral health issues among youth. While market research indicates that US Latinx use the Internet and video games more frequently than non-Latinx US youth, research on PIU and PVG among this historically understudied population is lacking. Accordingly, data on PIU, PVG, parental monitoring, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, depression, parental attachment, acculturation, and positive future orientation were collected using validated standardized measures from three separate samples of US Latinx and non-Latinx youth.
The aims of this research were to explore the associations between PIU, PVG, and family, cultural, and individual wellbeing outcomes in a community sample of US Latinx and non-Latinx black adolescents. The first study (N = 159) examined the incidence of PVG among youth and found that younger elementary school aged males (ages 6-11) had the highest PVG scores, followed by middle school aged males (ages 12-14), and high school aged males (ages 15-18).
Building off previous research, the second study collected data (N = 247) examined PIU as a mediator of the association between parental monitoring and academic achievement, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, and depression. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to estimate the relationships between the variables, controlling for adolescent’s age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results revealed that PIU is a significant mediator between parental monitoring and low academic achievement, sleep quality, substance use, anxiety, and depression.
A third study was conducted to examine if PIU and PVG mediate the relation between family, cultural, individual constructs and academic achievement. Two separate simple mediation models were tested using PROCESS© macro v3.0 for SPSS 25. Results from the hypothesized mediation models were not significant. Suggestions for future research to examine critical Latinx cultural values and their influence on behavioral health is discussed.
... Ancak genel olarak çalışmalara baktığımız da sağlıklı ebeveyn izlemi olan çocukların internet ve bilgisayar kullanımına sınır koyabildikleri, çocukların boş zamanlarında neler yaptıklarını bildiklerini ve buna göre önlem aldıklarını, bunun sonucunda çocuk ve ergenlerin interneti daha yararlı kullanabildiklerini ifade edilmiştir (31). Ayrıca çocuk ve ergenler tarafından algılanan ebeveyn izlemi daha az olduğunda, çocuk ve ergenlerin daha riskli davranışlarda bulunma oranı artmaktadır (32). Kısıtlayıcı ebeveyn izlemi özel alanı da zapt ederek izinsiz şekilde çocuğu kontrol etmeyi içerir, bu ebeveynlik stilinde çocukların daha fazla siber mağduriyet ve internet bağımlılığı ile ilişkili olması, katı ve otoriter ebeveynlik izleminin çocuklar için koruyucu olmaktan çok onları siber mağduriyet açısından daha riskli hale getirmektedir. ...
süreleri artırdı. İnsanların evlerinde geçirilen sürelerine paralel olarak internette geçirdikleri süreler de arttı. Bu çalışma da bu gelişmelerin internet üzerinden zorbalığa uğrama ile olan ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Katılımcılara çevrimiçi ortam üzerinden ulaşıldı. Annelerden; Sosyo-demografik form, Aile-Çocuk İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeği, çocuklardan ise Siber Mağduriyet Ölçeği, Anne Baba İzleme Ölçeği doldurmaları istenmiştir. Katılmayı kabul eden katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onamları alınmıştır. Toplam 104 anne ve çocuk ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Bulgular: Kız cinsiyette, yaş ile siber mağduriyet ölçek puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r: 0,308, p=0,028). Sosyal medya hesabı olan çocuk ve ergenlerin siber mağduriyet puanları olmayanlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur(p=0,002). Ölçeklerin birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri değerlendirildiğinde Aile-Çocuk İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeği ile Siber mağduriyet düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif yönde zayıf bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır (r=0,248 p=0,011). Ergen grubunda hem Aile-Çocuk İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeği hem de Siber mağduriyet ölçeği ile kısıtlayıcı izlem arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif yönde zayıf düzeyde ilişki bulunmaktadır (r=0,345 p=0,019; r=0,345 p=0,019). Sonuç: COVID-19 sürecinde internet bağımlılığı ve siber mağduriyet gençler arasında hızla artmaktadır. Yaşın artması ve sosyal medya hesaplarının olması çocuk ve ergenlerde siber mağduriyet açısından risk yaratmaktadır. Aileler bu süreçte çocukları yakından izlemeli, internet kullanımı ve siber mağduriyet hakkında doğru bilgilendirmeler yapmalıdır, sınır koyma da aşırı kısıtlayıcı olmaktan kaçınmalıdırlar.
... To further clarify this study's findings, a series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine whether findings held when using different informants in light of a large body of literature that suggests informants' ratings of child psychopathology are often discrepant (De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005). Although we were primarily interested in adolescent reports of monitoring given literature that suggests adolescents' perceptions of monitoring are associated with DBP both cross-sectionally (Li et al., 2000) and longitudinally (Rai et al., 2003), we tested the hypothesized model using maternal reports of monitoring and found that the significant interaction of monitoring and pubertal timing did not hold. We also found only a moderate correlation between adolescent and maternal reports of monitoring in this sample. ...
Adolescent girls’ disruptive behavior problems (DBP) are associated with risk for other mental health challenges and legal system involvement. Existing literature suggests early pubertal timing and low maternal monitoring might confer risk for DBP; however, few studies examine the combined influence of these factors, particularly in samples at risk for both DBP and early pubertal timing. This longitudinal study examined whether perceived pubertal timing moderated the association between maternal monitoring and DBP in a treatment-seeking sample of 256 African American adolescent girls (ages 12–16) and their female caregivers. Hierarchical linear regression analyses demonstrated that pubertal timing moderated the association between maternal monitoring and DBP. For early-developing girls, maternal monitoring and DBP at 1-year were negatively associated. Maternal monitoring was not related to DBP at 1-year for on-time and later-developing girls. Findings suggest that maternal monitoring may be a more effective parenting practice for preventing DBP in early-developing girls as compared to their on-time and later-developing peers.
... Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku beresiko seperti perilaku seksual tidak aman, penggunaan dan pengedaran napza berkorelasi negatif dengan persepsi terhadap parental monitoring khususnya pada anak-anak dan remaja dari keluarga Afrika-Amerika perkotaan yang berpendapatan rendah (Li, Stanton, & Feigelman, 2000). Artinya, semakin remaja mempersepsi adanya parental monitoring dari orang tua, maka keterlibatan mereka terhadap perilaku beresiko semakin rendah. ...
... Bazı çalışmaların ebeveynin cinsiyetinin de riskli sürüş üzerinde etkisi olduğuna odaklandığı bilinmektedir. Örneğin, ebeveynlerin trafik kapsamında genç kızları üzerinde genç erkek sürücülere göre daha fazla kontrole sahip oldukları bulunmuştur (örn: Barnes, Reifman, Farrell ve Dintcheff, 2000;Borawski ve ark., 2003;Li, Feigelman ve Stanton, 2000). Öte yandan, diğer bir çalışma, kaza durumlarında ebeveynlerin rollerinin daha az dikkat çektiğini göstermiştir (Ferguson, Williams, Chapline, Reinfurt ve Leonardis, 2001). ...
Genç sürücüler arasında ölüm oranlarında rol oynayan faktörlerden birinin riskli sürüş davranışı olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu nedenle genç sürücüler arasında trafik bağlamında risk alma davranışının önemli bir konu olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir. Çevresel ve kişilerarası faktörlerden biri olarak değerlendiren ebeveynin, sahip olduğu bilgilerin, model alma davranışının, ebeveynlik tarzının genç sürücülerin trafik bağlamında sürüş davranışlarını izlemede önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı genç sürücülerin trafikte risk alma davranışına aile iklimi kapsamında yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak ve ilgili çalışmalar temelinde ailelere ve genç sürücülere öneriler sunmaktır. Toplamda 17 çalışmaya yer verilen bu derlemenin bulgular kısmında çalışmaların amaçları, çeşitli ölçme araçları, ebeveyn ve genç sürücüleri kapsayan örneklem özellikleri, bağımsız ve bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ve sonuçlar dahil edilmiş, ilgili çalışmaların detayları amaç çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak ebeveyn ve genç sürücülere trafik bağlamında detaylı önerilere aile ikliminin 7 boyutu olan iletişim, gözetim, güvenliğe bağlılık, model olma, geri bildirim, mesajlar ve sınırlar kapsamında yer verilmiş ve genç sürücülerin güvenli sürüş davranışını artırmak için aileleri de kapsayacak şekilde toplumsal eğitim aktiviteleri, sosyal, bilişsel ve davranışsak faktörler ile ilgili tavsiyelerin faydalı olabileceği vurgulanmıştır.
... Female youth who have not engaged in delinquent behavior but have internalized anger may have stronger family supports and parents who are more observant of their child's behaviors. Since levels of parental monitoring decrease more slowly for females than for males, this supports prior work demonstrating that there are gendered differences in parental monitoring (Li et al., 2000). Therefore, significant but slower decreases in parental monitoring for females may be the result of gender alone or a consequence of internalizing anger. ...
Parental monitoring is a set of correlated parenting behaviors involving attention to and tracking of the child’s whereabouts, activities, and adaptations. The impact of parental monitoring is ubiquitous and has broad relevance for youth outcomes. Similarly, although less commonly investigated, youth behaviors can impact parents’ or caregivers’ responses or behaviors. Longitudinal analysis was used to assess the gendered effects of youth behaviors—defined as internalized anger, externalized anger, and delinquency—on parent behaviors (i.e., parental monitoring). Results showed that adolescent’s levels of internalized anger, externalized anger, and delinquency were predictive of parental monitoring. Specifically, as the adolescents aged, parental monitoring decreased and parental monitoring was differentiated based on gender. Results and implications for the parent–child relationship are discussed.
... Studies found bullying and other aggressive behavior tends to occur when parents are absent or when youth are not provided sufficient supervision (Doty, Lynne, Metz, Yourell, & Espelage, 2020;Espelage et al., 2000;Georgiou & Fanti, 2010;Low & Espelage, 2013). Within the family domain, consistent but not excessive parental monitoring has been identified as a protective factor for bullying and involvement in types of aggression (victimization and perpetration) among adolescents (Doty et al., 2020;Espelage, 2014;Li, Stanton, & Feigelman, 2000). Family social support is the level of recognition, approval, and care that youth receive from family members and has been correlated with bullying and other types of aggression involvement. ...
Bias-based aggression at school in the form of homophobic name-calling is quite prevalent among early adolescents. Homophobic name-calling is associated with low academic performance, higher risky sexual behaviors, and substance abuse, among other adverse outcomes. This longitudinal study examined risk and protective factors across multiple domains of the social ecology (individual, peer, family, school and community) and levels of analysis (within- and between-person) associated with homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization. Students from four middle schools in the U.S. Midwest ( N = 1,655; [Formula: see text] age = 12.75; range = 10–16 years) were surveyed four times (Spring/Fall 2008, Spring/Fall 2009). For homophobic name-calling perpetration, significant risk factors included impulsivity, social dominance, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence; while empathy, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors. For homophobic name-calling victimization, significant risk factors included empathy (between-person), impulsivity, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence, while empathy (within-person), parental monitoring, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors.
... Research revealed that with an increase in the parent-adolescent communication and conversation the level of sexual risk decreases (Diorio et al., 1999;Kotchick et al., 1999). Other studies showed that parental control is also another factor in predicting risky sexual behavior in adolescents (Li et al., 2000).Another study reported that a warm relationship between parents and children as well as parent control can considerable contribute to the prevention of behavior risk-taking in female adolescent (Khosravi et al., 2007). ...
... Furthermore, parents model health norms, provide guidance, and monitor the family environment, which reduce risky health behaviors, including cigarette and alcohol use. 22,23 However, most studies on health behaviors and habits have examined individuals younger than age 18, not college-aged students. 16,17 To better understand the association between living arrangements and health-related lifestyle, more studies on college student populations are needed. ...
Objective
This study differentiated various living arrangements (ie living with two biological parents, living with one biological parent, living with friends, living in a dorm, and other) and examined its relationship with health-related lifestyles as well as the moderating role of gender differences. Methods: This study used data from the Taiwan Youth Project, a large-scale, longitudinal survey of Taiwanese youths. The data of 2313 sophomore college students who provided full information were analyzed. Regressions were used to examine the association between living arrangements and cigarette smoking, alcohol use, drug use, and physical exercise. Results: Compared to students living with two parents, students living with one parent reported a higher frequency of current cigarette smoking and alcohol use, and students living with friends/alone reported a higher frequency of current alcohol use. The associations between living arrangements and health-related lifestyle, including cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and exercise, varied by gender among college students. Conclusions: Both living in a dorm and living with two biological parents increase healthy lifestyles among Taiwanese college students.
... This is consistent with recent research on developmental changes in secrecy-of which alcohol use is often a part-during adolescence (Baudat et al. 2020). Previous studies have identified stable parental monitoring as an important protective factor for a variety of risky behaviors among adolescents, pointing to the need for developmentally-based interventions that seek to increase parental monitoring (Li et al. 2000). Among girls, the effect of offending on victimization decreased with age. ...
While general criminological theories, including low self-control, social bonds, routine activities, and risky lifestyles are increasingly used to explain criminal victimization, there is some evidence these theories may omit important sex differences. To date, the empirical evidence remains mixed, which may be an artifact of methodological differences. This study used three-level meta-analytic methods to assess the use of various predictors derived from criminological theory on a variety of criminal victimization types, sample characteristics, and differences in research design. In a total sample of 166,650 females and 129,988 males in 115 studies using 95 unique datasets of adolescents (average age = 10-19), the meta-analysis revealed that elements of risky lifestyles are largely sex-neutral, while some sex-specific effects of bonds, routine activities, and prior victimization are observed. Implications for criminological theory, developmental and life course research on adolescent victimization, and avenues for prevention are discussed.
... Another possible explanation is that unexcused absences is associated with greater unsupervised time (Henry, 2007) during which risky sexual behaviors can occur. There is also strong evidence linking less parental supervision to early youth sexual activity (Li et al., 2000;Rose et al., 2005). Adolescence is a period of risk taking and our results are consistent with studies reporting that truant youths are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as sexual practices and substance use (Dembo et al., 2016;Houck et al., 2012). ...
Students who absent themselves from school especially without permission are at greater risks of adverse educational outcomes. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and correlates of truancy among school-going adolescents in three West African countries. The analysis included 8912 school-going adolescents aged 11–18 years who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey between 2012 and 2017. The overall prevalence of past 30-day truancy in the three countries were 22.9%, 36.5% and 45.9% for Benin, Ghana and Liberia respectively. Boys generally reported higher prevalence of truancy than girls in the three countries. We observed that truancy among adolescents increases with age such that the older adolescents were more likely to miss school than younger ones. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, alcohol use and sexual risk behavior were found as risk factors for truancy in all three countries. We found that parental supervision and parental bonding were protective of truancy in Ghana whilst parental supervision and peer support were found to be protective of truancy for adolescents in Liberia and Benin respectively. High prevalent rate of truancy reported in this study underscore the need for these countries to call for interventions aimed at reducing truancy considering identified associated factors.
... Positive parental behaviour can guard against antisocial behaviour for instance (Barnes, Reifman, Farrell & Dintcheff, 2000). Parental monitoring is clearly defined as parental behaviour that regulates and provide awareness of their child (Dishion & McMahon, 1998;Li, Feigelman & Stanton, 2000). Moreover, positive parental monitoring also prevents and reduce the chances of externalizing delinquent behaviour, (Barnes et al., 2000;Barber, Stolz & Olsen, 2005). ...
This study proposes a research framework about the role of parenting and peer pressure, and their effects on juvenile delinquent behaviour among secondary school children in Punjab, Pakistan. This research framework has been developed after an extensive review of the empirical literature. Previous studies were scarce in regard to those that attempted to examine the combined effect of parental behaviour, family structure, family socioeconomic status, and peer pressure on juvenile delinquent behaviour, especially in a Pakistani cultural context. The existing literature failed to find consistency in the relationship between parenting, peer pressure and juvenile delinquent behaviour, particularly in the context of the present research. The present study adds to the existing literature by identifying factors which reduce the chance of juvenile delinquent behaviour. This research also delivers valued information for parents, policymakers, teachers, psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, child protection departments, and governmental institutions.
... Parental education has significant influence on children toward passive smoking. Children living in highly educated families are less exposed to passive smoking compared to those living in low or middle educated families because educated parents have knowledge regarding the risk of smoking so they can guide their children well and protect them [48,49]. ...
Adolescence stage is filled with enormous changes and challenges. At this stage, adolescents are not mentally mature so they failed to adjust to the changes of their life and are at greater risk of developing smoking habit. Many psychosocial factors contribute to adolescents’ smoking, among them family role is prominent. So, the present correlational study aimed to highlight the familial predictors of smoking in adolescents. It was hypothesized that parenting styles, lack of parent-child communication, less parental monitoring, parents and sibling smoking would be related to adolescents smoking. Data was collected from 150 adolescents (smokers: 70, non-smokers: 80) through convenient sampling technique. Parental bonding instrument and parental monitoring questionnaire were used. Binary Logistic
regression revealed less Parental care and father’s monitoring, lack of mother-child communication and siblings’ smoking as significant predictors of smoking. The study implications are discussed with its application in health, social and counseling psychology.
... Although adolescents spend increasing time with their peers (Larson and Verma, 1999), parents still serve as important socialization agents (Collins and Steinberg, 2006;Smetana et al., 2006). Decades of research has consistently demonstrated the protective role of parental monitoring -parents' effort of knowing adolescents' activities and behavior -in preventing risk taking (e.g., Steinberg et al., 1994;Jacobson and Crockett, 2000;Li et al., 2000b;DiClemente et al., 2001;Mann et al., 2015). Despite accumulating neuroimaging studies on adolescent risk taking in the past decade, no prior study focuses on parents' brain to shed light on the neural representation of parental monitoring. ...
Decades of developmental research have demonstrated the positive role of parental monitoring during adolescence, a time during which youth seek exploration and show heightened risk taking. The present study employed a novel neural pattern similarity approach to identify neural patterns underpinning parental monitoring, with attention to implications for adolescent risk taking. Mothers (N = 23) underwent an fMRI scan during which they completed a risk-taking task and viewed the risk-taking behavior of their adolescent child. Using a representational similarity analysis, we examined the neural pattern similarity between mothers’ anticipation of their child’s risk taking and their own decisions. Higher parental monitoring was reflected in greater similarity between neural pattern of anticipating their adolescents’ risk taking and experiencing their own safe outcomes. Moreover, greater neural pattern similarity between mothers’ anticipation and their own safe outcomes was associated with lower risk-taking propensity in adolescents. Taken together, the present study provides preliminary evidence for the neural patterns underpinning parental monitoring, highlighting the importance of incorporating parents’ brain as a window to understand parenting practices and adolescent risk taking.
... Monitoring parental to adolescent is significantly associated with adolescent risk behavior. Many studies have been done showing that adolescents who get high parental monitoring, causes less behavior risk rather than youth with low parental monitoring [13], [21]- [24]. ...
Inadaquate parental monitoring is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of child and adolescent conduct problems, including early premarital sexual behavior. Previous studies examining parental monitoring have largely effect to adolescents premarital sexual behavior. Parental monitoring is the most important and effective factor to prevent early adolescents sexual activity. This paper examines the role of perceived parental monitoring in adolescent’s premarital sexual behavior (study on Adolescent’s Junior High School in Pontianak). A cross-sectional study and proportionated random sampling was conducted among 402 adolescents of junior high school at six subdistricts in Pontianak. SEM analyses was conducted using SMART-PLS. Result of path analysis revealed that parental knowledge (r = 0.389) and parental-adolescence relationship (r = 0.334) had a strong influence on parental monitoring. Then, parental monitoring had a significant indirect relationship with adolescent premarital sexual behavior through attitudes about premarital sexual (path coefficient = 0.063), and attitudes about premarital sexual and intention to sexual behaviour (path coefficient = 0.03). Parental monitoring can act as protective factor in early adolescent premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, risk reduction interventions with adolescents should include their parents to learn about monitoring skill and develop skill that will allow them to buffer negative influences.
... Specifically, they argue that effective parenting, including parental monitoring and discipline, is the primary determinant of the level of self-control that a child develops, and that whatever level is developed in early childhood tends to carry forward into adulthood (see also, McCabe, Cunnington, and Brooks-Gunn 2004). As a result, much of the criminological literature related to parenting has focused on parental monitoring, finding that children whose parents effectively monitor and discipline their behavior tend to develop stronger capacities for self-control as adults (Griffin et al. 2000;Hope and Chapple 2005;Jacobson and Crockett 2000;Li, Stanton, and Feigelman 2000;Sampson and Laub 1993;Unnever, Cullen, and Pratt 2003). Along these lines, Mooijman et al. (2017) found that the binding moral motive mediated the effect of religiosity, political conservatism, and collectivism on self-control moralization. ...
The notion thatmorality and self-control are linked is deeply rooted in Western
scholarly and religious traditions, yet few studies have examined this notion
empirically. To fill this gap, we employ a pluralistic moral framework and data
from four independently gathered samples to examine the relationship
between morality and self-control. We hypothesize that people with higher
levels of morality (measured as individualizing and binding moral motives) will
exhibit higher levels of self-control, and that these moral motives will mediate
the association between prior socialization and self-control. Consistent with
our hypotheses, we find that the individualizing moral motive is positively
associated with self-control, net of demographic and parenting measures, and
that it mediates the association between prior socialization and self-control.
However, contrary to our hypotheses, we find that the binding moral motive is
inversely associated with self-control. These divergent results, found across four
data sets, indicate that the relationship between morality and self-control is
more complex than previously understood, and highlight the importance of
expanding the conceptualization of morality to include both individualizing
and binding moral motives in order for a more complete understanding of the
relationship between morality and self-control to be obtained.
... We assessed adolescents' perceived parental monitoring using a 6-item measure (Kerr et al. 2003;Li et al. 2000). Adolescents' perceived parental monitoring demonstrated greater predictive validity of adolescents' alcohol use compared to parents' report of their level of parental monitoring (Abar et al. 2015;Clark et al. 2015). ...
Objectives
Prior research documents a protective role for parental monitoring and religiosity against adolescents’ hazardous alcohol use, whereas impulsivity tends to function as a risk factor. Alcohol outcome expectancies and valuations may help explain the ways risk and protective factors are associated with adolescents’ hazardous drinking. We therefore tested a conditional indirect effects model of the association between parental monitoring and hazardous drinking, with expectancies and valuations as mediating variables, and ideological religiosity, impulsivity, and valuations as moderating variables.
Methods
Our cross-sectional sample, for whom we had complete self-report data on our study variables, consisted of adolescents from the northeastern United States (N = 467; Mage = 15.81, 53.5% female; 77.1% White; 59.5% religiously unaffiliated).
Results
Lower parental monitoring corresponded to greater positive expectancies among Religious adolescents relative to Atheistic adolescents, which in turn corresponded to greater hazardous use when impulsivity and positive valuations were higher (B = −1.09, [−1.91, −0.39]). Greater parental monitoring corresponded to lower hazardous use among Spiritual relative to Atheistic (B = −1.60, p = 0.004) and Unsure (B = 1.84, p = 0.04) adolescents. Last, self-identification as Atheistic (B = 11.28, p = 0.02) or Agnostic (B = −13.08, p = 0.02) predicted lower hazardous drinking, in comparisons with Spiritual adolescents.
Conclusions
Our findings highlight the importance of including ideological religiosity when predicting adolescents’ alcohol use, as a means to distinguish between the constructs of religiosity and spirituality, and discern protective effects for religiosity relative to Atheistic and Agnostic comparison groups.
Although overparenting is a growing phenomenon across the globe, there is a severe lack of longitudinal studies examining the trajectory of overparenting and its effects on early adolescent development, particularly in non‐Western contexts. The study collected three waves of longitudinal data from 1328 early Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong with an interval of 1 year to examine the stability and change of perceived paternal and maternal overparenting and their effects on adolescent psychological wellbeing. The results indicated that perceived paternal and maternal overparenting declined over time. Besides, adolescents reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms when they perceived a steep decline in maternal overparenting. Adolescent anxiety at earlier time points also predicted a steeper decline in paternal and maternal overparenting trajectories respectively. Furthermore, we identified gender differences in the initial level of paternal overparenting and the trajectory of maternal overparenting, as well as the effects of rates of change of maternal overparenting on adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The findings give support for self‐determination theory and the separation‐individuation model, suggesting that changes of overparenting may hinder adolescents' desires for autonomy and self‐direction, which may increase their psychological morbidity. The study contributes to theoretical development of contemporary Chinese socialization models and provides useful pointers for future studies of overparenting.
Amaç: Cinsel gelişim, diğer gelişim alanlarında olduğu gibi çocuklarda desteklenmesi gereken bir gelişim alanıdır. Ebeveynlerin cinsel iletişim konusunda yetersiz olmaları, çocukların sosyal çevre ya da sosyal medyadan yanlış bilgiler edinmelerine neden olabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırmada anne babaların çocuklarıyla kurdukları cinsel iletişim düzeyleri ile tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada betimsel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Gümüşhane il merkezinde özel okul öncesi eğitim kurumuna çocuğu devam eden 214 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Genel Bilgi Formu, Ebeveynler İçin Cinsel İletişim Ölçeği ve Anne Baba Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumları Ölçeği-A Formu ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde t testi ve korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmada cinsel iletişim ölçeği toplam puanı ile anne baba tutum ölçeği alt boyutlarından demokratik tutum arasında negatif yönlü zayıf düzeyde (r:-,446; p≤,05), baskıcı ve otoriter tutum ile pozitif yönlü orta düzeyde (r: ,324; p≤,05), aşırı hoşgörülü tutum ile pozitif yönlü zayıf düzeyde (r: ,203; p≤,05) anlamlı ilişki meydana gelmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda, ebeveynlerin tutumları ile cinsel eğitim sırasında kurulan iletişim arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu bakımdan çocukların cinsel gelişimlerine yönelik, anne babalara ve eğitimcilere alan uzmanları tarafından eğitimlerin verilmesi faydalı olabilir.
Parenting practices such as parental monitoring are known to positively impact dietary behaviours in offspring. However, links between adolescent‐perceived parental monitoring and dietary outcomes have rarely been examined and never in an Australian context. This study investigated whether adolescent‐perceived parental monitoring is associated with more fruit and vegetable, and less sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) and junk food consumption in Australian adolescents. Cross‐sectional data was collected as part of baseline measurement for a randomised controlled trial in 71 Australian schools in 2019. Self‐reported fruit, vegetable, SSB and junk food intake, perceived parental monitoring and sociodemographic factors were assessed. Each dietary variable was converted to “not at risk/at risk” based on dietary guidelines, binary logistic regressions examined associations between dietary intake variables and perceived parental monitoring while controlling for gender and socio‐economic status. The study was registered in ANZCTR clinical trials. The sample comprised 6053 adolescents (Mage = 12.7, SD = 0.5; 50.6% male‐identifying). The mean parental monitoring score was 20.1/24 (SD = 4.76) for males and 21.9/24 (SD = 3.37) for females. Compared to adolescents who perceived lower levels of parental monitoring, adolescents reporting higher parental monitoring had higher odds of insufficient fruit (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.02–1.05) and excessive SSB (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.06–1.09) intake, but lower odds of excessive junk food (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.95–0.98) and insufficient vegetable (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96–0.99) intake. Adolescent dietary intake is associated with higher perceived parental monitoring; however, these associations for fruit and SSB differ to junk food and vegetable intake. This study may have implications for prevention interventions for parents, identifying how this modifiable parenting factor is related to adolescent diet has highlighted how complex the psychological and environmental factors contributing to dietary intake are.
This study was aimed at investigating the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting curiosity and exploration among university students. It is obvious that personality, behavioral and cognitive characteristics of human are affected by parents and it seems that parenting styles that parents use in rearing their children affect their personality and cognitive characteristics. Data were collected from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Sample of 171 students were selected through convenient sampling. Two research instruments were used to measure the variables. Findings of the study reveal that permissive and authoritative parenting styles are the significant positive predictors of curiosity and exploration among students. Moreover, there is positive correlation among these constructs. Furthermore, results indicate that there is no significant impact of authoritarian parental style in predicting curiosity and exploration. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference of curiosity and exploration between male and female students. In the light of study, parents need to practice the health parenting styles to nourish their children.
The current study aimed to identify profiles of youth presenting with a unique combination of environmental characteristics and understand the differential relationship between profile membership, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Data were drawn from 158 Latino youth between the ages of 11 and 13. Youth provided information on community violence exposure, acculturative stress, familial and peer support, and parental supervision. Main analyses included Latent Profile Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Support for a four-profile model was found. Profiles are distinguished by mean levels of community violence exposure, acculturative stress, familial and peer support, and parental supervision. Profile membership was significantly associated with anxiety and depression, separately. Those belonging to the profile with the highest levels of environmental risk reported the highest levels of anxiety and depression. Findings contribute to a personalized understanding of risk and protective experiences in the environment for Latino youth.
Objectives: Test whether primary caregivers’ monitoring habits protect against recidivism among juvenile justice and dual system youth and whether dual system contact moderates the relation between monitoring habits and recidivism. Methods: Among a sample of 519 male adolescents, logistic regression analyses were conducted assessing the relation between primary caregiver effort, knowledge, and monitoring on violent, non-violent, and overall self-reported recidivism six months following their first arrest. Results: Primary caregiver knowledge moderately protected against all forms of juvenile recidivism, regardless of whether youth had prior child welfare system contact. Dual system youth were less likely to engage in non-violent and overall recidivism than those without prior child welfare system contact. Dual system contact did not moderate the relation between monitoring habits and recidivism. Conclusions: Results suggest that primary caregiver knowledge is protective against recidivism among male juvenile justice and dual system involved youth, although the present study was limited in providing detailed information regarding child welfare system contact and maltreatment. Results support parental monitoring habit education in child welfare and juvenile justice systems to reduce adolescent recidivism.
Background:
Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain burdened by the HIV epidemic. Positive caregiver-child relationships are associated with safe sexual behaviors in young people; yet, this literature often highlights the role of parent-child communication and parental monitoring, neglecting the importance of emotional relationships between a caregiver and adolescent.
Setting:
We used longitudinal data from HIV Prevention Trial Network 068-conducted among 2533 AGYW (13-20 years) over a period of 5 years in Agincourt, South Africa.
Method:
Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used to estimate the effect of quality of caregiver-adolescent relationships (caring and closeness) on sexual debut, and log-binomial models with generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between our exposures and transactional sex and age-disparate relationships.
Results:
Sexual debut was delayed among those who reported high levels of caregiver caring [hazard ratio: 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69 to 0.93] and caregiver closeness (hazard ratio: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.95). AGYW who reported high quality caregiver-adolescent relationships had a lower risk of transactional sex [caring: risk ratio (RR): 0.67, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.78; closeness: RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.67]. Similarly, those with high-quality caregiver-adolescent relationships were less likely to be in an age-disparate relationship (caring: RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.79; closeness: RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.90).
Conclusions:
Findings indicate high-quality caregiver-adolescent relationships are associated with delayed sexual debut, a lower risk of transactional sex, and having an older partner. Family-centered interventions are needed to improve relationships between AGYW and caregivers.
Social networking sites (SNS) addiction has become a social problem among young adolescents in many areas of the world. The current study examined the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in children and adolescents' SNS addiction, taking into account parents' attitudes and behavior with regard to information communication technology (ICT). Participants were 823 students (ages 9–15; 49.94 % girls) who completed questionnaires in their classrooms. The results showed that: (1) SES was negatively associated with SNS addiction; (2) active parental mediation mediated this association; and (3) parents' ICT attitude moderated this mediating effect; specifically, the association between SES and active parental mediation was weaker for parents with more positive attitudes toward ICT. These findings provide guidance for prevention and intervention related to children and adolescents’ SNS addiction.
Ланина Екатерина Валерьевна — выпускница магистерской программы «Измерения в психологии и образовании» Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: laninaekaterinav@gmail.comБочавер Александра Алексеевна — кандидат психологических наук, научный сотрудник Центра исследований современного детства, Институт образования, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: abochaver@hse.ru (контактное лицо для переписки)Антипкина Инна Вениаминовна — научный сотрудник Центра психометрикии измерений в образовании, Институт образования, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: iantipkina@hse.ruАдрес: 101000, Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20.Цель работы состоит в исследовании структуры конструкта «родительский контроль» у родителей первоклассников. Создан опросник для оценки реализации родителями на старте школьного обучения двух типичных контролирующих функций — прямого управления поведением ребенка и коммуникативного посредничества между ребенком и окружающей средой. Кроме того, в опросник включен малоизученный конструкт — контроль родителей за цифровыми устройствами, которыми пользуется ребенок. Показано, что выраженность родительского контроля чувствительна к характеристикам родителей (наличию высшего образования, возрасту, числу детей в семье) и ребенка (когнитивным достижениям на входе в школу).
Available research evidence suggests the importance of positive parental discipline and monitoring for the well-being of African American children and adolescents. Given the potential impact of these practices on child development, it is important to explore the ways in which non-resident African American fathers engage in the discipline and monitoring of their children. The objective of this study was to determine those factors that best predict discipline and monitoring among a sample of 98 non-resident African American fathers, from fatherhood programs in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Surveys were self-administered and included topics related to father factors (developmental history, parenting self-efficacy, and incarceration history), child factors (child age and child sex), and contextual factors (co-parenting alliance). Respondents ranged in age from 20-59 (Mean=37, SD=7.95) and had at least one non-resident child between the ages of 5 and 17. Bivariate correlation results revealed that higher levels of parenting self-efficacy were associated with having younger children, more positive co-parenting alliances, and increased frequency of engagement in discipline and monitoring of children. In addition, positive perceptions of the co-parenting alliance were associated with having younger children and higher levels of engagement in discipline and monitoring of children. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results revealed two significant predictors of discipline and monitoring practices—level of education and parenting self-efficacy. Practitioners and service providers should consider implementing interventions that can improve educational outcomes and promote parenting self-efficacy among non-resident African American fathers, thereby enhancing their parenting skills and the well-being of African American children and adolescents.
Background and purpose
The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate parental monitoring instruments and the theoretical perspectives informing their development.
Methods
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, seven databases were searched for original studies using a monitoring instrument. The psychometric properties of each identified instrument were assessed using the “COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments” (COSMIN) methodology.
Results
Of 2,245 articles identified, 72 studies representing six parental monitoring instruments met inclusion criteria. Quality of reporting on psychometric properties varied widely across instruments with only three including content validation studies.
Conclusions
Findings of this review reveal inattention to the psychometric quality of child self-reported monitoring instruments. Future research must focus on the psychometric quality of instruments used to measure the parent–child relationship.
Vigil’s multiple marginality (MM) model of gang formation has resulted in hypotheses about why minority youth join gangs, and how these processes play out at multiple levels of analysis and across contexts. However, with a few exceptions, this framework has rarely been tested quantitatively, and especially in countries outside of North America. The current study assesses the MM model using data from the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study and aggregate country-level data. Results from multilevel analyses reveal some support for the framework, in that at least one measure of each component of the MM model was found to be a significant predictor of gang membership. Controlling for individual and country variables, measures of street socialization exhibited the strongest effects on gang involvement. Yet not all proposed factors were significant predictors across all models. Longitudinal data are necessary to fully support the dynamics of the MM model.
Latinx adolescents are at higher risk for chronic diseases relative to adolescents of other ethnic groups, in part because of their lack of adherence to diet recommendations and their higher rates of substance use. Given the proximal influence of family factors during the developmental stage of adolescence, parenting interventions may be an effective way to promote healthy nutrition and substance use prevention simultaneously. This article describes the design and theoretical rationale of a study assessing the effects of Families Preparing the New Generation Plus (FPNG Plus), a 10-week culturally-tailored nutrition and substance use prevention parenting program, on diet and substance use outcomes among Latinx middle school students (6th-8th grade). The 3-arm cluster randomized controlled trial compares FPNG Plus (substance use prevention and healthy nutrition), FPNG (substance use prevention only), and a comparison condition (focusing on academic success) in 1494 parent-child dyads from 18 schools, randomized at the school level. Adolescents and parents will complete surveys pre- and post-intervention, and 16-weeks after program participation, regarding diet behaviors, substance use, and parenting practices. A random subsample of 126 dyads (42 from each program), will participate in additional data collection to assess the home food environment, detailed dietary intake (via two 24-h recalls), and provide biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk (blood pressure, total cholesterol and HbA1c). If successful, this study will provide evidence contributing to helping Latinx parents assist their adolescent children develop and maintain long-lasting positive lifestyle behaviors in order to prevent concurrent substance use and diet-related chronic diseases.
The aim of this chapter is to examine the role of peers in adolescence. Specifically, our focus will be on their twofold influence on the individual, since the peer group may, on one hand, promote wellbeing and social adjustment, and, on the other, affect the development of unhealthy risk behaviors.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathway of associations linking gambling, alcohol intake, smoking habit, cannabis consumption between each other and with demographic and socioeconomic variables.
Setting and participants
A survey was conducted in 2017 on a representative sample of 15 602 Italian 14-year-olds to 17-year-olds attending 201 secondary schools.
Outcome measures
Structural Equation Models analysis was used to assess the pathway between gambling, alcohol intake, smoking, cannabis consumption, demographics and socioeconomic factors.
Results
Irrespective of socioeconomic or demographic variables, gambling is positively associated with alcohol and cannabis consumption, while cannabis consumption is predicted by smoking and by alcohol intake, smoking is predicted by alcohol intake. Adolescents with a higher weekly income are more at risk of gambling, drinking alcohol and smoking, while the degree of economic dissatisfaction was positively associated with alcohol intake, cannabis consumption and smoking. Maternal employment appeared to be positively associated with adolescents’ smoking, alcohol intake and cannabis consumption.
Conclusions
This is one of the first studies to shed light on the pathways of associations connecting various health-risk behaviours among adolescents with demographic and socioeconomic factors.
amilies have long been recognized as a major socialization agent for the development of children’s social behavior. However, the definition of family has changed to view the family as a social system in which fathers, siblings, and the marital relationship all affect social development. It has also become increasingly important to examine the effects of contextual processes on child social development. These include extended family, adult mentors, and children’s peers. The aim of this chapter is to examine the links between fathers and children’s social development, especially their relationships with peers. We define social development as the description and explanation of changes in children’s social behavior, perceptions, and attitudes across age (Parke & Clarke-Stewart, 2010). Our chapter also focuses primarily on father’s contributions to children’s social development in middle childhood because, in part, children’s opportunities for social interaction with peers and non-family adults intensify during this period as children attend school on a regular basis.
This article reviews the evidence on 5 risk behaviors: cigarette smoking, dietary intake, being overweight, limited exercise, and alcohol consumption among African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Latinos, and Native Americans. Although there is little basis for believing that these high-risk behaviors are any less significant as contributors to chronic disease risk in any ethnic group, the limited information available, especially for Asian/Pacific Islanders and Native Americans, indicates that there may be significant within-and between-group differences in the prevalence of these behaviors. Therefore, some of the ethnic group differences in morbidity and mortality for chronic diseases are partly attributable to differences in behavioral risk profiles. Limited basic health behavior information on most ethnic minority groups delay the development of effective health promotion interventions.
Using data collected from a large sample of high school students, the authors challenge three widely held explanations for the superior school performance of Asian-American adolescents, and the inferior performance of African- and Hispanic-American adolescents: group differences in (a) parenting practices, (b) familial values about education, and (c) youngsters' beliefs about the occupational rewards of academic success. They found that White youngsters benefit from the combination of authoritative parenting and peer support for achievement, whereas Hispanic youngesters suffer from a combination of parental authoritarianism and low peer support. Among Asian-American students, peer support for academic excellence offsets the negative consequences of authoritarian parenting. Among African-American youngesters, the absence of peer support for achievement undermines the positive influence of authoritative parenting.
This paper reports racial/ethnic differences in the use of licit and illicit drugs by high school seniors in the United States.
The study uses questionnaire data from annual, nationally representative surveys of seniors from 1976 through 1989. Combined sample sizes were 57,620 for 1976-79; 75,772 for 1980-84; and 73,527 for 1985-89.
Native American had the highest prevalence rates for cigarettes, alcohol, and most illicit drugs; White students had the next highest rates for most drugs. Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence rates, and Black students had levels nearly as low except for marijuana. Prevalence rates for the Hispanic groups were mostly in the intermediate ranges except for relatively high cocaine use among the males. Trend patterns for most forms of drug use were similar across subgroups, although cigarette use declined more sharply for Black than White seniors, resulting in greater Black-White differences in recent years.
This study, other school-based studies, and general population surveys all show relatively low levels of drug use by most non-White youth, especially Black Americans and Asian Americans. Multivariate analyses indicate that such subgroup differences in high school seniors' drug use are not primarily attributable to family composition, parents' education, region, or urban-rural distinctions.
This article develops and tests a reformation of Baumrind's typology of authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting styles in the context of adolescent school performance. Using a large and diverse sample of San Francisco Bay Area high school students (N = 7,836), we found that both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were negatively associated with grades, and authoritative parenting was positively associated with grades. Parenting styles generally showed the expected relation to grades across gender, age, parental education, ethnic, and family structure categories. Authoritarian parenting tended to have a stronger association with grades than did the other 2 parenting styles, except among Hispanic males. The full typology best predicted grades among white students. Pure authoritative families (high on authoritative but not high on the other 2 indices) had the highest mean grades, while inconsistent families that combine authoritarian parenting with other parenting styles had the lowest grades.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) has been used on a biennial basis since 1990 to measure health risk behaviors of high school students nationwide. The YRBS measures behaviors related to intentional and unintentional injury, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual activity, diet, and physical activity. The authors present the results from a test-retest reliability study of the YRBS, conducted by administering the YRBS questionnaire to 1,679 students in grades 7 through 12 on two occasions 14 days apart. The authors computed a kappa statistic for each of 53 self-report items and compared group prevalence estimates across the two testing occasions. Kappas ranged from 14.5% to 91.1%; 71.7% of the items were rated as having "substantial" or higher reliability (kappa = 61-100%). No significant differences were found between the prevalence estimates at time 1 and time 2. Responses of seventh grade students were less consistent than those of students in higher grades, indicating that the YRBS is best suited for students in grade 8 and above. Except for a few suspect items, students appeared to report personal health risk behaviors reliably over time. Reliability and validity issues in health behavior assessment also are discussed.
A culturally diverse sample of 4375 adolescents completed a self-report inventory assessing their current amount of smoking, and several psychosocial predictors of smoking (e.g., depression, anger, stress, smoking among peers, etc). Results revealed that Whites smoke more than Blacks, Asians, and less acculturated Latinos but not more than highly acculturated Latinos. Stepwise regression analyses of the predictors of smoking found significant ethnic and acculturation differences in the relative predictive power of 18 well-known risk factors. Smoking among peers was the best predictor of smoking for White adolescents (accounting for 23.5% of the variance) but accounted for only 15% of the variance for Latino youth, 9.6% of the variance for Asian youth, and none of the variance for Black youth. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for smoking prevention programs that focus on resisting peer influences.
To examine the joint influences of parental monitoring and peer influence on adolescent substance use over time.
6500 adolescents attending six high schools in Wisconsin and northern California.
Longitudinal study.
Parental monitoring was negatively associated with substance use, whereas the more involved an adolescent's peers were in substance use, the more likely he or she also was to use drugs and alcohol. Effects of monitoring and peer coercion were strongest for boys and girls at the transition into substance use, rather than at the transition from experimentation to regular use. The effect of parental monitoring on changes in adolescent substance use is mediated not so much by the nature of the adolescent's peer associates, but by its direct effect on the adolescent. Specifically, poorly monitored adolescents are more likely to use drugs, and drug-using adolescents seek out like-minded friends. Once an adolescent associates with drug-using peers, his or her own substance use approaches their level.
Intervention effects should include both parents and community-level efforts. Parental monitoring is an effective tool both in the prevention of drug use and in the amelioration of drug use.
Adolescents are increasingly at risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases, especially in poor urban minority communities. To aid the design of interventions in these communities, this study investigated the role of knowledge, attitudes, perceived parental monitoring, and peer behavior in the onset and progression of sexual behavior in children at risk for exposure to HIV.
A computerized personal interview was administered to 300 African-American 9- to 15-year-old children living in six public housing developments in a large US city.
Although children's knowledge about the hazards of sex increased with age, their sexual activity also increased (from 12% sexually experienced at 9 years of age to more than 80% experienced at 15 years of age). Parental monitoring appeared able to influence sexual activity. However, the perceived behavior of friends was associated with the rate at which sexual activity progressed with age and the degree to which condom use was maintained with age.
The early onset and prevalence of sexual behavior and the importance of peer group influence call for early interventions that simultaneously influence the parents and peers in children's social networks.
Whether the effect of gender on the risk of first intercourse in influenced by adolescents ethnicity has received limited attention in research on age at first sex. Such information could provide a more complete understanding of adolescent sexual behavior.
Life-table analysis using data from a population-based, ethnically diverse sample of 87/Los Angeles County youths was employed to estimate the median age at first sex for each gender-and-ethnicity group. Multivariate analysis using proportional hazards techniques was conducted to determine the relative risk of sexual activity among teenagers in each group.
Overall, the teenagers in the sample had a median age at first sex of 16.9 years. Black males had the lowest observed median (15.0), and Asian American males the highest (18.1); white and Hispanic males, and white and black females, reported similar ages (about 16.5 years). Hispanic and Asian American females had rates of first sex about half that of white females, although these protective effects were explained by differences in family structure. Even after controlling for background characteristics, black males had rates of first sex that were about 3-5 times the rates of the other gender-and-ethnicity groups. In addition, Asian American males were less likely than Hispanic males to be sexually experienced, and Hispanic males had almost twice the rates of sexual activity of Hispanic females.
Socioeconomic conditions account for ethnic differences among females in the age at first sex, and cultural influences may contribute to the difference between Hispanic males and females; explanations for black males, however, remain elusive.
Objective:
To examine the evolution of risk behaviors over 2 years among a community-based cohort of low-income African American preadolescents and young adolescents enrolled in a randomized trial of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome risk reduction intervention.Design:
Longitudinal, community-based cohort.Setting:
Nine recreation centers serving 3 public housing developments.Subjects:
Three hundred eighty-three African American youths aged 9 through 15 years at baseline.Interventions:
Frequency distributions, χ2 analyses, and regression analyses regarding 10 risk behaviors were conducted. To assess whether a specific risk behavior or its protective (nonrisk) behavioral analogue, composing a risk-nonrisk behavioral complex (eg, was sexually active and was sexually abstinent or used drugs and refrained from drugs), was stable over time, κ values were determined for the 10 risk-nonrisk behavioral complexes.Main Outcome Measures:
Instrument assessing risk behaviors administered at baseline and every 6 months aurally and visually via talking computer.Results:
The prevalence of sexual intercourse, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use increased notably over time. Drug use increased from a 6-month cumulative prevalence of 7% at baseline to 27% at the 24-month follow-up (P<.001). Cumulatively over the 2-year study interval, 81% of youths had engaged in fighting, 58% had engaged in sexual intercourse, and from 33% to 40% had engaged in truancy, knife or bat carrying or both, alcohol consumption, drug use, and cigarette smoking. All of the risk-nonrisk behavioral complexes except weapon carrying were stable during the semiannual assessment intervals. Fighting (κ=0.22, P<.01), sexual intercourse (κ=0.33, P<.001), alcohol consumption κ=0.21, P<.001), and unprotected sexual intercourse (κ0.34, P<.05) were stable for 2 years. Six risk-nonrisk behavioral complexes were stable for the 2-year interval among youths aged 13 through 15 years at baseline, while only 2 risk-nonrisk behavioral complexes were stable among younger youths. The intervention seemed to affect the stability of 4 risk behaviors: truancy, drug use, unprotected sexual intercourse, and, possibly, fighting. For unprotected sexual intercourse, this intervention effect seemed to be due to stabilization of nonparticipation in risky behavior. Intervention youths were less likely to adopt a risk behavior (ie, engage in it for ≥2 risk assessment periods) than control youths, but they were not less likely to experiment with a risk behavior.Conclusions:
There is evidence that although the prevalence of risk behaviors does change with age, most risk-nonrisk behavioral complexes seem to be relatively stable over time and stability may increase with time. Risk reduction interventions seem to decrease risk adoption, stabilize nonrisk behaviors, and possibly destabilize risk behavior.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:398-406
Parent behaviors are usually characterized globally in research on psychosocial outcomes, but mothers and fathers may show disparate patterns of control and influence. To examine perceived incongruence in parents' behaviors, 5th, 8th, and 11th graders' reports of each parent's childrearing practices were cluster analyzed Four clusters emerged: atn authoritative congruent pattern, in which both parents were accepting and allowed autonomy, with appropriate discipline; a permissive congruent pattern, in which parents were accepting and allowed autonomy but with lax discipline; and two incongruent patterns, in which either mother or father was perceived as authoritative, whereas thte other parent was perceived as rejecting, not allowing autonomy, and exerting a high level of control. Perceptions of incongruent parenting patterns were associated with lower self-esteem, school adaptation, and school achievement in offspring than were congruent perceptions. Compared to fifth graders, adolescents were more likely to perceive incongruent mothler-father patterns and less likely to perceive congruence in authoritative parenting.
We examined the social and psychological factors associated with sexual intercourse and substance use among 269 low-income, urban, African American adolescents, aged 11 to 14 years. Older youths reported more sexual intercourse. Age was controlled in all analyses. Sexually active youths reported more conflict with parents and sexual intercourse among friends. Youths involved with illegal substances reported that more friends used illegal substances. Although boys were more likely than girls to report sexual intercourse, they did not differ in number of partners or condom use. Girls reported higher rates of parental monitoring and more support from their families and communities. There were no differences in delinquency, sensation seeking, intelligence, or locus of control associated with risk practices. Early sexuality was not linked with other risk practices, suggesting that, within this culture, early sexual intercourse is not part of a general theory of problem behavior.
To obtain valid results, interviews on sex‐related topics not only require confidentiality but also privacy. However, the typical solutions to this problem, self‐administered questionnaires or telephone interviews, may not be appropriate for pre‐ and early adolescents who may require face‐to‐face (FTF) interviews. In this research, we tested the hypothesis that interviews delivered by talking computers would elicit more reports of sexual experience and positive feelings toward sex than FTF interviews with children. To test the hypothesis, we compared the results of both interview methods administered to separate samples of 300 and 96 Black children ages 9 to 15 living in public housing. The results supported the hypothesis. In addition, a subsample of the children (n = 31) who had completed both interviews reported more favorable feelings toward sex in the computer interview. Computer interviews were reliable and did not produce higher levels of missing responses than FTF interviews. The results suggest that talking computers can be used with children across a wide age range to deliver a more private interview than FTF interviewing permits.
Risk activities for acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain prevalent among urban adolescents. Early adolescents represent a particularly vulnerable group, exhibiting high rates of unprotected sexual activity. In spite of a growing recognition of the need to examine cultural, environmental, and developmental variables contributing to both risk and protective behaviors, little such research has been described to date. Guided by the constructs of a model of risk-protective behavior (Protection Motivation Theory) and employing ethnographic techniques, an exploration of the developmental, sociohistorical, and cultural constructs that might influence adolescent sexual behavior was conducted. Focus group and individual interviews were conducted among 64 inner-city youths, 10 to 14 years of age, and their parents. Findings relevant to perceptions of sexual behavior among young adolescents are presented. The methodology employed in this exploratory phase and the strengths and limitations of focus group discussions are discussed
An overview of the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research (FSP) is followed by a presentation of the hypotheses and findings pertaining to family patterns as determinants of adolescent competence, and of types of adolescent substance users. Data include clusters derived from comprehensive ratings of parents and their children completed independently within- and across-time periods at ages 4, 9, and 15 years. At Time 3 (T3), the sample included 139 adolescents and their parents from a predominantly affluent, well-educated, Caucasian population. Parenting types were identified that differ on the bases of commitment and balance of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritative parents who are highly demanding and highly responsive were remarkably successful in protecting their adolescents from problem drug use, and in generating competence. Authoritative upbringing, although sufficient, is not a necessary condition to produce competent children. Casual recreational drug use was not associated with pathological attributes, either precursive or concurrent, although nonusers showed an increment in competence from Time 2 (T2) to Time 3 (T3).
The authors examined how Asian and Pacific-Island American adolescents from a poor urban community perceive HIV and HIVrprevention efforts. Using focus groups and grounded theory procedures, the present study found these youth were generally knowledgeable about HIV but many continued to engage in risky behavior. Participants vastly overestimated the prevalence of HIV and, relatedly, described a strong sense of fatalism about HIV. Most HIV-prevention is perceived as excessively lecture oriented. Evidence of participants' readiness for more youth-centered dialog about HIV and AIDS is presented and discussed.
Reviews the physiological and social/cultural factors contributing to the low rate of alcohol consumption among Chinese and Japanese Americans. It is contended that while drinking, particularly at social functions, is permissible, excess drinking is discouraged and tightly regulated by family and community attitudes and values. It is also suggested that Chinese and Japanese exhibit different physiological responses in alcohol metabolism and cardiovascular sensitivity from those of Caucasians. A reciprocity model is proposed to conceptualize and integrate these factors and to explain the problems faced by Asian American adolescents. It is argued that the progressive assimilation of Asian American to American values is likely to increase alcohol consumption and that Asian Americans confronted with alcohol must also contend with the different influences of their parents' Asian culture and that of the larger American society. Implications for future research that simultaneously consider physiological and social/cultural influences are discussed. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined whether the positive relation between authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment is moderated by the ecological context in which adolescents live. A socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of approximately 10,000 high school students completed measures concerning their family background; their parents' behavior; and 4 indicators of adjustment: school performance, self-reliance, psychological distress, and delinquency. The Ss were grouped into 16 ecological niches defined by ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and family structure, and analyses were conducted within each niche to contrast the adjustment scores of adolescents from authoritative vs nonauthoritative homes. Analyses indicate that the positive correlates of authoritative parenting transcend ethnicity, SES, and family structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Using the concepts of "restraints" and reciprocal patterns, a specific approach for understanding and working with families of adolescents is offered. The organizing idea is the "restraint" that revolves around a difficulty both parents and youngsters have in making a distinction between what parents want for their youngsters and what the young person might want. This difficulty may come from the parents' ideas and beliefs about parenting and from their own growing-up experience, from the adolescent's "not completely storied" lives, and/or from societal discourse about adolescence. Restraint of ideas can be constructed as reciprocal patterns and located in dominant narratives that families may have about themselves. A restorying process allows families to separate from the problem pattern and focus on the youngsters' willingness to have ideas for themselves.
Few studies have investigated adolescents' perceptions of their risk for HIV infection. Findings from two studies of adolescents in Massachusetts indicate that there are differences in the knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and perceptions of risk among adolescents and suggest the need for understanding the differences among adolescents from different racial or ethnic backgrounds. In both studies, white students were the most knowledgeable about casual, sexual, and drug use transmission of HIV followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian students. In both studies more black adolescents than other racial or ethnic groups were sexually active, and black and Hispanic adolescents began having sexual intercourse at an earlier age than white or Asian adolescents. Asian and Hispanic adolescents were most worried about getting AIDS. Although more Hispanics than other groups reported changing their behavior because of AIDS, fewer of them who had changed their sexual or contraceptive behavior were using effective methods. Despite clear differences in the perceived risk of getting AIDS among these adolescents, the underlying reasons remain to be explicated, using, among other data collection methods, ethnographic techniques to probe adolescents' risk perceptions, their understandings of sickness, and their explanatory models of AIDS. Life events affect risk taking behaviors and also shape perceptions of risk. To understand what it is that adolescents consider 'risky' requires seeing their life options as they do in the larger context of their aspirations and worries about how 'to fit in'.
The over-time relation between 3 aspects of authoritative parenting--acceptance, psychological autonomy, and behavioral control--and school achievement was examined in a sample of 120 10-16-year-olds in order to test the hypothesis that authoritative parenting facilitates, rather than simply accompanies, school success. In addition, the mediating role of youngsters' psychosocial maturity was studied. Results indicate that (1) authoritative parenting facilitates adolescents' academic success, (2) each component of authoritativeness studied makes an independent contribution to achievement, and (3) the positive impact of authoritative parenting on achievement is mediated at least in part through the effects of authoritativeness on the development of a healthy sense of autonomy and, more specifically, a healthy psychological orientation toward work. Adolescents who describe their parents as treating them warmly, democratically, and firmly are more likely than their peers to develop positive attitudes toward, and beliefs about, their achievement, and as a consequence, they are more likely to do better in school.
The prevalence of overall or "generic" tobacco use among Hispanic, white, Black and Asian youths in grades four, seven, ten and twelve was compared in San Diego, California (n = 4980). Significant differences in generic tobacco use between ethnic groups were found in the 4th, 10th and 12th grades, but were greatest in the 10th grade. Only white youths demonstrated a sharp increase in regular tobacco use (once a month or more) between 7th and 10th grade. Overall, the prevalence of regular use was highest among whites (25.8%), followed by Hispanics (19.7%), Blacks (17.6%) and Asians (12.6%). Marijuana, alcohol, and other drug use explained approximately 40 percent of the variance in tobacco use in each ethnic group. Other predictors varied by ethnicity and included socioeconomic status, happiness of student, strictness of parent, adult tobacco use at home, accessibility to marijuana, and gender.
Drinking and drug use in a sample of minority students in the state of New York were studied. Minority groups were compared with White groups and with each other on the prevalence of drinking and heavy drinking, distribution of quantity of consumption, relationship between drinking and social problems, and relationship between drinking and drug use. There are high proportions of heavy drinkers and drug users among American Indian adolescents. Black students are relatively low in alcohol and drug use in comparison to Hispanics and Whites who have intermediate levels of heavy drinking and drug use. The drinking by Oriental youths is unique in that males drink heavily and females are light drinkers. Those groups with the highest proportion of drinkers also have the highest proportion of heavy drinkers. The groups with the most drinking also have the highest prevalence of drug use.
Approximately one third of deaths among persons aged 15 to 24 years are the result of motor vehicle-related crashes. Data from a national sample of US high school students were used to assess patterns of alcohol use among adolescents in relation to the risk of drinking and driving. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated for drinking and driving associated with patterns of alcohol use. Drinking and driving increased with increasing frequency of alcohol use and binge drinking and when alcohol was used in addition to other drugs. Efforts to reduce drinking and driving among adolescents should address underage drinking that is frequent or heavy.
The creation of developmentally and culturally appropriate data-gathering instruments is necessary as health researchers and interventionists expand their investigations to community-based minority adolescent populations. The creation of such instruments is a complex process, requiring the integration of multiple data-gathering and analytic approaches. Recent efforts have delineated several issues to be considered in survey design for minority populations: community collaboration; problem conceptualization; application of the presumed model of behavioral change; and dialect and format of delivery. This paper describes the process of creating a culturally and developmentally appropriate, theoretically grounded instrument for use in monitoring the impact of an AIDS educational intervention on the behavior and health outcomes of urban African-American pre-adolescents and early adolescents. Three phases of research were involved: preliminary (and ongoing) ethnographic research including extensive participant observation, as well as, focus group and individual interviews with 65 youths; construction and testing of the preliminary instrument involving two waves of pilot testing (N1 = 57; N2 = 45); and, finalization of the instrument including reliability testing and assessment of tool constructs and selection of the mode of delivery (involving 2 additional waves of pilot testing (N3 = 91; N4 = 351). The essential role played by the community in all phases of instrument development is underscored.
To identify which specific parenting behaviors are associated with the onset of alcohol and tobacco use and how they are associated.
Prospective cohort study of two groups of preadolescents surveyed annually, the first group for 4 years, the second for 3 years.
Two public school districts in Southern California.
1034 fifth graders and 1266 seventh graders began the study after obtaining parental consent to complete surveys in a classroom setting. By the last measurement, attrition was 37 and 38% for the two cohorts, respectively.
The onset of tobacco or alcohol use in the last month.
Children who reported that parents spent more time with them and communicated with them more frequently had lower onset rates of using alcohol and tobacco in the last month. These parental interactions lead to more positive relationships with their children. Parental monitoring and positive relations were protective factors for disruptive behavior and the selection of substance-using friends. Disruptive behavior increased the odds of adolescents drinking in the last month approximately twofold and of smoking in the last month two to fourfold.
This study provides further evidence that parenting behaviors are significant precursors to adolescent disruptive behavior, vulnerability to peer pressure, and subsequent substance use. Parents should be targeted in future substance use prevention programs, before their children reach adolescence.
In this paper, the authors describe some of the complexities of collecting and presenting data on race and ethnicity based on the experiences of the Bureau of the Census. Different methods of data collection, different content and format of questions, and different definitions make it difficult to collect consistent race and ethnic data across data systems. The Bureau of the Census experiences have shown that changing ethnic self-identity and concepts, intent of the question, consistency of reporting, and the classification of persons of mixed racial parentage affect the quality of the data. These are some of the issues that must be addressed as statistical agencies and researchers seek to provide comparable race and ethnic data.
Risk activities for acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain prevalent among urban adolescents. While interdisciplinary approaches to examine the variables contributing to risk/protective behaviors have been promoted, strategies for such explorations require further formulation. Recently we employed focus group discussions to explore factors placing urban adolescents at risk for engaging in HIV risk behaviors. The focus group format enables substantial interaction on a topic in a limited time period, but does not always provide expression of the full range of behavioral options. In this study we investigated the use of pile-sorts for confirmation of impressions from focus group discussions among 57 urban youths aged 10-14. The pile-sorts revealed some support for most of the views expressed in the group discussions. However, the sorts revealed more variability in views than was expressed in the group discussions. Substantial gender and age-based differences in perceptions were revealed with potentially important intervention implications.
We conducted a comparative analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge, communication, and risk behaviors among 1272 white, Chinese-, and Filipino-American 10th and 11th graders in San Francisco, California, a high-prevalence AIDS epicenter. We performed principal components analysis on an epidemiologic survey instrument, and we identified five factors: HIV prevention knowledge, sexual behavior risk index, drug use risk index, HIV misconceptions, and communication about HIV. White students had higher HIV prevention scores than did Chinese and Filipino students, and whites had significantly greater ability to communicate with others about HIV disease and prevention. Chinese- and Filipino-American students had fewer misconceptions about HIV than did white students. Ethnicity did not have a significant influence on sexual behavior or drug use risk indices. Findings are discussed with reference to culturally sensitive HIV education.
High rates of adolescent homicide, pregnancy, substance abuse, and sexually transmitted diseases underscore the importance of interventions designed to reduce problem behaviors. However, the definition of "problem" behavior and the association with other activities may change between youth cultures. Therefore, greater attention to defining the "problem" behaviors to be targeted will permit more effective utilization of primary vs secondary intervention strategies and identification of high-risk individuals.
Two studies of African-American adolescents regarding sexual intercourse, school truancy, substance abuse, and drug trafficking are presented. The first study involved 57 youths (10 to 14 years of age) from a pediatric primary health center and gathered data through pile-sorting. The second study of 300 youths (9 to 15 years of age) from six public housing sites used a questionnaire administered by a "talking" computer. Both studies assessed different self-reported behaviors, feelings about engaging in specific behaviors, and perceptions of friends' behaviors.
While 40% of subjects reported having had sex, substantially smaller proportions reported school truancy (14%), illicit drug use (2% to 6%), or drug trafficking (6%). Analyses of reported behaviors, feelings, and perceived peer norms revealed that sex was consistently depicted as forming a different domain from other problem behaviors.
Interventions that rely on primary prevention strategies for sexual intercourse and that identify sexually active youths as at risk for problem behaviors may not be appropriate for African-American adolescents growing up in resource-depleted urban areas.
To evaluate the success of efforts to educate youth not only to use prescription contraceptives to avoid pregnancy, but also to use condoms to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.
Longitudinal study of 383 African-American youth aged 9 to 15 years enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk reduction intervention. Data about contraceptive practices were obtained at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months later using a culturally and developmentally appropriate risk assessment tool administered with "talking" computers (Macintosh, Apple Computer Inc, Cupertino, Calif).
Approximately three fourths of sexually active youth used some form of contraception in each 6-month round, with almost half of the youth using combinations of contraceptives. Among all youth at baseline and among control youth throughout the study, more than half used condoms and more than two thirds who used oral contraceptives also used condoms. Receipt of an AIDS education intervention was associated with use of more effective contraceptive practices (eg, condoms and another prescription or nonprescription method of birth control). After receiving the intervention, more than 80% of the youth who used oral contraceptives also used condoms. Contraceptive practices showed considerable stability. Knowledge about AIDS was positively associated with use of more effective contraceptive methods.
Many youth are using condoms and prescription birth control simultaneously, and these use rates can be increased through AIDS education interventions.
Some interventions to reduce the risk of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that target youths have resulted in short-term increases in self-reported condom use. However, long-term intervention effects have not been assessed.
Can a theoretically and culturally based, AIDS-risk reduction intervention delivered to naturally formed peer groups increase self-reported condom use among African-American early adolescents at 6 and 12 months of follow-up?
A randomized, controlled trial of a community-based intervention delivered in eight weekly sessions involved 76 naturally formed peer groups consisting of 383 (206 intervention and 177 control) African-American youths 9 to 15 years of age. A theory-based, culturally and developmentally tailored instrument that assessed perceptions, intentions, and self-reported sexual behaviors was administered to all subjects at baseline (preintervention) and 6 and 12 months later.
At baseline, 36% of youths were sexually experienced, and by 12 months of follow-up, 49% were sexually experienced. Self-reported condom use rates were significantly higher among intervention than control youths (85% vs 61%; P<.05) at the 6-month follow-up. However, by 12 months, rates were no longer significantly higher among intervention youths. The intervention impact at 6 months was especially strong among boys (85% vs 57%; P<.05) and among early teens (13 to 15 years old) (95% vs 60%; P<.01). Self-reported condom use intention was also increased among intervention youths at 6 months but not at 12 months. Some perceptions were positively affected at 6 months, but the change did not persist at 12 months.
High rates of sexual intercourse underscore the urgent need for effective AIDS-risk reduction interventions that target low-income urban, African-American preteens and early teens. A developmentally and culturally tailored intervention based on social-cognitive theory and delivered to naturally formed peer groups recruited from community settings can increase self-reported condom use. The strong short-term improvements in behaviors and intentions followed by some relapse over longer periods argue for a strengthened program and research focus on sustainability.
Reduction of cigarette smoking among Southeast Asian men is a national health promotion objective for the year 2000. Early onset of cigarette smoking is known to be a risk factor for later nicotine addiction, yet little is known about tobacco patterns among Southeast Asian youths. Using questionnaire items from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) translated into Vietnamese and Spanish, this article reports such data on a school-based sample of Vietnamese adolescents in Worcester, Massachusetts, and compares smoking and other tobacco use among Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic adolescents. A sample of 2,816 adolescents was surveyed in two public middle and two public high schools. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Vietnamese boys (27.9%) was similar to that for Caucasian boys (28.3%) and was higher than that for Hispanic boys (19.7%) or African-American boys (18.9%). Vietnamese girls smoked rarely (3.7%). Vietnamese boys were less likely to smoke in middle school than were other students, and more likely to report smoking in high school than were non-Vietnamese. They were also significantly less likely than others to have smoked their first cigarette at age 12 years or younger (odds ratio (OR) = 0.2, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 0.1, 0.4). In multivariate analyses, older age, male gender, smoking by friends, and carrying of a weapon were independent risk factors for current cigarette smoking. Vietnamese subjects differed from others with respect to factors associated with smoking, perceived susceptibility to cancer, and belief in the importance of not smoking for preventing cancer. Among Vietnamese adolescents over age 16, increasing length of time in the United States was associated with decreasing smoking prevalence. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among Vietnamese boys (12.0%) was similar to that among other minority boys but was rare among Vietnamese girls. This study is the first to document the rates of tobacco use among Vietnamese adolescents, and the findings suggest that Vietnamese boys should be targeted in efforts to achieve the goal of reducing smoking among Southeast Asian men. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): adolescent behavior, health surveys, smoking, health promotion, tobacco, smokeless, Asians, Asian Americans, Vietnam.
This article analyzes sexual behavior among white and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) adolescents, to determine the risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from a multicultural point of view.
A total of 5,385 white and 408 API high school students were included. The national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS 1991) was used.
After controlling for academic performance, white students were 2.3 times more likely to communicate about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/HIV, 2.7 times more likely to be sexually experienced, and 2.5 times more likely to use alcohol or other drugs before sex than APIs. There were no significant differences between these two groups in the age of initiating sex, the number of lifetime partners, the proportion of being currently sexually active (having had sex during the past 3 months), and condom use behavior. Although APIs had a low rate of AIDS/HIV, they have behaviors at as high a risk as white students once they became sexually experienced, and they have an even greater number of recent partners if they are currently sexually active. Use of alcohol or other drugs before sex and condom use is significantly related.
Given the importance of attention to risks among API adolescents, this study underscores the need for more research to explore how culture values play a role among all API students, those who are sexually experienced, and those who are currently sexually active API students, to develop culturally sensitive AIDS/HIV prevention programs.
In a study of the relationship between the flushing response and drinking behavior, the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale was used to survey 932 male and female Japanese high school students identified by the ethanol patch test as flushers (338; 36.3%) and nonflushers (594; 63.7%). The goal was to clarify whether the flushing response inhibits adolescent drinking. Students with the flushing response reported drinking significantly less than nonflushers with respect to both frequency and amount. Although the flushing response was associated with less drinking, the flushers and nonflushers had similar drinking partners and reasons for drinking, and their total Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale scores did not differ significantly. The survey showed that many flushers were seeking the pleasures of alcohol despite the discomforts it caused, suggesting that Japanese adolescents need more education on the risks of adolescent drinking.
The problem of meeting the normative demands of two cultures (host country and country of origin) has been linked to adolescent substance use as a way to cope with conflicts with parents. This paper examines intergenerational conflict as a precursor to alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among second-generation Asian-Indian adolescents (Asian Americans whose parents emigrated from India). Based on systems theory, a structural model depicting the linkage and temporal sequelae of mediating factors is presented. Risk and protective factors unique to Asian-Indian adolescents--sociodemographic, family relationship, peer bonding, psychological, cultural, and ecological--are identified. Further, the impact of gender differences on family relationships is examined. Implications of the findings for drug use prevention policies, with special emphasis on developing comprehensive primary prevention strategies, are discussed.
To describe the sexual behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of Asian and Pacific Islander California high school students and to compare them to other racial/ethnic groups.
Data were collected from an anonymous self-administered survey of 2026 ninth to 12th graders in a Los Angeles County school district; 186 of the respondents described themselves as Asian and Pacific Islander. The survey was conducted in April 1992.
A higher percentage of Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents (73%) compared with African-American (28%, p < .001), Latino (43%, p < .001), white (50%, p < .001), and other (48%, p < .001) adolescents had never had vaginal intercourse. Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents were less likely than other adolescents to report having engaged in heterosexual genital sexual activities during the prior year, including masturbation of or by a partner, fellatio with ejaculation, cunnilingus, and anal intercourse. Few students in any group reported homosexual genital sexual activities. Asians and Pacific Islanders who had had vaginal intercourse were more likely than most other groups to have used a condom at first vaginal intercourse, but Asians and Pacific Islanders had not used condoms more consistently over the prior year. Asians and Pacific Islanders were more likely to expect parental disapproval if they had vaginal intercourse and less likely to think that their peers had had vaginal intercourse.
Asian and Pacific Islander high school students in one California school district appear to be at lower sexual risk than other racial/ethnic groups. However, a large minority are engaging in activities that can transmit disease and lead to unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, current efforts to develop culturally sensitive clinical and community-based approaches to sexual risk prevention should include Asians and Pacific Islanders.
To examine patterns of smoking behavior among subgroups of Asian-American youth in California and their relationship with acculturation status.
Data were from the 1990-1996 California Tobacco Survey and the California Youth Tobacco Survey, which assessed smoking-related attitudes and behaviors among California youth in grades 7-12. Among the 20,482 respondents, 1,810 were Asian-Americans. Variables assessed included lifetime smoking prevalence, 30-day smoking prevalence, and age of smoking onset. Acculturation status was assessed with measures of English usage, language spoken at home, and age at immigration to the United States.
Of the 1,810 Asian-Americans (52% male), 19% were Chinese, 33% Filipino, 8% Japanese, 13% Korean, and 26% other Asian-Americans. Lifetime smoking prevalence was 16.1% for Asians and 26.1% for non-Asians. The 30-day smoking rate was 6.9% for Asians and 14.2% for non-Asians. Subgroup-specific analyses revealed differences in lifetime smoking prevalence (18.9% for Filipinos, 17.3% for Japanese, 16.3 % for Koreans, 11.0% for Chinese, and 13.7% for other Asian-Americans) and 30-day smoking rate (8.6% for Filipinos, 8.3% for Koreans, 7.4% for Japanese, 2.8% for Chinese, and 7.2% for other Asian-Americans). Gender differences in lifetime smoking prevalence varied by Asian subgroup; smoking prevalence was higher among males than among females for Chinese and Koreans, but smoking prevalence was higher among females than among males for Japanese and other Asians. The average age of smoking onset was 12.9 years for Asians and 12.8 years for non-Asians. Age of smoking onset differed among Asian-American subgroups but did not differ by gender. In addition, smoking behaviors of the Asian respondents were significantly associated with their acculturation status.
Asian-American youth have relatively lower smoking rates and later age of smoking onset than non-Asian youth in California. In addition, subgroups of Asian-American youth vary widely in their smoking behavior. High levels of acculturation among Asian-American youth are associated with higher smoking prevalence rates and earlier age of smoking onset.
To develop and evaluate an intervention (ImPACT) seeking to increase monitoring (supervision and communication) by parents and guardians of African-American youth regarding high risk and protective behaviors; and to develop an instrument to assess parental monitoring, the Parent-Adolescent Risk Behavior Concordance Scale.
This research was a randomized, controlled longitudinal study. Baseline (preintervention), and 2 and 6 months postintervention data were obtained via a talking MacIntosh computer regarding youth and parent perceptions of youth involvement in 10 risk behaviors, parental monitoring and youth-parent communication, and condom-use skills. Intervention parents and youth received the ImPACT program and a video emphasizing parental supervision and discussion, followed by a structured discussion and role-play emphasizing key points. Control parents and youth received an attention-control program on goal-setting, which also included an at-home video and discussion.
A total of 237 parents and one each of their youth (ages 12-16 years) recruited from eight public housing developments located in a city in the mid-Atlantic region.
Similarity of youth and parental reporting on the Parent-Adolescent Risk Behavior Concordance Scale was positively correlated with protective behaviors, perceived parental monitoring, and good parent-youth communication. At baseline, parents significantly underestimated their youth's risk behaviors. However, 2 and 6 months postintervention, the ImPACT program increased similarity of reports by youth and their parents of youth involvement in risk and protective behaviors. In addition, at 6 months postintervention, intervention (compared to control) youths and parents also demonstrated higher levels of condom-use skills.
Parental monitoring interventions such as ImPACT should be given to parents in conjunction with more traditional youth-centered risk-reduction interventions.
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Maternal influence on the sexual behavior of teenage daughters
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Families with adolescents
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